Lietuvių nutautinimas per mokyklas iki „Aušros“

LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICS QUESTIONS, XXX (1993) PERIFERICAL LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DIARCHEMS Zigmas ZINKEVIČIUS LITHUANIAN DENATIONALIZATION THROUGH SCHOOLS TO "AUŠRA" Pe] - While writing "The History of Lithuanian Language" I have collected a lot of data on this subject. It is impossible to list them all here. After all, schools have existed in Lithuania since the introduction of Christianity. To review the history of the school in the aspect that interests us until the end of the 19th century — almost half a thousand years — in a short article is a difficult task. Therefore, it will be satisfied with presenting only the main conclusions, very short theses. First of all, it must be stated that denationalization through schools can only be discussed from about the end of the 17th century. Until then, the school in Lithuania was Latin. It was almost exclusively a high school. The school was run by the Jesuits. They cannot be accused of seeking to denationalize Lithuanians, although they did not distinguish themselves by their concern for Lithuanianness. The attitude to the Lithuanian language is shown even by the last census of the Vilnius Academy’s property in 1773: out of 11 thousand books found, only seven were Lithuanian. Most of them can be found up to the 18th century only the creation of conditions for denationalization of Lithuanians, but not conscious efforts to denationalize through school. There was no such thing then. In the 18th century, the Lithuanian nobility had already been overtaken. However, it was not the school that brought it down, but the Grand Dukes of Poland. kings, a manor, a Polish church (Lithuania did not have its own ecclesiastical province) and, most importantly, all state and administrative life. After all, without the Polish language it was not possible to make any official career. Therefore, the people of the higher classes learned that language. In the 18th century, not only the nobles, but also the large nobles used Polish, more precisely its variant "polszczyzna litewska". The nobles were completely preoccupied with it, and many nobles, especially in Žemaitija, were still bilingual. However, all members of the upper class considered themselves Lithuanians. Therefore, there was only a linguistic, not a political-national denationalization. The school was mostly Latin. Teachers—- mostly from the backward upper class. Lithuanian language was only a rare guest in that school. It was used only as an aid to teaching Latin, and this until the pupils learned Polish. The exception were the Reformed schools in Kėdainiai and Pandėlys, where Lithuanian was widely used. The facts of persecution or prohibition of the Lithuanian language in schools in the 18th century, at least in the first half, are unknown. Most likely jų ir no. 28 The repression of Lithuanians through schools became very active in the time of the Educational Commission from 1773. They were given the task of merging the peoples of the common Republic (Žečpospolita) into one nation, which was to be Polish. Belarusians and Ukrainians, like Slavs, considered themselves Poles, and Lithuanians still needed to be subdued. This was the nature of the school. The language of instruction was Polish instead of Latin. It was not easy in the province. The children of the small barons, and even more so the peasants, did not speak Polish in many places. It had to be taught first, then used as a teaching language. In the remaining school visitation reports we find numerous complaints from teachers that the pupils learned Polish with difficulty. There are even demands to prohibit pupils from speaking Lithuanian to each other, to prohibit Lithuanian sermons in church, to introduce special Polish sermons for pupils, etc. How these proposals were implemented at the time is difficult to determine. Individual observations in the reports indicate that some schools have implemented them. Thus, in the late 18th century, there was already some forced bending, which apparently was not yet common. In the 18th century, another new phenomenon emerged: informal Lithuanian schools appeared next to official Polish schools. This is the so-called bachelor (name from the distorted word of foreign origin bachelor "a certain lower scientific degree"), primitive schools, having only a few dozen students, po where ar self-taught teachers taught, travelling from hut to hut. iš į The tų government did not support or protect bachelor's degrees. It is a self-made price by the people themselves. But there is a hint of our national school in it. ; Iš From all that has been said, it can be seen that despite some facts of forcible oppression, in the 18th century Lithuanians were oppressed by the manor, the church, and the very life of society much more than by the school. The school became a real training tool after the collapse of the united republic. The goal was to restore the former state. A lot is being prepared for this. Every citizen, not just a ne member of the privileged class, but a common man, was obliged ir to learn the language of the future state. Nobody recognized the Lithuanians as a nation. Officially, Lithuanians were regarded as differently speaking Poles. He also spoke Polish. The Polishization through schools was greatly intensified. They were managed by the Polish Vilnius University, whose contributions to the Lithuanian ir nation’s culture were only indirect: the activities of progressive university professors encouraged interest in the nation’s past in the mother ir tongue, but the university did not intend to actively support Lithuanianness. nė Jo attitude į lietuvybę see that ir iš the fact that the university taught ancient Latin, Greek, Hebrew, from the The new a. German, French, ir Italian, English, even Oriental languages, — Arabic, ir Persian, but — only Lithuanian, ne which did not find a place at the university. In the schools supervised by the university, all education was directed towards the patriotic spirit of Polishness… The visitors paid the greatest attention to the Polish language and to improving its teaching. Ji was 29 treated as the most important means of patriotic education, a sign of human culture. Teachers had a lot of trouble with students who came to school su without learning Polish. The reports of the visiting professors appointed by the university often advise teachers to take harsh measures against the Lithuanian language. But acts of violence ir were rare at that time. Po 1831 m. Vilnius University was closed. A new era has begun. The Tsar's authorities began to rusify the official Polish schools in Lithuania, but without success. They ir remained iš essentially Polish, and in some places even became even more Polish. The repression of Lithuanian students in these schools has become more violent. The violence increased, ir especially in the Vilniaus ir The Governors of Kentucky. The students were. it was completely forbidden to speak Lithuanian, even with one another. When a student was caught speaking Lithuanian, a special sign called a metelinga (a distorted Latin note of language) was hung around his neck. Šį the sign of shame the pupil had to wear until he caught another Lithuanian-speaking. ~ Things turned out a little differently in Užnemunė (dab. (In the circle). Po the last division of the ją Republic joined the Prussia. The Lithuanian language rights here were equal to those su held in this state. O There Lithuanian was the language of instruction in schools, used in Protestant churches, and widely spoken in public life. There was no Germanization at that time. Unfortunately, in Užnemunė to everything was not done in time. Edge quickly connected to The Duchy of Warsaw. The Polish administration was restored. Polishization was greatly intensified. Students were forbidden to speak Lithuanian even during breaks, as well as with parents coming to visit. Of course, the facts of su violence. For ir example, students were punished here for speaking Lithuanian and hung around their neck a sign with the Polish inscription "osiot" (donkey) etc. ir The condition of a Lithuanian peasant child who entered school at that time is shown, for example, in the introduction to J. Čiulda's manuscript grammar of 1854, which reads (the Polish translation is provided): "A little boy, who entered iš a parish school, is forced, threatened with į punishment, to give up the language of his parents; having received all his education and training in a foreign, until then unknown language, eventually becomes (...) indifferent, (...) begins to openly dislike the language in which a sensitive grandmother, a devout Lithuanian (landlady) taught him his first words (...). So begins to be ashamed of his parents and family, ashamed of his class and homeland. He does not want to admit (...) that he is a Lithuanian (Žemaitis), but assigns himself to a foreign nation, falsely calling himself a true Pole from the old days". After the 1863 uprising, the situation changed again. The czarist authorities decided to stop the Polishization of Lithuania. This was not done with good intentions, but to achieve the goals of russification. He took strange and contrary to common sense measures. He forbade Lithuanians to print in the usual Latin alphabet (which he regarded as Polish). This is how he fought forcing. It was ordered that Lithuanian books be printed only in Russian characters, but this idea failed due to the Lithuanian boycott. The books were published in Prussia and secretly distributed in Lithuania. The book carriers’ era began – a unique phenomenon in European cultural history. The Russianization of schools was associated with the translation of Lithuanians into Orthodoxy. There are many Russian schools. During the school year, a double denationalization of Lithuanians 30 began: in addition to traditional Polishing, there was also governmental Russianization. The latter was not so dangerous. The Lithuanians almost did not rush. But they continued to race. Apparently, this is largely aiSkintina faith (persecuted by the Russian authorities) in common with Poles. Lithuanian language in schools was even more severely persecuted. Violence has increased dramatically. In the second half of the 19th century, a new, very important factor emerged again: the Lithuanian national revival began, coinciding with the appearance of the first issues of "Aušra". It has greatly complicated the linguistic situation in all areas: in the church, in school and in public life. A fierce struggle for the recognition of Lithuanian language rights began. This also affected the school. But all this is beyond the chronological boundaries of this topic. POJIb IIIKOJIbiI B TIOJIOHH3AILIMKH KM PYCHOHKAIINY JIMTOBLEB JO IMOXU "AYLUPH" — Pesiome Havana Hcnojib30BaHHA WKONH KAaK WHCTPYMEHTa MOJIOHM3AUMM JIMTOBLEB OTHOCHTCA K KOHIY XVIII B. Pos kon B 3TOM OTHOIIEHMM YCHIMBAETCA BO BpeMeHa JEATEILHOCTH JAyKauHoHHOH KOoMHCCHH (cosannon B 1773 r.), Korza nepea mkonoin Onna nocTaBieHa 3a4aYa aKTHBHO COAEACTBOBATH CJMAHMIO HapoaoB JKeuu [Tocnoauton B eaumnyio NOJIbCKYIO Haumio. OAHAKO NOMAIMHHHM Ho AeACTBEHHHM OpYyAMeM IOJIOHH32UKHH LUKOJIA CTAHOBHTCA TOJIbKO B XIX B., KOra JMTOBCKMA A3HK CTaHOBUTCA OOLEKTOM ee NpeciejoBaina. Y9eHHK, OCMEJIMBINHACA 3arOBOPHTD B LUKOJIE 1HO—/INTOBCKM, HAKa3WBAJICA: €r0 3aCTABJIAJIA HOCHTb CINELMAJIbHHA 3HAK no3opa (Tak HA3LIBAEMYIO METEMIIY) AO TEX NOP, MOKA APYroM ydenuk He Gyaer yjinueH B TAKOM xe “npecrynaenun”. [locae Boccrauma 1863 r. uapckue BnacTH pemmau HpUOCTanoeuTs npouece noiounsaunu Jutsu. Oro Ono cadeno He u3 A0OpHx NOY AACHAA 110 OTHOIECHKIO K JIMTOBUAM, a C UEJIbIO HAYaTh MX pycudukaumio. [ia AOCTAACHNA EE HAYAAM OCYWECTBIATLCA MEPONPUATHA, NPOTHBOPEYAlHE NpocTO 3APABOMY CMUCIY, B TOM 4MCJIE —HM 3alpeT NevyaTaluf KUMI Ha JIATOBCKOM A3HIKE aarunckum wipudrom (koropun npusnaam “noasckum”). [pouecc nosoumzaumu ne Gun OCTAHOB. IEH 3THMH WM APYI'MMM MEDpaMH, HO OTHE Ola CTaja CONPOBOXAATHCA Opyra.ibuoA. pycupukaumen. O6a stu npouecca Gui NPUOCTANOBIENH BCIUIECKOM HAUMONAJILO-OCBOOOJIMTEJILIOTPO BO3POXKAEIMA, COBNABIIME NO BPEMEllH C BLXOAOM B 1883. pp. 3. "B.A.M.A. 1883". 31 DENATIONALIZATION OF THE LITHUANIAN PEOPLE THROUGH SCHOOLS TO "AUŠRA" Summary The Polishization of the Lithuanian people through schools began at the end of the 18th century. Jhs. It strengthened especially in the period of the activity of the Education Commission (from 1773). But in the 19th century the Lithuanian language became the real object of persecution in schools. Jh. After the uprising in 1863, the government of the tsar inhibits the Polishization and begins the Russification with the ban of Lithuanian printing in Latin script. Both processes — Polishization and Russification of the Lithuanians — were halted only by the national liberation movement, the beginning of which coincided with the appearance of the first issues of "Aušra" in 1883.