Ciskodo lietuvininkų apylinkių šnekta

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXXVI (1996) LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE: RESEARCHERS IR RESEARCHS Kazimieras GARŠVA THE LITHUANIAN NEIGHBORHOOD OF CISKODA I. Historical notes Formally (not according to the structure) Ciskodo apylinkių lietuvininkų" speech has similarities su It is spoken in the province of Šiauliai in Lithuania. | Its two farthest — isolated Lithuanian-- speaking islands are: Cisco Code from Lietuvos The border of the republic in a straight line is north į in kilometers, 100 Zietela as many už kilometers is south. į Both are probably ancient ne Lithuanian settlements, surviving o iš colonies of ancient times. Both schnecks are almost extinct, but recorded for science (Ciskoda spoke less). — Unlike Zietela Ciskoda’s dialect corresponds to the nearest dialect of the main area of Lithuanian language (Vilnius dialect), so it could be ir its continuation (in the north the border of the ta Vilnius dialect no longer goes in the same direction, but in Latvia at Medumu, Grendza suddenly turns į west). : 3 1911 m. of October 22—24 d. (three days) Cisko's snake was examined K. Būga, 19 7 m. June (and also a few days) the author of this — article, found the presenters iš trying to 4 record as many texts tape recorder. The texts are recorded į several times more this time, but not enough. Lack of ties traditional (less affected Latvian, Russian, Polish, Belarusian languages) snippet texts K. Booga could not record such texts on be a tape recorder, o po 66 Years (actually already po 50) Lithuanian spoken language was discontinued. a K. Boog notes in pencil — "Ciskodo parish Lithuanian — dialect" sau gomi In the Vilnius University Scientific Library's Manuscripts Department, (D 49( 24 the notebook — pages would be typed p. 12 — written more than one word). Our encrypted texts are pages of 24 typewriting. Archy vuose so far, unfortunately, not found P. Būtėno 1925 m. The article about this talk, which was submitted to the newspaper "Lietuvos", was not returned. ir There is no clear historical record of when the Lithuanians settled in Ciskodas neighborhood. There is only a fairly abstract knowledge that Order of Livonian XV—X I: south Lithuanian prisoners were accommodated in Latgale (plg. Bpeitizar 1987, 19— ji when, 1561—1772 m. Latgalia after Lithuania ir The Polish state, (new border of the state) raised Lithuanians. There are more articles by this author USR: 1 Lietuv(i)ninkais were called two representatives of the Lithuanian dialect in Piešvaliarinai — Lithuanians of Lesser Lithuania, o north-east — At the end of the war, the Livonian people were expelled from Lithuania. | 138 the testimony of J. Novikas, a former resident of Girnakaliai village, about the re-establishment of the Lithuanian villages of Ciskodas in the times of the persecution 300 years ago (a professor from Vilnius, who had historical documents, told this to the priest Urbelis, who worked there — he would be most similar to P. Būtėnas). According to Manteuffel (1879), Lithuanians have lived in 7-9 villages since time immemorial, so their history undoubtedly reaches back to the 17th century. This is confirmed by the names of the villages inhabited by Lithuanians, founded no later than that century: Girnakaliai (3*) (in the wartime official form — Tupuorazu, now translated into Latvian language — Dzerkaļi), Būodžiai (1), Kukūčiai (2), Kurtiniai (3), Pilvėliai (2) (later — Jaskūnai). Other localities, where the Old Russians, Latgalians now live, also have Lithuanian names: Deneliški (Dieneliškės, Ciskoda district), Švedėliai (2) (Vilianų district), also see the extinct Možowajki (Mažavaikiai (2) and so on). This is also shown in the 18th-century inventory of the names of the Rēzekne parish: Grazul (Grazulis), Matulunas (Matulitinas), Zwirblis (Žvirblis); See also Ciskodo apyl. common surname Guds (Gudas) and so on. The name Svedéliai may have arisen after 1601 or 1625, when Rézekne was occupied by the Swedes (the Latgalians would have called the village *Zveidreni). The first written mention of the village of Ciskoda is from 1590 (pogost Ciskaden). According to K. Būga (1961, 570—573), Lithuanians must have lived in the Ciskodas area as early as 1478—1519, when the Latgalians of the Rēzekne and Daugavpils area translated the long vowel u“ into a bivowel ou (and i* —ei). This is shown by the Lithuanians' borrowed words Re.zi-t'a from the Latgalian. Ra.zi-t'a. ~ Rėzytė "Rėzeknė", cyrulis "vieversys" and li.kstū. ~ lykstė "lingė" even when the Latgalians used to pronounce today's words R'eizekne, c'ėirul's', léikst'e as Rézi-te, cirulis, likste (with the same accent and suffix). In 1753 the long i was written et: it was probably translated before 1519, because the vowel u' is translated ou together with 4* > et. This would be confirmed by the loanword sturys "kampas", now pronounced stgur's’ in Latgalian (after finding a more accurate date of the transformation of u: > ou, K. Būga did not have a Lithuanian loanword with this sound). This opinion would be supported by the old hydronyms of Lithuanian origin in Latgale: Subinaite (Rēzekne district), Gintuve. Probably K. Būga is right that not only in the vicinity of Naujinis (Dau g.pilio), but also in Rėzytė (Rėzeknė) Lithuanians lived already in the 12th century: 1200 years ago the name of Kėsai (see also the name Kėsys, la Cėsis) borrowed from them was still unchanged in 1254 and later 1 (1285 m. German The castle of Rēzyte was called Rossiten). Very doubtful only K. Boogs (1961, 573—574) hypothesis that XII - XIII a. Naugardo ir The Lithuanians attacked the lands of Pskov ne also from Kernavės-TrakųVilniaus, o iš Update ir There is no information jų about the castle's size. About XIII-XIX a. There is no further information about the Cisco neighborhood. For a 6 century I don't know ar ji would have remained isolated. Most likely ji related to su other Lithuanian language islands between Subačiaus ir Indricas, whose center was Daugavpils. Comparison K. According ir to our texts, the minor differences in phonetics 139 probably arose because K. Būga paid more attention not to phonetics: after 66 years, pronounced ė, o (next to e, a) appears and the unpronounced ė disappears (often marked non-dialectically in the ending), the shortness of the old short pronounced a, e is retained, due to the influence of Latvian language, the accent is more diverted, more borrowed words are adopted (see below). II. 1998-1999 Phonetics | 1. Quality of vowels | The vowel system of the snect is as follows (in brackets —phonemic variants- ): i*(s1°) u“ i (hr) u (ie uo ė"€"o") (ee >) e-(a-) or e (a) a Examples: septi-n'a.s "seven", palaižu:kit"- laize", lietuv'ū"; miéžei "barley", aštudni "eight", teva teva tevs "grandfather", kalbė-ja "talked", ké-3as "porridge", išėja " went out", kalbd-t "to talk", Zmd-nas "people", visi | "all", čmžovla ~ čižylė, Kūkuc'uos "in the barley field"; te same "there same", head. "head", škd5lu "school"; žėmi "earth", giv'anam "lived", kas, gala ~ galia "can". Vowel variants »* » £€* € occurs after hardened consonants, and e, > —mostly in foreign words, into d», a broadened vowel e —before hard (a* — sometimes also before soft) consonants. The usual variant of the vowel e is pa-| extended, pronounced also at the absolute end of the word, e.g. š'vint'a (the vowel extends to the end —š'vint'ea) "holiday". | According to the preservation of the pronounced (and unpronounced) long ancient vowels e€*, a“ the speech belongs to the Varden: beautifully pronounced té vas "father", bra-lis "brother- ". But in the accentuated syllable the vowel e" can be pronounced as ze, even ė: (e), €* (after hard consonants —usually a“), and the accentuated vowel a* —and 0 (5*), uo: girdiejau, ma(uo)ktet, vain'u(e)kieli, važi(w)nieja. *, take a look, tievas | tė vas /tėvas; gald-ja "could", kal'a-t', p'alada; pile ~ pylė (sl.).”sickle” | (and Za'E "grass", pela —Būga 1911); gašpadi ris ~ gaspadoris (-ius), ma-ka., ma'teris, maskūlis, pa'nas, pū'ter'us, pja-v'am, pard-disu, sija'ja, šmū'tu, žma'gus, Zma-ne.s, varsta-tas; bac'ūnas /bac'énas, bra-lis | bré-lis, work. If you don't know what you're talking about, don't worry, I'll tell you what I'm talking about. The vowel e* (ad) in the available examples is after the consonants bl cj, the sound ie —podknrt vowel or —podklmrpstov vowel—podknrps 5 (after d —and uo). The vowel 0 < air the more so uo < 0 < a' did not appear as a result of natural evolution, but as a result of the influence of the Latgalian dialect (see their wear "work", spuūorni "wings"). Therefore, there are also "hypernormalisms- ", cf. pé-saku "tales" (the influence of the common Lithuanian language could not be present). The vowel o is completely new in the conversation, appearing only in the last generation of dialect speakers. K. Būga (1961, 571) did not write the vowel o in any word and did not use -? In parentheses we mark the newer variant of pronunciation, e.g. makset /muokiet etc. 140 he immediately denied its existence: "the written vowel o always replaces a: hello "I'm in, la. leja”, tvūra "fence", pirtiés krasnis "fireplace". : The sound te (tė) < ė K. Būga left in his notes in many places: gieras, girdiejy, kaliedas, likstie "lingė", makiéti, nier, niesam, ridie, tiėvū. In some examples, K. Būga reconstructed the e* of the schnets into common language (mėžia, lyzeles, mindres, ragutés, dėvė, skragzde, etc.). A couple of words instead of bk. a ciscodiski had an e in the root: dé-we. "dave", delge. ~ dalgė "dalgis" (Būga 1911). The example of the Latgalian dialect (see Dzierkali "Dzerkali- ", viésture "vesture- ") has already been pronounced dielg'a., didieli "big". In the absolute beginning of the word, both e and a (< e) are pronounced: elksnis, ėpušė, bet ažaruos (Būga 1911). This may have been due to the progressive assimilation of vowels (see also consonant hardening). The unpronounced consonant ie in conversation is often (but not always) monophonic: d'eni-kas "day boy" (vartas)”, n'ekd:c'a "nobody (gelda)", resuti-nas "nut grove" (Būga 1961, 571), pre.menis ~ priemenis, latū.ve. 'lietuvė', 'att. viskei(-u) "in Lithuanian", but kieminé-ties, lietū.vis. Word 4: Zalas "oak" could also testify to the unrestricted uo possible eastern unanimity in exceptional cases. In Snekta, it was lawful to "point": tinai ~ tenai, gi.vinsu gy vensiu”, li.nkiski "polkiški (kunigai)”, mindre. ‘cane’, pinks’ five’; ži.ntas "žentas", pagali-st "pagalasti", trū“ša.s "“trašos- ", st-matas’ "sąmatas", kū.nigu. "priest", cloudy "sky", duntim, krunkli-s, kunkl'as, pasha bé tu, runda, unksts, ū.ntis, žū.ndas (Buga 1911) and so on. 2. Number of vowels as Long vowels. K. Būga (1961, 571) presented his study of the Ciskodo schnekta clearly and openly, without hiding or comparing unstudied things: "the long ones, having no accent, seem to have become semi-long. But my ears do not always and everywhere hear half-lengths of vowels. Rėzytė [...] in the name of the vowel € half-length my ears have not heard due to short stay. Also my ears, not yet familiar with the phonetics of the Ciskodian schnekt because of the shortness of time, could not distinguish whether the unpronounced vowels of these words are short or semi-long: ūžalas "oak", rešutinas "nut grove", stajakai "stojokai", tila (I find it also written: tila, tūlė = Ciskodian Latvian tulle "tulle") kovė "without horns", denjkas "diary (fence)", n'ekacia "nobody (eagle)". Thus, already in the time of K. Buga, the unaccented long vowels of the Ciskodi language had been shortened to short ones or (as it seemed to him during his special observation) in the best case to half-long ones. The length—shortness of unpronounced vowels (and even more so the half-length, which had to replace the length) was no longer the distinguishing (differential) means of vowel phonemes, so that ir phoneticir ally, without any difference in meaning, it was possible to pronounce so, so. The long unpronounced vowels in Ciskodiškis are usually short, but occasionally (optionally) they can be semilong or long, e.g.: darba "work", dz.dzeli 141 "great", kū-lam "created", virala * "viralo", ža"lu ~ žolę ’ "grass", diel'g'a. ~ delgė "delgis", thin. "father", numi.ra.s | i.žmira“, kalb'ūja /kalbied-ja-, lietu.vninku /lietū.vninku. /lied.vninku:. Do not interfere with the length of the vowels! can be demonstrated by the same author's sentences: "Gū.da duktié at'ved'a s'anu viru | i prisa-k'a taip [priest Urbelis about 1920 ka vaika. "Sanija, ka Vatū.vi: Zanitus /su Vatū.vi, Zmd nu Tatū.vi imtu, a n'a latvičti". The secondary syllable also helps the pre-vowels to remain long (see below). The same people pronounce the long subjunctive vowels when speaking Latvian: Ciskadu“s, dzerévne-s'. b. Short vowels. In the case of short vowels, they are either short or semi-long (the boundary between them is difficult to determine). In the final accentuated syllable of the word, the vowels are somewhat shorter, and in the non-accentuated syllable — longer, sometimes even longer than the typical semi-long vowels, e.g.: pū*nis "daržinė", lind. s/ linus, sma: tu, visi /vist., akiec'd, juoda, mi.na, ži.na, bū.va, di.d'ali, gi. mene, kadrūli, Vatū.vni:-kas. K. Būga (1911), probably without delving into these subtle nuances, here indicated a short vowel: paukštis, grikiai, kelminiai 1 (mushrooms), harškis, šilas, vinkšna; beers, Sermuksnis, half-mushrooms; goose, bear, scarf. In Snekta, the short accentuated vowels a, e are often (but not always) not elongated: akis" "eye", dparam "we open", dara "do", giv'anam "we lived" mala "malė", m'atu "mint", skragžd'a | skragžd'a: "swallow", stalas "table", strazdas "strazdas", ša.k'a"m "with forks", žėmi "land", žamies "land", vanagas "vanag", etc. These vowels may also be short in diphthongs, e.g.: karve.s | karv'as "cow", tvartan "to the barn", varda /vėrda "name", vėrla "varlé", © vérna "raven", but šdrka, etc. The abbreviation of the vowels a, e (cf. gald-jau /galėjau ”galéjau”) is stimulated by the more frequently used Latgalian dialect (cf. jos prasa't "you ask", etc.). K. Būga (1911) marked long vowels in these cases: katinas, nėkalba, prašam. | While keeping the shortness in the crossed syllable, the vowel at the end of the absolute word a after the consonants d b g k t | v is pronounced with a t-shade or just like &: grindéa ~ grinda "ceiling, floor", galvė "head", lintė "board", pilė ~ pyla (sl.) "saw", Sake /Saka and so on, but lintas, Lietuvas and so on. As in many eastern languages, in the strongly accentuated diphthong ai, the first component was narrowed £3, and later the accent was drawn into it, e.g.: labet, pavalke: naragéi "noragai", but g'arai. 3. Priebalsiai a. Dzukavim as. Snakes bk. the consonants č dž before you are opposed to a i almost always corresponding to c dz, and t d before i are usually retained, pyz akiec'a, c'andi, Kukūc'ai, Ku-c'a, kviec'ai, nieka.c'a, svec'ai, tri. puc'a, tic darža: lis "tičių darželis- ", ti-kstunc'u., dz'avėna, bet dunkstis "roof", mart kdrtis (to tighten the carriage- ), kūtinas, Kuftin'uos, pati, pirtis, septi n'asdešimi slinkti-s, svetimi, ti.ltas, (s)tū'kstuntis, unksti. So far mainly only this random feature Ciskodas entered into the history of Lithuanian linguistics (Bū 142 1961, 571; Zinkevičius 1966, 139; Zinkevičius 1978, 81; Grinaveckienė 1980, 226, 238). There are exceptions, ir though minor ones. Dar K. Būga (1911, 10) corrected the word žilvicis in the notes to žilvitis (apsiriko or neaiškiai girdéjo?- ). The author of this article recorded trū.puci and trū.puti from J. Kovalevskis on a tape recorder. Although this exception could be somewhat accidental, new (analogy with trūpuc'a- ., influence of Slavic languages), but they were probably also in the vicinity of Čiskodas, as in Daugavpils and other dialects. For č, dž, there are more and more certain examples: c'a /č'a (J. Novikas), unksč'aū, Būodž'ai (Būga 1911), Biiodzuos (in our opinion this dž is intermediate between dž dz). ir b. Pre-fat hardening as. In Snekta the consonant I is almost always hardened, often —see s š, rarely —č m n p t v. According to position, i.e. according to the vowels before which the consonants have hardened in the available examples, they can be represented as follows: 7 de EE 5 1h OR Te r i .ee)e "ua č 1 fire a š 1. e e 1 1.78 e Pm 1 e m n ė e t ė e p e v e Examples: coor ta, palaiZu: kit, vazuniet, Zo.rklame.- zZd ja, darza-lis, s, aZari, aZarués, pazam'u, Zamies, Zanijas, pazuriekit, važūoju, važūosu im), vaZdva, but neZindja, (- Zibintiejus, žiedas, Zémi, grunéa, nardja, numi.ra. S; Peace, joy, joyfulness, grace, beauty, but „drignas, keturi, materis, rendri, susirinko, tri-lika, tri: zZagre, 8, regi rag, regret; / Cepulla, _vincuities, grunča, but bainidat; vi. rsm, sagta, sast te, saris, sa sasus, aisu, paradisu, vaziosu, bet juokosi, namūosi, visi, septi“ ni, negiwins (Bug 1911) / negi-vi.nsu; sas, késas, dášara, Sawa, $€l'mas, but Bucket, pine, rasi-t, silk, heart, hearty; did'alwu., could, p'alūda, pi *Iė: dl, ur Za.lg, plali (Būga 1911), gelazinie, neldiskit, but nakt'ali (1.d.), fog (sl.); nd.mura, prigi.ma, maitelis; family, ménasi. ., septi-nas; tvs, Ppatar'us; sole" "foot", kapaiku, la.patd, pailis; - No, no, no, no, no, no, no. Po one example written by still hardened daglas su d, c: (plg. oikonima aglienai net Pasvalio raj., therefore the root is widely known among Easterners), / bac'inas bacanas (sl. ): At the su beginning of the 1977 m. 21st century, the bridge has been somewhat overhauled. According to the available examples, š the consonant is hardened less than ž, r, Last (T, before s) also i usually not hardened. Before the syllables "Backward vowels (plg. drignis — grunča) hardened also somewhat more 143 often. The word pilk (Būga 1911) I am not softened. Dar plg. sak /š'ūk /Saki. c. Other characteristics of consonants. Some speakers (J. Novikas from Girnakai) often softened the final consonants after the vowels of the front row (as people from Panevėžys): mazgūtis', pirti.s', žilvitis | žulvi.tis', even puss'. At the beginning of a word before uo the consonant v can be added or not added (and in the same word —as in other eastern dialects): viosvis, -ė | ūošvis, vuodai /uodsi, also see vogl'us "eggs". In a pair of words known to other dialects, the s (skragždie, ti-kstuntis | sti-kstuntis (Būga 1911), inserted t: oštrinė, apinastris. As in the Uodegeny dialect, due to the influence of the Latgalian dialect in some words instead of § cia, it is pronounced sir instead of 8 —š: sašu "six", šaukstas "spoon", vesta. "vežta", gi"vi.nšu, mū.ša " musė", Saki" t, also plg. plauna (pl'auna) ” pjaunai i Only in one word the z is pronounced instead of ž: zu.sts (Būga 1911)/zūosis "goose", 4. Intersection and incidents Some forms of schnekta differ from common language in that they are pronounced at the ending (Lithuanian: s, paukštis, slinktis, Saudi.klE, atmen'ū ”atmenu” i Rel nulūksi), others — at the beginning of the word > == blabutė, latakas, pėleliškė, rūgulės. Periodically retracted to the prefix Si | mésupruiit "does not understand"). Another example is twenty "twenty- ", hearts. A feature of the north-eastern dialects is the occasional pronunciation of the Salutini consonant in the root (when the ending is short, the root is long), which helps to maintain and emphasize the length of the vowels: pi EE (sl.) "saw", pū*nis "garzinė- ", stullai. | Due to the influence of the Latgalian dialect, comparison of the pronunciation system, translation of secondary consonants in the main part of the words, the consonant is drawn to the first syllable Čėpulis | Čėpulis, Kukūc'ai | Kūkuči, Pilvel'uos | Pil'vel'uos (oikonimi p ji form — older, written by K. Būga), jaūna pati, septs: ni, pi.nki, n suprunti. It is known that the Eastern prepositions are not clearly distinguished by code in the consonants, the strong initial vowel d" pronounced in the Uodegen area is often very prolonged, pronouncing it with a rising strong initial intonation (probably due to the Latgalian t influence). Already K. Būga (1911), apparently, corrected the real-life tvirtagalė priegaidė šuose according to linguistics into tvirtaprade in the words bldgu.s, m A gé and left it uncorrected in the word neva“ rta. We leave the firm-end prefix of the open vowel a where it is so gir Phonologically it is possible to mark it as a firm-end, because at least in the Taodege pair kd'swe —ka-sne "kašė —košė" the firm-end a is still longer 7—10 1 whole word — 23—71 ms. Latvian linguist A. Breidakas, who accompanied the authors of the article to study the code schnekts, informed about the Latgalian schnekt of Lithuanians. The Ciskodi, when speaking Latgalian, do not utter the long prefix and in long skie 144 utter only one prefix, intermediate between the Latgalian falling and the Middle Eastern rising. When speaking Lithuanian, they may also pronounce the same preposition. This could indicate at least the accented vowel "a" in the suffix. III. In the Schnekta, like in the neighboring eastern dialects, the illative is used: pdrkelk drkli. What are these things? laban nmuo kalna. travelling; atk tvartan padabat; Sun'a. neldiskit pirkén (confounding —ir aisu Lietuvoj pazuré t); ; You'll get in. hiosna (un) aisma "in shame we will go” (Būga 1911). The aim (ainu nama g u. |] t u) is also recorded, the longer ending -ies of the reciprocal communicative (radn'a saja kieminéties, raik'a kélties, vincéuities), the atematiné form is left, the abbreviation dau < dav "gave", the fuller imperative consonant: š a k i š &miergdit'a. Rarer stems of nouns, adjectives, verbs as well as in the neighboring dialects of Vilnius have passed to more common ones: sina "son"; gūla "gul", negal'a Pegalit, #-dZa "flower", also plg. blagu.s "bad", geltdnu.s "yellow", mažu.s "small". The ending -jiem in the plural noun of the nominative adjective: neduoda biedntejiem * "poor people". Like ki all the Orientals, it is said brūngas'ai, jūunāsai, mazasai, mīļāai, sēnasai. The circumstance of the object is used not with the communicative part of the verb, but in the third person of the present tense: žagarū' niér kui g 4 u n a. Instead of the usual nominative, the noun is used: néturu d vilik a td -kstunclu. The Eastern prepositions ažū "for", in "to", nuog "from", par "through" with singular ending and plural inaginine (utility - all with both syllables) are used, as well as the construction with an: bū.va a ž ū postposition, which is based on the example of the Slavic languages. ; came in my-m(s); stagnation of semen; ‘per pinkelais métais; by manasi. ; dienai ("dienoje") raik'a makiet / nu (= an ”ant”) dienas makiet. IV. For history, the Ciscodici left the following dialects: apinastris "kamanos", apzndelis "known child", atsdsaja "pavalkai", atslaimas (ačlaimas); oyster "aušrine (star)”, dang(s)tūs / darigtis "roof", dešimtis (ten) "ten", dieniūikas "diendaržis", dilgijnės "nettles", drignis "rainbow", gėras ras, gierdlis) ot "ériukas”, griaūzmas grūūsmas)? ( thunderou- , s" grinčia (grunča) house“, r. "gryčia", gurbas" tvartas", kėltuva" avis", krikštūkampė "christening", dumpling "head", I6bas ‘loma, lūmatas * bikštė audekle”, mėndrė "nendrė" , meskeris’ "meškerė" , manure" *sąšlavos", ntekėčia "gelda", paklotūvė "paklodė" , mist "baunksnis" , buys "troba", mushrooms, sour mushrooms, sarmatiotis' "shaming", senagalis, beam ‘scale’, scales "balanos", staklés "stovai", stabda "such a squeeze", stojokai "finally children walk", sujuke "mixed" hearty , "heartfelt", tulle "without horns (cow)”, tails (tails) "umbrella" , velens "restaurant", upper floors "ceilings", grout "noragas" 145 earth "asla", lightning "thunder", lantern "educational tool against the kerosene lamp (where scales (balanas) spauzdava)’. There are, of course, traditional and newer Slavisms: čėsas ir "time", bracket "excavator", hanger "funeral", found * family", sat "balnoti", zoslanas bench" etc.:; * hedgehog, ir swans, potatoes*, “ eagle "lingē"; Magnolias? , prast "understand", build * "Tell" the night. stellar. "the western star". All over the northern Lithuanian-Latvian border to shout (plg. Russian. seams) are ir "called". | The last one mentioned | *last", last of many "end of the machine", suffix -uiti is used in the ir adjacent dialects of Uodegėnai, Breslaua, Daugpilis: pi: lū.it "cut", pillū.ja Search results for "pjauna", nunaimi.il. 1 V. Relationshsu ip with adjacent speeches K. Būga (1961, 571) has written a sentence that "Ciskodo lietuvininkų šnek bevéik ta nothing different from Greives, Turkeys (Turkeys) ir The "snights of the Laukesas neighborhood", where he could probably have been even shorter. Ta Zink a uncritically expanded E. Grinaveckienė (1980, 234). The same Vilnius dialects have similarities, be no doubt. Similarly, in Daugavpils dialects, the unpronunciated ze, uo, priebal siai are sometimes reduced t, d before i (i, ie) almost always no longer translated, compounds tj, occasionally dj pronounced may be a £, d, secondary consonant, suffix - Say it. (e. g. mergdité) k ¢iated evirtaprodithal, is a suffix -usti, -énti, budvardziai plural noun instead of 7 ending has -i -us, old iliatives, iš atematinia verbs, a lot of common vocabulary (lietuvininkas lietuvininkas, dangsti "roof" dangtis, grinčia, skrėgždė etc.), ir preposition par ir ir "pas" t.t. ir But many of these characteristics exist ir In the speech of the tailed (except -dii ir Wrocław-Apso (not all the vocabulary coincides), in other ir northeastern Vilnius dialects. The basis of dialect classification is phonology. — O by vowels pronouncke ed in general bass ė, o pronunciation ciskodiškiai belongs to "watchmen" (t "father- ", death "word", no.lč "grass"), o Daugpiliai — The word (t "slayers". This is an essential feature of phonetics, which prevents us from saying 1 that those snippets "almost no difference- ." Be to, Ciskodo apylinkėse bendrat -they never reduced į -t'a., less hardened consonants, etc. ir = By accented vowels ė, o pronunciation Ciskodo apylinkės šnekta panašia yra į Uodegėnų ir The Adutiški snicket. ir Phonetics especially lexical similar su Speech of Adutiškis 1911 m. in the notes mainly stated ir K. Buga with hardening of vowels, fricatives, word endings, ir etc. Ciskodo šnek more like į tails, o ne į The Adutiški snicket. There are similar tinami consonants (Tails more), — there are only prefixes ne at (used ir Daugavpils, Wroclaw conversations), but ir in- "in", the words "floor, ceiling", fatten *feed" etc., ir aim. In the Vilniškiai dialect it was not possible to find a schnekt, su which Ciskodiškiai vi would become ir iš that might have arisen. Mostly from Lithuanian language, plo apparently separated in 0 recent centuries isolated development. : | - 4 3 oY. 146