Latvių liaudies dainų sintaksė

Endzelina Darbu izlase”, p. 38—39). Among other articles published in the publication, we would like to draw attention to the article by P. Vanags "The origin of the text of the Latvian Catechism of 1586" (*1586. gada latviešu katehisma teksta izcelsme- ”, p. 52—62), which provides a thorough analysis of the sources of this monument of Latvian language. į Lietuvių kalbos tyrinėtojams gali būti įdomūs ir kiti čia skelbiami straipsniai: M. Rudzytės " Apie braslaviečių leksiką" ("Par braslaviešu leksiku”, p. 40—43), V. Rūkės-Dravinios "Senosios tvoros Šiaurės Vidžemėje apie Valmiera” ("Senie žogi Ziemelvidzemé ap Valmieru- ”, p. 44—51), A. Rekenos "J. V. Gėtės "Fausto" vertimo veiksmažodžių formų ypatybés” ("Verba formu ipatnibas J. V. Getes "Fausta" atdzejojuma”, p. 63—71), A. Kalnačos ”Laiko kategorija latvių gramatikose” ("Laika kategorija latviešu gramatikas", 3 p. 72—80), J. Grigorjevo "Latvių bendrinės kalbos balsių akustinė charakteristika” ("Latviešu literaras valodas patskanu akustisks raksturojums”, p. = 81—83). i : P. Vanags reviews the new edition of Adolphi’s Latvian grammar (1685) prepared by the Australian linguist T. G. Fennell. He also provides a very detailed overview of Lithuanian linguistic literature in 1993—1994. L. Ba-luodė writes about the international seminar "Lithuanian Studies in World Universities" held at Vilnius University in 1994, and about the conference "Lithuania-Latvia: Past, Present, Future" held at Vytautas the Great University in Kaunas in the same year. A. Stikanė informs about the activities of the Latvian Philological Society, T. Karma — about the conference on the problems of written languages of the Baltic peoples held at the University of Tartu, S. Kliavinia — about the seminar "Language and technology in Europe after 2000" held in Riga. Baltic perspective". It honours the memory of the prominent Latvian linguist Alise Laua (1914—1994). nimas. g „Algirdas S abaliauskas LATVIAN FOLK SONGS: SYNtax Finally we have received the monograph "Lettische Syntax: die Dainas" (Latvian Syntax: (Folk) Songs) written by the famous Latvian linguist Alfred Gateris several decades ago. On the basis of a very rich material of folk songs, it analyses in detail the morphosyntax of Latvian folk song language. A. Gateris is the only researcher who has devoted a separate, extensive work to the syntax of Latvian folk songs (the analytical and synthetic parts of the book together comprise 648 pages). ą A little about the author of this work. Gateris was born on 24 April 1921 in Spyvulis, Kalnciems parish, north-eastern Latvia. In 1941 he graduated from the Madona Gymnasium and in 1942 he obtained a degree in Germanic Philology and Indo-European Linguistics1 from the G aters A. Lettische Syntax: die Dainas. Edited by Hildegard 1 Hadtke Frankfurt am Main; Berlin; Bern; New York; Paris; Vienna: Lang, 1993. 679 ro began studies at the University of Latvia. Among others, his teacher was J. Endzelynas (Endzelins). In 1943, Gateris was called up to the Latvian Legion. In 1945, he continued his studies of Germanic philology, classical 220 languages and comparative Indo-European linguistics at the University of Hamburg under Professor E. Frenkel. In 1949, he defended his doctoral dissertation, "Beitrige zur Bedeutungsgeschichte der ins Lettische-- entlehnten mitteldeutschen Nomina" (A contribution to the history of the meaning of nouns borrowed from Middle German in Latvian). From 1957 to 1963 he studied medicine in Hamburg and worked as a doctor until his death on 2 July 1986. Gateris also continued his research in the field of philology — he published numerous articles on Baltic linguistics and Latvian literature in magazines and encyclopedic publications of various countries. In 1977 he published a monograph "Die lettische Sprache und ihre Dialekte"* (Latvian language and its dialects). Unfortunately, he never finished his last work “Lettische Literatur” (Latvian Literature- ). The monograph “Lettische Syntax” was finished by A. Gateris more than thirty years ago, but it has never been published. Why did this happen? At the time, in the late 1950s, it was not possible to find the necessary funds and a publisher who would have agreed to publish the book. Later, the author, refusing to make large abbreviations in the manuscript and disappointed, did not even want to speak, as if it was no longer there. Therefore, for almost 30 years, Gatterer's friends were convinced that the manuscript of the 'Lettische Syntax' had probably been burned by the author. However, after Gatterer's death, it turned out that this was not the case. About the very long and difficult way of this monograph to the readers A. Gateris’s friend A. Dzenis wrote in the article “* Kada manuskripta neparastais liktenis” (The Extraordinary Fate of One Manuscript. —Briva Latvija, 10-17 January 1994). Now this monograph is printed, as A. Dzenis writes, thanks to three optimistic and energetic women: A. Gateris’s sister J. Bergholce provided the necessary funds, Ph.D. R. Gryslė (Grisle) edited the manuscript, and med. m. dr. H. Radtkė found a publishing house and managed the technical work. Although, according to A. Dzenis, A. Gateris had refused the abbreviations of the “Lettische Syntax” manuscript, someone (perhaps the author himself) has also deleted something- ®. Most of all, the abundance of examples has been reduced, but in some places the author’s text has also been shortened (in some places even entire paragraphs have been deleted), especially where it is talking about paradigmatic relationships of noun verbs (i.e., cases of their parallel use), e.g. 123—124, 132, 157, 175, or about some of their secondary meanings and functions in the sentence, e.g., pp. 77, 157, 187. Notes on the prevalence of certain forms and constructions in Latvian dialects (the monograph generally contains very few such notes), e.g., pp. 131, 303, or on their equivalents in other Indo-European languages (Latin, Ancient Greek, Gothic), e.g., pp. 78, 120, and on the reconstruction of the original meanings or roots of individual words, e.g., pp. 120, 224, have also been deleted in some places. It is difficult to understand why these and other places are deleted from the manuscript. Perhaps it seemed to the author that this is not so important for the study of the syntax of Latvian folk songs, that such small details can distract from the essence. Or perhaps, over time, he doubted the accuracy of some statements, thought that this and that still 2Kabelka J.(Rec.) —Baltistica. T. 14(2), 1978. P. 159-161. In the printed monograph, the full text of the manuscript is kept, but the places of abbreviations are indicated in square brackets []. 221 should be checked. In addition, it may be that the abbreviations were made only to reduce the volume of the book — only those sentences and paragraphs were deleted that = can be done without. ; Unfortunately, all this is just speculation. In general, the aforementioned abbreviations and the fact that the author himself did not want to speak or hear about this work for almost thirty years, suggest that the syntax of Latvian songs should be considered an incomplete study (but this does not diminish the importance of the publication in any way). Since the complete manuscript version has been printed, this book can be considered as a single work and evaluated as such. Gateris's study of "Lettische Syntax: die Dainas" in general differs considerably from traditional /contemporary/syntax studies both in its structure (especially in the first _ part), in certain cases and in content (for example, he has not paid attention to one of the main objects of syntax — the text, does not talk about the order of words in a sentence, about cases of assimilation and contamination of individual sentence members, etc.). Moreover, here are examined (i.e., detailed and carefully inventoried) morphosyntactic matters. This is also shown by the distribution of the monograph- 's parts: the first - analytical - part (examination of the use of parts of speech) covers about five hundred pages, and the second - synthetic part (classification of sentences and sub-sentences, analysis of word groups) consists of only about one and a half hundred pages. It seems that A. Gateris followed the example of Prof. J. Endzelyn's "Grammar of the Latvian language", because it also mainly examined the syntax of word forms - the use of nouns and verb forms (although it is assigned to the science of words, i.e. morphology- ). And the first part of the monograph of A. Gateris consists mainly of the description of the various forms of words and their use, the explanation of the paradigmatic interrelationships of these forms and the service words (which form or which word can replace another form or word), as well as the enumeration of the functions that can be performed by each part of the language or its separate subgroup. All this is illustrated by a number of interesting and rather complex examples of Latvian folk songs with translations into German (the monograph is written in German)*. In the second, as already mentioned, much smaller part of A. Gateris’ monograph, sentences and word combinations are analyzed. The sentences are examined according to their semantics, the parts of language that make them up, the nature of syntactic relationships between their individual components (asindetic or sindactic connection). Some of the most popular word combinations are examined here from a diachronic point of view, for example, on p. 558 it is explained that the very frequently used word combination tevs mamina ‘téval’ in Latvian folk songs corresponds to the same word combinations not only in Lithuanian, but also in ancient Indian and Tocharian A language. There are not many places in the monograph where the correspondence of forms of such distant languages (ancient Indian, Tocharian, Albanian) and the roots of the Indo-European protolanguage are discussed, so they stand out from the main text (e.g., when speaking about pronouns p. 206—207, 231, it 4 A. Dzenis writes that to the question why he takes on such troubles, because it would be much easier to write in Latvian, A. Gateris answered very simply and logically: "Songs are one of the greatest cultural treasures of our small nation, but the world does not know them because there is no literature. If we do nothing about it ourselves, it will remain as it is. " And since everyone who has tried to translate Latvian folk songs knows how difficult it is, we should not blame him for the not always successful translations, but rather rejoice in how much A. Gateris has done to introduce Latvian songs to foreigners. su ir 222 235, 238,about switches — p. 579). Most often, the texts of Latvian folk songs examined throughout the book are compared with the corresponding folk songs of the nearest — Lithuanian language, as well as with examples of the current language”, less often with Germanic, Latin and Ancient Greek equivalents. And from Latvian linguists, the main references were J. Endzelynas, Uozuols (Ozols)*, K. Dravinš, V. Rūke—Dravina and other authors, "Mūsdienu latviešu literarās valodas gramatika" (Grammar of contemporary Latvian literary language. Riga, A. 1959— 1962. T. 1—2). t ; Although a long time has passed between the writing of the monograph and its publication, it is not outdated due to the broad approach of its author, the thoroughness of the analysis and the eternal relevance of the material itself. We hope that this study of A. Gateris, having laid a good foundation, will encourage further research of one of the greatest treasures of Latvian culture — folk songs. The monograph itself (as A. Dzenis requested in the aforementioned article), it must be assumed, will receive deserved attention and competent reviews. : Evija LIPARTE NEW DOCTORS OF LATVIAN PHILOSOPHY Since Baltic studies are not only part of Lithuanian studies, but also of Latvian studies, we also inform about some of the most important events in Latvian linguistics in recent years. After the restoration of independence in 1990, Latvian linguistics has improved significantly both qualitatively and quantitatively. On November 13, 1990, the renowned Latvian linguist Antons Breidaks defended his PhD dissertation (now equivalent to the degree of doctor of philology) at the University of Vilnius, entitled "Latviešu valodas latgaliešu izlokšnu fonētika: diahronija un sinhronija" ("Phonetics of Latvian-- Latgalic dialects: diachrony and synchrony"). A couple of years later, when the new rules for the awarding of doctor of science and habilitation degrees were established in the Republic of Latvia, a large number of new doctors of both degrees joined the group. : Especially generous was the period of spring 1993 — autumn 1994. Then 11 prominent Latvian linguists obtained the degrees of doctors of philological sciences for their researches, and 9 language researchers defended their PhDs in philological sciences at the University of Vilnius. For this purpose, folklore collections (folk songs collected by J. Balis, J. Dovydaitis, A. Juška), grammar by M. D. Klein, A. Sleicher, K. Jaunius, Jon Rygiškis, J. Otrembski (Otrebski) and other authors, dictionaries of the Lithuanian language, studies of the Lithuanian language by K. Būga, J. Jablonskis, S. Daukanto, E. Frenkelis, E. Herman (Hermann), Z. Zinkevičius and other linguists, various Lithuanian publications were extensively used. 6 Since until the publication of this monograph A. Uozuols' book "Latviešu tautasdziesmu valoda" (Latvian folk song language, R., 1961) was the most thorough systematic study of the lexicon and grammar (especially syntax) of Latvian folk songs, it is understandable that A. Gateris relies especially heavily on the aforementioned work of A. Uozuols and other works of this Latvian folk song researcher, which in turn also mention A. Gateris' studies. : : | 223