Pilypo Ruigio ir Kristijono Gotlybo Milkaus leksikografiniai darbai (artėjant Pil. Ruigio ir K. G. Milkaus žodynų išleidimo 250-osioms ir 200-osioms metinėms)

250th and 200th anniversary of the publication of the dictionaries of Pil.Ruigis and K.G.Milkaus In the 18th century, most of the cultural figures of Lesser Lithuania were concerned with the purification, enrichment and standardization of the Lithuanian language. Grammar and dictionaries were written for this purpose, but only one of them (F. Haacka, Pil. Ruigio and K.G. Milkaus) was printed, and several other manuscripts have not all survived to our days. These dictionaries and grammars were to help German officials, merchants and priests sent to Lesser Lithuania learn Lithuanian, and translators of religious literature to find the appropriate Lithuanian words. For the same purpose, the bilingual Pil was designed. Ruigius and K.G. Milkaus dictionary. This article reviews how the lexicographic technique of these dictionaries improved, how their authors normalized the language and supplemented Lithuanian lexicography. A few years after the publication of the Haack dictionary in 1730, the second bilingual Lithuanian-- German and German-Lithuanian dictionary of Lesser Lithuania was published in 1747 in Karaliaučius by the Lutheran priest of Valtarkiemis, Pilypas Ruigys*. This dictionary is twice as large and much more perfect than Haack's dictionary. The title states that the dictionary is composed of St. Words and phrases used in writing and in social life. In a speech written on May 11, 1744, the beginning and sources of its preparation are more specifically indicated. Here. Pil. Ruigys claims that he began preparing the dictionary in 1733 (in the opinion of P.Jonikas, in 1709)*. He wanted to help non-Lithuanian Lutheran priests learn Lithuanian well. Pil. Ruigys claims that the German part of his dictionary is taken from Ch.E. Weißmann- ’s dictionary (Lexicon bipartitum latino-germanicum et germanico- -latinum), and for the Lithuanian part he collected words from the living folk language, the dictionaries of K. Sirvydas and F. Haackas, used the manuscript material of E. Dicelius (Dizelius), his predecessor in Valtarkiemis.” In his speech he mentioned the manuscript dictionaries of Theophilus Schultz and Jacob Perkūnas. Pil. Rugius was assisted by several Lutheran priests who knew Lithuanian better. Pil. The Ruigi dictionary has 615 pages. The first part of the Lithuanian- -German dictionary, called analytical by the author, contains 192 pages, 7680 words and their combinations. The second part — German-Lithuanian — is much larger — 423 pages. It contains about 24,000 Lithuanian words and their combinations. The words are composed not in the usual alphabetical order, but in nests (vedic words written next to the main ones), e.g. : Bitte (Bit=Copy); Purchase (Purchase, Purchasing, Purchasing, Purchasing [is]); Warnas (Warnas krankia, Wdarna, Warnenas, Warnykfltis). The dictionary contains the noun of nouns and the noun verb stem with the ending Fr i. Vocabulary „Lift Sn {jermanio com neh S575 72 gnico--Litthvanicvm... von 2 dettausch Deutsches und Deutsch-Littantsches Lexikon.. von Philipp Ru Ai 1g..., Königsberg..., 1747. i) onikas P. Lithuanian Language and Nation in the Ages, Chicago, 1987, 140. *Zinkevičius Z. Lithuanian language in the 18th—19th centuries, Vilnius, 1988, 259. 221 or only one limb, e.g., aitvara, aro; Chair, chair; Suffering, cios; Koja, 0s; Sledges, gia; Waidas, do. Some abbreviations indicate the family of nouns, e.g. : Buddelis, lio, m; Lift, mo, m; The first person singular form of the present tense is given by the heading word of the verb, followed by the past tense and future tense first person forms, at the end of which the communicative form is written, e.g. : Abbejéjau, Abbejé[u, Abbejoti; Galdndu, daau, fu, ąlfti; Gabenil, enau, ęJu, énti; Capdju, I went, 6[u, oti; Gywénu, ena, ¢fu, énti; Rafat, fiat, Pysu, Byti. Biudvardziy raSoma male genders in full form, and feminine and unnamed genders (not everywhere this genus is ascribed) —kamiengalis with ending, e.g. : Beautiful, §i, Zhu; Kiauras, ra; Ruddas, yes; Tam[is, [i, Jū. Pil. The spelling of the Ruigi dictionary is fairly consistent. Like most of the East Prussian authors of the time, he relied on the alphabet composed by D. Klein." Pil. Ruigys, following D. Klein, writes the nasal vowels with a transverse branch, e.g. : Apffaudau Miéftq R65, S3wesey shibbąs R198, but does it inconsistently. Sometimes nasal vowels are denoted in the usual way ¢, ę, e.g. : S3y Day R203, Not Tikray Paying Work R211, Bold R220. The so-called nasal prefix in he writes with a dashed +, e.g. : Ujeimi+ Namas R114,+ Widy R200, and sometimes writes so and not prefix to, e.g. : Sdpnas piktas4wyksta R116,-+ landa R208, Kaip+ manai R263. The narrow ė is usually written € and is kept in the middle and at the end of the word, e.g. : Dill R84, May, Honor, Youth. However, sometimes ė is written ie: Kiekfttas, Mié[a and, conversely, ie is written ė: Megas, Refuttys, Wewer[ys. 2nd ed., 4th ed. : Udas, ūdega, Giga, fis, Afwis. This shows the mixing of the diphthongs te, uo and vowels ė, o in the Prussian Lithuanian dialect. Often, instead of mixed diphthongs en, in write ę, w, e.g. : Grains, enau, ¢[u, énti; Gragdenu, enau, ¢fu, ęti; Ilginu, inau, +[u, inti; Jėdinu, inau, + Ju, +ti. This type of writing is characterized by the use of consonants doubled. It was especially widespread in Lithuania Minor, where there was a strong influence of German writing. This diphthong was intended to show the shortness of the vowel before the diphthong consonant. Pil. The fricatives are a, e, i, o, u. : Pelleda, Kallu, Luppū, Diddelis, Druggys, Ekkeéios, Middus, Miggis, Pentinnas. The strong consonant č is written as a two-character cj, e.g. : Cjupryna, Cžožu, o minkstaji ¢ —raSmeniu Čč, e.g. : Paparéei, čiū; Bagočius, cough; I'm coming. He used the Gothic double-digit script [3 at the beginning of the word, e.g. : S3altis, S3dpas, S3drka, Sžaurė, S3ermukfnis, S3ernas, Sžėtonas, Sžirmas, Sjwarts, and in the middle of the word B, e.g. : Sjefelis, S3efi, Sžefikas, Saykftūs, Tapla, Tropkulys, Wiffta. The plural noun's vowel ending is written et, e.g. : Brolawaikai, Cžobrėlei, Gimdytojai, Gywplaukiei, Karcžei. Sometimes the vowel ai is dropped from the singular nominative of a-root nouns, e.g. : Wounded. Sometimes the same word is given with a different stem, e.g. : Pagonas, -ono and Pagonis, -1és R196. Pil. In Ruigi's dictionary some words are kiréiated according to D. Klein's grammar 5 Plg. Palionis J. History of Lithuanian Literary Language, Vilnius, 1979, 19. 6 Plg. Ibid., 24. 222 the rules specified. The words in this dictionary, e.g. : Brėlis, Ddiktas, Galwa, Kalwis, Žandas, Žinnoti, Žinnėjau i and others. pronunciation is no different from the present one. The disadvantage is that Pil. In many places in Ruigi's dictionary, accent marks not only indicate accents, but also the length of vowels and diphthongs. " Pil. There are more words in Ruigi's dictionary than in Haack's spoken language. The spelling of some of them is illustrated by short word combinations, and sometimes by proverbs and prepositions®, for example: prie Kapėju (Sufikapdja Gaidys [u kittu], prie Kėlmas (Trys Kėlmai Bičiu), prie Kif[elus (Dewints Wandū nu Kif[elaus- ), prie Krauju (Li3dg krauja Paukfčiei), prie Kérflas (Kérfas Taurus, kérfla Karwe). There are a number of synonyms (although they are not always synonyms) for many words, e.g. : Warp —3wdnas R179, Menkas —Ledakas —Prdftas —Blogas R310, Kifkos drėba —wirpa R312, Gérkle —Gurklys R312, Perflulas —Sopejimas —Perfejimas R313, Kifka —Kėja —Blaujskaulis —Ratas —Kulfe —Blauzda R305, Nufiminu — Nullify R375. Pil. In Ruigio zodyne among the loanwords predominate Slavisms, e.g. : Adyna, Altorus, A faba, Bacjka, Bagétas, Bagočius, Be[as, Cžediju, C3é[tis, Ciy[tas, Dabėju, Dawddas, Dėka, Griefinas, Klipata, Kodylas, Kėžnas, Kulnérus and others. A considerable dictionary and germanizmy, e.g. : Dékis "blanket- ", Dimjak "pocket- ", Dilles "dill", Girmole "carrot" and others. After Pil. In 1800, the Lithuanian-German and German-- Lithuanian dictionary was published by Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkus. In the title of the dictionary, the author writes that this dictionary was compiled by Pil. Ruigi's dictionary. In a talk, K.G. Milkus says that his greatest concern is to write a comprehensive dictionary using Pil. Ruigio and other dictionaries and supplementing with your own language knowledge. Most likely, K.G. Milkus will have taken most of his new vocabulary from J. Brodovski- 's manuscript "Dictionary of German-Lithuanian and Lithuanian-German languages" (Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicvm et Lithvanico-Germanicvm)! ", e.g. : Foot (Pakéja; Foot Squeezing) R —Foot (Go With Your Feet; Feet and Hands atfigeres; Problem Feet tyfo; Bepig after another Table Feet pakifus [edet; Feet not); Pakoja; Bekois, (Go you Bekoi); Palycškojis; Tripod MZ —Kėja (Eik Ju Kėjomis; Kojąs ir Rankąs atfigéres; Bėda Kėjas tyfo; Bekojis; negallys Kojomis; Tripod) B513, 514. It is possible that K.G. Milkus had K. Sirvydo's "Dictionarium trium lingvarum" (Dictionary of Three Languages) at his disposal. "K. Sirvydo naujovės, pvz.: trintuvai". bookseller are also found in K.G. Milkaus dictionary. Despite the fact that K.G. Milkus Pil. Ruigi's dictionary has been completely rewritten, and there are differences between the two dictionary versions. First of all, they differ in volume. The dictionary has 928 pages and contains about 41,000 words. So he is 315 "Vitkauskas V. Ar sunkus lietuvių kirčiavimas, Vilnius, 1988, 24. Balašaitis A. Words and Dictionary, Vilnius, 1984, 64. 9 Littgpisch, fautschęs und Deutsch-{- tauisc ches Wirter-Buch..vonChristian 1eb onigsberg, 1 Zinkevičius Z. Ten pat, 265—266. 223 pages larger than the same format Pil. Ruigio dictionary and there are about 9320 words more, not counting various word combinations and phraseology. The vocabulary additions are particularly abundant in the first part of the dictionary. The German-- Lithuanian part of the dictionary is not much changed compared to the corresponding Pil. In addition to the glossary, it contains a number of more general terms. K.G. Milkus writes about this in the preface to his dictionary. Here he also indicates the purpose of the dictionary: to know Lithuanian is necessary for teachers, clergy, judges and merchants. It must be learned from grammars and dictionaries"*, for the peasants cannot give any knowledge of their language. Thus, K.G. Milkus devoted his dictionary to practical matters, which determined the nature of the lexicon of the dictionary. The vocabulary in both dictionaries is arranged in the same way: the first part — Lithuanian-German, the second — German-- Lithuanian. That's it, Pil. Both Ruigis and K.G. Milkaus words are nested. The difference is that K.G. Milkus has expanded the niches of some words, e.g. : Būras R —Būras (Būrus [odinu, Burka, Burifikas, Burifikay] MZ; Dagys (Dagillis) R —Dagys (Dagau, 1dagau, Dagillis, Dagillėlis, Dagillelei) MZ; Dailus R —Dailus (Dailey, Dailinu, Dailauju, Sudailauju, Dailyda, Dailydžia, Dailydy[te, Dailumas) MZ; Gabenū (Atgabenu, Nugabenu) R —Gabénu(- Gaband, Atgabénu, Nugabénu, Nufigabénu, At[igabénu, Uf[igabénu, I[Bgabénu, Pargabénu, Prigabénu, Prifigabsnéju) MZ. K.G. Milkaus dictionary article is more complex than Pil. Ruigio, in it we find more leksikografiniy elements: interpretations, proverbs, phraseologisms, e.g. : Galwijas (Galwijas pénims) R — Galwijas (Opka ne Galwijas, Merga ne S3eimyna; Galwijai pénami) MZ; S3dudas (S3audai) R —S3audas (S3audai; IB S3audi iféjes, o S3éno ne pawyes; Syaudai iftif[ini; Trakni, Swėto Lobis Syaudi Kulis) MZ; S3d (S3unnes; Sunnylis; Sjunnyéiei; Sjun=Galwis; Sjuns=idega) R —S38 (IB Saun’s prapile; S3un’s Balph not going + Sky; Kad tawo The dog Swétimi pjduja, then gyk, but when tawo Sjunnys pjdujaf’, nef[ikifk; Strampas wif[ados gul pas S3unni-; Are there S34 Shame; S3unnytis; S3unnycyei; S3unnmifkas; Sjunnifkay; S3ungalwis; Suns You dega; S3unstidegius; S3unlaifkei; S3unmetes; S3unremunes; Shunfudai; Where many Sunni, cje and many S3infudi) MZ. The structure of K.G. Milkaus dictionary is basically the same as that of Pil.Ruigio. Equally, the authors of the dictionary give nouns and adjectives. Different from Pil. Ruigio only verb arrangement. K.G. Milkus first lists all forms of the verb and only then gives the German equivalent, e.g. : gimdau, džiu, ifu, iti ich gebūre; I wait, kiau, aukfu, dukti, I wait. Pil. Ruigys —after the title form of the first person indicates the German equivalent of the word. There are also spelling differences. Pil. Ruigys followed D. Klein's alphabet, although he changed some things, and K.G. Milkus distanced himself more from it. In K.G. Milkaus dictionary, nasal vowels with a transverse branch are no longer present. In other parts of the world, the letters are not different from Pil. He is also known for writing a number of novels, such as The Nose. : Ar 115 Lithuanian-- German and German-Lithuanian Dictionary..- ., by Christian Gottlieb Mielcke, 2—4. 224 Don't you have a muzzle? MZ; Waikū Waikai MZ311, Tewū Tewai MZ. Write nosing in with a dash +, e.g.: + widduri MZ152, Surafau + Books MZ152. K.G. Milkus writes č with the two-digit character c4 in all cases, e.g. : Aukffcžidusas, Bucžioju, Cžaudullys, C3ožinycgia, Drumsegiu, Marti, cžios. K.G. Milkus pronounces his words much less often than Pil.Ruigys. The pronunciation of the two is basically the same, although sometimes the same word has a different accent (or diacritic) mark, e.g. : Gabenū R —Gabėnu MZ. Both use the same accents, have no system and often use accents to indicate the length of vowels and diphthongs!? K.G. Milkaus dictionary, as well as Pil. Ruigio, written in the West Lithuanian Upper Alytus dialect. This created favourable conditions for the national revival actors, representatives of the same dialect, to use the common written language created in Lithuania Minor. At the time, K. G. Milkaus dictionary was popular not only in Lesser Lithuania but also in Greater Lithuania. It was relied on by the famous 19th century Lithuanian language promoter and researcher D. Poška.! * K.G. Milkaus dictionary was also used by later Lesser Lithuania lexicographers, of whom G.F. Nesselmannas and Fr.Kuršaitis prepared dictionaries of particular importance for language science and practice. Today K.G. Milkaus and Pil. Ruigis’ works are interesting and important for the history of Lithuanian lexicography as one of the significant attempts to compile bilingual dictionaries, which were to help the Lithuanian language to take hold in the life of society, science and culture, to standardize the common Lithuanian language vocabulary, to provide the basis for learning and using the Lithuanian language. Linguistic works of cultural figures of Lesser Lithuania help to shed light on the development of common language, ways and methods of enriching and improving linguistic means. Algis Rubinas I) Vitkauskas V. Ibid., 24. a 13 Van agas V. Dionizas Poška, Vilnius, 1994, 146. 225