Mokslo kalbos užuomazgos „Keleivyje“

PROBLEMS OF LITHUANIAN LEXIC AND TERMINOLOGY QUESTIONS OF LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICS, XXIX (1991) ANGELĖ KAULAKIENĖ THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE LITHUANIAN SCIENCE The industrial revolution that began in Europe in the 30s of the 19th century barely touched Little Lithuania. This agricultural region developed in the so-called Prussian way. The development of social, political and economic life was greatly accelerated by the bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1848-49 in Germany. In Lithuania Minor, it manifested itself in the uprisings of workers and peasants and the activity of the democratic strata of the urban population. Democratic clubs were established and a free press spread. It was at this time that the first secular Lithuanian periodicals appeared (Kaunas, 1987, 55). According to A. B. Klaipėdiškis (Klaipėdiškis, 1914, 69—70), the first monthly Lithuanian newspaper in Prussia began to be published in January 1832. In Tilžē, and from July. In the Kingdom. The editor and publisher of this paper (Devotions on the spread of the gospel among Jews and Gentiles) was Fr. Kelch. The second Lithuanian newspaper in Prussia was a weekly newspaper, published on Thursdays in Klaipėda from April 1849. It is "Lithuanianists' pretext, or Klaipėda ceitungs". The editor of this newspaper was Reverend Zippel and the publisher was the printer F. W. Horch. On 2 July of the same year, an unofficial newspaper “Keleivis iš Karaliaučiaus broliams lietuvininkams žinias parnešęs” (The Traveler from Karaliaučius brought news to Lithuanian brothers) began to be published on Wednesdays in Karaliaučius. The editor and publisher of this weekly newspaper was Fr. Kuršaitis. General von Plehve was the creator of the "Traveler". Fearing that the spirit of the bourgeois-- democratic revolution that raged in Germany in 1848—1849 would not infect the Lithuanians, he ordered Fr. He is a loyal supporter of the newspaper. The government gave 450 marks a year as a subsidy. The Traveller Fr. Kuršaitis published and edited it until the end of February 1880 (Klaipėdiškis, 1914, 70), after which he handed it over to the editor-in-chief ti A. Einoriui iš Klaipėda. A. The "New York Times" named it "the most ir dangerous jį flight ever made". 1880 m. April 1. every week in Tilžė. According to A. B. Klaipėdiškis (Klaipėdiškis, 1914, 75), the content of this newspaper is the same as that of Fr. It is a little more nationalistic than Kuršaitis's former "Keleivis". The New Passenger was released until 1883 m. On November 18, 2014, he was named "The Man of the Year". In 1883, “Naujasis keleivis” was named “Tilžės keleivis”, po to A. Einori revived the old one again The Traveler, which was published weekly In Ragaine, later In Klaipėda under the old name "Keleivis broliams lietuvininkams žinias parnešas" (Klaipėdiškis, 1914, 76). Fr. Kuršaitis published "Keleivyje" took the main place in the sermons of the day, po to went politics news. The public interest items were printed in the sections 80 "Laws", "Lessons", "Beware!", "The brightest message", "Any short message", "Any message" and so on. "Celeivyje" was also printed science popularization articles from the fields of astronomy, botany, physics, geography, history, medicine, meteorology, technology, veterinary medicine, zoology, etc. Here are some of them: “The Needle-Push” (104, 150)4, “On our Iron-Road” (55, 139), “About the flying air in coal-digging” (57, 163), “About the giant shark” (26, 193), “About the companion of our earth” (talk about the moon, 261, 182—184), “About the mules” (149, 194—195), “The Electromagnetic Telegraph” (10, 42—43; 11, 46—47; 12, 50—51), “The Death of Cattle” (68, 11), “The Cattle Plague” (5, 153; 71, 79), “Gander” (81, 111—112), “The Steam-Making or Dampfmaschine” (15, 94—95; 16, 98—99; 20, 118—119), “From Paganism” (39, 139), “How can the disease of reptiles be overcome?” (32, 72), “Who invented gunpowder- ?” (205, 11), “Lichen” (215, 189—190), “The Cholera Disease” (42, 159; 56, 160; 144, 146), “Komets” (92, 59), “The Avalanche” (71, 47), “For the Little Ones about Armenians” (93, 66; 94, 70), „Naujasis geležkelis“ (53, 112), „Orai“ (45, 191), „Orinė kulka“ (102, 128), „Patrankos“ (talk about worms, 67, 116), „Patrankų išgaišintojai“ (84, 127),,,Povas* (106, 179), „Priešes ant želmenių pasirodančias“ (102, 128), „Priešą bidį raudusio šunies“ (54, 131), „Priešų, arba kanklių, suėdančias“ (36, 111), „Prieš reptile ligą“ (31, 75; 33, 75), „Romanija“ (230, 181), „Saulės aptemimas“ (20, 120), „Saulė aptems“ (18, 112), „Tolrašis“ (9, 38—39), „Trichynai“ (135, 74), „Trūkučių bėgis ant mūsų naujojo geležkelio“ (116, 106), „Turkai“ (51, 49), „Sparas“ (95, 6), „Žalčiai“ (25, 190—191), "Earthquakes in America" (151, 18), etc. So “Keleivis” was chosen for several reasons. First, it was one of the first Lithuanian newspapers, whose appearance can be considered the beginning of all other Lithuanian periodicals both in Lesser Lithuania and in Lithuania. Secondly, its editor Fr. Kuršaitis was a good teacher of Lithuanian language, so the language of Keleivis differed in its purity and regularity from the language of other publications of the time. Thirdly, Keliautojas perhaps mainly featured articles on popularising science, in which the seeds of certain elements of scientific language can be detected. 1.2. Scientific knowledge is generally based on theoretical and experimental methods. These methods partly determine the specificity of the language of science, which is expressed in the precise proposition of statements, hypotheses, their justification, argumentation, systematic, logical, objective presentation, consideration, proof of one or another problem. Thus, the language of science is characterized by certain characteristics: abstraction, clarity, logic, modality, accuracy, brevity, etc., which are determined by these things. First, terminology. It includes words used in the usual sense in the scientific language, semantically transformed words of the general language (i.e., worded words or combinations of words) and special words or combinations of words (i.e., terms). Terms are usually unambiguous, stylistically neutral, systematic. Secondly, the nomination which science k See the list of sources. The first number indicates the year and number of the Traveller, the second — the page. 6. Lithuanian Linguistics Issues 29 p. 81 in the language is expressed verbally by word combinatioar ns. Third, stereotypes of constructions and sentence word order (e.g. verb and adjective nouns, passive constructions, impersonal sentences, etc.) ir (Pikčilingis, 1971, 314—323; Labutis, 1973, 3—12; ĮĮeuncos, 1970, 52—90; Murpoganosa, 1976, 27—55), units with various shades of modality from the necessity of possibility to the — irreality of problematicity ir ir (Gaivenis, 1986, 98). This article just discusses ir 1848—1880 m. Elements of the scientific language of the traveler’s risk popularization articles. These articles introduce readers to su perhaps the most important XVIII pab. a. ir XIX pr. a. discoveries in physics (electromagnetic induction, energy conservation law, magnetism phenomena ir t. t.), new concepts, new devices ir and equipment, such as steam engine, telephone, telegraph, thermometer, etc. ir With the strengthenir ing of the connection between physics and technology, contemporir ary physics became the theoretical basis of technology. Therefore, In the popularization of physics articles of „Keleivis“ there are many terms that can be used in ir physics, ir technical terminology. 2.1. The terminology of the Traveler’s articles on popularizing physics is very diverse in its origin. Most consist of Lithuanian words terms, e.g.: alkūnė (16, 98), charcoal, -ė (159, 132; 195, 194; 242, 142), charcoal (13, 64; 57, 163; 75, 68; 148, 192; 184, 20), circle (10, 43; 19, 115; 202, 185), axis (16, 98), rail (130, 52), gases (15, 94; 27, 200; 29, 12; 45, 192; 64, 52; 90, 184; 159, 132; 182, 206; 194, 161; 195, 194: 217, 32; 232, 27; 242, 142; 246, 177), amber (157, 98), speed (10, 43; 138, 120; 201, 130), Spark (10, 42—43), hours (2, 24; 45, 191; 162, 188; 177, 190), sun (153, 63), radius (34, 96), current (10, 43; 12, 50; 55, 140), heat (10, 42; 142, 139; 241, 130), trinkis (100, 59; 168, 28; 191, 94; 201, 145; 223, 133), friction (10, 43; 16, 98), twisting (139, 128), Zaibas (80, 107; 159, 132; 239, 102) ir t. t. Not many "Traveler" physics popularization articles ir borrowed words terms, e.g.: battery electric, (12, 50), -a (10, 42), iodine (75, 68), comet(a)s (92, 59), compass (11, 47), magnet (10, 42; 11, 46), magnetic, -a (12, 50), minute (113, 80), minutes (151, 181), Rifle (104, 150), syla (12, 50; 158, 103), syle (12, 50; 257, 125), telephone(s) (239, 100—101; 240, 107), telegraph(s) (100, 59; 173, 158; 228, 203; 229, 213), relegrafinis, -ė (137, 112) ir t. t. Some of these words are terms borrowed iš from German, ir Slavic, etc. Languages (e. g. : damp (130, 53; 253, 105; 254, 109), plg. vok. Steamship, locomotive (236, 68), plg. French. locomotive, natrum (134, 66), plg. Arab. natrum, halvas (100, 59; 101, 72; 108, 8; 117, 132; 126, 27; 136, 88; 232, 28), pg. vok. Post, syla (12, 50; 158, 103), syle (12, 50; 257, 125), plg. Russian. cuad, squeak (8, 28; 17, 104; 19, 116; 20, 118; 30, 32; 61, 28; 65, 56; 66, 94; 74, 64; 254, 109), plg. vok. Ship ir t. t.), others are of Latin ar Greek origin (e. g. : electricity (10, 42; 12, 50), electrically (10, 42), electric, -a (10, 42—43), plg. Article 10 electronic, electromagnetic, -a (65, 56), plg. Article 10 électron+magnetis, comet(a)s (92, 59), plg. Article 10 comets, magnetysté (11, 46), plg. Article 10 magnetic, minute (113, 80), minutes (151, 181), plg. lot. minutus, petroleum (146, 184; 160, 172; 223, 134), plg. lot. petrol(eum) ir t. t.). The latter constitute most of the borrowed terms in the articles mentioned. The number of terms of ar Greek and k. Latin origin in the periodical apparently was determined by several factors. First, for 82 centuries, great attention has been paid to ancient culture and classical languages. Secondly, the long-term status of Latin as an international ir language of science in other Western European countries (Keinys, 1980, 85). A number of popularization articles on physics and word terms translated from other languages: orpuslė (174, 168), cf. Luftballon, geležinis kelias (6, 168), geležies kel(ia)s (164, 198; 166, 8), geležinysis kelias (1, 88), geležkelis (14, 92; 34, 95; 43, 168; 69, 24; 88, 156; 127, 32; 226, 165; 229, 213), gelžkelys (52, 104), cf. rus. Eisenbahn, French chemin de fer, interpreter (239, 100; 240, 107), cf. gr. telé+ phone, tolrašis (9, 38; 10, 42; 12, 50; 65, 56; 192, 116; 231, 13), cf. gr. tėlė+graphėo, tolžiuris (96, 40), cf. german. Telescope, etc. Apparently, their emergence was also partly determined by the fact that a great number of valuables were translated from other languages in the 19th century in general. At that time, with the accelerated development of capitalist relations, the growth of agriculture, industry, trade, the increase in class differentiation and the general revitalization of the whole cultural and political life, a number of such new objects, phenomena and concepts appeared, with which our people had not encountered, and therefore did not have appropriate names (Palionis, 1959, 21). Therefore, it was no longer possible to translate such a multitude of concepts using only the dictionary of the folk language. In the popularization of physics articles of „Keleivis“ there are some semi-borrowings, e.g.: garšėpis (16, 98; 69, 24), gromatnešis (188, 64), puskrovžimis (99, 56; 132; 108), turfmyrkė (140, 132) ir t. t. Thus, from the point of view of origin, the terminology of physics at that time consists of the following layers: own Lithuanian terms, borrowed, valued and semi-borrowed words. Of the 245 terms discussed, 719 are Lithuanian words, 219% are borrowed, 5% are valuable and 3% are semi-borrowed. Thus, the terminology of physics in the initial stage of formation was based on Lithuanian vocabulary. There are, of course, several reasons for this. First, the editor of the Traveler, Fr. Kuršaitis’s chosen position, which he mentions in one of the issues of Keleivis: “I am very careful not to make new words in Lithuanian, and I keep them, but sometimes I only use tropias, without which I cannot save myself, and then I have to surrender especially when I have to talk about new and fresh things, which have not been known to Lithuanians so far, and therefore have not had any Lithuanian name, such as gelžkelis, garšiepis and the like. What shall I do now to speak of such things? I have to make new words to speak about new things, but none of them can prove to me that such a word, made by me, is not a true Lithuanian word according to the standards of the language. ir Cysta Lithuanian way made… But sometimes I tropias and use such a word, which I am very familiar with, which I still have to live and among Lithuanians quite a lot of times heard from the mouth of Lithuanians” (Kuršaitis, 1864, 174). This Fr. J. Palionis has also noticed Kuršaitis’s attitude, who, discussing the branches of the Prussian literary language, points out that there are fewer borrowings in „Keleivyje“, published by a good Lithuanian speaker, and that there are often used living folk words or proverbs, non-traditional folk syntactic constructions (Palionis, 1979, 152). On the other hand, almost all of the publications of Lesser Lithuania in the middle of the 19th century still reflected the previous tendency to purify the literary language and the normative influence of the 18th-century Lithuanian grammar dictionaries. G* 83 ir (Palionis, 1979, 152). Therefore, it is quite natural that not ne only Lithuanian physics, but also technical terminology was based on Lithuanian vocabulary. For example, L. Gastila ir A. Žitkutė, discussing the basics of Lithuanian technical terminology, indicate that iš 169 metal technology ir machinery production terms recorded XVIII a. Eastern In Prussian publications, words of k. Lithuanian origin are Slavisms 7394, Germanisms 9 4, words of 1294, unclear origin semi-borro294, wings 4%, (Gastila, Kruopas, Žitkutė, 1969, 34—36; Gastila, Žitkutė, 1969, 20—21). Be doubts that the tendency to purify the language led to the appearance of such terms in the articles on popularizing ir physics in „Keleivis“ as: amber (The thing we're talking about now is still in ir German Electricity (t. y. Electricity. — A. K.) called. According to true Lithuanian language we could therefore tą call amber...; 10, 42), tolkalbys (Telefons or interpreter is, as you already know, invented last year priprova, using which we ta ir su we can communicate with people miles away; 239, 100), tolrašis (O tuomi they are tollrašių invented, which in German according to the Greek language telegraphs, it is according to our language as said ‘roll-outs’; or ‘writers iš from afar’ means: 9, 38), tolziuride (Shooting su with telescopes (Fernrohr) veizdéti had; 96, 40) ir Mr. These examples show that a tendency toward terminological purism has been observed In the a. second half of the ir 19th century, XX a. pr. kraštotyrininko A. Vireliūno writings (Palionis, 1979, 268, 280). Most of the terms of words analyzed from the point of view of origin are presented me in the academic dictionary (Lithuanian dictionary) or added to the repeat į library of this dictionary. However, some jų In the Lithuanian language ar jo dictionary, we do not find in the database, e.g.: elektrystė (10, 42—43; 11, 46—47; 12, 50—51), electrically (10, 42), electromagnetic, -a (65, 56), galvanic, -a (10, 43), vaporous, -a (15, 94), gar-milūnas (11, 46; 23, 168), gelzkel-tiltis (114, 99), Amber (98, 52; 186, 34; 249, 20), lorry driver (10, 42), magnetism (11, 46), magnetic field (11, 46), Voltaic, -a (10, 43) ir kt 2.2. Maximum Terms of the Traveler's physics popularization articles are made up of prefixes su -imas/-ymas, -inis, -ė, -iškas, -a, -umas, e.g. : [solar] eclipse (18, 112; 20, 120), [lightning] firing, (140, 132), [thunder] demolition (122, 7; 162, 188), heating (133, 64), telegraphing (181, 204), [Zaiby] twisting (139, 128); needle [gunshot] (104, 150), stone-like [English] (13, 64; 57, 163; 148, 192; 184, 20), charcoal [gases] (159, 132; 195, 194; 242, 142), steam [$épis] (20, 118; 74, 64; 135, 76; 163, 195; 199, 60), steam [gelZzvezimis] (98, 52), [$épis] (156, 88; 172, 68), [vežimas] (16, 98 —99; 20, 118 —119; 29, 12; 131, 88; 153, 62), pusliné [bulka] (213, 168), telegrafiné [viela] (137, 112; 144, 147), [virkvė] (152, 39; 161, 180; 180, 204), tolrasiné [viela] (137, 112; 144, 147), [virkvė] (152, 39; 161, 180), vielinis [pustas] (229, 213), Zaibinis [pustas] (100, 59; 101, 72; 108, 8; 117, 132; 126, 27; 136, 88; 232, 28); electric [spark] (10, 42), electric [current] (10, 43; 12, 50), electric [friction] (10, 42-43), electromagnetic [toll] (65, 56), galvanic [battery] (12, 50), [coil] (10, 43), [coil] (12, 50), galvanic [column] (12, 50), linear [car] (15, 94), magnetic [coil] (12, 50), magnetic [toll] (10, 42), voltaic [column] (10, 43); circle (10, 43; 19, 115; 202, 185), depth (202, 185), speed (10, 43; 138, 120; 201, 130), latitude (167, 16), distance (175, 169; 226, 166), etc. 84 Slightly less (sometimes only po one) terms with other su suffixes, e.g.: suffix su -igheid: brightne- (10, 42; 13, 64), su ss suffix -ynė: a consequence (15, 94—95; 16, 98—99; 20, 118—119), su Appendix -nik, -é: star suffix (252, 89), su -ism: electricity (10, 42—43; 11, 46—47; 12, 50—51), amber magnetism (10, 42), (10, 42—43; 11, 46—47; 12, 50—51), su Appendix -ulys: radius (34, 96), su suffix -uma: heat (10, 42; 241, 130), Shilima (142, 139), su Appendix -one: [steam] mill (82, 120; 183, 18; 224, 142), su Appendix -tojis, -é: companion (261, 182—184). Very few physics popularization articles contain derivatives of extremities, e.g. : [electricity] rail track (12, 50), [saulés] bėgis (130, 52), [thunder] shot (109, 28), ir there are no prefix derivatives at all. Be in the popularization of physics articles of „Keleivis“ a number of punches are ir presented, which can be divided as follows: punches in 1) noun second su (steam-mill (11, 46; 23, 168), steam-carriage (16, 98 —99; 38, 128; 62, 40), Yellow-tailed shark (14, 92; 34, 95; 43, 168; 69, 24; 88, 156; 127, 32; 226, 165; 229, 213), Yellow-tailed shark (52, 104), railway (114, 99), locomotive (186, 34), Orcus (16, 99; 36, 112; 120, 196), orpus (174, 168), northern (154, 68; 198, 51) ir t. lights etc.); 2) punch verbs in su the second sandu (book (188, 64), interpreter) (239, 100; 240, 107), Tolziuri (9, 38; 10, 42; 12, 50; 63, 56; 192, 116; 231, 13), tolziuri (96, 40) ir t. t.). Most of the mentioned terms of these words, especially those made up of derivatives of the ir endings of the prepositions, can be divided into į certain categories of action: (adjectives -imas/-ymas derived), properties names (adjectives -ybė, -ysté?, -uma, -umas derivative), action result names (adverbs -ulcers, limbs -as, -is derivatives), names of the possessors of ir the verb property of the actors (adjectives -fojis, vedic), -ė names of the owners of noun properties (adjectives -ininkas, vedic), names of -ė tools, machines, devices and other means ar (most punch). These categories of action usually define the categories of terms themselves. In this case, it is possible to ir distinguish categories of actions, characteristics, phenomena, objects, professions, which are related to some subjects of the term nomination. su 2.3. Evaluation of affixes, affixoids, punctual standard ir elements in general and other elements of terminology, variation of nomenclature, the emergence of secondary nomenclature (J/launjenxo, 1986, 12—13) ir kt su similar things related to the nomination are possible when almost all the terminology of the relevant scientific field is accumulated. In this case of the initial formation of physics terminology, we can only talk about some of the seeds of the nomination of physics (often technical) terms. ir Vienna jų — Variation of the names of concepts presented in the articles of popularization of physics. These variations can be grouped as follows: when the term is referred to 1) by a composite mononym, e.g. petroleum or ir rock oil (146, 184), electric track or track (12, 50—51), electric * Adverbs -ybė, -ystė derivatives to the category of properties names can be assigned in this case only formally, because the derivatives of these adverbs indicate the phenomenon even the result of ar the action (light light, magnetism (10, 42; 13, 64) — (10, 42—43; 11, 46—47; 12, 50—51)— magnetism, electricity, (10, 42) — electricity) names, when 85 the magnetic toll or telegraph(s) telegraph(s) or wires half (10, 42—43; 11, 46—47; 12, 50—51), (228, 203), telegraf(a)s or wire half (229, 213), telegraf(a)s steam machine or dampfmaschi- (100, 59; 101, 72; 108, 8; 117, 132; 126, 27; 232, 28), ne (15, 94—95; 16, 98—99; 20, 118—119), Iron tracks (53, 112; 148, 191), Iron tracks (233, 31) ir iron (233, 31), bridge railway (6, 168), railway (1, 88), iron oxide(s) (164, 198; 166, 8) ir Yellow-t- (14, 92; 34, 95; 43, 168; 69, 24; 88, 156; 127, 32; 226, 165; 229, 213), ailed shark (52, 104), silky side or orkulka (119, 188); 2) when the term is designated by a composite, descriptive ir mononym, e.g. steam brush (20, 118; 74, 64; 135, 76; 163, 195; 199, 60). steam brush (156, 88; 172, 68), gary hawk (8, 28), steam-powered $épis (66, 94) ir Dampsépis (130, 53: 253, 105; 254, 109), garsépis (16, 98—99; 69, 24), mill steam-powered mill (20, 118; 243, 146) ir (23, 168), line carriage (15, 94), steam transport (16, 98-99; 20, 118— 119; 29, 12; 131, 88; 153, 62), steam transport (16, 98—99), transport by steam locomotive- (16, 98—099; 62, 40) ir (s) (16, 98—99; 38, 128), railway (186, 34), locomotive railway locomotive (98, 52; 235, 57; 249, 20; 257, 126), duration (34, 96; 44, 172; 49, 40; 55, 139; 85, 143; 116, 106; 124, 16; 125, 24; 154, 68; 213, 168; 227, 179; 235, 57). The latter two names form other composite equivalents of the same concept: steam locomotive (98, 52), duration of locomotives (235, 57; 257, 126), duration of journeys (34, 96; 44, 172; 124, 16; 125, 24; 154, 68; 213, 168; 227, 179) (for more details, see 213, 168; 227, 179). Klimavičius, 1974, 16— 30). Therefore, the variation of the nomination manifests itself in two ways. Firstly, when the term is named differently in different articles, e.g.: iron tracks (53, 112; 148, 191), iron tracks (233, 31), iron tracks (233, 31), steam brush (20, 118; 74, 64; 135, 76; 163, 195; 199, 60), steam brush (156, 88; 172, 68), steam brush (8, 28), steam-powered brush (66, 94), dam brush (130, 53; 253, 105; 254, 109), steam brush (16, 98—99), northern lights (203, 214), northern lights (154, 68; 198, 51) and so on. Secondly, when in one article there is a double name of the term by using the switch or, for example: petroleum or rock oil (146, 184), semi-lime or virgin (225, 154), voltaic column or galvanic battery (10, 43), etc. Some of these compound, descriptive and monosyllabic names are morphologically related to each other. They constitute morphological variants, which can be divided into two groups: 1) a compound or descriptive term and a single word term formed by univerbation, e.g.: geležies vėžės (53, 112; 148, 191), geležinės vėžės (233, 31) and gelžvėžės (233, 31), geležies kelias (6, 168), geležinysis kelias (1, 88), geležies kel(ia)s (164, 198; 166, 8) and gelžkelis (14, 92; 34, 95; 43, 168; 69, 24; 88, 156; 127, 32; 226, 165; 229, 213), gelžkelys (52, 104), steam transport (16, 98—99; 20, 118—119; 29, 12; 131, 88; 153, 62), steam carriage (16, 98—99), transport by steam (16, 98—99; 62, 40) and steam locomotive (16, 98—99; 38, 128), writer from afar and tollwriter (9, 38); 2) a variant point of a compound term, through which passes: (a) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė or a noun originator (coal steam (27, 200; 29, 12; 194, 161) and coal steam (159, 132; 195, 194; 242, 142), steam boiler (15, 94) and steam boiler (221, 85)); b) adjective with suffixes -inis, -ė or -iškas, -a (steam transport (16,98 —99; 20, 118—119; 29, 12; 131, 88; 153, 62) and steam transport (15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99; 20, 118—119; 29, 12; 131, 88; 153, 62) 86 94)); c) ar (10, 42—43) ir (10, 43; 12, 50), electric friction (10, 42—43), Military sword (17, 104; 19, 116; 30, 32; 61, 28) ir Military sword (65, 56)). The other part of the various names mentioned above is related to each other semantically. They are like synonyms, usually ir connected by a switch or, for example: electric rail or track (12, 50—51), Electro-magnetic toll or telegraph(s) telegraph(s) or wire half (10, 42—43; 11, 46—47; 12, 50-51), (229, 213), lightning rod or telegraf(a)s steam-made (100, 59; 101, 72; 108, 8; 117, 132; 126, 27; 232, 28), or dampfmasyné (15, 94—95; 16, 98—99; 20, 118-119), telephone or interpreter (239, 100-101; 240, 107-108) etc. Thus, due to the variation of the nomination, the variantiSkumas synonymiSkumas appears. ir These features are inevitable at the initial stage of the formation of the term. 2.4. The elements of ir the above-mentioned compound descriptive terms are related to each other by certain links. Most often these relationships are attributive. They are expressed: (a) a tuning certificate (electric spark (10, 42), electric current (10, 43; 12, 50), electric friction (10, 43), electromagnetic toll (65, 56), galvanic coil, galvanic suction) (10, 43), (12, 50) magnetic syla (12, 50), Attractant syla (158, 103), Voltaic column (10, 43), Voltaic battery (10, 43)); (b) a non-compatible certificate (electrical track (12, 50), electricity spark shot (10, 43), smash (191, 94), shooting noise (89, 180; 99, 56), etc.). Therefore, there was already a need to distinguish between species and genus terms. Some of these terms can even be used to form species groups, e.g.: coal: rock coal (13, 64; 57, 163; 148, 192; 184, 20), black rock coal (75, 68), brown rock coal (75, 68); objects: bleaching d. (134, 67), not accepting d. (10, 42), accepting d. (10, 42); steam: rocky g. (45, 192), coal g. (159, 132; 195, 194; 242, 142), burning g. (64, 52; 90, 184; 182, 206: 217, 32), burning coal g. (246, 177), wood g. (45, 192), marsh g. or peat g. (45, 192); syla: galvanic s. (12, 50), magnetic s. (12, 50), drawing s. (158, 103) etc. In this case, the hypernormality is sometimes called hypernormality. For example, adjectives with suffixes -inis, -ė (lightning side (136, 88), the southern end of the magnet (11, 46), the northern end of the magnet (11, 46), the iron tracks (53, 112; 148, 191), the railway (1, 88), the present tense participants of the active kind (floating bridge (215, 192; 220, 70; 228, 203)) are named. Often the use of the suffix -iškas, -a is absoluted (electric current (10, 43; 12, 50), steam transport (15, 94), voltaic column (10, 43) instead of electric current, steam transport, Volta's column, galvanic battery (10, 43), magnetic syla (12, 50) instead of galvanic battery, magnetic force) and so on. Often the species was tried to distinguish in an additional descriptive way, e.g.: steam steel scales lined brush (255, 117), military steel scales lined damp brush (256, 121), scaled iron scales lined brush (135, 76) and so on. On the other hand, the German language also had a great influence on the emergence of such descriptive terms, e.g.: steam driven mill plank saw (243, 146), steam plank saw mill (224, 142). Ms. VOC. "Milestone, a cliff". Sagemiihle. Since the name of the sawmill in the German language is made from the name of the mill, therefore in Lithuanian language instead of sawmill appeared the mentioned name, created on the basis of German terminology. All these things show the very beginning of the formation of physics (and technology) terminology, when not only the terms, but often also the concepts, such as: the terms electricity, amber, electricity macis, electric friction describe electricity, its charge, current and the effect of electricity in general. Here are some examples. According to the true Lithuanian language we could therefore call it amber, but we will stay for this time with the name that the learned people gave to this thing and call it Elektricitdt (i.e. Elektrizitūt — A. K.), or better according to our pronunciation elektryste. When we talk about electricity, we will have to point out many things, and also that not all things have or receive electricity in the same way (10, 42). Several objects, such as glass, amber, sulfur, cat skin, silk, sacks, and so on, have electricity in them (10, 42). As soon as the tin is put on the end of the bell, the electric macis jumps down through the wires into the neighbouring interpreter and makes 87 the bell magnetic... (240, 118)....all those thousands of people who have met at once feel that electric friction. (10, 43). 2.5. The analysis of the beginnings of the scientific language of the “Traveler” can be summarized in the following remarks: 1) the most prominent element of the scientific language — the creation of terminology; terms were created sporadically, not systematically, but were based on a solid foundation of Lithuanian lexicon; the term variation is most characteristic — of synonymy morphological variantity; 2) these things were often caused by other languages ir (especially German) influence; tried to 3) create only ne terms, but ir jų definitions, distinguish generic terms from related terms. SOURCES Passenger iš "Kraliaučiaus broliai lietuviškiečiai" (in Lithuanian). 1. 1849, No. 22. 21. 1851, No. 37. 41. 1852, No. 39. 2. 1850, No. 6. 22. 1851, No. 39. 42. 1852, No. 40. 3. 1850, No. 33. 23. 1851, No. 42. 43. 1852, No. 42. 4, 1850, no. 36. 24. 1851, Nr. 43. 44. 1852, No. 43. 5. 1850, No. 41. 25. 1851, No. 48. 45. 1852, No. 48. 6. 1850, No. 42. 26. 1851, No. 49. 46. 1852, No. 53. 7. 1850, No. 43. 27. 1851, No. 50. 47. 1853, No. 2. 8. 1851, No. 7. 28. 1852, No. 2. 48. 1853, No. 5. 9. 1851, No. 10. 29. 1852, No. 3. 49. 1853, No. 10. 10. 1851, No. 11. 30. 1852, No. 8. 50. 1853, No. 11. 11. 1851, No. 12. 31. 1852, No. 10. 51. 1853, No. 13. 12. 1851, No. 15. 32. 1852, No. 18. 52. 1853, No. 26. 13. 1851, No. 16. 33. 1852, No. 19. 53. 1853, No. 28. 14. 1851, No. 23. 34. 1852, No. 24. 54. 1853, No. 33. 15. 1851, No. 24. 35. 1852, No. 27. 335..:1853, No. 35. 16. 1851, No. 25. 36. 1852, No. 28. 56. 1853, No. 40. 17. 1851, No. 26. 37. 1852, No. 29. 57. 1853, No. 41. 18. 1851, No. 28. 38. 1852, No. 32. 58. 1853, No. 42. 19. 1851, No. 29. 39. 1852, No. 35. 59. 1853, No. 44. 20. 1851, No. 30. 40. 1852, No. 37. 60. 1854, No. 5. * The name of the newspaper is not repeated, only the year number is given. ir 68