Simono Stanevičiaus tekstų daiktavardžio linksniavimo tipų hierarchija

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXXIV (1994) More than 15 years ago, in the linguistic literature, the idea was raised that the conjugation of Lithuanian nouns in both synchronous and diachronic works is studied in the order of traditional Lithuanian conjugations and that this order is completely unmotivated and conditional, since it does not take into account neither the relatives of the nouns nor the similarity of the forms: That there exists not only a conditional but also a natural order of conjugation types in the language system is shown by diachronic studies, from which it is clear that only words of certain stems influence each other: a stem —wu stem, ta and € stem —4 stem, and partly ia stem —prefix stems, etc. However, there is no evidence of any effect of the a and € stems on the u or zu stems, for example. Those types of conjugation, among which there is diachronic and synchronic interaction, must be next to each other or at least close to each other in the language system (Girdenis, Rosinas 1977, p. 338]. Having accepted this assumption, it becomes clear that the most reliable criterion for determining the natural classification of the types of inflection, their mutual hierarchy, is the frequency of overlapping endings. Identical endings are considered not only the exactly identical endings, but also those that differ by automatic phonological change a: e, a: €, as well as endings that have arisen after systematic abbreviation and have an "older" and a newer phonetic variant (e.g., the plural noun endings -uoms (written -om’s) and -ums of the root nouns (i)a and € in S. Stanevičius' texts) 2. With this in mind, I chose the number of coinciding endings (m) in adjacent paradigms (7 "trunks") as the most important indicator of conjugation types for the hierarchy of noun conjugation types in S. Stanevičius' texts. For example, the paradigms of the common nouns spiééius and paupys have 8 overlapping syllables—so the similarity indicator (m) of those paradigms is equal to 8. However, such a simple index would not be entirely accurate, because: 1) such endings as plural origin are common to all types of conjugation; 2) the singular vowel varies greatly, depending on specific words or even situations; 3) the frequency of not all the vowels in the text (together it is 5 See in detail (Girdenis, Rosinas, 1977, p. 338]. 2 In this work, the limbs are perceived in the traditional way — they are not divided into the trunk ("forelimb- ") and the "real" limb. For the possibility of such an interpretation see [Girdenis, Rosinas, 1977, p. 340]. 112 and weight in the system) is the same; you cannot compare the frequency (and weight) of central vowels, such as the singular nominative, genitive and adjective, and a peripheral vowel, such as the plural pronoun. The first and second inaccuracies can be avoided by eliminating from the paradigms the in this respect anomalous verbs — the pronoun and the plural pronoun. The third inaccuracy can be mitigated by introducing a certain correction (p;), directly or indirectly reflecting the frequency of coinciding syllables in a coherent text [Girdenis, Rosinas, 1977, p. 339]. In studying the hierarchy of noun conjugation types in S. Stanevičius’ texts, after various experiments I found that such a correction can be performed by a fraction approximately equal to twice the relative frequency of the respective conjugations in the cohesive text for singular conjugations, and half of the corresponding correction for singular conjugations for plural conjugations. Furthermore, I rounded the natural frequency of the squeals significantly (see table 1). 1 table Similarity corrections of the indexes of the conjugation types of S. Stanevičiaus texts Singular Plural V. 0.50 0.20 K. 0.60 - N. 0.10 0.05 G. 0.50 0.25 In. 0,15 0,05 0.15 0.05 These corrections are added to the index indicating the identity of the ending of two verbs belonging to different stems. In abbreviated form, these calculations can be described by the formula i = 1 where m is the number of converging oblique ends, p; —correcting a specific verb. ; The frequency of melodies was calculated from the following texts by S. Stanevičius: "Szeszes pasakas Symona Stanewiczes" (Wylniuj, 1829, with a talk, 16 p.), "Daynas zemaycziu" (Wylniuj, 1829, 63 p.), "Apey darima walge ysz kiarpiu islandu" (Wyllniuj, 1823, 22 p.) and "Historyia Szwenta" (Wylniuj, 1823, 70 p.). The volume of texts — 171 pages. The texts are different in style. They are composed of original texts, folk tales, more precisely folk song texts, some of the texts can be conditionally attributed to popular scientific style. These are the texts created by the author himself ("Talk" for tales, "Consideration" for songs). Two texts ("Apey darima walge ysz kiarpiu islandu” and "Historyia Szwenta”) are translations. The first of them could be assigned to popular science texts, and the second to fiction. After calculating the frequency of verbs, it turned out that the most common verb in S. Stanevičius’ texts is the pronoun (vns. pronoun 29%, dgs. pronoun 38%). The second most frequent is the singular nominative (27%) and the plural suffix (25%). The high frequency of the nobleman in S. Stanevičius’ texts was probably determined 113 by the scientific nature of some of the texts *. The following difficulties have arisen in investigating the dialectization of S. Stanevičius’ texts: 1) S. Stanevičius’ texts are written on the basis of the southern Žemaičių vidukliškių schnektas; in that dialect (as in the entire Žemaičių dialektas) the unpronounced endings of the noun are shortened and often have a different quality of vocalism than the pronounced ones; 2) this abbreviation uniformized some endings of different origins and caused various morphological processes, resulting in the intertwining of the ”baritone” nouns of the 4th stem and the "baritone" nouns of the é and 14th stems; 3) therefore, wherever possible, I would classify the types of conjugation only according to "oxytonic" words, making an exception for the root zu, which has no "oxytonic" forms, and for those cases where "oxytonic" forms of the root are not recorded in S. Stanevičius' texts; 4) some of the forms of the verbs are reconstructed according to S. Stanevičius’ system of verbs. "Oxitonic" nouns in Stanevičius' texts are conjugated as follows: a kamienas 1a] kamienas V. szin's jaway sweczias *swetey K. szina jawū kiala *swecziū N. Diewuy jawams swecziuy *swetéms G. Diewa jawus kiala kialus In. layku jaways keliu klejeys Vt. kalne jawuse kialie kraujuse saz kamienas a kamienas V. zaltis riszey rasa dinas K. *Zalcze sopulu žimos dinu N. žalcziuy *petėms kalbay daynūms G. buri burius žima dinas Įn. buriu peteys kalba mirom’s Vt. burie Zemaycziuse dino kalbose 12a kamienas e kamienas V. paty, zynia paczes dubie žiwes K. žynios kancziu „dubies žiwiu N. paczey *pacziums *dubey gymyniems G. zyne * paczes dube zoles [n. kancze |. marczioms garbe gismiemys 3 Statistical calculations show that the frequency of phrases depends on which functional style the text belongs to. For example, S. Kliavina’s calculations of the frequency of syllables in Latvian show that in texts of a scientific nature the dominant is used most often | (about 40%), and in fictional texts — the noun (about 37%), (the dominant here only accounts for about 21%), zr. (Knanuna, 1976, c. 51—52]. 114 Vt. waldžio *kancziose *dubie *dubiese im kamienas ir kamienas V. *dantys žwierys dalys | dalys K. gialžis dantu dalis dalū N. *dancziuy *dantyms *szaley awyms G. žwiery *dantys daly dalys [n. wagymy wagymys ugnymy szalymys Vt. *dantie *dantyse dalie szalyse u kamienas tu kamienas V. sunus sunus waysius waysey K. sunaus sunu waysiaus amziu N. sunuy *sunams karaluy *waysems G. sunu sunu waysiu waysius In. sunumy *sunumys karalum’ *wayseys Vt. dangu *turguse pawoju *pawojuse Cm kamienas Cr kamienas V. wandū wandenys sesu “seserys K. wandens akmenu sesers *seseru N. *pimeniuy pimenyms dukterey *dukteryms tr. akmeni wandenys daughters *daughters In. wandeniu pimenymys *sesere ~~ *dukterymys See wandenie *wandenuse® *seserie = *dukteryse Binary comparison of all paradigms of noun conjugation in S. Stanevičius’ text and calculations resulted in the following results (see table 2). In the table, the numbers at the intersections of columns and rows represent the similarity index of the corresponding stems. The table shows that according to similarity the types of conjugation can be arranged in the following order: u, ju, a, 101, 102, im, if, Cm, Cf, €, įdūi and air are divided into three classes, the boundaries of which go between the za and im, Cry and € stems. The methodology of hierarchical grouping helps to highlight the interrelationships of paradigms more precisely. The most preferred of the three possible methods is the so-called maximums method. After performing all the grouping procedures according to this method, I obtained the following binary classification of noun conjugation types in S. Stanevičius’ texts (see Figure 1). As can be seen, the nouns in S. Stanevičius’s texts are divided into three main classes according to the similarity of their conjugation types. The first group includes nouns of the roots u, zu and a, ia, the second group includes nouns of the roots £ and consonant, and the third group includes nouns of the roots €, ídūi and a. It is easy to see that all first-class words are masculine, second-class words are both masculine and feminine, and third-class words are feminine (except for rare pronouns: uncle, valkata, etc.). Therefore, the language of S. Stanevičius’ texts is characterized by three main types of noun conjugation: I — masculine, II — mixed, III — feminine. 331, which is probably a high-pitched one. 115 + spow „Otwmraedni128 owITIAY fidyy ownartusyul| fiysye) sne! = g'zl oral 1S °S "2919 Į dl Sę TT root sa 8'9 glL'e 5a'č 15 6 11 There are two subclasses within the type: in the masculine there is a strong opposition of the u, iu and a, 1a stems, in the mixed one there is opposition of the — and consonant stems, and in the feminine one there is opposition of the —a, tar € stems. 2 Table 1 Similarity indexes of conjugation types in S. Stanevičiaus texts Types a a] 202 a 2a e tm if au wu Cm Cf a REE LH TE TO I OT I 10 45 37 33 0 Thailand = 118 15 15 265 2.05 1.15 4.45 60.7 4.45 115 202 —0 0 1j9 3,75 2,65 4,45 6,8 595 2,65 a —12,1 62 0 11:.-0 0 0 2,29 ta —62 0 į 0 0 0 2,25 z = "105 2.5 0 0 115 34 tm = 125 17 1.183 82 if = 0 0 7,2°0779.325 u = 135,140.70 2u = 1.1 0 Cm Ee 10,4 Cf = The results of the research allow us to conclude that the "tree" of noun conjugation types in S. Stanevičius- 's text basically coincides with the corresponding "tree" of the present common language, but is slightly lower and shows that the noun conjugation types in S. Stanevičius- 's dialect had only just begun to resemble each other. If the "baritone" nouns were also taken into account, the similarity of the conjugation types would be greater. LITTERACY Girdenis Rosinas 1977 —Girdenis A.,Rosinas A. Hierarchy of noun conjugation types in Lithuanian language and main trends of its change (according to general language and Žemaičių dialekto data). —Baltistika, 1977, Vol. 13(2). P. 338-348. Knanuna, 1976 —Kans Bu usa C. II. ConocraBjneHxHne CcTaTHCTHUECKMX XADaKTEDHCTHK MODpĖOOJIOTHYUECKHX KATEDODHĖ B QyHKIMOHAIBHEIX CTH/ISX JIATESIMICKOTO g35IKa. —Language system. Riga, 1976. Pp. 49–80. HIERARCHY OF THE DECLENSION TYPES OF THE NOUN IN SIMONAS STANEVICIUS’ TEXTS Summary Statistics indicate that the nouns in S. Staneviéius’ texts fall into three main classes according to the isomorphism of their declension. The first class is represented by masculine nouns, the second —by masculine and feminine and the third —by feminine nouns. It follows that there are three main declension types in the nouns of S. Stanevicius’ texts, i. e. masculine, mixed and feminine, respectively. Each of these three types allows, furthermore, binary subdivision: u, zu:: a, za (the masculine type), i:: consonant themes (the mixed type) and a, ia:: é (the feminine type). | The dendrogram of the declension types almost correlates with the corresponding dendrogram of the contemporary literary language, however, the former being a bit lower; this shows that the inflectional types in S. Stanevicius’ dialect entered the process mutual assimilation. of 117