Dėl balsių „a“, „o“, „e“, „ė“ kaitos slavizmuose

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXXVII (1997) LEXICOGRAFIES IR LEXICOLOGY PROBLEMS Zigmas ZINKEVIČIUS SECTION 1 BALSIU 4, 0, €, Instead of the Slavic a in Lithuanian borrowings there are a, o, e, € vowels, e.g., the Polish panna in Lithuanian became pana, o pan —jau ponas, but instead of Zart, czas we have Zertas ‘jokes, mockery', čėsas. Why is this? The aim of the article is to examine this phenomenon, to determine its laws and causes. In a short article it is impossible to discuss all the powers of a complex phenomenon, only the most important will be satisfied. First of all, it must be stated that the very main reason for this phenomenon is the gradual narrowing of the Baltic long 4 in the Lithuanian language and eventually its transformation into a vowel o. It led to the emergence of dual variants —with oir with 2—, often even duplicates of the same words, for example, next to tebata in dialects we have arbota. See also pana and the dialects pona, granycia 'distinctive boundary' and gronycia, kvasas 'gira' and kvosas, talierka 'plate' and tolierka (the primary source of the latter word — German 7a//er). Dublety occurs not only in the general, but also in the actual lexicon, cf. surnames of first name origin: Adamonis, Adamkus, Adamkėvičius and Adomonis, Adomkus, Adomkévicius; Baltraméjus (Baltramiéjus), Baltramaitis, Baltramavicius and Baltroméjus (Baltromiéjus), Baltromaitis, Baltromavicius; Bartkus, Bartkévicius and Bortkus, Bortkévicius; BlaZditis, Blazéviciusir Bložys, BloZaitis, BloZévicius. There are many such examples. The older variants usually have o, the newer —a vowels. However, the choice between oir a was determined not only by the time of borrowing or the appearance of the personal noun, but also by the different degree of narrowing of the long 4 in one or another dialect at the time of borrowing. In addition, we should not lose sight of the adaptation of borrowed words, the tendency to automatically replace the Slavic a with the Lithuanian o even after the Lithuanians had already translated the long 4 into o. In the eastern edges of the Lithuanian language area, where contacts with the Slavs are very old, we have much more variants with o than elsewhere in Lithuania. Here we say, for example, bokas ‘tank’, bolius ‘ball’, dokas‘roof’ (from dach,;gax), doktorius ‘doctor’, kanova ‘ditch’ (carcass), kavolkas ‘piece’ (Guds kxaBdrak, gen. sg. kaBdika), kova ‘coffee’, morka ‘postal stamp’ (marka, mapka), moza ‘oil’ (maz, masse), pora ‘steam’ (para, napa), porabkas ‘hired man’ (mapabak), posas ‘pass’, storsas ‘senior’ (starszy, crapmsr), skola ‘school’ (szkola < Latin schola), ultojus ‘lazy’ (ryzeran), vota ‘water’. For more examples, see Baltistica X(1), 92 and XXII(2), 68-69. 196 Not all of these borrowed words and not all of the dialects of eastern Lithuania can be considered old, especially since the ancient long 4 narrowed relatively late in many places, and in some places 4 with the o accent or even pure a is still pronounced. By the way, in such dialects words newly entered from common language or other dialects instead of 0 get a bivowel uo, because the true o is not present in the system of these dialects, for example, armuénika, agranuomas, muožna, puol’ka, pamiduėras... and Adiol’pa ‘Adolfas’, Bruonius, Muonika, etc. Recent variants with o are also indicated by words such as aktorius ‘hektaras’, which appeared in Lithuanian relatively recently. However, some variants with o not present in common language are recorded far in the west of Lithuania, e.g., the word posnia "field, soil, crops' (pasznia, mauris) is used about Marijampole, Lazdijai, Punskas, Šimonis; ronyčia “a path through the field” (rparuna) —about Skuodas, Mosėdis; kvosas'gira' and mozoti 'to smear' have even in Lesser Lithuania (there from Polish kwas, mazac). A number of such forms, now only found in dialects, were already used in ancient writings, e.g., aktova (from Polish oktawa) DP, SD, moliavoti ‘to paint’ DP, BB, pona merglė, pana’ PK, SD, senotas ‘senate’ SD, seliova “seliava’ SD, slova‘Slove’ Ch, svobas ‘Free’ SD, tolieris’ such money, taleris’ DP, folierka lėkštė" SD, etc. All this denies the hypothesis raised by some linguists (J. Kazlauskas, V.Maziulis) about the presence of the Baltic long * O in place of the present Lithuanian o, which, by the way, is incompatible with the data of Slavified old Baltic place names, especially hydronyms, cf. river names A607r5Ha (: apple), Haya — Nočia, Baka—Vokė and many others. Instead of the Slavic vowel o in Lithuanian, on the contrary, there is an a, e.g., abazas ‘army camp’ (Polish: 0boz), bagotas ‘rich’ (bogaty, 6orars), grašis ‘small money’ (grosz), lokamstva ‘goodness’ (fakomstwo), macnus ‘strong’ (mocny). Also see papas DP, MP, SD orthodox priest’ (popas—late loan from Russian rom). This formed the basis for the adaptation of words of Slavic origin, automatically replacing their o with the Lithuanian a, and their a with the Lithuanian o. After the Afrikaans and the consonants r, $, Ž, our Slavic neighbors have a vowel of secondary origin, a, which arose from the hardening of these consonants. Lithuanians in such words often have é or e instead of the expected o or a, for example, célius Tvr next to other dialects colis “a measure of length, equal to 25.4 mm” (from Polish cal), andarėkas (undarėkas) Brsl instead of other dialects andarokas (undarokas) ‘skirt’ (from Polish andarak< German Unterrock), šarenčius Zml instead of sharančius ‘skériai’ (Polish szararicza, Russian caparua), pažėras Kls, Tvr, Lz instead of paZaras ‘fire’ (pozar, moxap). Our eastern neighbors, the ancestors of the present-- day Guds (Belarusians), the soft Afrikats and r, $, Žpriebalsiai began to harden them in the XIV century, 0 the southern neighbors, the Poles, hardened them even earlier. Anyway, the written language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania reflects these hardened consonants. Thus the ancient Slavic compounds ca, Ča, ra, Ša, Za (=ce, ce, re, se, Ze) due to the soft c; Č5 r, Š, Ž' sukietėjimo virto ca, Ča, ra, sa, Za. In Lithuanian Slavisms, obtained before hardening, we have after these consonants the vowel e, narrowed in the elongation position and turned into the present €, e.g., cerepycia Sd, čerpė XVII c. dictionaries < veperrnima (>brus. vapanirra). In borrowed words after hardening, instead of ė(e) we have ofa), but the softness of the consonant is usually retained, e.g., ciobras, ciobrélis ‘such a herb' next to ¢ébras, cébrélis —both variants are already 197 present in 17th-century texts and it is not easy to determine where the result of normal phonetic development, where the result of hypercorrection, especially since the origin of the Slavic wa6ps is unclear. It must be said that the che(če) || čiotype doublets are affected even more than the a|| 0 fluctuation by sound adaptation and hypercorrection. Therefore, we will present only more typical examples of this phenomenon, trying to explain the reasons for their vocalism. Let’s start with words with €,e, which are recorded in ancient writings. Firstly, the words with such vocalism in the position after ¢ čebatas ‘long leather shoe' DP, Vln, SD, KN from ge60rs> y060r (Tatar loan?) are presented. E.g. chebatorius ‘kurpius’ DP, SD < weboraps; čēdīt “save, save’ Mz, WP, BB, MP, SD from mazuzs (sl. * Ščediti); cerka ‘taurelé’ Ch, SD from czarka (hypercorrection- ?); cernylas ‘ra$alas’ BB from wapmina. Eventually displaced its own word ink; čertas ‘devil’ Mz, DP, WP, KN from weprs (Brus. wopr, Polish czart, czort); Césas ‘time’ from vacs (probably hypercorrection); garlic BB, Ch, SD from vecHoks (brus. vacrHok); čėstis 'luck' Mz, BB, DP, Ch, KN from cvacrse (l. *sacestse). E.g. céstlyvas ‘happy’ Lex, sceslyvas ‘e.g.” CN (brus. cvacriiBer); Cestis, Cestis ‘garbé; feast' Mz, BB, DP, Ch, PK from vecrs; cestavoti ‘vaiSinti’ Mz, BB, DK, KN from vecrBoBars, Cetvergas ‘Thursday’ DP, PK, WP from werseprs (Brus. vausepr); pécétis ‘seal’ Mz, BB, Vin, PK, SD from * meuars> nears. Plg. péciotis ‘t.p.’ S. Dauk. Position after r (minkThe r'hardened only in Gudi, and not in all dialects): récka ‘half-cup’ Mz, O from pxxxa (Brus. paxka); row'row, order' Mz, DP, Ch from pags (brus.paz); rėdyti “to arrange, to decorate" from DAIMHTE, Position after £: šėnavoti gerbti, mylėti' Ch, KN from polk. respect <vva. "Schönen und sénavoné'respect' Ch aus poln. respect (hyper correction- ?); šėpa ‘spinta’ SD from mana or lenk. szafa<vok. Schaff (hyper correction- ?); "Springfield, N.C.". safarz < sva. schaffari (hypercorrection?); sétra ‘palapiné’ DP from pol. szatra (borrowed from Turkish, cf. tot. cadyr; Lithuanian form with € probably interpreted as hypercorrection). Position after Z Zédnas "each; nei jeden’ BB, WP, Ch, KN from xazwsr, xazers, polk. zadny (hyper correction- ?); zeglus, žyglis 198 ‘buré’ MP iš left. Zagiel (Voice. Sail). Used ir In the German language, the letter can be written as. iš Plg. Zég/iorius ‘buriuotojas’ MP; žėkas'church servant, disciple’ Mz, BB, WP, DP, MP from Polish. Zak < lot. diacus, diaconus (in Lithuanian hypercorrection- ?); "Zlavoti'gaileti' xaropars, lenk". BB < Zafowachir Žžēlaba'gedulas' Ch iš xaro6a (hypercorrections?). Plg. Frog ‘gedulas’ BB; "Zert, laugh, mockery KN iš xaprs ar lenk. Zart< wa. schėrz. Plg. Zertavoti ‘To joke, to make fun of' Ch iš left. Zartowač Examples su e, €, Not found in ancient writings, but present in modern dialects: Position cērius“caras’ Ad, Tvr, Dsn, Šlčn, Lz from zaps po G é (reworked from rbcaps < Latin Caesar); ¢édas ‘fine’ Ad, Dv, Lz and chedas' etc. ' Grv, Žž, Bsg, Vb iš vazgz, lenk. czad (hypercorrection- ?). Plg. diode ‘t.p.’ PIS, Cltn; cejus ‘tea’ Ad from wai < tot. čaj ‘(hypercorrection?). Plg. cojus “t.p.? Svne; Cérai ‘sorts, kerai’ Lz, Svn¢, Rdm, Kp and eras ‘etc.’ widely from vapzr (hypercorrection- ?). Position po & Sebalbonai “such a plant’ Sn and sabalbonai “t.p.’ broadly from Polish. Sabre or wook. (Rytprūsių) sabal/bone (hypercorrection- ?); Sebas ‘zydy Saturday feast’ Ds and §Gbas ‘etc.’ broadly from wabac, pl. Shabbat Yiddish < Sabbes < Hebrew sabba (hyper correction?); séZelka 'kudra' Mlt, Dkšt, Dglš and sėžiauka't.p. ' "Tvr od Caxesxa, Lenk". sadzawka (hypercorrection- ?). P.g. sodzialka broadly, sodzauka Ch, sožiauka DP, SD. Position po Ž: Zéba ‘varlé’ Lz, Kls, Šlčn, Dbč, Zt, Nč from xa6a, Zaba (hypercorrection- ?). Further study of these and other words (only more typical examples are given) should clarify the real reasons for the appearance of variants with a, o, €, e, i.e. to determine where there is normal sound development and where it is due to adaptation, hypercorrection or other phenomena. BB —Biblia tatai esti Wissas Schventas Raschtas Lietuwischkai pergulditas per Jana Bretkuna Lietuvos Plebona Karaliaucziuie (manuscript of 1590). Ch-S.B. Chilinski-- Biblie with large cover perguldita Lietuwos Zmonems..., printed in London 1660 m. S. Dauk-Simonas Daukantas, his writings. DK -Kathechismas arba mokslas kiekwienam krikszcionii priwalvs- ... Ižgulditas... per Kuniga Mikaloiu Daugsza.. Išprintas Vilniuje... 1595. DP —Postilla Catholicka... Per Kūnigą Mikaloiv Davksią.. iz tękiszko perguldita... Vilniui Drukarnioi Academies ... 1599. KN-(S. Jaugelis Telega) Psalmay Dowida szwenta- ... (Kniga Nobaznistes Krikščioniszkos... reprinted the second time... Kiedaynise... 1653). 199 MP -Postilla Lietvwiszka... Wilnivy through Jakubas Morkunas... In the year.... 1600. Ms-Mažvydas. The oldest monuments of Lithuanian language up to 1570... Kaunas, 1922. PK —Polski z Litewskim Katechism... Naktadem... Ma lchera Pietkiewicza.. W Wilnie: Drukowat Stanistaw Wierzeyski... Roku 1598. Oh, Buv. Karaliaučius archive manuscript (called A.Krauze) German Lithuanian 17th century. dictionary. SD —Dictionarium trium lingvarum, In usum Studiosae Iuventutis, Avctore.- .. Constantino Szyrwid.. Qvinta editio... Vilnae... M. DCC. XIII. Vln —Bartholoméus Willent’s Lithuanian translation of Luther’s Enchiridion and of the Epistles and Gospels... Gottingen... 1882. WP — Wolfenbütteler Postel (manuscript of the Wolfenbütteler Library, 1573). ON THE CHANGE OF THE VOCALS a, o, e, ¢IN SLAVIC LANGUAGE Summary Instead of the slaw. a lie the lit. in Loans Vowels a, 0, e, €, vor, cf. panna, pan, zart, szas and lit. pana, ponas, Zertas, césas. How can this be explained? The article examines this phenomenon; The conclusion is drawn that in Lithuanian they are mainly due to the transition of the Baltic long 3, č, into the more closed o, € as well as the Slavic palatalized ¢, Čč, r, $, Žin hard consonants and the change of the vowels following bach. The present variants reflect in many cases the chronology of the borrowing process; but this is rather inaccurate because of the nonsynchronous transition of 4, č into narrower vowels, which is observed in Lithuanian dialects, as well as because of the adaptation and hypercorrection of borrowings, which are not always easy to explain. The actual Causes therefore, which Origin of some variants im Vowel system have determined, are difficult to ergriinen. zu 200