Tarptautinių terminologijos principų taikymas mūsų terminijai

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXXI (1994) LANGUAGES STANDARDIZATIONS QUESTIONS KAZIMIERAS GAIVENIS INTERNATIONAL TERMINOLOGY PRINCIPLES APPLICATION OUR DEADLINES Nomenclature is a difficult and confusing ir subject, and therefore few are willing to strive for its perfection. W. Arnold Lewis International terminology management includes the preparation of terminology — codes, standards, nomenclature registers for various — documents. These documents are usually discussed and approved at international ir congresses. Internationally standardized nomenclature of anatomy, botany, chemistry, geology, zoology, names of cultivated plant varieties, electrical engineering terms. Antai 1950 m. V The International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee was established at the International Congress of Anatomists, which adopted the following principles of terminology: 1. Each organ of the body must be called by one term (exceptions are very rare). 2. In the official list, all terms must be in Latin. Each country has the freedom to create its own equivalents of Latin terms in its native language. 3. Terms in anatomy should be as short and simple as possible. ir 4. Terms should be easy to remember, instructive and descriptive. 5. Body organs that are jų closely topographically related, if possible Zymétini by similar names (arteria femoralis, vena femoralis, nervus femoralis, etc.). 6. Various adjectives must be used in opposition (major — minor, superior — inferior, superficialis — profundus). 7. The official nomenclature for descriptive and microscopic anatomy shall not use eponyms (real names). International codes of nomenclature in botany and zoology specify the ranks of systematic units, the general structure of basic names, the standardized use of synonyms, homonyms, etc. What's wrong with Aaron Hueck? Homer. M., 1970. "Alphabet of Terminology". V., 1980. P. 88. 11 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) brings together national standardisation organisations. Draft international standards adopted by technical committees are approved by the ISO Council. Not only the terms of individual fields are standardized, but also the principles and methods of terminology. All these international works are somewhat related to our terminology. For example, in 1977 the Kaunas Medical Institute (now Kaunas Medical Academy) published the publication “International Nomenclature of Embryology”, in 1989 A. Praškevičius, R. Kazakevičius and L. Lukaševičius published the booklet “International System of Units in Medicine”. When preparing multi-volume academic scientific works (e.g., “Lithuanian fauna”, “Lithuanian flora”) and Lithuanian textbooks for higher education (e.g., “Human anatomy” by S. Pavilonis, R. Stropas, K. Tamašauskas and A. Urbonas, “Anatomy of agricultural animals” by A. Pabijanskas, etc.), Lithuanian terminology is adapted to the requirements of international terminology codes and standards. In spite of all this work, our terminology is still in many respects provincial and not properly organized. On the other hand, not all international terminology standards and codes are also of a high scientific level. For example, when preparing the Lithuanian version of the ISO standard „Terminologijos principai ir metodai“ (704—487), we noticed that some of its statements do not correspond to modern linguistic concepts (e.g., interpretation of synonyms and quasi-synonyms, alternation of synchrony and diachrony principles when indicating and describing terms formation methods, etc.). The same can be said about works published in Lithuania. For example, the International Nomenclature of Embryology contains a number of irregular terms, such as: metoestrus, dioestrus, proestrus, puerperium, polyembrionica gestatio, musculi monosegmentales, trilaminaris saccus vitellinus, etc. What difficulties arise when applying international terminology principles to our terminology? ; Firstly, we know little about the activities and work of international terminology organizations (e.g., INFOTERM, the International Institute for Terminology Research, etc.) and do not maintain direct contacts with them. In Lithuanian scientific libraries we will not find even their published works. The second thing is that our scientists and industry specialists are used to looking for standards of thermology rather than its universalities. Therefore, with the decline of the prestige of the Russian language, people turn to English, and the influence of anglicisms becomes more and more pronounced. This is also undesirable. In some fields of science (e.g., plant and animal systematics, medicine, etc.) Latin can only be considered to be the international reference language. However, it should not be blindly copied either. International terminology codes often specify that terms in national languages must be translated. Meanwhile, our specialists often understand the translation of terms too directly, only as a grammatically adequate translation. For example, the Russian term xommaexmylowue Oemasu in Lithuanian translates grammatically adequate (active participant as an active participant) — components, should be translated — inadequately passive o participant, i.e. — components. Poor translation results in word combinati12 PN M M a M O ons that cannot exist in our language. The worst thing is that some names are not only established in terminology, but also in the nomenclature of companies and survive for decades, for example: repairing mechanical factory (or: repairing-- mechanical factory). Its Russian name —pemoxmno-mexanuueckuiū 3a600. The Lithuanian name should be Mechanical Repair Company. Thirdly, the interlinguistic — direction of terminology contradicts our terminology traditions. For example, the International Organization for the Standardization of Terms in Warsaw IOUTN (International Organization for Unification of Terminological Neologisms) based its technical terminology guidelines on such principles*? : 1. to give new discoveries, inventions or newly emerging concepts such names as may be taken over into other languages without modification or mų with minor ką modification. 2. To use new ir words in the scientific and technical language, if possible, in the original form or only slightly modified (for example, by adding a prefix or suffix), but keeping the root of the original word. 3. According to the tradition established in some fields of ir science and technology, it is appropriate to use Greek and Latin as the basis for the creation of terms (similarly to Russian English used in cosmonautical fields). ir 4. What has been said does not apply to terminology already in use. If its shortcomings are likely to endanger human life and health, then the ar terms used should be harmonised. ir 5.If it is not possible to adopt the original form of the new term, it is recommended to provide the original name in scientific ir and technical dictionaries. In recent decades, the ir terminology of our scientific language has become particularly dangerous ir trends: the hardly regulated flow of international terms, the 1) influx of valuable Russian language. ir 2) iš Lithuanian specialists began to avoid the newcomers. Termination, S. the most important method of creating new terms in Šalkauskas’ terminology theory, has become unproductive. Ją outcompeted term borrowing ir the creation of hybrid newcomers. In this situation, the interlinguistic principles of terminology seem to be difficult to apply. The fourth point is that — international codes of terminology, although they ir give a great deal of freedom to national languages, nevertheless take the ir terminological nomenclature too far away from the common, from the spoken ir language. ir Because our to terminology sometimes ignores even important terminology codes ir (e.g., the binary principle of species naming is not observed in plant-animal ir systematics, etc.). ir Our physicists use one name SI for the derivative units of the system, o our — doctors use another. For example, "Physics Dictionary" (V., given 1979) names lumensecond (luminous energy quantity- ), cubic meter per second (volume output size) in o the booklet "International System of Units for Medical * For more details see. CroGepckuit 3. Hayunas H TexHHx4eckKa1 SECURITY // Vi3Becrua AH CCCP. I'm sick. nm si3pika. M., 1974. T. 33(5). C. 448 — 453; Neoterm. Warszawa, 1987. ul. 7-8.S.6-10. 13 je — lumen per second, cubic meter per second, etc. The medical terminology for derivative units is closer to the common and spoken language, while the terminology used by physicists is very strictly standardized. Fifthly, some of the recommendations of the international codes are contradictory. For example, the International Code of Nomenclature for Anatomical Nomenclature prohibits the use of personal names (named after scientists, discoverers, or inventors), the International Code of Nomenclature for Zoological Nomenclature restricts the use of personal names to certain taxa, and the International Code of Nomenclature for Technical Nomenclature allows them without any restrictions. The term is widely used in all fields of science. It is used in many fields of science, including physics, mathematics, and medicine. These terms differ from the others primarily in that they are not sufficiently motivated. Their positive feature is the ability to immortalize people deserving of science. In our terminology, there are two types of terms of this type: 1) single words, e.g.: joule, kelvin, curie, ohm, x-ray, volt and 2) compound words, e.g. : Archimedes' law, Doppler velocity, Cartesian coordinates, Addison's disease, Ebstein's syndrome, etc. In Russian terminology, the "adjective - + noun" type of personal terms are also popular, for example: mapkoseckuii npoyecc, zaiimoposa no10CMb, escmaxuesa mpyba, dy2nacoe0 npocmpancmeo, etc. We would avoid such Lithuanian terms, considering them non-normative. In general, the evaluation of personal noun terms is very controversial, and there are no rules for their use. In some dictionaries of Lithuanian terms (e.g., „Medicinos terminų žodyne“ and others) the personal noun terms are almost all replaced by other terms. International standardization guidelines and international terminology codes do not take into account two important things: 1) the nature of languages (what is suitable for analytical languages may not be suitable for synthetic languages, etc.) and 2) the degree of development of languages and the number of people who speak that language (languages with unevenly developed functional styles and terminology systems cannot be equal partners). Sixthly, Lithuanian terminology and nomenclature have relatively old traditions of terminology and nomenclature, and they have been and are still influenced more by the terminology and nomenclature of the major neighboring languages (Russian, German, etc.) than by international codes, rules or standards of terminology standardization. This is well illustrated by the history of the Lithuanian chemical nomenclature, which has relatively many international elements and is perhaps the most distant from the human language, and its current situation. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) was founded in 1921, and in 1940 the International Chemical Nomenclature (ICN) was published. During these two decades, Lithuanian chemistry terminology was also intensively processed: original Lithuanian chemistry textbooks and monographs were published, e.g. : F. Butkevičius’ Elementary Qualitative Analysis (1929), V. Ruokie’s Analytical Chemistry (1922), Organic Chemistry (1923), V. Čepinskis’ Physical Chemistry (1928—1930) and others, Prof. F. Butkevičius presented a draft of Lithuanian nomenclature of chemistry at the Lithuanian Teachers’ Congress in 1928. Because of the war, the International Code of Chemical Nomenclature was not discussed at the time and was little known. Only in 1947 it was decided to revise these rules. After long deliberations, they were substantially revised and published in English and French in 1953. They were revised in Switzerland in 1955, in England in 1956 and in France in 1957. IUPAC Information Bulletin: Appendices on Tentative Nomenclature, Symbols, Units and Standards (1970, September, N 8). In the Soviet Union a separate book of this rule came out only 14 1979 m. — ‘HomMexnxjiarypHbre npapuna HIOTIAK mo xuMun". Meanwhile, Lithuanian K. Daukšo "Chemical Dictionary" has been released 1960 m. In this dictionary, as stated in the jo preamble, "numbers ir indicating the number of atomic groups (di, dve, tri) non-conjugated prepositions ir (azo, nitro, ortho, thio ir t. t.) attach to the main Word, e.g.: dichloride, divalent, tribromide, azobenzene, nitro compound, ortho acid, thiosulfate. Some species prefixes are traditionally separated by a hyphen, e.g. alpha-yellows, beta-rays. Foreign names are accompanied by Lithuanian endings, e.g. phenyl, toluene. Alkoholiy phenol names ir tried to attach the ending -oil, for o hydrocarbons -oles, e.g. phenol, naphthalene, benzene, toluene. The names ir iš of organic compounds formed by the electrolyte group are written separately, namely: ammonium sulfate, methyl chloride, ethyl acetate. Į The name of the atom group inserted in the ar compound molecule is attached to the main word by releasing a vowel, e.g. bromethylene, diacetylenbenzene, ethoxyanilin. Similar components of double salts are connected by a hyphen, e.g., potassium-aluminium alliin. In complex, the ingredients are connected by hyphens, e.g. potassium hexachloroplateate. Complex acids some sulfuric acids are ir written in double form, namely: hydrogen hexacyanide feroate or hexacyanide-ferric acid, toluene sulfuric acid or sulphotoluol (2) [...] The names of acids are given mainly in the noble form, e.g. nitric acid, oxalic acid, butyric acid, because these names are shorter už ‘nitrogen, oxalic, buttery’’ (p. 3—4). Later K. Daukšas wrote similarly about the revision of the chemical nomenclature: ‘For information purposes, the ending in the nomenclature ‘+olis’ from ‘-olas’, ‘-alas’. Limb "-ol" indicates the alcoholic: function of the compound (phenol),,,-ol* does not — provide definite information, only indicates affinity with carbohydrates (benzene, su toluene), “-ol” indicates mixture — (solution, dye, grease, kerosene). Just like the limb '-id' indicates the negative polarization of the element (oxide, hydride, sulfide, chloride), "-il" positive — polarization of the ar element group (nitrile, acetyl, cuprile), "-ate" indicates negative polarization of the group (sulphate, carbonate). The combination of words can also enhance the information. For example, a complexly connected atom group and molecule ar is written su de ‘o’ (diammonium silver, hexachloroplatinate), o non-complex-connected substituents written be ‘o’ (chlorbenzene)’®. Ši terminology at The IUPAC rules have not yet been adapted. When this nomenclature began to be used, linguists did not like things: the du writing of a 1) dash in some of the mentioned word combinations long polysyllabic ir 2) names. A. Valeckienė wrote about this chemical nomenclature as follows: ‘Sometimes noble compounds are written with a dash, e.g. su dichloro-aurates, fluoro-aluminates, fluoro-borates, fluoro-germanates, but strontium aluminates, Daukšas * K. About the creation of chemistry terms // Lithuanian language section notebook. 1969, Sąs. 10. P. 11. 15 hydrogen fluoride (without dash). The hyphen is not required here."* As regards polyacid terms, it observed that ‘it is not uncommon for elements of this type to be combined into a single word, instead of which it would be preferable to use a compound of the latter type, for example: acetyloxyacetone (= acetyl oxyacetone), benzolazonaphthylamine (= benzene azonaphylamine), hexamethylacetone (= hexamethyl acetone), dimethylaminoazobenzene (= dimethyl amino (or amine) azobenzene), triaminobenzoic acid (= triamino benzoic acid), methylaminoxybenzoic acid (= methyl amino oxybenzoic acid) and so on.’ Many linguists were particularly annoyed by the one-word name amino acids. It has been repeatedly proposed to be amended. But the chemists disagreed with this. When the name of an atomic group is expressed by international non-syllable words (nitro-, nitrozo-, azo-, sulfo-, tio-, tia-, hydroxy-, methoxy-, aceto-, butyro-, amido-, acriloir, etc.), they are written as prefixes, combined with the word they complement. This forms the words nitromethane, thiophenol, hydroxybenzaldehyde, acetonitrile (not aceto nitrile), axilonitrile (not axilo nitrile). If the main word begins with a vowel, the letter o becomes a conjunction and is omitted (say acetanilide, axilamide). The word amine can have two meanings: in the first case, amine refers to a compound with NH, or NHR groups (the whole compound), and in the second case, the unconjugated prefix amino refers only to the NH, group itself. Therefore, it is necessary to say oxides of amines (e.g., methylamine hydrochloride), in the second case it is necessary to combine the words (e.g., aminophenols, amino acids, etc.)“*. In line with international principles, our chemical nomenclature still requires considerable refinement. According to the draft" ether R'—0O—R? names consist of the name of the radical R*O and the name of the hydrocarbon corresponding to the radical R2, e.g. isopropoxypropane, ethoxyethylene. Primary amines and secondary and tertiary amines of symmetrical structure are called by adding the -amine end to the radical, e.g., ethylamine, triethylamine. Names of non-cyclic aldehydes and ketones are formed by adding the appropriate Zodgalius -al or -one to the name of the hydrocarbon with the same number of carbon atoms, e.g.: hexanal, 2-butanone, etc. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) rules of nomenclature do not completely reject trivialiyjuy names, although some do not want to admit them into our scientific language. In general, the international (IUPAC) nomenclature rules have been unpopular and little known so far. Therefore, Lithuanian chemists now face the task of internationalization of nomenclature. In accordance with international nomenclature, preference should be given to the genitive forms of nouns rather than adjectives with suffixes -inis, -ė, e.g. lactic acid, nicotinic acid and even deoxyribonucleic acid, etc. The adjective is better suited to describe dependence or origin, and adjectives with suffixes -inis, -ė in these meanings are usually Russian induces. 4 Valeckienė A. Compound words of other language origin //Language culture. 1968. Sas. 15. P. 21. § Ibid. P. 23. € Degutis J., Daukšas V., Mačionis Z. and others. 1989. "Organic Chemistry". No. 10. P, 30.? Author —E. Butkus. The draft was discussed at the Joint Consultation of Chemists and Linguists Terminologists on 12 February 1991, 16 ADOPTION OF INTERNATIONAL TERMINOLOGY PRINCIPLES TO THE LITHUANIAN TERMINOLOGY Summary This paper deals with the problems adoption of of Lithuanian terms the to international codices anatomical, of botanical, and zoological terminology. It also investigates the standardization chemical of nomenclature accordance with in the international reguirements of IUPAC. Some difficulties attempting in modernize to terminology and preserve to its Lithuanian nature have been pointed out. 2. Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics, XXXI