Nauji baltarusių šnektų lituanizmai

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXVIII (1989) LANGUAGES COMMUNICATIONS IR INTERACTIONS ELENA GRINAVECKIENĖ NEW LITUANIZMS OF BELARUSIAN SCHNETZ The study of Belarusian lexicon over (1965 —1986) the last twenty years shows that the problem of Lithuanianisms in Belarusian dialects is still relevant and that all words of Lithuanian origin used in them have not yet been ir discovered. ne Many previously unrecognized Lithuanianisms are constantly discovered, and efforts are made to establish sound phonetic ir references formed in different Belarusian ir dialects at different times. jų Our research shows that there are old a|'o|y vocalism Lithuanianisms here, derived from Lithuanian words that had (iJuo and (iJau vocalisms, e.g., akdma ‘acked’ lie. < hardened; Jlok, sox "field name" lie. < Laūkas ‘t. p. < lie. fields; za6d* ‘guoba’ < lies. the beak; cfmxa "big su frilled scarf' lie. < horror ‘t. p.', Gyokdana "Blasted head" lie. < Buožė, buožėlė "t. p.’ ; kyky "clay whistle' lie. < Caucus "t. p.' kt. ir [Grinaveckienė,; The search |]. for Lituanisms still encounters difficulties, when the Lithuanian word of one or another vowel, borrowed from different Belarusian dialects, has given only different responses to such vowel, but often also has undergone many different ne changes in consonantism, characterized by the diversity of construction. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to identify and prove the true Lithuanian source of such a Belarusian word. Let's say, br. dialect words xaKap3uki, KaKdWIKI, Kapdkyuki, KapKkowiKi, KOKAUKI, KOKiWKi, KOPKIWKi, KOpnywIKI, KyKap3uki, KYKiwKi, KyKAp3uki, Kypauki, KypKkiwki, Kyponauki, Kypniwki, Kypmauki, Kypuwiki, Kypyiwki, meaning ‘foot bones’, as well as xakpkywxi ‘foots’ and kékawwr ‘foot bones’; legs” [Cnoymik, T. 2, 364, 365; Hapoanae, 169; Xweisoe, 155]°, despite the fact that they are usually not similar in their sound, they are related to each other — dialectal hybrid variants of the same word, genetically related to lie. kaūkaras (kūkarai, kūkuras), kaūkoras, kaukara ‘buckle’, cf. also the same-origin kaitkas "bloat, tumor'. Of these, the etymologically clearest and least altered are kaxap3juki, kykapsuki and KyKApšjuki. According to the law lie. au>br. a (e.g., JTanaedr "name of valley and road" < li. Lauž-+ br. -ok [Mikparanauimis, 136] xaxapsuxi will have originated from lie. kaukarir derogatory br. suffix -eyxi [Cusuko, 260]. Kykap3uki and kykapsuxi may have a dual phonetic origin. They may have come simply from lie. cookers, cookers "kukštera"; could also have evolved from lie. kaūkaras by lie. au > br. y law (see already mentioned xykyys <li. kaukūtis). Not available 1 The sign | in the article indicates that sounds (and forms) are used in different Belarusian dialects. 2? The explosive 2 (usually found in indebtedness) of the Belarusian dialects is not different from the blowing 2 in the text. * That “ankle” and “bucket” are semantically identical realities is shown by the common name of both kdušas, e.g.: head bucket and heath bucket (LKZ. T 5. 446). 162 quite clear xyKApjuxi stem A instead of expected a. Maybe that «x here could have come from a? Kykapjuxi may have evolved into kykapsuki. In some cases, some of the br. The hard consonant of šnekti Lithuanianisms forms the soft one, e.g., lie. klumps, chion>br. kaymnei | katombel, Kayka | kmons et al. [Croymik, T. 2, 479-480; [pisnextanariuasl, 791 —797, capter Ne 235, 236]. On the other hand, maybe xykap3suxi could have been started by some other lie. kaiikaras, kikarai... variant, say, kiaukeré and so on. The closest relative of these leksemy, but already more altered — experiencing the syncope of the middle -ka stem — is kypauxi <*kyrapauxi (cf. analogous cases of syncope: kaasaayxa- <kasaxaayxa “eeva”, maudpka< mapwvindpka “Shvarkas” [Cxošnix, T. 2, 366; T. 3, 29)). O *kykapauxi, as obviously seen, < lie. cukar-(kaukar-)+ br. -Auxi. The lexicon xapdryuxri is also quite close to xakap3uxi. It may have originated from *kaxdpyuxi due to the metathesis of the middle (-xapy-) syllable consonants, i.e. the exchange of places of x and p: -kapy-> -pary-(for a possible similar consonant interchange see npaépx <npap3x “injection- ”, padsivoea<- dzapyea “pack”, “coarse blanket” [CxnoYymix, T. 4, 76, 441]). And *kaxdpyuxi could give the beginning lie. caukar-+ br. -Yuki. The closest to Kapdxyuxi, despite the fact that at first glance they are almost unlike it, are the lexicons xaxdwki, kKOkiwki, KOKAuISI, KOKAUKI, Kykiwki and the place name Kardo aye [Mikparananimis, 119]. They may have evolved from *xapardwuxi, *kOpakiuxi, *kopakauswsi, *kopaxawki, *Kypaxiwxi, *kapakduusi genders due to the syncope of the middle -syllable. Thus, their phonetic development has further distanced them from the original source, the forms with *xaxap-|*xoxap-|*xykap-, originating from Lie, than the lexem kapdxyuyki. iš kaukar- (cook-) ir br. adverbs. The original Belarusian forms of the words xaprdiurxi, kapkywiki, KOpkimki, Kypkiwki may be *xaxpdiurxi, *kaxpywki, *kéxpenuxi, *xkyxpvnuxi, altered by the consonant samplaic -xpmetathesis (due to the xpversion pxplg. Kd641iK <kéabix „rubbish“ [Cxrošnix, T. 2, 493]). And the latter, for convenience of pronunciation, probably originated from the longer ones, from *xaxapdwuxi, *kaxap yuri, *kOkaponuki, *kyKkapsnuki, ejecting the middle syllable g of the word (because of the possibility of such ejecting see xaimdwika < kaaamdwka “such a carriage” [CxoYynmik, T. 2, 366]. And these forms of *xaxap-| *kokappagal br. a|o <lie. au came from lie. cows; *kyxap-—- so much from lie. cukar-, tiek (Br. y<lie. au) — iš Cocker-. Lexical xd6pnywmxi ir Kypniuxi evolution will have been similar į Xypriwki (see above), only their middle word -n-, meaning connection with the base source faded, has arisen iš -k- (plg. similar case xapmandco: < Kapranden < lies. Carcass ‘riestanosis’ [CxoYxix, T. 2, 424]). So, xdpnywxi, xypniwxi< *kOpMercury. < *kokKpywmxi, *kykpshuuki < *kekapywki, *kKyKapsnukxi <lie. kaukar- (kukar-)+br -wxi, -imxi. Analogously to the latter have developed ir KY)pmauki, Kypyiwki, Kypubiki lexicons, jų middle of the word -m-/-y-/-u consonants appearing instead of -x-. So kypmauki, kypųiuri, Kypusiki < *kyprauki, *KypKiwki, *KYpriki <*Kypaxauxi, *kypaxiwki, *kypariki < *kykapauki, *kyKakonukri, *kykapvixi <lie. kaukar- (kukar-), kaukorikai ir and so on. (for the possible analogous alternation of some consonants br. schnektose plg. jų 6Gamadwxa< 6axadxcka, ie 163 kébauka < kénauka “hole under the chest”, 2psrudmnik < OpoimOmHuix, KpbindimHikK < mpomnymhuikK, Kyxcypka- <myxcypka and others [Cjošnik, T. 1, 154, 491; 1. 2, 493, 545, 558]. These are the oldest, most altered, and most distant from their original source. The lexicon xypdnauki could also be very old. It will have undergone the following phonetic evolution: xypdnauki < *kypdrauki <*kyképauki < lie. cuckold (cock-) br. + -Auxi. Sometimes it occurs when a suspected br. šnekų lituanism fails to establish a precise Lithuanian counterpart. Let's say that their local name is 5doxonuxi "Varanavo raj. Saltoniškių kaimo panykla” [MixrparanamiMia, 23] is a Lithuanianism, there is no doubt, but it is not known whether its root a comes from lie. au, or uo, since both of these diphthongs at some point in some places br. in conversation have given the same a reflex, e.g., JIakiniki < lie. "2a6a". guoba et al. So it's not clear whether B5axlie. atliepas is Bauž-, or Buož-, cf. lie. Baūžiškiai "Radviliškio raj. village" and Biiožiškis "Biržų raj. village" [LTSR adm., t. 2, 30—44]. Similar difficulties arise when confronted with Lithuanianisms suspected words of Belarusian speakers pdei, paedswi, pazdilds!, pazdAbi, nazdpbi, pa2ousicsl, payadn, pšyzimmi, cypdei, cypyei, which have the same meaning of "flow, water, tear stream, rivet, stream" and their pazicmer meaning "stained, spotted" [Cjruzaix, T. 2, 603; T. 4, 235, 236, 237, 333; T. 5, 20, 21, 229; Cusmposių, 397, 412; Rūdninkai, Akmenynė). The lexicon pdei has been suspected of being a Lithuanianism due to the pronunciation of the explosive r (more characteristic of Belarusian borrowers), the geography of its use and its isolation [Apamorkasa, 128; I pumasBenxene, 187], but its true Lithuanian source is still not identified. Now, when more other undoubted pdei meaning and phonetic relatives are recorded in Belarusian dictionaries and manuscript sources, the search for their Lithuanian equivalents is a basis for continuing. Acknowledging that br. a <ay (<lie. au) will have occurred in the root of the lexem pdei* (hence, pdei <*pdyei), it is reasonable to assume that the genetic relationship between the adequate meaning lexems pdei, pšyeimo:, payedn roots (paz-, paye-, paye-) is sufficiently clear and that they will all have derived from paye-. The same paye->paeroot undoubtedly exists in the lexems pa2d3i, pazdiiosi, pazdawl, pazditucoi (only with different constructive elements of the stem), as well as sazdpei, which arose by metathesis from pazdabr (due to such a change in the position of the consonants of the edge pa-—-45: syllables, i.e. their pronunciation aa-—-pur, see also the analogous br. Zandipax "hand-held knife" < le. rqdelek ‘t. p.’ [Cxošnix, 1. 2, 717]. The origin of these single-meaning lexicons may have been related semantics and phonetics. words from the root rdugtis (ridugtis) “to steal, to withdraw (with clouds)”, rdugas “the squeaker”, cf. dar apsiraugė (užsirdugė) “apsiniaukė”, kad tu prasraugtdi “so that you could steal”, užraugti “to abandon, smoke” bees with smoke; with the change of root vowels: riga, rūgys "long rain; drėgnas oras“, rilgas „rainy, bluish day“, rūgala, rūgalas 4 It is noticeable that br. The word pdei in Lazūnų dialect (BTSR Yvio rajon.) is already used as a loan from br. and pronounced rd'g'e's(for br. a> lie. in the borrowed words from Slavic to o, e.g., that squeezed Belarusianism atvoga „atsargumas“ < br. amedza ‘t. p.“, uchvdtai „holder“ <br. yxedme: ‘t. p.’ [Lazūnai]. 164 ‘rain’, cf. also: Žiulvin, Žiulvin, Žiulvineli, alive you will be milk sour — „flush, marry“, if dead with blood float; — Animals in padvés pamsojo, whose unspeakable nu smell on all sides "flowing, spreading" smelled etc. ir [LKŽ, t. 11, 281, 286—288, 523, 883, 892, 905]. So, as you can see, lie. rdugtis (bitter) etc. ir meaning segment "flow, turn, flow" etc. ir just is identical ir br. su pdei kt. ir the meaning of its relatives, the relationship between the ir Belarusian to words in question and the Lithuanian words referred su to could not be denied. There are some doubts about the relationship between the two. su pdei (and others), and ir su lie. rdugtis (riigti) creates the unambiguous pdei lexical su forms cypdei, cypyei. Jų roots, sprendKnowing the iš similar pdei su sounding, especially the general meaning, should be -paei, -pyei (-pyei could be either or simply linked to lie. su riigroot spoken meaning words, or to consider developed iš *-payzi > *-pojjei >*.pyei; for such transformation plg. No. kykyys "clay whistle" <lie. Caucus ‘t. p.’ ). If this is true, the jų relationshsu ip between the two could be quite measured. ir But how do we interprjų et the cyat the beginning of both words? That is, if it were a prefix, it ir would not give new meaning to words. That cyčia due to the fading of the word meaning could have been added and inserted ir iš c- (for ease of pronunciation) y. That analogous cases of consonant addition in conversations (especially jų in loanwords) occurs, well shows br. ir ceficna ‘connection’ < 64caa ‘t. p.“, nafwmea „aprumbas, apmušalas“ < le. listwa ‘t. p.“, lie. squeak<squeak ir d. kt [(CnoYšxix, T. 4, 14, 403; LKZ, t. 12, 1101]. O that sometimes po c (or another consonant), when a group of consonants has gathered, another vowel can be inserted, see such br. y ar iš sniffing words like Dcapanod |Kcypano0 | nevipaA06|xcapan0 „šaltinis, versmė“ le. < zrddlo ‘t. p.“, cykaapos ‘sclerosis’ < cK1epd3 ‘t. p.“, cyKpymax ‘bundle’ < ckpymax ‘t. p.” kt. ir [CnoYix, T. 2, 140, 174: t. 5, 14, 16]. Similar Vowel w (ar net q!) insertion well shows some ir Lithuanian (also Prussian) ir borrowings, e.g., suliūbas, súliūba, súliūbas „marriage“ le. < Slub ‘t. p.’ (plg. pr. salūban ‘t. p.’ ), sunevoga "injuring, defaming" le. < insult ‘t. p.“, sumislas „knowledge, idea“ le. < zmys/ ‘t. p.“, suvodba "wedding" ru. < permis66a ‘t. p.’ [LKŽ, t. 12, 81; t. 14, 137, 148, 151, 250]. Could this civis biti added to the ir words *paei, *pyei, falling them br. the laws of language construction by ar adapting to its system. Similar operative cases occur in Lithuanian dialect ir borrowings, e.g. siusmislas ‘intention’ le. < zmyst ,t. D. random ‘vaidas’ < br. exists ‘t. p.’ <le. zwada ‘t. p.’ [LKZ, t. 14, 230, 246]. If this assumption proves to be a measured error, Belarusian ir pdei, cypdei, etc. ir the Lithuanian origin of related lexicons, a very possible thing, could have been just such*. ABBREVIATIONS Akmenynė — Akmenšnės šnektos (Šalčininkai region) 1981 m. E. The Greenwich Expedition. ApamonkrasBa — Apawonkasa A. V., T 'psiuaseurene A. I., Kasaysyuk I. II., Maukenių 0. O., PamManosiu Yes. M., Illaranasa JI. O. 3 nekcixi Genapyckix *Dél some The members of the editorial board of „Lituanizmų“ have a different opinion. 165 raBopak 3axoxusi 30RHBI //Becui Axkamamii Hasyk BCCP. "Cupcakes" May 4, 1969. C. 123-134. Jeisnexrana-—Įlsianekrajiariumsi: atnac Gernapyckait Mosel. KapThl and KOMEHTapsli. Ti9HBI Misnck, 1963. Grinaveckienė, —Grinaveckienė E., Mackevič J. Some phonetic features of Belarusian lituanism //Lithuanian language and bilingualism. V., 1988. P. 123-131. Grinaveckiené, —Grinaveckienė E., Mackevič J. Lie. (i)au vocalism in Belarusian lituanisms //Baltistica. 1989. Vol. 3 (Annex 1). P. 70-80. TpnmaBeunkene —T'pumaBeukexe D., Maukesnu 10. O., PoManosBau E. M., Uečepyk E. H. B5sirroBas JIGKCHKA JIATOBCKOrO IpOHCXOXJIEHHKSA B 3arragmmolH Benopyccum //Lietuvių terminologija. V., 1975. P. 163-195. Lazūnai —Laziing schnektas (Yvijds rajon.) 1959 and 1972 E. Grinaveckienės expedition records. LTSR adm. —Lithuanian SSR administrative-territorial division handbook. V., 1976. T..2 Dictionary of the English Language. V., 1968. T. 1; V., 1969. T. 2; V., 1956. T. 3 tt. Mikpatananimis —Mikparananimis Benapyci. Minck, 1974. Hapojmae —Hapoanae cnosa. Miuck, 1976. Rūdninkai —Rūdninkų) šnektos (Šalčininkų raj.) 1980 m. E. Grinaveckienės ekspedicijos užrašai. Ciano —Cusmko II. V. Hapojxnas jiekcikKa i ciosayrsapense. Minck, 1972. Cusarnrosįu —Cusmxosiu T. O. Cnoyuik rpomenckait BobGnacui. Minucx, 1983. Cnoynik —Caoymik Gemapyckix rasopak rašno4ma-3axojHait Benapyci i se marpaHiawa. T. 1-5, Minck, 1979-1986. XKrsiBoe —XKrsiBoe cuoBa. Mincx, 1978. HOBBIE JIATYAHH3M6B6I B BEJIOPYCCKHUX TOBOPAX Pe3iomMe 32HMCTBOBAHHSIMH JIKTOBCKOTO npoucxoxaenus. OGpargaeT Ha ce6s BHHMAHHEe 3AaHMCTBOBAHHA C BOKAJIH3MOM KOpHA A |0O/Yy, pa3BHBOTHECA B TEeJCHHE CTOJIETHĖ H3 JIATOBCKHX CJIOB C BOKaJIH3MOM (i uo, (au, nanp., 2abd “wneM’ < aT. guaba "Tx. " ',zYacanki "TOJIOBaCcTHKH" < mr. bio-heads "Tx. ", cAmka "Gojniburoi IUIATOK C KyTacaMu' <JIaT. "Tx. ', Jlox “Ha3BaHWe nous B Hogrorpynckom p-He BCCP’ < mut. Time “na3saume nous’ (<x. laits ‘none’), qxyys ‘riamnsHb CBHCTOK’ <I HT. 3aMMCTBOBaHHs HEPEIKO TasT B cebe H HEKOTOPBIC M3IMEHEHHS KOHCOHAHTH3MA H OTJIHYAIOTCA pa3HOOOpa3HeM CJIOBOOGpa30BaHus. I[TosTomy mHOrJia CpaBHHTeJILHO TPYJHO YCTAHOBHTH IOJŪIHHHEIC JIATOBCKHE MCTOYHHKH TAKHX JIEKCEM. B craTbe nccnenyooTes OOHJI5HEIE OOpa30BAHHS CJIOBA KaKapšuki TATOYHAS KOCTh; HOTH; IUIE4H*' H MOTHBHPYETCS, A TakkKe H OOOCHOBbIBA6TCA HX IIDOHCXOX/JIEHHE (KAXKJIOTO B OTIEJILHOCTH) OT mut. kdukaras (cook) 'Gyrop'. Just like KOpHEBOH a 6eOPYCCKHX 3aMMCTBOBAHHH MOT IIpOHCXOJIKTB5 KaK OT JIAT. NH(TOHTa au, Tak H OT uo, GaKTHYECKH HEBO3MOXKHO YCTAROBHTb TOYHBIH JIHTOBCKHĖŪ HCTOYHHK Gestopycckoro TONOoOHHMA Bdacsuuki: IUI ero o6pa3oBaHns B OHHAKOBOH Mepe MOT IIOCJIYKKHTbG KaK JIATOBCKHH TOMOHWM BaiiZiskis, Tax m Buožiškis. B craTbe jenaercs MOMBITKA YCTAHOBHTb JIKTOBCKHŪ MCTOMHMK IUIS JIeKCeM pdei, payzitubi, payzdu, cypazi m np. “TIOTEKH, CTPYH TOTa, BOMB, CJIE3*, OTHOCHTEJIbHO KOTODEIX IABHO CYIINECTBOBaJIO MHEHHE, YTO OHM JUTYyaHHW3Mbl. Ha OCHOBe 3Ha4eHMS CErMEHTa ‘TeYb, JIATLCA, 3ATAHYTHCS, NOKPBIBATECA H BEPOATHOCTH 3aKoHa Gap. a<imT. au (cp.: payzdn, p5yzimst) nenaeTcs BbIBOJI, 4TO JIAaHHbIE JIEKCEMbI MOTJIH IIDpOHCXOJIHTB OT JIHT. CJIOB C KOpHeM raug-(riaug-, riig-) Toro xe 3Hagerms. KopHAaMH JIeKCeM cypdzi, cypyei ABISIOTCA -paz-, -pye-, a MX TEPBLIA CJIOT cy-, He TIDHJAIoNIHi CJIOBAM HOBOTO 3HAYCHHA, ABJIACTCA NPUCTABOYHBLIM, TAKHM Xe, KAKHM CJIOT SH4-KBAJIH- ¢umEpyeTcs B JIMTOBCKOM 3aHMcTBOBaHHH suvada ‘ccopa’<6np. no ‘Tk.’ <nonbck. zwada € , TK. 166