Функционирование языков и билингвизм (На материале рамашканских говоров)

LIETUVIU KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXVII (1988) LIETUVIU KALBA IR BILINGVIZMAS BAJIEPHIOC YEKMOHAC ®YHKILMOHHPOBAHHE A3bIKOB WH BHJIMHTBH3M (Ha Marepwane pamamKaHcKHx roBopos) 1, B ctaTbe OnMcpIBaeTca COBpeMcHHas COMHOSMHTBHCTHYeCKad CHTyallHaA B cepepo-BocTouHol 4acTH BopowoscKoro p-Ha Tpognencxoii 061. BCCP 4 m0 maHHIM YCTHOH TpagHUMA PeXOHCTpyupytOTcA OCHOBHbIe STATI ce HCTOPHH 3a MOcheqHWe MOTOpa cTomeTHA. Vccneayembie rosopbi pacnomoxeHbI B (MHKpO) apeasie MexaYy 2. Bensaxoua. Tessumurkec, Tepanéuui, Meperanupi, r. 1. Boponoso (cm. kapty-cxemy 1). Hanee rot (MHKpo)apean Ha3biBaeTca pamawKanckum (1. TepaHenbi B Hero He BXOJHT). B 1959 r. murosckuii rosop a. Pamamanupr (AT. Ramaskénys) o6creq0BasI A. Ulyxuc. Yxe Torna 8 PamatiukaHiax H OKpecTHbIX epeBHAX JIMTOBCKHH He OBIT S3bIKOM NlOBCeqHeBHOTO OOmieHHs. ,,CeMeli, B KOTOPbIX HOMa pa3rOBapHBaloT NOHMTOBCKH, MasI0, XOTH# MONTH BCe 2%KHTeIH CTaptle 30 JIeT yMelOT rOBOPHTb NO-JHTOBCKH HIM, 10 KpaiiHeli Mepe, MOHHMAaIOT 9TOT A3bIK“; OCHOBHBIM A3bIKOM Hacesie- “ua cran Genopyccknii #, 0 MHeHMrO V1. Ilykuca, ,,TObKO B MIPHKOCTebHBIX Ceax Hf OBIBITINX MMeHHAX B OOsbUIei CreneHH pacnpocTpaHHsicd MObCKHI~ (lyxuc, 1960, c. 177). B Hos6pe 1977 r. Hamu OBIIH CHEAHbI MarHHTOOHHbIe 3alHcH MecTHO JHTOBCKOM, GemOpyccKO H MONBCKOH peyH B A. Craxmupi (mt. Stan’is-3i) w Tycamaaupi (HT. Tusamon’ys)'. B utone-aBrycte 1983 r. mpoBezeHO cnOMIHOE 1 JIurosckwe Ha3BaHHA epeneHb MH UMTAaTbI H3 MarHHTOOHHBIX 3amHcel WaHbl B TpaHCkpumman. Caoropsie HHTOHAUMH B TOBOPe BECbMa YaCTO He HMeIOT (hOHOMOFHYeCKOrO 3HAYCHHA. THeNbHEIe HHdopMaTopel (ocoGeHHO H3 4. CTaHHIEt 4 TycaMaHitel) cMopaaHuecKH MpOH3HOCAT KpaTKHe yaapHbie (OObIHO B KOHUE COB), a TAKXKe HHTOHAUHH [' [| ~ [sa aabtoxruyeckHxX co¥eTaHHax. XapaktepHo, 4TO HasBaHue Tusamon'ys Bce MHDOPMAaTOPhI MPOH3HOCHT Cc KpaTKuM /i/. YaapHble KpaTKOCTH M CHOrOBbIe HHTOHAUHH YaCTO MOABIIAIOTCA B CHOBAX TOA oMoba30% H HCTOMBSYIOTCA WIA peastHaalHH OMpeMeNeHHBIX pazoBbIx KOHTypoB, TaKoe xe HaOsonaetca HB GenopyccKolt pew HEtopMaTopos (OcoGeHHO Tex, KTO Mepeliie Ha GemopyccKHi yxxe B 3peOM Bo3pacte). Monodroxru B mHTOBCKOH TMaeKTHOH pedH aAKI[CHTYHPOBaHbI B COOTBETCTBHM ¢ Tpaauunel c Uenbio cHenaTs HX Gonee MOCTYMHBIMM AiiA YHTATENA. B amroscxux Texctax 3HaKom /@/ oGo3Hauaetca /e/ Gomee WIMpoKoe, YeM B HTepaTyPHOM s3bike (y GOMbUIHHCTBa HHOpMaTOPOB 9TO TpocToO ['a/); TOXKa BBEpxXy Mocse cormacHoro yKa3biBaeT Ha HeBesIpH3OBAHHBIM XapakTep TeepaBIX umMTAMAX 4 /r/; 3HAKOM /a/ OTMeYaeTCA KpaTKHit penyuposannett /a/; /2/ oGo3Ha¥aeT 3Byx cpemHero pala cpeqHero MObeMa (tHma pycckoro © “im Genopyccxoro /"e/). Besynapsbie osrorst ait ropopa HexapaktepHbl. YAapuble TlacHble TO ATATEbHOCTH T1OnoGHbt GenopyccKHM yaapHbiM. KiHTHKH yqapeHHA O6brHO He HMerIOT; c ZoMrHM /a/ cnopaaHM€CKH JTOMH CTapwlerO MOKOMeHHA MPOH3SHOCAT MPHTMKATENBHOe MECTONMEHHE -/71G “mano’. 37 Tpetpio cocTaBAsioT Mila, CaHTAarOUIe ce6a MOMBCKOASbIMHEIMM ( ,,513bIKOBBIC nonaKu); OCHOBHOM A3bIK y HX TAKKE .Mpoctst, HO MOsIbCKMi OHH SHaIOT Jy4qe # TOBOpsT Ha.HeM Yallle, ¥eM MpeacTaBATemH nepBBIXx AByX rpynt. OuyesuqHo, Kak H B ApyrHx MecTHOCTAX JIMTOBCKO-CHaBAHCKOTO MOTpaHH4bs, WMTOBCKHii TOBOP B paMallIKaHCKOM apeasle BBITeCHASICH H BbITecHAeTCH HemOpycCKHM; TIOJIBCKMii %Ke IO OTHOMeHMIO K HAM ABIAICTCH ajicTpaTHBIM HM He yaacTByeT B Mpotiecce HX B3aMMOjeliCTBHA. Kak noxa3piBaloT coOpaHHbie HaMH MaTepHalIbi, 970 B OOUIeM BepHO AA BHELIHErO HaOsOaTena, OMepHpylOllero OTHOCKTEIbHO 60NbUINM MpOMexkKyTKOM BpeMcHH. Jina HocutTeneii Ke CAaMHX TOBOPOB (BayTpexHero HaGsOMaTe#) MeXaHH3MbI B3aHMONelicTBUt yKa3aHHBIX rOBOpOB MipescTaBsIMfOTCH HECKOSIbKO HHBIMH. Orlmpasich Ha HX cykneHHa # HaOsOTeHHs Tipu aHaju3e AWHaMUKH COMMOMHTBHCTHYECKO CHTYalMH B paMallikaHCKOM apeasie, MBI CTpeMHIMch 9KCHepHMeHTa1bHO BepHPHUMpOBATh OCHOBHbIe 3BCHbX TeOpeTHdecKOTO MOCTPOeHHA, KAKUM ABAACTCH muo6ad HCTOpH4eckast PEXOHCTPYKUHA. 3. Ilo pacckasam *KuTesIeli AepeBeHb OcHOBHOM 30HBI, B Haase BEKa JIMTOBCKHIi 6ELI 30ech npeoOsaMalOUIHM A3bIKOM o6lleHUs Ba BCero CTapulero HaceJICHHA 1 quis Hux camux. Ilo c1oBaM (A. Cmansi (73 roma, Tycamanusi), MpHpOaHoro Ha6sKOmaTenA M ,,CTHXMMHOTO couuonuursacta™, /maz‘i ir s’an’i Zm6n’ss c’ik kal’- b’Sjo VietdviSkai / mano t’Svas su méc’ina c’ik Viethy’iskai / ani.s giiz’iSkai n’skal’- b’3jo | s’an’i Zmon’ss...4n’i.s jdjgu sus’ic’iffka tai cik kal’b’sjo Vietiv'iskai / ‘mambie M cTapbie (HOD) TOBOPHAH TObKO MO-AHTOBCKH, OHM MO-npocTy He roBOPHAM; CTapbie ODM TOMbKO O-AHTOBCKH FOBOPHK, Kora BCTpe4aHch Apyt c Apyrom’. AGcomroTHoe GOMbUINHCTBO MCKOHHBIX JIMTOBLEB 6biIO DBYAIBIYHEIM H CBOOOLHo Biageno GenopycckHM ropopom. TerfepeulHMe CTAapHkH ycpauBann 06a 3TH s3bIKa OMHOBpeMeHHO, IIpH¥eM He HCKTIOYeHO, YTO AOMA OHM CHbIMIaIH TpeHwMyUecTBeHHO sIMTOBCKYIO petb. 3. Boiimnc-Banwukas (PamamKanupl) yTBepxaaet: / mano t’avai s‘ilpnoi gii3’iSkaj kal’b’3jo | o darvanks’c’at (Zmonés) n’2mok’3j girg’iskai / “Mow poaHTesH u10x0 no-lpocty roBopHK; a elle panbule (mroaH) He yes mo-mpocty’. Dratt AMTOBCKOTO OWHOSSEIMHA, MOXO%Ke, HALMMH HMHPOpMaTopaMi peKoHcTpyupyeTcs, CaMH OHH CTO He TIOMHAT, HO CyillecTBOBaHHe ero noatpepxAaetca TeM, 4TO B PeAKHX Cilydasx POAMTeIH COBPeMeHHBIX CTapHKOB copepiieHHO He roBOpHH NO-MpocTy; 06 9Tom paccKaspipaet Bb. Vixen: / ma_mama k’itsip n’9gal’3jo [ik PietaviSkai / afitra kaft bobit’a_ buvo v’edus / zmog’l’is gid’iskai jis kal’b’Sjo [i8 jo mok’indis / “Moa MaTb no-apyromy He yMea, TOJIbKO T1O-JIHTOBCKH; Ga6yiika BTOpOil pa3 BBILLIa 3aMy>X, C€ MY TONBKO no-rpocty ropopul, OT Hero nayunsacs’. OTaembubie OabyuiKH H XXCHIIMHBI, B Havasie BeKa TOBOPHBUIHe TONbKO 10-HTOBCKH, 6bIM B OTHX DepeBHAX CBOeO6pa3HbIMH papHTeTaMH, pas 9TO BpesatOch B 1aMaTb TeM, KOMy Torfa ObLIO MeHbule fecsTH eT (cp.: / ma bobit’s n’amok’3} gud’iSk’ai n’9i Pank iSkai / vik Vietiv'iskai /“Mox 6a6yuiKa He yMeyla HM MO-npocty, Hi T10-MOAbCKH, TOJIbKO no-mutoscku (A. Mykeaa, 1904 r. pos, Crawuuisi). Jina geteli OCHOBHBIM S3bIKOM YJIMIbi B Ha4ane Beka Opi GenopyccKuii: / 0 tarplsav'i vajkai dazn’aiis’9i kal’b’Sdavo gigiskaj / ‘a Mexkay co6oii geTH ro41 OYeHb OTPHUATEbHO OTHOCATCH K JIMTOBCKOMY cBoux MyxKeii, peAKO ero TOHHMAJOT, H Bcerfa 3utTCA, Korma TipH HX ropopst 1o-sHTOBCKH. Mbt Ha6s0NasIK 9TO B HacTOsillee BpeMsA, TAK 6pI0, cynst TO pacckasaM wHopMaTopos, B NpouioM. Keratu, my2xumbi-Sesopycb! K JMTOBCKOMY ABbIKY CBOHX 2KeH OTHOCATCA 6osiee TepniHMo. Cyxenue byHkumit nuToscKoro roBopa TIpHBOAHIO K yKperLieHHio rOSHUMIi HMpOcTOrO ASbIKA, MaxKe CCIM ITO cyKeHMe LINO 3a C¥eT pacuMpeHMa obyHkusii 1osbcxoro. Taxop 6nin, BHAMMO, OCHOBHOM MexXaHH3M cTuxHiiHON SehopycHsalHn MCKOHHOFO JIMTOBCKOASbIMHOTO HaceseHHA B ITOM Kpae. 4. CouvonmursuctH4eckan CHTYalHa B PamaulkaHcKOM apeasie pe3skO H3MeHsaeTCA Woce TpHcoeqMHeHHsA K Tlombute 6pm. Busexnckoro kpaa # 3ananHoit Benopycuu. Ka3an0cb Gur, cMeHa rocyHapcTBeHHOTO ASbIKA HE nomwKHa Opuia Spi CHIBbHO MOBIHATh Ha MepepactpesesueHHe BHYTpeHHHX (yHKuMi AMTOBCKOTO HM nmpdécroro FOBOpOB. Ogsako 97a cMeHa 3HaMeHOBAsIA co6oi Hayao MepHora WejeHallpaBeHHOH 4 HHTeHCHBHOT MONOHUSANME MecTHOTO HacesIeHHs, 4TO He MOTO He cKa3aTbcs Ha craTyce M (pyHKUMaX MecTHOrO ompekoro roBopa, KOTOpIit OTHbIHe CTAHOBHTCH jelicTBeHHBIM :bakTOpOM npeo6pa3soBaHud TpaAMuMOHHOTO mast gToro kpasx CONMOMHTBHCTHYeCKOTO jlanpmapta™. 5 "i Tlompexuii nacaxkmascs H paciipoctpaHsiica 10 TpeM KaHasaM, 2Ba #3 KOTOpbIX HelicTBoBasiM H paHbule. Tipexye Bcero, akKTHBHSHpOBAT CBOIO JesTebHOCTbh KOCTen; BO-BTOPbIX, MOCHe OTKPBITHA Haya bHBIX IUKON Ha MOJIBCKOM A3bIKe HM BBEAEHH oGs3aTeMbHOrO Ha¥anbHOTO OOpaz0BaHHA OUeHb BOSPOC ripectHx TOH 4acTH HaceweHua, KOTOpast H WO TOTO Opa OpHeHTHpOBaHa Ha nonpeKuit (YacTb x*uTeTeM WWIAXeTCKHX HepeBeHb, MPHKOCTeJIbHBIX Cet mpou.). MW o6crostenpcTBa cHOxKHSIMCh Tak, UTO OCHOBHBIM ,,JIMHTBHCTHYeCKHM J{POTHBHHKOM™ II0IbCKOTO oKa3asica mpexge Bcero SIMTOBCKH. Jina 9Toro O_O HecKObKO TIpHAHH. Bo-rlepBbix, Kak MbI y>Ke 3HAeM, B pamxax curyauuit 1 u 2 mmToBckHit Gpil HeMapKHpOBaHHEIM, couvasbHO ,,caa6biM™ 93bIKOM. Bo-BTOpbIX, CTOPOHHHKaMH #1 HenocpeACTBEHHLIMH MpOBOAHHKaMH HONMTHKM NONOHH3AaNMH Ha MecTaX OKa3@JlHCb qua, It KOTOpbIX MeCTHBI TIpOcTbl A3bIK 6b, bakTHYeCKH, OCHOBHBIM s311koM. Hakonel, HeO6XOAHMO yuecTb, yTo oKKynaud GprBit. BaseHCKOro Kpast HOposHsia OH HallpsKeHHbIC OTHOLICHES Mexay Sypxya3HbIMH Jiursoi w Tlonbmeli. Boe sto BMecTe B3KTOe MpHBeO K Tomy, 410 B PaMallikaHckoM apease cnoxunach aTMociepa YpesBEltaiHO Heon06PHTeIbHOTO OTHOWICHHA K MecTHOMY JIHTOBCKOMy rOBOpy, H 9TO uMeIO OFeHb BaxHbIe WOCIeNCTBMA DA ero HasbHeuHx cyne6. Haum wxcopmatoppt NOMHAT, Kak B Hadale 30-x rr. B kocTemax 4acToO 3By¥asl0 TO30pHO-3HaMeHHTOEe: [ givas n’omoka k’itsip cik pa pél’sku | “or He TOHMMaeT 110-HHOMY, TOJIbKO no-nompcKH’ (3. Boiimuuc-Banuuxas)®. B. YrKe5 TIpopogvTEcs B KHSHb ITA HAeR HaYyasia ropas{o paHbille, elife B KOBHE XIX—nayase XX B., © 4eM €CTb CBeACHHA B TepHOAMYeckOH Te¥aTH TOO BpeMeHH (cM., namp., Viltis, 1911, Nr. 93 (578), rae MpHBOAMTCA ciTemyIOUlat pa3a MecTHOrO KMTENA M3-ITOA Acasti, HbiHe BopoHoscxoro p-Ha: ,, Pan Jezus pa litousku nia havariu, ale pa polsku“). 45 TIpOTHBOMOCTAaBIEHEI 6omee ipecTHKHOMY (oco6eH#HO B HejaBHeM TIpomiioM) ombCKOMy s3bIky. UMeHHO 1losTOMy ¥ ecTecTBeHHad, H WesleHartpaBleHHasd 1os0nu3anMa IpHBOmuna, B MepBy1o Ovepem, K ocna6seHHIo MoO3HnM JIMTOBCKOTO ropopa, HO paciipocrpaHaics # ykperian cBow MosMibaH Mpexne seero 6emopyccxuit, updcTbI ToBOp, KOTOpBI B CHTyalMH 3 Haya TpakTOBaTbCa Kak COMMOHHrBHCTHYeCKH byHKUMOHabHbI CTHIIb TIOJIBCKOTO. Tlymaetca, w3yteHue THHaMuKH COmMONMHTBHCTHYeCKOM CHTyaMH B OTJeuIbHbIX MUKpoapeasiax JIMTOBCKO-GeOpyccKOTO HorpaHMybs WOMO%xeT HE TOJIbxo Gomee peawHcTHYeCKH PeKOHCTPyHpPOBaTh S3bIKOBYIO HCTOpHIO 9TOH 3OHBI B nesoM, HO H WocHyxHT cBoero pone na6opatopuei, noOsBoNsOUle HarsaqHO Ha6monaTh caMble HHTHMHBI€ MeXaHH3Mbi B3AMMOAeHCTBHA ASKIKOB, a Take mmpoweccst POpMupoBaHHsA 9THHYeCKOrO CcaMOCOSHaHHA. * * * Viaywenue ropopos paMalikaHcKoro apeama 65L10 MpOZOMMKeHO BO BPeMs JeTHUX oKcne qa 1984 w 1985 rr. B nax ydacrsonamm, KPOMe apropa CTaTbH, CTYAeHTbL BI T. Botmmuc, B. Yapnaire, I. Wepsaiire (sanuTHBumme B 1986 r. qunNOMuBIe paSoTSI, BEINOMHEHHEIe Ha OCHOBS coopanHBIX AME Matepuasos), E. JIexapKuHa, E. Kanppenaiite u Kawi. QHJIOI. HAayKe Ji. [pymazexe, HayWHBI COTPYHHHK Viactutyta 3bIka w HTepaTypbt AH Jimtoscxott CCP. Uicxpexite 6narojapuM tepBoro ceKpeTapa Bopouosckoro paiioHHOTO xomuteta naptuu H. H. Vocxeswua # cexkpetapa paiikoma H. A. Monsutna 3a MOMOUIb B OpraHHsalaa oTHX oKcHequIAH. JiuroscKsii ropop pamallikaHcKoro apeasla TOxKMBaET CBOM MOcseqHHE TONE. B 1983—1985 rr. ymepmm A. Myknena, B. Yresat, C. ynosuy; coctapwica # TpakTH4ecKH MepecTast TOBOPATS no-matoscka MM, Cmana; 3. Botmmuc-Bamuukad Bce pexe FOBOPHT M0-IHTOBCKH, TIOCKONIBKY OH2 MOUTH MOCTOAHHO NPOXABACT B A. Jlamaxi; camoMy MomOOMy HOCHTEIIO paMalliKaHcKoro Trosopa B. Botmmncy B 1986 r. HcnomHANOCE 55 jeT, H0-HTOBCKH OH TOBOpHT HeOXOTHO H c TpyOM. Tomsxo 8 cemse 3. # A. Boitummucos (PamamKaHupi) emie H3penKa 3ByTHT TMTOBCKAaA Pedb. B Gonpumuctse MepeseHb apeasa (ga ucxmouennem Teperanyes # HapasHKH) MONOTexE MpakTH4eckH HET, MOSTOMY axTyanbHow aBIAeTCA 3afaya H3yteHHA MectHoro GeslopyccKoro To~ pOpa, BOSHMKIUETO Ha JIMTOBCKOM cyOctpate, H OcTaTKOB MONBCKOH pewH. Ve CEKMONAS KALBU FUNKCIONAVIMAS IR BILINGVIZMAS (RamaSkoniy tarmiu pamatu)! Reziumé Straipsnyje apraSyta sociolingvistiné situacija Siaurés rytiniame Baltarusijos TSR Voronovo (Varenavo) rajono plote ir, remiantis gyventojy pasakojimais, rekonstruojama Sios _situacijos istorija per paskutinius 100—150 mety. Parodyta, kad lenky kalbos plitimas buvo svarbiausia vietinés lietuviy tarmés nykimo priezastis. 53 RS Se Om ieee Ei oat are