Lietuvių kalbos indo dalių pavadinimai

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXXI (1994) LANGUAGES STANDARDIZATIONS QUESTIONS VILIJA DRĖGŪNIENĖ LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES INDO PARTS DESIGNATIONS The pottery vocabulary can be thematically divided into word groups į 12 (other names of crafts, raw materials, ir tools, articles). This article is about the name of the part of the vessel. They were collected from iš ethnography, archaeological literature, art historians’ work, the “Dictionary of Lithuanian Language” catalog, ir jo dialect dictionaries, folklore publications. This is a small group 22 of words: gsa, ausis, ranka, rankelė, gerti, puoddengtis (feather ir cover, etc.), edge, underside, crown, throat, neck, neckline, petioles, petioles, belly, abdomen, leg, tail, beak, beak, beak, vambra. Interestingji ly, more than half of the words are somatisms. 12 words — names of parts of the human body, o 3 (snipes, snipes beak) ir animal — kūdaliy names. no Somatizmy is found in the vocabulary of many crafts, e.g. textiles: blaizdos, krititinė, pūdas, širdis, žandikauliai, menitė“*. Many somatisms are presented J. Elison* in the dictionary, which collects various names of the Sodiers' work tools, devices and jų parts. For example, fork parts In Gustonys they are called gdlva, in Gudžiūnai — teeth, in Krakės — fingers. Cross of the Cross The front part of the furnace is called the wing- — ta (Krakėse), wheel part with — thigh (In his ir wreaths) etc. - The names ar of human animal body parts are used in the craft ir vocabulary of other languages. A. Rekčna mentions many such cases in Latvian tarmése® in her monograph. i Cerbulénas K. Lithuanian folk ceramics / | University of Wisconsin-Madison. History. V., 1965. T. 7; Galaunė P. Iš glass ceramics ir history // Our antiquity. Tilžė, Kn. 1922. 4—5; as well as his. Lithuanian folk art K., 1930; Jablonskytė-Rimantienė R. Early Iron Age The history // Iš of Lithuanian culture. V., 1961. T. 3; Kudirka J. Lithuanian pots ir pots. V., 1973. * Krėvė V. Proverbs ir of Proverbs. K., 1934. T. 1; Naktinienė G. ir kt Dictionary of the Druskininkai Dialect. V., 1988; Petrauskas J., Vidugiris A. Lazūnų dialekto žodynas. V., The 1985; People's ir Word. 1923–1928, Kn. 1–5; Vitkauskas V. The North-East mudworker's dictionary of spoken language. V., 1976. * Eigirdienė D. Lithuanian Folk Textile Terms // Our language. 1987. No. 4. P. 26. * Allison J. Lithuanian sodiečių technical vocabulary test // Archivum philologicum / Red. Ms. Coffins. K., 1932. T. 3. * Rekéna A. Craft vocabulary some The southern dialects of Latgale are un related to the ar corresponding names of the Slavic languages. Riga, 1975. 106 Somatisms are also found in the vocabulary of various crafts in the Russian language, for example, carpenter's tools and their parts are called: x034b1, Konus, OopodKa, 3y6, 100, naieysl, pomuK, pyuka, etc. * Comparing the use of somatisms in the vocabulary of pottery and other crafts, we notice that the vocabulary of pottery consistently lists the most important parts of the human body: ears, neck, shoulders, hand, abdomen, leg. In other crafts, such as textiles, there is no consistent repetition in the vocabulary. By the way, the shape of the neretds pot resembles a human figure. Maybe that is why the parts of the vessel got the names of the parts of the human body? Mr. Galaunė has written that man, in order to depict himself, began to sculpt pots resembling man —"from the richest forms of nature he returned to himself"". It is also possible to mention the anthropomorphic vessels, which were produced in many parts of the world. For example, during the excavation of Troy II, so-called face urns were discovered, which have distinct facial features- ." Anthropomorphic vessels of various periods have been found in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania (Gumelnica culture), Peru, Congo and many other places?. "Pomeranian culture (now in Poland) face urns are interesting". M. Gimbutienė and some other archaeologists!? attributes this culture to the western whitesM. According to Gimbutienė, "urns were made individually, taking into account the gender of the deceased and especially the social status". The female urns have large ears with ornaments and collars, while the male ones have weapons and battle scenes, their ears are small. Interestingly, many anthropomorphic vessels were used only for burial, other ritual purposes- !®. Thus, anthropomorphic vessels may have had a direct or indirect influence on the names of somatic vessel parts. $ Account A. Min. veik. P. 588; KorapaTtsesa B. II. O npodeccronansHOM JieKcHKe NCKOBCKHX INUIOTHHKOB //Tpynst mo pycckomy si3eiky. J., 1969. C. 303. " Galaunė P. From the history of glass and ceramics. P. 254, 8 Uažnų I'. V. xcrokoB esporneiickoif nnABRNm3auuK., M., 1952, C. 74. * Jaennide Fr. The History of Ceramic Art. Leipzig, 1900. S. 807; Vladar J. Pravek plastics. Tatran, 1979. P. 46, 47, 89, 111; Enuntioneaus Besnrapua. Codusa, 1982. C. 385; UckyccTBo Tponuveckoit Appukn B cobpanusx CCCP. M., 1967. 154, 155; MoHuraiit A. Apxeojnorna 3anannoit EBponsi. Stone sex. M., 1973. C. 243. 10 Luka L. J. East Pomeranian Culture in Gdansk Pomerania. Wroclaw—- Warsaw—- Krakow, 1966. T. 1. 1 Gimbutienė M. Whites in prehistoric times. Ethnogenesis, material culture and mythology. V., 1985. P. 78; Momuraiit A. Apxeojorua 3ananuoti Esponsi. Bpog3oBbili u XeJ1e3HbItN Beka. M., 1974. C. 351. 12 Gimbutiené M. Min. veik. P. 81. 13 Novotny B. The Luzian Group and the Beginning of Painted Ceramics in Slovakia. Bratislava, 1962. P. 72; Bepe3kun IO. Ha3iauenne npeMeToB C CIOKETHBIMH H30GpaxeHHAMH HM3 morpeGemui KyYJILTYpLI Mounka //Kondepenuas „Bajiro-ciiaBsnckue DTHOKYJIbTYDHbIC H apXeojoruyeckue apesHocTd. IlorpeGajisHbIū OOpan". Te3uchr knows, M., the pitcher's neck is also called a throat. LKŽ (III 753) writes the following meaning of this word: "indo, bottle neck". The external similarity of the vessel parts to human or bird body parts may also have led to the appearance of 1985, C. 11—12. 107 A. Relkčna, analyzing the cases in which the names of human or animal body parts are used to refer to other realities, found that this may be due to the external similarity of realities, for example, cep Ja piere "part of the oven of the baker, which is above the oven" (a slight elevation above the oven oven resembles the forehead)! ?, For this reason, some Lithuanian names of the parts of the pot may have appeared. LKŽ (V 92; 93) thus motivates the derivative meaning of neck and collar "what is similar to the neck (part of something)", "dem. what looks like a small neck (part of something)”. Already in the writings of K. Sirvydas we find examples where the neck marks a part of the vessel. These names are used not only in dialects, but also in common language. Salamiestis, Kupiškis, Dusetos, Dūkšte, Sudeikiai (Utena district) the beak and ear. The trough of a snapeliū pitcher or some other vessel is called in Pociūnėliai (Radviliškis district), Ėriškiai (Panevėžys district). In ethnographic works, the part of the dish is called only snapeliū. ši Both names are used in common language. ‘Tik In western Lithuania, the name vambra is found for the beak of the juggernaut. The beak of the jar or imbrik is so called in Ylakiai, Raseiniai, Girkalnis, Skirsnemunė. | Ausimi indo gsa is called in Telšiai, Veiviržėnai, Viekšniai, Gargždai, Geistai, Ūdrija (Alytus region), Alvita (Vilkaviškis region). This somatism can also denote the jar of a bucket, cauldron, chest and other objects (LKZ I 502). The name of this part of the vessel is used throughout Lithuania. The main meaning of the word is "to take the ear of an indo" (LKZ I 324). This part of the pot is called so in Kupiškis, Mielagėnai (Ignalina district), Švenčionys, Pušalote, Šeduva, Lyduokės (Ukmergės district), Geitara, Tauragė, around Pasvalys and many other places. LKŽ (I 324) lists 11 other meanings of this word (drawer handle, clothing loop, needle hole, etc.). In the village of Valkininkai, around Švenčionys, there is a handpiece called handkelė. LKŽ (There is a 163) possibility that it may be a Slavic word.) Lat In Tirkšliai (Mažeikiai district), Šalčininkuose, Nemunaitėje (Alytus district), Žilėnuose, Kabeliuose (Varėnos district), around Druskininkai the name of the oase is used ranka. By the way, A. Rekéna writes that the names of body parts, based on the similarity of functions, can be used to denote other realities, for example: rūoka, rūocėna "handle", kėja "supporting part of a machine, bench, bed"! *, We could say the same about the pot rarika, the handle we take by the hand, or kdjq, the shaft on which the pot stands, on which it relies. The term "coyote crag" is already mentioned in P. Ruigi's dictionary. The lower Indian dakota is called ethnographer lį J. Kudirka. A. Rekéna argues that human or animal names can be used in a different sense when the association is caused by a characteristic feature, for example, a certain 't4 Rekéna A. Min. I'm sick. P. 585—586. 1¥ Idem. P. 585. 108 way related locking mechanisms are called Dėrnėnš ir mate, t. y. the ir mother-child connection is matched with su the connection of the corresponding parts of the device. Word /dcis "bear" used in the meaning "incorrectly weighed weft threads"! *, Here the bear’s carelessness is compared to the weaver’s carelessness. su Ir pot belly could have been so called because the association between realities was caused by a characteristic feature — ir į one, ir į another is poured food. "The origins ir of the word "scratch"". su Belly, the widest part of the pot is called Krosnoye (Marijampolės raj.), Raudėnuose (Šiaulių raj.), around Joniskėlis. LKŽ does not specify such a meaning, but belly in this dictionary (LKŽ IX 1027) referred ir to as „some protrusion, bulge of the object“, Vaitulevičienė E. calls this part of the vessel with another somatism: „tūlė, liemenélis'®, ir The wider part of the — pot below the neck is called petiikos, petéliai. The second form of this meaning is mentioned ir LKŽ (IX 879). The names perėliai, belly are more frequently mentioned in ethnographic works. We have already observed that ta the part of the vessel itself can be called a base word, a deminutive ir derivative: kūklas—neck, ir ausis—ear, koja—leg, kojėlė, ranka—hand. Ethnographic literature finds only deminutive Vedic, Ethnographer J. Kudirka uses the names 2 of parts of the dish, which are not mentioned Neither in the LKZ, nor in dialect dictionaries, nor in the works of other ethnographers. They are typical only of the pottery vocabulary, because they denote the specific realities of this field: pdbriaunis “part of the vessel between the rib ir and the neck”, abdomen ‘part of the vessel between the ir abdominal leg’. Both names are similar in their design. Name briauna — "edge, sharpness, angle, vertex of an object" (LKŽ I 1037) — is typical only ne of pottery vocabulary. J. This is how Kudirka calls the Indian country. Other ethnographers still use the names vainikėlis, atbraila, pakraštėlis. Thus ši reality is marked with different Words. The lid of the dish is called the lid. (Daukšiuose (Marijampolės raj.), Veiveriuose (Prienai district), Griškabūdis, Žagarė, Kruopiai (Akmenės district), Šilutė, Šilalė, Karklėnai (Kelmės rajon.), Jurbarke) or with a pot lid (in Dirvonenai (Šiaulių rajon.), Pagėgiai, Salantos, Veliuona, Šatės, Žigaičiai). LKŽ (X 21) recorded 6 more names of similar activity: pitoddangtė, puoddaiigtė (Laukuva, Kvėdarna, Tauragė), puodderigté (N, K)', potholder (MZ), potholder (MZ, D. Poška), potted (SD, O), cancle (C) (last names 4 LKZ not to be cut). The word dignas means not only the bottom part of the pot, but also the lid (Slavikai, Žiežmariai, Pociūnėliai, Mielagėnai, Joniškėlis, Ūdrija, Rudamina, Marijampolė, Geistarai, Rodūnia). This is also called the table on ir which vegetables are cut (Nocia, Rudamina, Seinai). 16 Idem. P. 586. '" Fraenkel E. Lithuanian etymological dictionary. Heidelberg—Gėttingen, 1962, Bd. 1. S. 593; Sabaliauskas A. Lithuanian language lexicon. V., 1990. P. 196. '8 Vaitulevi¢iené E. Lithuanian folk ceramics Vilniaus History-ethnography museum // Landscape studies, V., 1969, P. 192, 196. 14 Abbreviations as "Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language", 109 . English names of parts of the pot The names of the _ parts of the dish | edge, " neck, ear,,; in other languages lisas vambra gurklys rankelé prve J Latviy snipitis kakls, „snapelis““ kaklinš „kaklas, kaklelis** Lenk szyjka ucho brzuch 6* | 1;’5 ‘neck’ | ,,ausis®, ‘belly’ uszko ‘ear’” in Czech hrdlo ucho nozka 12 ‘throat’, ‘ear’* ‘leg’ krček ‘neck’ Slovak hrdlo ucho bruško nožka 9: 11 ‘throat’ ‘ear’ ‘cloud- | ‘leg will fall’* Russian 6th HOULIK | HOCUK 20pa0 pyuka naeuuKu | MYA06O | HOMNCKA 16; 18 ,vaini- | ‘nosepiece’ ‘throat’ ‘ranke- | ‘pete- | ,,body’’ | ,kojelé* kėlis“* lė“, liai“* YUKO „auselė“ Belarusian eenya Od3100KA4 ‘20paa eyxa yapaea, „vaini17 | ,,nipple‘‘ | , gerklé** „ear“ ny3a, kėlis“* opyxa „belly““ Ukrainian muiika pyukra naiuku myayb | niokka 13: 15 ‘neck’’ | ‘ranke- | "five- ‘body’’| ‘,kojelė’ lé’ liai’ English lip neck handle shoulders, body foot: "lip" "neck", "ranke-| ",shoulders" | ",body"" |, foot 'na' French bec col pied 10; 14 "beak" "collar"* "leg" Romanian gura git picior 2,,mouth- ‘‘,,neck’’- *,,leg’’ German Hals Bauch Fup ; ‘neck’ ‘abdomen’* | | leg’ *Numbers in the table indicate the sequence number in the bibliography of the source from which the titles are taken. 110 The names of the parts of — the Indo somatisms ne are found only in Lithuanian, ir but in other ids. languages. The table shows such cases. We can see that only somatisms used in English ir Romanian are used to name the edge: lip gura. ir The beak is called in three cases by the analogous — word for the name of the part of the o bird's body, ir in Russian Lithuanian languages (xocux ir vambra) — the name of a part of the human body. In most languages, the word "neck" is used to refer to the throat or neck. Only in French the word col is used in this case ‘collar’. The arrow is called by the names of two realities, — ear or hand. Only in English in this case there is no somatism (handle), but it is obvious that the ši form made by iš hand ‘hand’. The pot belly is usually referred to as the ir body belly. In all cases, ir the stems are called analogously, in different be variants. It is difficult to explain why similar somatisms are used in these languages to name parts of the Indian. Perhaps, as already mentioned, the phenomenon was šį inspired by the production of anthropomorphic vessels. On the other hand, the forms of ir non-anthropomorphic vessels often resemble the human figure (possibly also due to the influence of anthropomorphic vessels). This may have prompted the man to name the parts of the vessel as parts of ir his own body. Among these realities we note a great external similarity. However, somatisms are often called things that are not at all reminiscent of the human body (see section 4.4). D. (Examples J. by Eigirdienė, Elison). Based on A. Relčņa's conclusions about the use of somatisms in Latvian dialects can be used to justify the fact that parts of the Hindi are called somatisms in the aforementioned languages. It is much more difficult to explain why parts of the same pot are called by the names of analogous realities. It would be difficult to say that this is the influence of one language on another, since this phenomenon is typical of ne two or three languageo s, a jų larger group. When examining the Lithuanian pottery vocabulary, it was noticed that there is no one borrowed word in the group of names of only pot parts. nė Kitose (craft, raw materials, articles) names groups we find borrowed. It may be that the fact is šį determined by the use of somatisms, because "the names of body parts are usually among the oldest and most stable layers of the lexicon of any language"? ?, Some ir of the Lithuanian names of the parts of the Indo-European language belong to the Indo-European lexical layer: ąsd, snapas, ausis, gurklys, some, for example, ranka, kronėlis to the lexical layer of the Baltic-Slavic era, kaklas, kėja to the Baltic lexical layer, pilvas is characteristic only of the Lithuanian language. — — o . In summary, it can be concluded that the Lithuanian names of parts of Indian form a kind of interesting group of ir words, in which there is no single loanword. nė There is a marked tendency to call pot parts somatisms. Ji in other ir Indo-European languages. In dialects, deminutive, basic somatic forms are used to name parts of the ir Indian language, ir while in modern ethnographic mų and o archaeological literature only deminutive forms are found. 20 Sabaliauskas A. Min. I'm sick. P. 112. 111 SOURCES 1. Alfawicka S. Painted ceramics of the Halstatt period in Poland. The study of the animal. Wroclaw, 1970. 2. Canarache V. The Importation of Stamped Amphoras to Istria, Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romine, 3. 1957. Cook M. Greek painted pottery. London, 1960. Heuschkel H.,, Muche K. ABC ceramics. Leipzig, 1975. Holubowicz W. Rural pottery of western Belarus. Torun, 1950. Latvian literdra language vocabulary. Riga, 1972—1989. Yeah. 1—7. . Liebscher I., Willert F. Technology of ceramics. Dresden, 1955. Loran S. O'Bannon. Dictionary of Ceramic Science and Engineering. New York, 1983. 9. Novotn ij B. Luzianska group and the beginnings of painted ceramics in Slovakia. Bratislava, 1962, 10. Powidzki J. History of modern ceramics. Torun, 1972. 11. Stullerovda M. Ceramic as a solution. Bratislava, 1987. 12. Zapotocky M. Catalogue of Middle Ages ceramics from Polabi in northern Czech Republic. 13. TopioHoB E. Tipo nepiogu3aniio JecHAHbCKHX CTApOXHTHOCTeH apyrol Ta TpeThol ypepti I TucsuojiTTa H. e. //Apxeonoris, 1975. No. 18. 14. Ucnano-- maBpuTaHckas kepamuka, M.—JI., 1940. 15. Kpasuyenko H.,, Kopnycosa B. [eski pucu martepiajpHOl KYyJIBTYpH MNi3IHLOpumckol Tipu //Apxeonoria. 1975. No. 18. 16. JIyxuu D'. H3/eJiHŪ H3 xepamuku. M., 1979. 17. Munwueakos C. Beropycckoe maponHoe rom¥apcrso. Munck, 1984. 18. Puubaxkos E. Pemeciio apesreit Pycu. M., 1948, mia 0 a Summary The article deals with the designations of formed parts ąsd, ausis, ranka, rankélé, dangtis, puoddangtis, briauna, pobriaunis, vainikėlis, gurklys, kdklas, kaklélis, petikai, petéliai, pilvélis, popilvis, koja, kojūkė, dignas, snapas, snapélis, vambra, This is a peculiar group of words in which there are no borrowings. Uber the help of these words form those that serve to designate the human body parts. This tendency is also noticeable in other Indo-European languages. : The most Designations are the in literature language used, only some like z. B. vambra only den in oral languages, others come from the in ethnological Literature before (perélies, abdomen, sub-abdomen). In the Mouthpieces become to Name of the GefiBteile Deminutivaund Basic word forms of the somatisms, while the contrary in ethnological as well as archaeological Literature only Deminutive forms are to be found.