Afrikatų „č“, „dž“ raida kaltinėniškių šnektoje

XXXVII (1997) PROBLEMS OF LEXICOGRAFY AND LEXICOLOGY Sigita JANKAUSKAITĖ THE DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICATE č, dž IN THE KALTINĖNIŲ SCHNECK The common Afrikaans d, dž in most of the Žemaičių SCHNECKS are pronounced t< *tja, d< “dja before the ending. This pronunciation was adopted before *4. This short a after iot the Samogitians rooted out and turned into e even before the appearance of the Afrikats (Zinkevičius 1966: 141). In D. Poška's "Writing" there are no Afrikaans before a, *a, *an, *an, e.g., pauksztey, meldemos, norintem, szirde, pate. Thus, at the beginning of the 19th century, when there was not yet the influence of the common language, the use of £> *tj, d< *dj in the southeastern dialect was apparently more regular (Grinaveckis 1973: 291). V. Grinaveckis has found that in the songs of S. Stanevičius (Viduklė), S. M. Slavočinskis (Nemakščiai- ), S. Valiūnas (Raseiniai) the afrikatas is not used only before the short ending -2 (Grinaveckis 1973: 291). According to Y Grinaveck], the southern Samogitian western schnekts do not have any Afrikaans before Air *a, *an, *an, as do the central Samogitians (Telšiai, Žarėnai, Nevarėnai, Luokė, Rietavas, Tvėrai, Vainiai, Pavandenė, Laūkuva, Kaltinėnai, Šilalė, Kvėdarna, Švėkšna, Gafdamas), e.g.,mé-d’e <*m edja (~médzio), so patė<*patja (—~supacid)and so on. V. Vitkauskas, studying the language of S. Stanevičius' writings, written in the dialect of Vidukiškiai, recorded in Afrikaans « Čč dZnebuvimg prieš ¢, ei (<*ia,*1ai): pantey (~pdnciar), rupestei (~ripesciai), Zem ay tey (~Zemaiciai), pauksztems(~pauksciams), didem (~didzidm), s t a ts (~stacias) nu p u t (~nopucia), praleid (~praléidzia) and so on. (Vitkauskas 1992: 55). Thus, in the second half of the 19th century, in Viduklés-Nemaksc¢iy Snekta, the Afrikaans pronunciation of Čč, dž £, d was still unchanged, and now, according to V. Vitkauskas, this law is very weakened, because the following pronunciation is recorded: pau. kš'č'ei, gaidž'ė; sp 4. u dž' (Vitkauskas 1992: 59). P. Jonikas observed and proved with examples that already at the beginning of the 20th century in the area of Pagramantis schnektas the response of the compounds *dj,*tj was considerably confused, for example, with d'įSXEn’J eyd ide n’fe “with the great”, karesSd. op’sesfkartén’s’es “karcigsias” (Jonikas 1939: 24). KaltinéniSkiy Snekta in African Čč, dZ response £, d to S§ ending in older people is still often preserved. In this Snekta, the plural forms of nouns in the nominative, instrumental and genitive forms often do not have Afrikaans, e.g., jd ute, ja.utems, ja ut’ es (~jduciai, bučiams, bučiais), gaid’ é, gaid é ms, gaid és (gadžiai, roodziams, roodziais), m’ é d’ e* (~médzai), m’ é d’ em’s (~médzams) m’é d es (—médziais), p au. ks t’e: (~paiksciai), pau. kš't'e ms (~paiksciams), paukš tes (—pauksciais- ). In addition to the above examples, younger generations often say analogous words with Afrikaans, e.g., f 4. u ¢’e ms (for —jaučiai), m’é d’ Ž’ e m s (for ~médziai), gaid Zz’ és (for ~gaidziai). 206 In addition to the afrikaat ¢, the singular noun of Jokamien words with the ending -fas is pronounced accusatively, e.g. t'r' é ¢ (~trédas), st ac (-stačias), p'.f esc (~péscias). Désningai ¢, instead of common Afrikaans Čč, dZkaltinéniSkie uses also in adverbial adverbs, e.g., st at’ e: (~stations), skr a-d’ e: (~planes), gr au. d’e-(~graidzZiai). In Kaltinéniskiy $nekto, as in the greater part of the Žemaičių dialect, /o-stame verbs have been converted to o-stame verbs, e.g., 4ud (—weaving), ga.u. d (—gaūdžia), ken tam (~keaciam- ), s'unūtam (-—-siuūčiam), 1é idat (-—Ičidziat), sna-udat (~sndudziat). Z. Zinkevičius claims that, having lost the unpronounced short vowel of the third person ending, the Žemaičiai used the forms jair akamienų suplake, cf. 4 ud ("weave") and v'č. r d (—werda).’ As a result, they eventually reworked the entire personification of the trunk by introducing two trunk limbs” (Zinkevičius 1966: 142). In Kaltineniškiai dialect £, d instead of the common language ¢& dž -io-stame noun singular pronoun and 7akamieno noun plural pronoun, e.g., jd. ut' í (~jducio) pau. kš't' į (—-paūkščio), au. ks t’ 1 (~aiikscio), m’é d’1 (~médzio- ), g a.i. d'i (~gaidZio- ), pa-t’es (~pacios), ma.r.t’ es (~marcios), sk au. des (~shaidzios). However, it appears that with the Afrikaans d, d is more likely to be used; plural noun of 3-stem words, because next to the mentioned forms p a-#’es, mat. * t’es, sk au. d’es forms with afrikats are more common: pa-c’es, maT. ces skin dZes. Kaltinéniskiy $nektowa Afrikaans always retains borrowed, e.g., bazZn i ¢e (~baznycia), cesn aks (~garlic). Africates are always pronounced in ju-stame nouns, e.g. sua kč' us (~sukcius), ra-c¢’us (~racius), p éčius (~pécius), as well as in adverbial nouns, e.g. barzduo. c’us (~barzdocius), kar’s’i n.’c’ us (~karsiacius). In words in which the afrikate does not go before the ending, they are also retained, for example, d’Z’a’u. k smas (~dziadgsmas), pa.'n'č'uot'i (~pdncioti). In pronouns, the fricative is also pronounced as ¢’d. ud’iet’] (~cidudėti), ¢’ILT. Skals (~cifskalas), ¢4.1Z’i-t'1 (~cdyzyti), d’Z’ e r'kš tį (—džerkžti). Thus, in Kaltinėnai dialect £f< *tj, d< *dj instead of common Afrikaans Č, dž before the end of the word *a and *4 is still retained quite systematically, especially in the speech of the older generation. The younger generation in these positions now more frequently pronounces the Afrikaans ¢, dz. As with most of the other African languages, the pronunciation of the fricative is very variable. LITERATURE Grinaveckis V. 1986: Texts of Southern Samogitians 2, Varniškiai, Vilnius. Grinaveckis V. 1973: History of the Žemaičių dialects (phonetics), Vilnius: Mintis. 1939. pp. 39. "Silver, Gold". LKA II —Lithuanian Language Atlas 2, Phonetics, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1982. Vitkauskas V. 1992: The language of Simonas Stanevičius' writings and the loss of the medieval dialects. —Artvarai 3, 55-59. 207 Zinkevičius Z. 1966: Lithuanian dialectology, Vilnius: Mintis. EVOLIUTION OF THE AFRICATES č dž IN THE DIALECT OF THE KALTINĖNAI REGION Summary The africates č dž in standard Lithuanian are pronounced as ¢< *tja, d< *dja before the endings *a, *ain a number of the Samogitian dialects. The famous modern scientists V. Grinaveckis, P. Jonikas, V. Vitkauskas, Z. Zinkevičius and others have described the existence of this law within the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It has been observed that at the beginning of the twentieth century the above law of affricates started losing its stingency. Only representatives of the older generation speaking the dialect of the Kaltinėnai region pronounce ¢<*#z, *tja, d< *dja, *dja before the endings *a, *a instead of the general language affricates ¢, dZ while representatives of the younger generation quite often pronounce the affricates d, dZ in the same position. Consequently, the above law of affricates in the dialect of the Kaltinénai region as well as in the majority of marginal dialects has become more flexible. 208