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organizers. The book also includes a photocopy of P. Berents' article "Pirmas latviešu valodas macibas sastaditajs" published in the journal "Izglitibas ministrijas ménesraksts" in 1930. It is the most complete biography of J. G. Rehehusen to date, although it is not known where and when he was born, where he studied, or when he died. It is known that around 1628 Kurše was ordained to the Evangelical Lutheran priesthood. It is believed that he was a relative of the Latvian lexicographer Johans Langijs through his wife. This article is also available in English. Along with the English translation, the book also publishes a facsimile of A. Bylenštein- ’s German article from the 1901 edition of J. G. Rehehusen- ’s grammar. Thus, this book, so carefully prepared by an Australian linguist, is like a kind of first encyclopedia of Latvian grammar, which gathers in one place the material that has been scattered in various publications so far, provides a detailed analysis of the grammar text, and the translations into English will greatly facilitate the use of this material by wider strata of researchers interested in Latvian culture and their linguistic history. T. G. Fennell’s second book “Seventeenth Century Latvian Grammatical Fragments” is also based on a similar principle. This book publishes two important 17th-century documents related to Latvian grammar — the so-called "Einhorn's synopsis" (Declinationum Letticarum ex D. Einhornij contra Rehehusium tractatu Synopsis brevis) and the "Biuchner's fragments- ". In addition to the facsimile text, English translation, extensive commentaries, the editions of A. Bylenšteinas, A. Augstkalnis, J. Zėverius’ Einhorn synopsis are also published here. "Biuchner- 's fragments" are published mainly on the basis of L. Arbuzov's edition ("17th-century Latvian grammar at the Kurzemes Dukes' Library in Peterpili." —Filologu biedribas raksti, 1925, 5, pp. 106—125). Along with English translations, here are also published excerpts from A. Augstkalnis' article "Veclatviešu rakstu apskats" (Rakstu krastam, 1930, 20, p. 109—110), J. Zēveri's article "Veci latviešu valodas piemenekli rokrakstos" (Izglitibas ministrijas menešraksts, 1937, 5, p. 619—621) and K. Dravinis' article "Latviešu gramatikas materiali Martina Bichnera albuma" (In honorem Endzelini, Chicago, 1960, p. 107—113). The third book is dedicated to the grammar of Georg Dressel (Dreszell) published in Riga in 1685 "Gantz kurtze Anleitung zur Lettischen Sprache". A facsimile text of the grammar, an English translation, very extensive (p.147—421) commentaries and a register of Latvian words are published. I am very pleased that there are funds in Australia (The Australian Research Grants Committee) to publish such works, but, of course, the most important thing is that there is a person working there who is able to publish such works; prepared. Algirdas Sabaliauskas —MEMORIAL OF FATHER'S TALKS Unexpected turns of fate. Sometimes what seems to be lost forever suddenly comes alive again and shines for a moment in all its splendor to rise to new life in our hearts and memories. The dialects of the empty Klaipėda region, not 189 properly described and hardly researched scientifically, are almost extinct. Only their traces, distorted by Germanization, remained, and the people who speak the language of this region can be counted on their fingers. The land of Lithuanians, where for many centuries the ancient Curonians, the Žemaites and the western Highlanders (and perhaps other western Baltic tribes) lived side by side, will no longer have its Klein, Ruigis, Schleicher with Kuršaitis, Gerulis with Stangas, or other eminent linguists, who so beautifully immortalized the southern part of Lesser Lithuania, which suffered an even more painful fate. And suddenly, what seemed to be irrecoverable, begins to return to Lithuania from abroad... In 1990, in Chicago, Jono Užpurvio "Three Linguistic Studies?" ("Drei sprachwissenschaftliche Studien”), published with great difficulty by the publishers and sponsors of the Lesser Lithuania Foundation. Little by little, one after the other, copies of "Studija" began to travel to Lithuania. Here this work aroused great interest and made its author from a little-known emigration philologist a significant Baltist, occupying an important place in Lithuanian linguistics. It is very symbolic that this book is presented to us for the first time by another researcher of Lesser Lithuania, also from the Klaipėda region, the linguist Prof. V. Pėteraitis, who contributed greatly to the compilation and publication of “StudiJu”. He presented the book to Klaipėda University, commenting with the utmost respect both on the work and on its author. Jonas Užpurvis was born on 12 December 1891 in Šilutė district. In 1911 he graduated from the teacher seminary and later served in the First World War as a soldier in the German army. After the war, he studied classical philology at Vytautas the Great University and taught in primary schools and gymnasiums. From 1941 until the closure, he taught German at Vilnius University. In 1949, he and his family were exiled to the Krasnoyarsk forests for thirteen years. After returning from exile, he lived for a while in Saugai and Šilutė, and in 1967 he left for West Germany. In 1991, the club celebrated its 100th birthday. This anniversary did not go unnoticed in Lithuania — it was marked by various events and a beautiful conference organized by the Lithuanian Society in Kaunas, where the diverse activities of this talented and hard-working man were discussed. Distracted by life, often not even having the right conditions, J. Užpurvis devoted his entire life to science. He was interested not only in the history and language of Lithuania Minor, but also in the works of ancient authors, Italian and Spanish literature, the Greek translation of the New Testament. J. Užpurvis was not only a scientist, but also an outstanding teacher, whom his former students remember with love and gratitude even today. ; In order to make his ideas accessible to as many readers as possible, J. Užpurvis wrote mostly in German. Today, the most interesting for us is his Lithuanianist activity, in which the following main directions emerge: the history and linguistics of Lithuania Minor, comparative Baltic studies, toponymics and dialectology. Having no special Lithuanian preparation and being detached from the rapid development of Lithuanian linguistics, J. Užpurvis expressed himself in all the above-mentioned fields in an unevenly broad and professional manner. However, his linguistic talents, independent and original thinking, great general erudition, researcher’s diligence and responsibility are beyond doubt. It is particularly valuable that the author of "Studies" perfectly knows his native Saugų dialect, which the endless decades of Soviet life had irreversibly erased not only from life, but also from historical memory. The book consists of three parts (264 pages). The first part of "Studies" — "The Saugener Lithuanian Dialect" (Die Saugener litauischen Mundart) — is devoted to the study of the native dialect. In the second part * The origin of the river and the German name of the city Memel" (”Memel Strom —und Stadtbezeichnung”) — the origin of the names of Nemunas and Klaipėda is explained in a wide historical panorama: it is based on ancient written sources, delving into the past of the Baltic tribes. The third part —"On the Creation of Donelaitis’ “Four Seasons”*" —is an examination of the genesis of this work. From all three parts of the "Studies" emerge J. Užpurvio views and knowledge, available and used material and scientific conclusions. The following will try to give a brief overview of what their author has done in various science bars. HISTORY. The approach to the history of Lithuania, especially of Lesser Lithuania, is an area where science is closely connected with politics and even national mentality. The claims of individual states to Klaipėda region and Karaliaučius region usually stem from two important things, they depend on two key questions. The answers to these questions are also given in J. Užpurvio "Studies". The 190 first of them is this: have Sūduva, Skalva (Salavija) and the whole Pomerania (Klaipėda area) been a wilderness (Wildnis), or have they been inhabited since ancient times, with a natural rate? Having studied numerous chronicles, annals, letters of Vytautas, the author of "Studies" holds the latter opinion. In order to consider these lands as inhabited since ancient times, it is necessary to determine who, i.e. which peoples have lived in these lands. J. Užpurvis, having carefully analyzed many of the local names of this region and based on historical material, comes to the conclusion about the Lithuanianness of these lands. COMPARATIVE BALTISTICS. By continuing and significantly supplementing with new material and original observations the work begun by the great Baltists K. Bugas, J. Endzelynas and their followers, J. UZpurvis has also spoken his word about the history of the Baltic tribes. The author of "Studies" repeatedly attempts to clarify the historical relationships between Prussians, Žemaites and Klaipėdians, and in Pomeranian dialects he searches for the Cushian substratum. By presenting interesting lexical and phonetic parallels, the author of "Studies" finds similarities between the Klaipėda dialect and the Prussian language, and observes the relationships between Prussian and Žemaites dialects. Traces of the Curonian language can be seen in the pronunciation system of the Saugų dialect (most emphasized is the accent retraction and the associated word ending shortening). It is a pity that this question has not been studied more extensively, no attempts have been made to locate the historical borders of the Zemgallen and the Curonian Slovenes, their linguistic relations have not been discussed. The toponymic and linguistic material collected by the author and presented in the publication allows us to draw much broader conclusions on this and other issues than we find in "Studies", and therefore are of invaluable value for later researchers. Toponymy and Anthroponymy. J. Užpurvis adds new ideas and facts to his studies of Lithuanian place names and personal names, and gives his opinion on some important river and city names, which are still being discussed in the scientific world. In all cases, the author of "Studies" does not forget that he is a historian, paying particular attention to the history of the place name's origin and etymology. The whole second part of the publication is devoted to these questions. It includes an overview of all river names in Klaipeda region, 191 a small map. In German sources, the older forms of river names are compared with the names of the author's time. It is written mainly about the name of Nemunas, which is considered old, all other variants of this river name mentioned in various sources are recorded, and it is beautifully shown how the distorted German form Memel appeared. Of the local names, the name of Klaipėda has been analyzed. His old age is evidenced by the form Klawppeda recorded in Vytautas' letter. The more interesting etymologies include the interpretations of the names Dercekliy and Nemirseta. The name Darzeppeln, as shown by the old inscription Darzeppeln, is derived from rezina and cept "to bake" (i.e. the place where the resin is boiled), and Nimersatt is interpreted as "place of discord, unrest" ("Ort des Unfriedens"). In both cases, there is a clear trace of the Kurian language. Dialectal forms of place names and personal names and their comparison with older ones, recorded in historical sources, allow J. Užpurvis to make valuable observations about the development of Saugų dialect pronunciation and the structure of compound words, cf. Mischkogallen. Dialectology. The description of the native Saugų dialect is the most valuable part of the Studies, filling a large gap in Lithuanian dialectology. The accumulated authentic material provides data for all areas of language and allows to make the most interesting assumptions and conclusions. J. Užpurvis, having no special dialectological education, has not described and investigated all the peculiarities of the dialect in equal detail. In addition, the facts of the native dialect sometimes seem very ordinary, and it may simply not come to mind that they raise new problems or help answer old questions. Especially pleasantly surprised are the author’s accurate observations and generalizations, when a researcher not from that region would not even suspect the existence of this or that phenomenon in the dialect — especially phonetic. The description of the dialect consists of three parts: the first is a kind of a short grammar (* Grundzūge der Saugener litauischen Mundart”), the second is illustrative texts (“Beispiele der Saugener Mundart aus verschiedenen Lebenslagen”), and the third is a small glossary (“Ihr Klangcharakter auf Tonband”). [The transcription marks are discussed in the main part of the description. The presentation of dialect sounds in a special script was perhaps the most difficult part of publishing and editing this work. A simplified spelling was chosen, but it did not completely avoid all the difficulties. For example, marking hard and soft consonants with dots above or below the consonant (valg "eats" and valg "eats") is not very convenient, because a dot is, look, "landed" out of place, it is completely disappeared. There is a lack of signs to mark various types of vowels: not only the o, which corresponds to the common language o and uo (in dialect they are probably not phonetically distinguished), but also the o, derived from the widespread u, e.g., rops sopov "the turnip rotten". The same applies to the € and e, which correspond to the notation of the common language ė, ieir and e, ¢. There could be more of such reproaches, but here again we must remember the troubles of the work release. Anyone who wants to clarify the pronunciation of this or that sound will be able to do so by listening to the texts recorded on the tape, in which the author's own voice is heard. The Grundzüge consists of four chapters for an overview of different areas of the language. The first section defines the dialectal boundaries (a relatively 192 "Saugaus apylinkės žemėlapis" (in Lithuanian). It attempts to describe the place of the dialect and its relationship with neighbouring dialects, the historical connection with languages that have had some or other effect on the dialect. The most prominent feature of the dialect is the accent retraction, which is associated with Curonian, Latvian and Finnish languages. Especially valuable for dialectology are the remarks in the introduction, and in some places in the dialect description itself, about the relationship of the Saugų dialect with other dialects of Klaipėda (it is a pity that these remarks are so few!). It is known that there were various dialects in Klaipėda region, which is also remembered by the old inhabitants of this region. However, their observations, as always in such cases, usually highlight individual details, usually different use of some words or phrases. Systemic differences can only be noticed by a linguist, and such a linguist was J.Užpurvis. It would be very good if this comparative study of Western dialects could be continued. The largest is the second — phonetic section (Lautwandel). It describes various dialect sound and pronunciation phenomena. Spelling. A lot of attention is paid to the adverbs, which the author distinguishes very well and tries to mark carefully, cf. dukšt's "high (bdv.)", aukst-s "high (dkt.)" and Gukšts "height". As already mentioned, a distinctive feature of the dialect is the deflection of the accent, resulting from the influence of other languages. If we look closely at the examples presented, we can see that in the Saugų dialect the accent is deflected quite differently than in the well-known Žemaičių or Aukštaičių dialects. Here, it seems, it is not possible to speak about general or even conditional digression of phonetic nature, cf. long root words with undigressed accent kantū "kečiu", švėt "šviesi", galva, lėktė "liektu" and so on. It seems that the peculiarities of pronunciation are not related to phonetic but to morphological or lexical matters. This region is particularly characterized by the pronunciation of place names or surnames in the first syllable: Vilkytė, Kūkoratė, Jodats, Jokumats and so on. The declination occurs in numerals (e.g., pėnk, šėš, sėptin), some nouns of a certain structure (especially with the ending -ys —drkels "horse", kabils "hook", gaids "cock", tingins "lazy man", less often with the ending -a —kūrčem, žūgat). Variable accent is typical of certain verb forms (e.g., the second-person present tense root — megti~miégli "sleepy", lėktirvličkti "living", but the first-person ending — megti~miégli "sleepy"). —mėgtū, lėktū). small word end abbreviation is added. The Saugo dialect differs from the northern and southern Samogitian dialects in that it abbreviates all the unpronounced endings — not only the short ones, but also the long ones: žams "low", zdiks, vokyts, drkils "horse", snarglin "snargline (such a nose)", sm "winter- ", krėt "fell". Only the two remained intact. In "Studies" a lot of attention is paid to the end of the word, especially those cases are described in detail, when shortening the extremities, difficult to pronounce consonant samples are formed. Then a vowel is usually inserted (a similar phenomenon is also found in the northern-highland dialects), for example, dėgans "bottom- ", lėpsan "deep", didėsens "larger". It is unfortunate that it is not possible today to localize the limits of such shortening. Their identification could help explain the reasons for this reduction. Maybe it is the substrate of the Cushitic or Baltic tribes close to them? Or maybe the influence of German? 193 Vocalist. One of the most prominent features of the Saugų dialect is that the common language diphthongs ie, uo are echoed in the dialect by the long ė, o: kėms "kimas", pėm6 "paemuo". In "studies" this is called a change ("uo wird langes 0", "ie entwickelt sich zu... y oder... ¢”). On this issue, Mr. Užpurvis follows a traditional approach. Because of the historical ze: ė and uo: o relationship, other opinions are possible. In particular, it cannot be accepted that in the forms apy, pryš, py "prie", angms, baltyms, vokytė the long y is phonetically derived from ie. The Saugo dialect is linked to other western dialects by the conversion of the diphthongs ai, ei into long a, é: laks "time", vyra "men", aukšta "high", vads "face", arklé "horses", kovė "cow", dėje "you did, matė "you saw". The "Studies" also write about the u and £ extension (> o, e). As is known, such expansion is characteristic of all Western Whites. It is a pity that the author not only does not discuss the length of the expanded vowels o and e (that they differed from the long o and e of other origin can sometimes be judged from the corresponding accent marks), but also does not mention at all that this expansion is related to vocal harmony. In "Studies" there is often written about different pronunciation of e depending on the further syllable (e.g., n'ėš "nešu", nėš "neši"). It is therefore strange that the author did not pay any attention to the fact that wir ¢ does not extend in all cases. When they are followed by a soft consonant, these vowels seem to remain unchanged — at least that is what the examples suggest (see mėd "mudu" and mad "mudvi"). The material presented in "Studies" shows another striking feature of the dialect: the pronunciation of the long air e (rdts "round", žėms "low", nas "carry", mad "honey"). Consonantism. In dialect, the opposition of hard i and soft i plays a very important role. In shortened forms, this feature distinguishes different forms, especially of verbs: tenses (bdig "ends" and baig ”bai- = persons (bldusi "blaaunu, blaauna” and blaun "blaauni", gėrs "I will drink, gerPar gars gers”). In this case, the diacritical marks are of particular importance. Marking: Unfortunately, the publication is not very precise in this respect. As is known, the language of the people of the Klaipeda region is characterized by some characteristics, which have arisen due to the influence of the German language —aspiration of adjectives, (softness, etc. It is possible that such things can be heard only by the ears of an outsider, and the dialect representatives themselves simply do not feel them. Apparently, this is why these phenomena are not mentioned in "Studies". The third section of the Grundzüge is devoted to morphology — questions of dialectal form formation and translation (Formenlehre). Several paradigms of noun conjugation and verb personification are presented with relatively short comments. The data of the Morphology section are supplemented by examples from other sections, which can give a certain picture of the Saugų dialect forms system. In many cases, the dialect forms are close to Žemaičių, and parallels can be found with the Curonian or even the Prussian language. The most prominent features of dialect morphology are the following: a) the transition of many i-root nouns to the ė root: ake "eye", ausė "ear", goose (cf. Prussian sansy, which can be interpreted as zansi or zanse), but naktis, degsnis "heat? ; b) instead of the singular noun ending -ui in the common language, there is -0 (muo), and instead of the plural noun ending -iems, there is -yms, e.g. bdrné "boy", mdžo "tree" (cf. the adverb of the same origin pakelo "on the way?"), anijms "aniems", vėnijs "someone- "; c) pronoun tu forms tevės, tėve, etc. (with the root e) is probably Curonian, cf. Latvian tevis, tewi; the same applies to the prepositions ap, priš, and especially py "prie" (see Latvian pie "prie”); d) in the dialect are used Žemaičių type atematinis (mėgtū, lėkti, atū"iinu"), as well as na-stameny present tense forms paun, šdun, rijn, griūn). Lexicon. It is 194 necessary to acknowledge the considerable merits of J. Užpurvis as a lexicographer. The lexical items are in various parts of the dialect description. The fourth section of the Grundzüge consists of a small list of place names and personal names with a short glossary of more special dialect words. Own words are separated from borrowed ones (although the author does not always succeed in doing so), the lexicon of individual dialects of the Klaipėda region is compared. The third part of the dialect description contains a dictionary (Worterverzeichnis) of about 600 dialect words. The words are written in dialectal transcription, the meanings are explained in German and Lithuanian. Unfortunately, the singular noun is usually used for nouns, the masculine noun for adjectives, and the plural for verbs, and therefore we cannot get a complete picture of the paradigms of conjugation, personification and pronunciation. More interesting dialect words are: daga "harvest, harvest", degsnis "heat", mauk "maūkė (leg sleeve)”, 6st "oustai, moustache", snarglin "snarglinė (cafe, where drinking is done)”, strėgts "striegtis (browse, swim)”, žvėzdars "zvizdras (zvizzdas)- ”. Zodyna is very enlivened by the addition of lrazčologizmy, e.g., gaido pardev "sold to the cock (=padege)”, pats nėgs apynėms "the same nail to the hops (=what they need to grow)". Jonas Užpurvis repeatedly emphasizes that the church has had a great influence on the dialects of Klaipėda region. Through it, some old forms were retained (apparently sometimes newly introduced — A.K.). Among these forms, we can mention first of all the athematic forms of the first person with the ending -mi (bégmi, esmi), verbs with inserted enclitic (pamistikrink "strengthen me", nemiduok "don't give me"). Very exotic are also the conjugated forms of the iliative dengunžengems, žemenkrit, especially when used in a dialect which, due to the influence of German, has lost even the simple inessive (instead of which the suffix with the prefix in is used). The author of "Studies" mourns for the fate of his country and its culture. He emphasizes the long-standing efforts of his compatriots to preserve their language and customs. Not only for linguists, but also for historians, folklorists and ethnographers, the second part of the description of the Saugener dialect is invaluable — “Examples of the Saugener dialect from different life situations- ”. A German translation of the texts is attached. This section of the "Studies" consists of about 80 pages printed in fine print. The value is further enhanced by the fact that the texts are presented not only on paper — they are also accompanied by a tape recording in which we can hear J. Užpurvis’s own voice. The texts selected are very interesting and valuable, covering many areas of life. There are both funny stories and serious stories, from which we can create a colorful picture of the author’s hometown. The language is pure, 195 beautiful, picturesque, somehow miraculously avoided the abundance of Germanisms, which usually spoil the Klaipeda dialect. There is no doubt about the literary abilities of Jon Užpurvis. Especially sensitive is the last text, which depicts birds, as if symbolising the fate of the people of this region. After bright memories of childhood with the diving and whistling along the sandy road cheerful fractured blezdings, with proud eagles, of which he once counted eleven on his roof alone, the author sadly asks: Cor mes, cor ane? We po ves svet yšsklaidyt, o ane —mačiau 1945 matas, kap anus maskėle šiūud —er dar ant man uk —gandars yš Siw ybaimynts, laba grata nešdens pažemio, nakels į aukšt, vengdams mert; I've seen them in the play. Gods, that birdhouse disappear; Who's the culprit? While I was writing this article, I received the sad news that Jonas Užpurvis, the author of "Studies- ", died (12 September 1992). And so many unanswered questions, unsolved riddles! Only works remained — a monument of great love for the homeland, to which he never returned... Audronė Kaukienė 196