Kelios pastabos apie Prūsų Lietuvos priesaginės darybos (ir priesagėtą) oikonomiją

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXVI (1996) LIETUVIŲ KALBA: TYRĖJAI IR TYRIMAI Marija RAZMUKAITĖ A FEW NOTES ON THE SUFFIXAL FORMATION (AND SUFFIXED) OIKONYMY OF PRUSSIAN LITHUANIA Over the past several years, as I have studied and sought to investigate Lithuanian oikonyms formed with suffixes, the main derivational types and models, the greater or lesser productivity of particular suffixes, and the lexemes themselves have become apparent (cf. M. Razmukaitė’s articles on the formation of Lithuanian oikonyms, published in the Proceedings of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences, Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics, Lituanistika, etc.). On this occasion, marking the jubilee of J. Gerulis, a researcher of Prussian studies of Lithuanian descent, attention turns to the place names of Lithuania Minor, formerly part of East Prussia, which had been separated from Greater Lithuania as early as the 13th century (in 1253 Mindaugas, on crowning himself King of Lithuania, gave Skalva and Nadruva to the Livonian Order for diplomatic reasons), a territory isolated for a long time. The term Prussian Lithuania is used here conditionally for the southern part of Lithuania Minor, which was not annexed to Lithuania after the Treaty of Versailles (1919), although representatives of the National Council of Prussian Lithuania had made such a demand (only the Klaipėda Region was recovered in 1923). According to historians and other scholars, this territory of interest to us, southwest of the Nemunas as far as the rivers Deimena and Alnė in the west and Geldapė in the south, was densely inhabited by Lithuanians (Lithuanian Prussians) until the plague (early 18th century); Lithuanian counties and parishes had already been established here in the 16th century. Although the aforementioned territory was the core of Lithuanian lands, Lithuanians also lived farther west, beyond the Labguva and Vėluva counties—in the vicinity of Fišhauzenas (Žuvininkai), Ylava, Karaliaučius, and farther south. The area selected for this survey comprises the counties of Pakalnė (or Lanka), Tilžė, Ragainė, Labguva, Pilkalnis, Įsrutis, Gumbinė, Stalupėnai, Vėluva, Darkiemis, and Geldapė. I was able to extract the names of their inhabited places, oikonyms formed with suffixes (about 350 place names), from V. Kalwaitis’s list of inhabited-place names (cf. Kalwaitis W. Lietuwiszkų Wardų Klėtele. Tilžė, 1910). Many scholars have studied the place names of this area, especially those of the western part of Lithuania Minor: F. Kurschat, K. Būga, J. Gerulis, A. Salys, V. Mažiulis, 1 See Pakarklis P. Mažoji Lietuva vokiečių mokslo šviesoje. Kaunas, 1935; Vileišis V. Tautiniai santykiai Maž. Lietuvoje. Kaunas, 1935. P. 55—109; Jonynas I. Iš Mažosios Lietuvos istorijos. Kaunas, 1933; Matulevičius A. Mažoji Lietuva XVIII amžiuje. Vilnius, 1989. P. 3—24, etc. 2 See Matulevičius A. Cited work. P. 8,25,28—38; Valsonokas R. Klaipėdos problema. Klaipėda, 1932. P. 5; Vileišis V. Cited work. P. 121. 74 Br. Savukynas, Z. Zinkevičius, and non-Lithuanian scholars—M. Topenas, A. Bezzenberger, J. Otrębski, W. Fenzlau, R. Trautmann, F. Techner, and many others—devoted considerable attention to the Lithuanian and Prussian languages of these lands, the etymologies of individual place names, and the search for and determination of the boundaries between the Prussian and Lithuanian tribes³. The oikonymy of this territory has not previously been studied in greater depth from the perspective of word formation. This article therefore attempts to survey the oikonymy of the southern part of Lithuania Minor from that perspective, identifying the suffixes used in derivation and comparing them with data from the territory of Lithuania. Although the data in V. Kalwaitis’s aforementioned list reflect a later situation, following the plague (for after the plague depopulated villages, a significant number of those villages and their names disappeared), it seems reasonable to assume that the names that survived had remained unchanged. Thus, the following oikonym suffixes were widespread within the counties listed by V. Kalwaitis: -išk- (-iška, -iškas, -iškė, -iškiai), -ėnai, -(i)ininkai (-enin­kai), -ėliai, -ėliai, -ynai, -inė, -ynė, -ava, -ija, -otai, and others. The most productive suffix here is -išk- and its derivatives: a) -iška: Lauk-iška⁴ (also Laukiškoji) (Lbg)⁵: personal name (=surname) Laukas, Laukys⁶; b) -iškas. From personal names: Kraup-iškas (Lbg): Kraupys; Málv-iškas (also Málv-iškiai) (Plkn): *Malvys, *Malvas, cf. Málvicas; Nán-iškas, uninhabited place (Įs): Nanýs; c) -iškė. From personal names: Bubl-iškė (also Baubl-iškė) (Tlž): Bublýs, Bublỹs (also Baublỹs); Švendr-iškė (Tlž): Švėndra, Švėndras, Švendrỹs; d) -iškiai. From personal names: Al-iškiai, uninhabited place (Įs): Ális; Ašm-iškiai (Rg): Ašmỹs; Audin-iškiai (Drk): Aũdinas; Blūd-iškiai (or Blud-iškiai) (Rg): Blãūdžius (also Bludžius); Būdel-iškiai (Pak): Būdėlis; Butk-iškiai (Rg): Bùtkus; Bitėn-iškiai (Pak): Bitėnas (cf. Bitėnai village) (Rg); Ceid-iškiai (Rg): *Ceida, cf. Čeidà; Daugel-iškiai (Stlp): Daugėlà; Dervel-iškiai (Šlu): Dervėlis; Doc-iškiai (Tlž): Dõcis, Docỹs; *Drūt-iškiai (Drut-iškiai) (Gmb): Drūtỹs; Eígimin-iškiai (Plkn): *Eígiminas; Ensk-iškiai (Plkn): Enskis, Enskys; Gail-iškiai (Tlž): Gailius; Joger-iškiai (Geger-iškiai) (Tlž): *Jogeris, cf. Jėgeris; Gerk-iškiai (Gld): Gėrkė, Gerkis; Germin-iškiai (Stlp): *Germinas, cf. Gėrmanas, Gėrmonas; Gerv-iškiai (Gmb): Gėrvė; Gil-iškiai (Įs): Gilys; Gin-iškiai (Pak): Ginas; *Girait-iškiai (Girat-iškiai) (Pak): Giraitis (Giratis); Gober-iškiai (Plkn): Gõberas, Goberys; Griga- ³ Drawing attention to the formation of compound place names in this region—that is, to the second elements of compound oikonyms—A. Bezzenberger identified the places inhabited by Prussians and Lithuanians in Lithuania Minor and their boundaries on the basis of the components -kehmen and -keim, -kallen and -garben, -uppen and -ape. ⁴ The spelling of place names has been reconstructed using contemporary orthography. ⁵ County abbreviations: Drk — Darkiemis, Gld — Geldapė, Gmb — Gumbinė, Įs — Įsrutis, Lbg — Labguva, Pak — Pakalnė, Plkn — Pilkalnis, Rg — Ragainė, Stlp — Stalupėnai, Šlu — Šilutė, Tlž — Tilžė, Vėl — Vėluva. ⁶ Personal names (surnames) are most often cited from the Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames, vols. 1–2, V., 1985; 1989, or from V. Kalwaitis’s list of surnames (see cited work, pp. 7—20). 75 -iškiai (Stlp): Grigaliai; Grobl-iškiai (Gld): Groblūs; Grut-iškiai (Pak): Grutą; Gulbin-iškiai (Gld): Gulbinas; Gumbel-iškiai (Pak): Gumbėlis; Jautel-iškiai (Rg): *Jautelis, cf. Jautus; Jevon-iškiai (Drk): *Jevonis, cf. Jevanáuskas, Jevainius; Jod-iškiai (Juod-iškiai) (Šlu): Jodys, Juodýs; Jukn-iškiai (Gmb): Juknys; Jurd-iškiai (Gld): Jurdýs; Kalak-iškiai (Plkn): *Kalakas, cf. Kalakáuskas; Kaplan-iškiai (Pak): Káplanas; *Karun-iškiai (Karun-iškiai) (Plkn): Karúnas; Kaukol-iškiai (Pak): Kaukolas; Keler-iškiai (Tlž): Kėleris; Kiaun-iškiai (Is): Kiáunė; Kili-iškiai (Šlu): Kilius; Klaus-iškiai (Tlž): Klausas, Klausą; *Kolait-iškiai (Kolat-iškiai) (Drk): Koláitis (Kolata, Kolatis); Kol-iškiai (Is): Kólis, Kolūs, cf. Old Prussian personal name Cale; Koš-iškiai (Drk): Košis, Košūs; Kragel-iškiai (Rg): *Kragelis, cf. Krágas; Krakon-iškiai (Rg): *Krakonas, cf. Krakūnas; Krok-iškiai (Tlž): Krókas; Kup-iškiai (Rg): Kùpas; Kyrel-iškiai (Šlu): *Kurelis, cf. Kirelis; Labav-iškiai (Drk): *Labavas, cf. Labavičius, Labaitis; Len kon-iškiai (Stlp): *Lenkonas, cf. Lenkynas; Liepin-iškiai (Pak): Liepinis, Liepinys; Linav-iškiai (Gld): *Linavas, cf. Linuvaitis; Link-iškiai (Gld): Linkys; Luk-iškiai (Šlu): Lukys; *Makūn-iškiai (Makun-iškiai) (Gld): Makūnas; Mart-iškiai (Gld): *Martas, *Martys, cf. the place name Martýnas; Medun-iškiai (Drk): *Medunas, cf. Medunėckas; *Miegūn-iškiai (Miegun-iškiai) (Gmb): *Miegūnas, cf. Miegínis, Méginas, and the like; Norvil-iškiai (Rg): Nórvila, Norvilas; Nurn-iškiai (Rg): Nurna; Paulik-iškiai (Stlp): Paulikas; *Perkūn-iškiai (Perkun-iškiai) (Is): Perkūnas; Piet-iškiai (Rg): *Pietys, cf. Pietaitis; Platen-iškiai (Is): Plátenas, cf. Plátas; Plav-iškiai (Gld): Plavas; Pleik-iškiai (Tlž): Pleikys, Pleikūs; Povel-iškiai (Is): Povelis; *Prūs-iškiai (Prus-iškiai) (Gmb): Prūsas, ethnonym Prussian; *Samol-iškiai (Samol-iškiai) (Plkn): Samúolis (Samolis); Šutil-iškiai (Pak): Šutilas; Sumon-iškiai: *Sumonas, cf. Šimonas; Šarv-iškiai (Drk): Šarva; Šuk-iškiai (Tlž): Šukis, Šukūs; Šliken-iškiai (Stlp): *Šlikenas, cf. Šlikas, Šlikys; Tamov-iškiai (Is): *Tamovas, cf. Tamavičius; Taukin-iškiai (Stlp): Taukis, Taukinas; Tolmin-iškiai (Gld): *Tolminas, cf. Tolmynas; Tun-iškiai (Gld): *Tūnus, cf. Tūnaitis; Vaineik-iškiai (Stlp): Vaineikis; Valel-iškiai (Gmb): Valėlė; Verdel-iškiai (Plkn): *Verdelis; Vėderait-iškiai (Vederait-iškiai) (Rg): Vėderaitis; Venslov-iškiai (Rg): Venšlovas; Vilker-iškiai (Rg): *Vilkeras; Vulv-iškiai (Šlu): cf. Vùlfas; Vyc-iškiai (Pak): *Vycius, *Vycas, cf. Vyčas; Žil-iškiai (Plkn): Žilis; Žynel-iškiai (Pak): Žynėlis, etc.; from hydronyms7 and other place names: Akmen-iškiai (Rg): Akmenys, Akmenis river (Rg); Algav-iškiai (German Algaischken) (Pak): Algà river (Rg); Blind-iškiai (Gld): Blindė river (Gld); Eimen-iškiai (Plkn, Stlp): Eimenys river (Plkn); *Mielav-iškiai (Melav-iškiai) (Lbg): Mielava river (Lbg); Ragav-iškiai (Drk), cf. Ragavė river (Drk), and also cf. Old Prussian place names Ragow, Ragaw (Ylava); Šilup-iškiai (Rg): *Šilupė; from appellatives, names of places: Dvarel-iškiai 7 The hydronyms for comparison are taken from V. Kalwaitis’s list of hydronyms (see K a l w a i t i s W. Min. veik. P. 68—72) and Vilnius-based Peteratis’s “Little Lithuania and Tvanksta” (Vilnius, 1992. P. 402—412). 76 (Pak): little manor; Eglyn-iškiai (Gld): fir grove (<spruce); Erub-iškiai (Plkn): erubė dialectal “jerubė” (hazel grouse); Ežer-iškiai (Drk): lake; Girel-iškiai (Plkn): girėlė diminutive (<forest); Kalnel-iškiai (Plkn): small hill diminutive (<hill); Kalniškiai (Plkn): hill; Laukel-iškiai (Plkn): laukėlis diminutive (<field), but cf. personal name Laukelis; Naudvar-iškiai (Tlž): *new manor<new manor; Pervalkiškiai (Pak): pérvalka, pérvalkas; Šilel-iškiai (Rg): šilėlis diminutive (<pine forest); Trak-iškiai (Gld): tract of land, etc. Derivatives with the suffix -išk- make up about 40% of the suffixed derivatives in this territory and are distributed throughout the entire territory of Prussian Lithuania: in the west, the boundary of the derivatives coincides with the western boundary of Prussian Lithuania, i.e. it runs through the Labguva and Vėluva districts; in the southwest, they also occur in the Girdavõs and Ungurõs8 districts, thus crossing the boundary of the area identified by Bezzenberger and even the boundary of V. Peteratis’s Prussian-Lithuanian hydronyms; farther west of the Labguva-Vėluva-Girdavõs districts, no oikonyms with the suffix -išk- have been recorded. In Lithuania, suffixes with -išk- are the most productive, and their derivatives are distributed throughout the whole territory of Lithuania9, forming a continuous, unbroken area together with Prussian Lithuania. The second most frequent suffix in Prussian Lithuania is -ėnai (about 17%). As in Lithuania10, derivatives with this suffix are formed mainly from hydronyms and appellative place names. From hydronyms: Alksnup-ėnai (Plk): Alksnupė (Plkn); Anglup-ėnai (Gld): Anglupė (Gld); Ant-šiekštup-ėnai (Plkn), cf. Šiekštupė (Stlp) – also a prefixed derivative; Ant-būdūp-ėnai (Plkn), cf. Būdūpė (Plkn), village Būdūpėnai (Plkn) – also a prefixed derivative; Aukštup-ėnai (Plkn): *Aukštupė, cf. Aūkštupė (Gmb); Aūlav-ėnai literary (Įs): Aula (Įs); Bamb-ėnai (Rg): Bambė, pond; Blindup-ėnai (Rg): Blind-upė (Blindė) (Rg); Brakup-ėnai (Brok-up-ėnai) (Gmb): Brākupė (Gmb); Būdūp-ėnai (Rg, Plkn): Būdūpė (Rg); Draugup-ėnai (Plkn): Draūgupė (Plkn); Elksnup-ėnai (Lbg): Elksnupė (Elksnė) (Lbg); Gailup-ėnai (Gmb): Gailupė (Gmb); Juodup-ėnai (Plkn): Juodupė (Plkn); Kirsnup-ėnai (Rg): Kirsnupė (Rg); Klampup-ėnai (Gmb): Klampupis, Klampupė (Gmb); Lauk-upėnai (Stlp): Laukupė (Stlp); Orup-ėnai (Plkn): Orupė (Plkn); Osup-ėnai (Pak): *Osupė, cf. Ōsa (Pak); Pilup-ėnai (Įs, Stlp): Pilupė (Stlp); Platup-ėnai (Lbg): Plātupė (Lbg); Ragup-ėnai (Plkn): Rāgupė (Plkn); Rūdup-ėnai (Gmb): Rūdupė (Gmb); Skardup-ėnai (Plkn, Rg, Gmb): Skardupė (Įs, Gmb); Sk erstup-ėnai (Drk): Skerstupė (Drk); Stālup-ėnai township (Stlp): Stālupė (Stālė) (Stlp); Stonup-ėnai (Rg): *Stonupė (Stōnė) (Rg); Strij-ėnai (Įs): Strijus (Įs); *Šiekštup-ėnai (Šekštup-ėnai) (Stlp): Šiekštupė, Šėkštupė (Stlp); Šilup-ėnai (Stlp): Šilupė (Stlp); Taurup-ėnai (Drk): Taurupė (Drk); Taurut-ėnai (Tlž): Taurutė (Tlž); Vorup-ėnai (Varup-ėnai?) (Plkn): Vōtupė (Plkn); Verksnup-ėnai (Rg): Verksnupė (Rg); Vinkšnup-ėnai 8 Data for these and other districts, which already lay beyond the traditional boundaries of Lithuania Minor, are taken from “Die Gemeinden und Gutsbezirke der Provinz Preussen” (Berlin, 1874). 9 Cf. Razmukaitė M. More characteristic derivational suffixes of Lithuanian SSR oikonyms. — Lietuvos TSR MA darbai. A serija. 1989. Vol. 3. P. 139—141. 10 See Razmukaitė M. Min.str. P. 139, 145. 77 (Rg): Vinkšnupė (Rg); Vorup-enai (Gmb): Vōrupe (Gmb); Žąsup-enai (Rg): Žąsupė (Rg); Žirgup-enai village (Gmb): Žirgupe (Gmb); Žiurkup-enai (Gmb): Žiurkupė (Gmb); Žvejup-enai (Stlp): Žvejupė (Stlp); from other place-names (oikonyms): Gerušk-enai (Gmb): Geruškiai village (Gmb); Kraupišk-enai (Rg): Kraupiškas village (Rg); Tarpup-enai (Įs, Stlp): Tarpupiai village (Stlp) (but cf. common noun tarpupis ‘place between rivers’); from appellatives, names of places11: Sod-enai (Drk): sodas; sodà ‘village’; Šil-enai village (Plkn): šilas (but cf. surname Šilėnas); Trak-enai (Rg): trākas (but cf. trakēnas ‘inhabitant of the wasteland’); Užup-enai (Gld, Gmb): užupė, užupis ‘place beyond the river’. Some oikonyms with the formant -enai may also be not derivatives, but forms of pluralia tantum. These are mostly oikonyms associated with personal names: Bylenai (Gld), cf. Bylà; Degėnai (Rg), cf. Degė; Dakėnai (Gld): *Dakėnas, cf. Dakėnaitis; Dop-enai (Stlp), cf. Dop-aitis; Jogelenai (Gmb), cf. Jogela; Karalėnai (Įs), cf. Karalius; Kubilėnai (Rg), cf. Kubilius; Lapėnai (Įs): Lapėnas; Lengvėnai (Stlp), cf. Lengvỹs, Lengvinas; Kvietkėnai (Gmb), cf. Kvietkus, Kvietkis; Rogainenai (Stlp), cf. Roga, *Rogainis (but cf. surname Rogainiai village (Pak), and others. The distribution area of oikonyms with this suffix in Prussian Lithuania coincides with that of -iš-derivatives; however, west of the line formed by the boundaries of the Labguva–Vėluva–Girdava districts, we find quite a number of oikonyms with -enai (German -ehnen, -öhnen) throughout the entire Lithuanian-inhabited area12 (around Žuvininkai, Karaliaučius, Šventapilė, Ylava, Rōmuva, and further south—around Brānevas and Kęntšinas; none recorded south of the Ungura–Geldāpė districts). In Lithuania, this suffix in derivatives from hydronyms is distributed mainly in Samogitia and the southwestern part of Lithuania13. Another fairly significant suffix in oikonyms is -ynai (about 14%). Some oikonyms with this suffix may also be not derivatives with the suffix -ynai, but plural forms formed from collective appellatives.pluralia tantum Nevertheless, the popularity of oikonyms with the formant -ynai in this territory is striking. This naturally suggests that -ynai is also a derivational component of oikonyms in Prussian Lithuania. Most are place-names associated with appellative lexemes: Apuokynai (Plkn): apuokas; Aukšteglynai (Šlu): *aukštaglė ‘tall spruce’; Ąžuolynai village (Rg): ąžuolas; Beržynai (Rg): béržas; Blendynai (Rg): blendìs ‘maple’; Brekštynai (Rg): brekštė (but cf. surname Brekštys); Ežerynai (Drk): ėžeras (but cf. surname Ežerys); Gandr-ynai (Įs): gandras (but cf. surname Gandras); Guobynai (Pak): guoba (but cf. surname Goba); Juodeglynai (Plk): juodeglė; Kadagynai (Lbg): kadagỹs; Kanapynai (Gmb): kanāpė; Karklynai (Stlp) 11 Oikonyms with -enai (as well as those with -(i)ininkai (-eninkai)) may be not suffixal derivatives, but rather pluralia tantum oikonyms formed from suffixed appellatives or names of persons and inhabitants. 12 Cf. “Die Gemeinden und Gutsbezirke.” However, the older sources of the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries indicate that the Prussian suffix -ein was formerly used here (see Gerullis G. Die altpreussischen Ortsnamen. Berlin und Leipzig. 1922). 13 See Razmukaitė M. cited article, p. 144 (map). 78 : kaŕklas; Kelmynai (Pak): kėlmas; Kermušynai (Drk): kermušė ‘wild garlic’; Klevynai (Drk): klėvas; Lendr-ynai (Gmb): léndre ‘reed’ (cf. surname Nendrynas); Notrynai (Drk): notrė ‘nettle’; Pušynai (Plkn): pušis; Samanynai (Gld): sāmana; Serpenty-nai (Lbg): serpentà ‘currant’; Skirp-stynai (Is): skiṙpstas ‘dogberry’ (but cf. surname Skirpstas); Skrobl-y-nai (Gmb): skrōblas (but cf. surnames Skroblà, Skroblỹs); Skruzdy-nai (Lbg): skruzdė; Smilgy-nai (Lbg): smilga; Šilynai (Gld): šilas; Vabaly-nai (Drk): vabalas (but cf. surname Vabalas); Vanagy-nai (Gld): vā-nagas (but cf. surname Vānagas); Vinkšnynai (Rg): vinkšna; Žabynai (Drk): žābas (žabynas); Žvirbl-ynai (Plkn, Rg): žōrblis (but cf. surname Žvirblis), and others. Some oikonyms of this type may be associated with personal names: Dobly-nai (Pak): Doblys (Duoblỹs), Egertynai (Plk): Ėgertas; Grobynai (Drk): Grobas; Kragynai (Gdl): Krāgas; Krušynai (Drk): Krušius, Krušà, cf. Krušaitis; Lopynai (Drk): Lōpas; Pagely-nai (Is): Pagelas; Pendry-nai (Gmb): Pendrius; Raukutynai (Tlž): Raukutis; Skerdynai (Is): Skerdys; Šeržanty-nai (Lbg): Šeržantas; Valdynai (Lbg): Valdžius, cf. Valdaitis; Vanagynai (Gld): Vānagas; Varžynai (Pak): Varžys, Varžius (but cf. river-name Váržė (Pak)); Vilmantynai (Rg): Vilmantas; Visbary-nai (Plkn): Višbaras; Ir-mantynai (Is): *Imantas; Žygmantynai (Žygmantynai) (Is): *Žygmantas, Žygmantas, cf. Žignantas, or Žigimantas, and others. Other oikonyms with the formant -ynai also have singular personal-name counterparts: Jonynai (Rg): Jonynas; Palentynai (Rg): Palentynas; Pyragynai village (Is): Pyragynas; Šudynai (Tlž): *Šudynas, cf. Šudynaitis, and others. Oikonyms with -ynai have been recorded not only in the traditional area of Prussian Lithuania; they are particularly numerous in the western, ‘Prussian’ part of the territory, and have spread south of the ‘Potsdam’ line—to the area around Rešelis, Kęntšinas, and Olštinas. In Lithuania, few oikonyms with the formant -ynai have been recorded—some in the vicinity of Prienai, Alytus, and Marijampolė, but there is no continuous area. The suffix -(i)ininkai (-enininkai) is also fairly significant in this territory (about 8.5%). These are mostly oikonyms associated with hydronyms and appellatives. Oikonyms derived from hydronyms: Akel-ninkai (Šlu): Akėlė river (Šlu); Arg-eninkai (Tlž): Argà river (Tlž); Os-ininkai (Pak): Ōsa river (Pak); Tovėl-ninkai (Pak): Tovėlė river (Pak); Versm-eninkai (Plkn): *Versmė, cf. Versmėlė river (Plkn); from appellative place-names, physiographic, geobotanical, and similar terms: Beržt-ininkai (Tlž): béržta ‘birch-covered land, place where birches grow’; Būd-ininkai (Rg): būdà (cf. būdininkas ‘inhabitant of a hut’)¹⁴; Egl-ininkai (Plkn): eglis, egliai ‘juniper’; Ežer-ninkai (Lbg, Drk, Rg): ežeras (cf. ežerninkas ‘inhabitant of a lake district; pond digger’); Gir-ininkai (Šlu): giria (cf. girininkas ‘forest ranger’ and personal name Girininkas); Kaln-ininkai village (Šlu): kalnas (cf. kalnininkas ‘mountain dweller’); Kupst-ininkai (Tlž): kūpstas ‘tussock’ (cf. kūpstininkas ‘inhabitant of a tussocky area’); Lank-ininkai (Rg): lankà (cf. lankininkas ‘one who lives in a valley or meadow’); 14 See footnote 11. 79 Láuž-ininkai (Tlž): laužas “a ramshackle hut, a hovel”; Pelk-ininkai (Vėl): pėlkė; Rag-ininkai (Šlu): rãgas “a pointed tract of land jutting into the sea; a peninsula”; Sal-eninkai (Rg): salà (cf. surname Salininkas); Šil-ininkai (Plkn, Stlp): šilas (cf. šilininkas “inhabitant of a pine forest”); Trak-ininkai (Pak, Tlž): trākas; Ving-ininkai (Gmb): vingis (cf. also surname Vingis); Vyp-ininkai (Įs): cf. (?) Prussian wipis “branch”; Virž-ininkai (Įs): viržis, viržiai “heather”; Žard-ininkai (Gld): žardis “an enclosed place for livestock”; from adjectives: Nauj-eninkai (Drk, Gld): naujas; Saus-ininkai (Pak): saūsas. Another group of oikonyms with the formant -(i)ninkai, -eninkai) are no longer derivatives, but forms of suffixed appellatives, names for inhabitants associated with a profession or occupation, in the pluralia tantum form: Avininkai (Gmb) < avininkas “shepherd, keeper of sheep”; Dravininkai (Stlp) < drāvininkas “beekeeper”; Dūbininkai (Gld) < dūbininkas “furrier”; Meškininkai (Gmb) < meškininkas “one who keeps, raises bears”; Lašininkai (Įs) < lašininkas “butcher”; Kartininkai (Tlž) < kārtininkas “fisherman,” etc. It is interesting to note that oikonyms with -(i)ninkai, -eninkai are spread throughout the entire southern part of Lithuania Minor, and their western, southwestern, and southern distribution limits coincide with the Prussian-Lithuanian hydronymic boundary established by V. Petereitis. Oikonyms with this suffix and its Prussian variant -niken are, however, also found beyond these boundaries: in the Fischhausen (Žuvininkai) and Friedland (Romuva) districts; none have been recorded south of Goldap. In Lithuania, derivatives of this type are not numerous; the suffix is chiefly known in the Klaipėda Region and in the Neris and Nemunas basin area (i.e., south of Ukmergė and Jonava)15. Another relatively prominent suffix in the oikonyms of Prussian Lithuania is -eliai, -ėliai. These are mostly oikonyms derived from other oikonyms (toponymic diminutives)16: Baltruš-ėliai (Rg): Baltrušiai (Rg); Dagut-ėliai (Plkn): Dagučiai (Plkn); Deges-ėliai (Stlp): Degesiai (Stlp); Drūčlauk-ėliai (Įs): Drūčlaukiai (Įs); Girn-ėliai (Gmb): Girniai (Gmb); Išdag-ėliai (Pak): Išdagiai (Pak); Jurbark-ėliai (Įs): Jurbarkas (Įs); Laukinink-ėliai (Rg): Laukininkai (Rg); Lazdyn-ėliai (Gmb): Lazdynai (Drk, Plk); Lenkinink-ėliai (Rg): Lenkininkai (Įs); Minkštym-ėliai (Gmb): Minkštymai (Gmb); Sakal-ėliai (Rg): Sakalai (Rg); Stubryk-ėliai (Drk): Stubrykai (Gmb); Šilen-ėliai (Plkn): Šilenai (Plkn); Tutl-ėliai (Rg): Tutliai (Rg); Varkav-ėliai (Įs): Varkavai (Įs); Vasok-ėliai (Plkn): Vasokai (Plkn); Vinkšnupen-ėliai (Rg): Vinkšnupėnai (Rg); Vežup-ėliai (Plkn): Vežupiai (Plkn); Vobul-ėliai (Rg): Vobuliai (Rg); moreover, the following settlement names, which no longer have unsuffixed counterparts (perhaps lost), can also be linked to other oikonyms: Būd viet-ėliai (Stlp): *Būdviečiai (cf. surname Būd vietis); Draskyn-ėliai (Įs): *Draskiniai (cf. surname Draskinis); Jakšt-ėliai (Šlu): *Jakštai (cf. surname Jakštas); Krušyn-ėliai (Plkn): *Krušynai (cf. surname Krušinys); Maigūnišk-ėliai (Gmb): *Maigūniškiai; Razbainink-ėliai (Plkn): *Razbaininkai; Sodyn-ėliai (Gmb): *Sodynai; Kiaũš-ėliai: 15 See Razmukaitė M., cited article, p. 144. 16 Žr. Razmukaitė M., Lietuvos oikonimai, išvesti iš kitų oikonimų. — Lituanistica, 1991. Nr. 2(6). P. 53. 80 * Kiaušiai (cf. surname Kiaušis and the village Kiaušiai (Plkn); Kubil-ėliai (Plkn): *Kubilai (cf. surname Kubilius); Būd-sed-ėliai (Gld): *Būdsedžiai; Malon-ėliai (Stlp): *Malonai; Užupėn-ėliai (Rg): *Užupėnai (cf. <common noun užupėnai), cf. the village Užupėnai (Gmb); *Alkun-ėliai (Drk): *Alkynai (or common noun alkūnas); Barag-ėliai (Plkn): *Baragai (or common noun baragas “shelter for hay”, diminutive baragelis); Gluosnyn-ėliai (Rg): *Gluosnynai (or common noun gluosnynas), and so on. The distribution area of oikonyms with -ėliai, -ėliai in Prussian Lithuania is narrower than that of those with -(i)ninkai, and especially those with -išk-: it is limited to the counties of the former Gumbinnen district, while no oikonyms with these suffixes have been recorded in the Labiau and Wehlau counties of the former Königsberg district. They do, however, occur sporadically west and south of these counties (in the Fischhausen, Königsberg, Sventain, Insterburg, and other counties—one oikonym with -ellen in each). In Lithuania, derivatives of this type are found throughout the territory and do not form distinct areas¹⁷. Among the rarer suffixes in the area of Prussian Lithuania, one might mention -inė, -ynė, -ava (-avai), -ija, and others. The suffix -inė, whose derivatives from personal names are abundant in Lithuania except in Žemaitija and the southernmost part of Lithuania¹⁸, is not very productive in Prussian Lithuania (approximately 3%). Its derivatives are found in an area even narrower than that of the suffixes with -ėliai, -ėliai (the western boundary coincides; to the south, the area extends to Goldap County). From personal names: Blėk-inė (Rg): surname Blėka, Blėkius; Dišer-inė (Pak): surname *Dišeris, cf. surname Dišeraitis; Draugansk-inė (Tlž): surname *Drauganskas, -is, cf. surnames Draugėlis, Draugalis; Gud-inė (Gmb): surname Gūdas; Gumb-inė (Gmb): surname Gumbis; Skirpšt-inė (Pak): surname Skirpštas (or common noun skirpštas “a plant of the elm family”); Šanc-inė (Tlž): surname *Šantys (cf. Šankys and Šanta); Šeir-inė (Rg): surname Šeirys; from appellatives: Ang-inė (Įs): angis; Obuol-inė (Pak): obuolys, obuoliai; Žiezdr-inė (Pak): žiezdras “gravel” (but cf. surname Žiezdryš), and others. It is difficult at present to say whether derivatives with the suffix -inė existed farther west and south of the aforementioned boundary, without examining the entire western part of the area and the oikonyms recorded in German sources with the formants -innen, -in-, since this spelling may correspond to suffixes with either -inė or -inas. It is clear only that there were also oikonyms with -in- south of Ungurōs and Goldap counties, that is, around Olecko. No oikonyms with -in- have been recorded west of the aforementioned boundary. A few oikonyms have also been recorded with other suffixes: -ynė: Akmenynė (Stlp): common noun akmuo > akmenynė; Jovar-ynė (Tlž): common noun jóvaras > jovarūnė; Paucak-ynė (Plkn): personal name *Paucakys, cf. surnames Pautelis, Pautenis, and others; Varl-ynė (Plkn): common noun varlė > varlynė. These oikonyms may, however, not be derivatives with the suffix -ynė, but collective common nouns that have become oikonyms. -(i)ava (-uva): Tepl-iavà (Vėl), cf. Prussian place name Tape, Tape-law-ke¹⁹, Vėl-uva ¹⁷ See R a z m u k a i t ė M., cited article, p. 59. ¹⁸ Cf. R a z m u k a i t ė M., More Characteristic Derivational Suffixes of Oikonyms in the Lithuanian SSR, p. 142. ¹⁹ For these interpretations, cf. G e r u l l i s G., cited work, pp. 181 and 189. 81 (Again), cf. Prussian personal name Welle19, Lithuanian Vėlius, Vėlȳs; -ija: Šeper-ija (Rg): surname Šeperys; Varm-ija (Pak): surname Vārna, Vārnas or common noun vārna, vārnas; -ainė: Rag-ainė settlement (Rg): common noun rāgas “a pointed piece of land jutting into the sea; a peninsula...; a corner”; -ena: Kalv-ena (Tlž): common noun kālvīs or kālvė. -otai: Argel-otai (Pak): *Argele river, cf. Argà river. -ujai: Kaln-ujai (Tlž): common noun kālnas or *kalnūjis. To summarize the observations on the more prominent suffixes of place names in Prussian Lithuania, it should be noted that some suffixes, in terms of their distribution, form a continuous area with those found in Lithuania or in its western and southwestern regions (-iškiai, -ėnai, -inė), while others mark the distinctiveness of Prussian Lithuania (the greater concentration of place names with -ininkai, -ėliai, -ėliai, and the distribution and productivity of place names with -ynai). SOME REMARKS ON SUFFIXAL FORMATIONS OF PLACE NAMES IN PRUSSIAN LITHUANIA Summary The article discusses the suffixal place names (formation, formant) of the southern part of Lithuania Minor (Prussian Lithuania), in the districts of Dárklemis (Darkehmen), Geldāpė (Goldap), Gumbinė (Gumbinnen), Įsrutis (Insterburg), Labguvà (Labiau), Pakalnė (Niederung), Pilkānis (Pillkallen), Ragainė (Ragnit), Stālupėnai (Stallupönen), Tilžė (Tilsit), and Vėluva (Wehlau). The material was compiled from W. Kalwaitis’s list of place names (Kalwaitis W. Lietuwiškų Wardų Klėtele. Tilžėje 1910 m. S. 24—67). From the districts mentioned above, about 400 suffixal place-name formations with the suffixes (the derivatives are listed in order of productivity) -išk- (-iškiai, -iškė, -iškas, -iška), -ėnai, -ynai, -(i)ninkai (-enin kai), -ėliai, -ėliai, -inė, -ynė, -ava (-uva), etc., were collected. It is noted that the formation principles of suffixal place names in this part of Lithuania Minor differ in few respects from those found on the western and southwestern outskirts of Lithuania. Here, place names are formed mostly from personal names with the suffix -išk-, and from hydronyms with -ėnai. Place names with the formants -ynai and -(i)ninkai (-enin kai) display a more specifically regional type of formation. 82