Miesto vardas „Kretingà“

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXXIV (1994) LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES ARTICLES IR JŲ The name of Kretinga was mentioned for the first time in 1253 in the privilege of the bishop of Curonian Henry. It is believed that already It is the a. 13th largest city in Lithuania. 1263 m. the crusaders attacked Kretinga with great force (6: IV 248). This shows that already in the middle of the 13th century Kretinga was a strategically important Lithuanian (or Curonian) defence point. The name is written differently in historical documents: Cretyn 1253 m. (35 I 319), in Kretėne, Kretėn 1259 m. (2: I 639), Kertenen 1262 m. (2: II 42), Creten 1285 m. (3: 1417), Creten 1291 m. (4: 28), Siolo Kretynga 1566 m., m., Kpemunza m., m., 1572 1609 1756 1791 m. (1). Kpemunzoscxas goaocmy 1584 m., Kpemuzcxas 1584 m., Kpemunzcxaxr 1589 m., 1592 m. (5: 147), od Gorzdy do Kretyngi 1780 m., w Kretyndze XIX a. pr. (1), Kretinga (7: 41), Kretynga 1855 m. There are also inscriptions Kpemunezens 1881, 1895, 1915 and others (1). This Slavic gender comes from German. Crottingen on a pan. The absence of the consonant g in the prefix complicates the origin of the name. It is true that until relatively recent times there were no serious doubts about the origin and formation of the name —K. Bouga and later authors unanimously affirmed that Kretinga is a derivative of the adverb -ingvedinys from the word having the root kret-. It was said that this is a Curonian place name, because the suffix -ing is particularly characteristic of the names of places in the former Curonian lands: lit. Gandinga (village, Plungė district), Ablinga (village, Klaipėda district), Liélinga (river, Šiluva), Veringa (mountain, Vainutas), Būtingė (village, Darbėnai); lat. Kuldiga —from Kuldinga, recorded in 1245 as Goldingen (8:11 168). The following words are used in the English language:. Alanga (river, Taurage), Cyzanga (river, Šilalė), Palanga (river, Endriejavas), Palanga (city). It appears that there was another *Palanga in the Curonian Lapse: vok. Palangen (8: III The root kret can be related to the Latin krelėti "to shake, shake, shake, shake; hard, trembling go." It may have had the meaning of a swaying, shaking place, a sink or something like that. In addition, the root kretturi is found in more Lithuanian place names: Krėtainis (river, Klaipėda), Krėtiškis (river, Kupiškis), Kretuona (river) and Kretūonis (lake, Švenčionėliai), Kretudlé (river, Plateliai) and others. There is a serious basis for considering Krėtinga as a Curonian local name, due to the Curonian suffix -ing-. A. Salys, based on historical records without the consonant g (Cretyn, Creten, Kreténe, Kretėnen, Kretine, etc.), suggested that the former gender of the name did not have the suffix -ing. She was 609). 162 * Kretene (* Kretine): the same root kretir the suffix -ene typical of the Curonian, cf. the names of places in Curonian Dvivene, Mutene (Mutina), Twertikene (Twartikini), Duwirstene (Dwiristene), Govrene (9: II 164) mentioned in the sources of the 13th century. A. Salys justifies his conclusion as follows: "Since the name of Palanga is written in a document from 1285, relatively correctly, as Palangen, it is hardly possible to assume that Cretyn, Creten, Kretėne(n) would be only a strange gender. It is readily available. * Kretene (* Kretine), and this gender is considered to be earlier than the present Kretinga" (9: II 164). In the opinion of the author, —"And since Pilsoto Twertikene is not distinguishable from the name of the inhabitant Twertike by the testimony of the sources, it is possible to assume that the old name of Kretinga will come from the personal name." A. Salys equates the root kretas with other place names of this root: Krėtkampis (Vilkijos vls. d. and k.), Kretiškė (Kretkampio meadow in the 16th century), Kretonis (the current normative gender is Kretūonas, the adjacent one —Kretūonis) and indicates that the root of Krėtkampio and Kretiškės is kretyra from the reconstructed personal name * Krėtas or * Kreta (ibid.). One of these personal names would form the former variant of the name of Kretinga * Kretene (* Kretine). To support his opinion, A. Salys presents another argument: "That the name of Kretinga could indeed have changed, shows e.g. It is a locally-used name for the locality of Būtingė (Darbėnų vls. bžk.), which in Latvian is called Būtini and Būtini. And the incentive for such a substitution could be the Curonian place-name suffixes - not an unusuality for the later inhabitants of that region, the Zemgalians" (ibid., 165). As we can see, both opinions are quite well reasoned, but correct, of course, only one. Which one, it is not easy to say. The most important thing is to answer the question whether the original gender of Kretinga was without the consonant g (* Kretene or * Kretine). If the answer is affirmative, it would be difficult to argue with A. Salis, although doubts would remain. Let’s say, it would still be unclear why the suffix -ene or -ine (literally, would be -enė, -inė) was replaced by another, typical of the Kurians, but not typical of the Zemgales, the suffix -inga. In general, the suffix -ing is only known in the Kurish and Jotvingian languages (10:168,410). The argument of necessity is also not without its flaws. After all, there is no evidence that her former gender could not have had the consonant g. Here, if there was a change, it is rather contrary to the presumed translation of * Kretene into Kretinga. In other words, the primary, older gender Būtingė of foreign Latvians (of whom at least some may be descendants of the Curonian) could have been changed to Būtini del Latvijų gyvenviečių pavadinimų su priesaga -in1 Įtakos. It should be noted that in Latvia, the suffixes -inp: ypč are very common, although it should be emphasized that the replacement of one suffix with another is a rather rare phenomenon. As to whether the former Kretinga gender did not have the suffix g, one can say the following: as can be seen from the presented old inscriptions, genders without the consonant g have been found only in the chronicles of the Crusader and Swordsmen orders, written in German. Since the 16th century (i.e. since 1566) in documents written in Polish and East Slavic languages, genders with g clearly predominate. In fact, they were apparently the only ones, since such exceptions as Kpemuncxas or similar can be considered as simplified by scribes from * Kpemunzcxas. The language is spoken only by the locals. Early documents in which the name of Kretinga is mentioned are written in German. Most of the people who came to Baltic spoke German in the Zemgale dialect. In the 11th–14th centuries there was a complete confusion in the writing and pronunciation of gir j (sometimes also 7) in this dialect—both sounds were so similar that scribes for a long time very often wrote j instead of g and vice versa. However, the appearance of g instead of j was not entirely spontaneous — usually g instead of j was written before the vowels of the front row, especially after the sonatas I, r. In the German Samogitian dialect and in its new period of development, g was pronounced as j at the beginning of the word; in the middle of the word between vowels — as g, after the vowels of the 163 back row — as y, and after the vowels of the front row and after the sonants I, r — as j (11: 569). This feature of the German language has also influenced the spelling of local names in Lithuania and other Baltic countries. Thus, for example, the river names Danija, Minija, Gilija became Dangė, Mingė, Gilgé, * Nerija — into Neringa, * Labjava — into Labguva, etc. (12: 307—308, 310; 13: 186—188; 14: 317—319). There have also been other changes of a different nature, we might say reversal. For example, even in our time, locals sometimes pronounced the place names Pagėgiai, Gėniškė as Pajėgiai, Jėniškė (14:318). In the Middle Ages, the name of the city Kretinga could have been pronounced by the local Germans as * Kretinja, * Kretinje, * Kretenje (if in the middle of the 13th century the short vowel i was already pronounced broader) or so on, because the consonant g is here after the sonant mn, which is after the frontal vowel i. What else — Palanga. A. Salys correctly observed that this name is consistently written with the consonant g in the documents of the orders: Palange in 1253, Palange in 1372, Palangen in 1425, etc. The point here is that in the German Samogitian dialect, the -angprefixed g in sound sampling did not turn to j, for example, gegangen was pronounced and written jejangen (14: 319). Therefore, it is not possible to conclude that there was no consonant at all in the name of the city Kretinga at that time. When genders with -ingappear in the scripts is not entirely clear. But there is no doubt that, say, in the 16th century they were already known — cf. 1581 inscription: "Kpomuncxas WIA Kpomunzcxas KOpojieBckKasi BoJIrocTb- ". There are several later entries: Crotinge in 1757, Crotingen in 1772, Krotingen in 1816. etc. (1). Thus, the city name Kretinga is with the Curonian suffix -ing-. It is made from the root kretwory, which may have had a more general meaning of a swinging, shaking place or similar. LITERACY 1. The Lithuanian Language Institute Alphabetical List of Historical Place Names. 2. Scriptores Rerum Prussicarum. Leipzig, 1861–1874. T. I-V. 3. Liv-Esthund Curlanisches Urkundenbuch nebst Regesten. Edited by Dr. Friedrich Georg Bunge. Reval, 1853. Bd 1. 4. Holo winskilJ. A manuscript list of local names of the bishopric of Telšiai and Žemaitija, preserved in the Lithuanian Language Institute. 5. Cn por uc WU 'eorpaduueckut cJIioBapbk ppepHelt ŽKoMoHTCKONH 3eMJIH XVI cronerus. Buasua, 1888. 6. Kviklys B. Our Lithuania. T. I-IV. Boston, 1963-1968. 7. Kalwaitis W. Lietuwiszky Wardy Kletele su 15000 wardy. In the spring of 1910. 8. Būga K. Selected Writings. T. I-III. V., 1958-1961. 9. Salys A. Writings. T. II. Roma, 1983. 164 May 10. Vanagas A. Hydronyms of the Lithuanian SSR. V., 1970. 11. 2K m pm y Hc k u # B. Hemenkas nuanexkronorns. M.-JI., 1956. 12. Mažiulis V. About the name of Neringa //Lithuanian Linguistics. T. III. V., 1960. P. 301-315. 13. Vanagas A. On the origin of the place name Labguva //Baltistica, 1966. T. I(2). P. 185-189. 14. Vanagas A. About the name of the river Danė (Danija, Dangė) //Lithuanian Linguistics Issues. T. III. V., 1960. P. 317-319. Summary Of two hypotheses about the origin and formation of the name of this place, the first one is supported in the article: Kretinga is derived from kreteti “to shake, to lift” with the characteristic Curonian suffix -ing. The idea of A. Salys, since the frithere form had a different suffix, namely -ene or -ine, let doubt arise because the form Kretene or similar in the chronicles of the Order of the Cross is only the result of confusion of the spelling and pronunciation of consonants g and 7 is. 165