Keletas tarminių aspektinių žodynų sudarymo problemų

XXXVII (1997) PROBLEMS OF LEXICOGRAFY AND LEXICOLOGY Agris It is well known that in the practical work of a lexicographer, it is especially necessary to have as comprehensive a complex of general language and dialect dictionaries as possible, including both explanatory and thematic or ideographic and, of course, aspectual dictionaries. As in general language lexicography, aspectual dictionaries occupy an important place among the various possible dialect dictionaries. In dialectal aspectual dictionaries, the lexicographical phenomena of language are presented in one of the dialects, proverbs or dialects. Grammatically, these dictionaries usually cover, for example, individual parts of the language, morphologically — ways of word formation, phonetically — sound formation of words, and in lexicology — dialectal phraseologisms, comparisons, professional vocabulary of certain social groups and other thematic dialectal layers of the word stock. The author of such a dictionary (the collective of authors), having set specific goals, chooses the most appropriate type of dictionary. However, there are a few things that are taken into account in most, if not all, dictionaries of this type. When preparing dialectal dimensional dictionaries, the choice of their type and lexicographical realization model is mainly determined by the amount of data available and presented by the author (the authors’ collective). Of course, it will not be easy to compile, for example, a dictionary of word formation or phraseology if only a small set of vocabulary of one particular dialect is used. For such purposes, special thematic databases, i.e. databases of verbs, nouns, compound words, phraseologies, comparisons, etc., and special lexicographic and geolinguistic sources, e.g., data from dialect atlases, are more valuable. Closely related to the problem of the volume of the material is the question of its completeness in cases where the author does not have access to special thematic collections. Then, for lexicographical purposes, data that sufficiently well represent the relevant linguistic phenomenon will undoubtedly be more appropriate; otherwise, by collecting data especially on many different factors — even on such a not always regarded as important linguistic phenomenon as material interlayers (both traditional and occasional), because they can sometimes provide significant information about the systemic relationships that exist: 1) between the reflective language phenomenon and the groups that limit it, 2) in the language itself, where these linguistic phenomena are related to each other. Thus, the relatively complete dictionaries must necessarily include both the various layers of desemanticized phraseologisms, which have to show the characteristics of other lexems, and special comparative constructions called quasi-comparisons (the author’s term). When creating new dictionaries, it is equally important to summarize the information provided as optimally as possible. In a differential dictionary, general references (grammar, etymology, semantics, area, etc.) can be provided, while in a comprehensive non-differential dictionary the reference system should be very specific. More general references appear to be acceptable only in some cases, if the type of specific section so requires. The Swedish dialect dictionary (OOSD) and the Danish dialect dictionary project (Ejskjaer 1993) are based on these principles. The lexicographical implementation of Zodyn’s chosen model, i.e. the presentation of lexicographic information in the dictionary, can be optimized in various ways: by selecting the most appropriate dictionary svarbus autoriaus subjektyvus požiūris. Būtent šiame etape reikia atsižvelgti į article type and structure scheme, as well as by using many different references. This thesis could be illustrated by the example of one of the new works of Latvian dialectal aspectual lexicography — M. Putninienė, A. Timuška “Sinuolés dialect comparative dictionary” (SISV)", because “any theory of lexicography is questionable if it is not supported by abundant material?” Vosylytė "Lithuanian Comparative Dictionary" (LKPŽ) and J. Lipskienė "Lithuanian Somatic Expressions" (LKSP). The most important objective and task of the SISV is to reflect the originality, unusual usage and traditionality of comparative constructions written in this north-eastern Vidzeme dialect. The range of comparisons included in the dictionary is quite wide: 1) from specific comparisons, characteristic only of this dialect, to general comparisons, used in the entire Latvian language; 2) from phraseological comparative 146 constructions to conditionally free word combinations. SISV is based on a system of articles; heading words —components of comparisons are presented in the dictionary in alphabetical order. In some cases, words are joined in slots: 1) phonetic and morphological variants of words, e.g. grabeklis; rake; grabslis... or sms, lu6Smaks... and so on. ; 2) masculine and feminine names of persons, e.g. maieklis; - Oh, my God. itself; the same... etc. Homonyms in SISV are presented as separate headings, with the order number: ikstis“ s ‘ikskis’... "Sinoles izloksnes salidzinajumu nomdnica. The basis of the dictionary is the linguistic material of the Sinuolė dialect carefully collected by philologist M. Putnienė in the years 1930-1980 (manuscript of 400 pages, volume of about 2500 articles); Principles of structure and lexicographical arrangement and semantic analysis of heading words —“*:* "PV kos. “This is the idea of J. Apresjan, applied to semantics (Apresjan 1974). 147 I'm sorry. s (1io-c.) ‘niere, iksts’ ... Comparisons are analyzed ir lexicologically and lexicographically in the dictionary article. The article consists of the following parts: 1) the central component of the comparison, raised as the heading of the article; 2) grammatical characteristics; 3) interpretation of the meaning of the title word (for dialects); 4) additional information on the meaning and distribution of words from K. Mūhlenbach's and J. Endzelyno's "Dictionary of the Latvian Language" (ME) and its supplements (EH) for lexicons that are insufficiently explained or not explained at all in the dictionary; 5) comparison (together with surrounding words); 6) interpretation of the comparison; 7) illustrative material; 8) stylistic, expressive and genre references (if necessary). Only one component of the comparison (the heading word) is analyzed, explained and illustrated. It forms the grammatical center of a particular comparison, but it is not always considered the semantic core of the comparison. All other components are provided with references to the title word, which already contains information on the use and meaning of the comparison, e.g. : 3. ka kazas [ipa sk. lipa. There are no references to auxiliary words (prepositions, conjunctions), they do not form SISV dictionary articles. The title word is presented in the dictionary in a transitive form, the so-called morphological and phonemic orthography (literary language orthography elements + prepositions + uo, ė), but the comparisons and illustrative text in the article are written in Latvian traditional phonetic transcription. Subjunctives — nouns are presented in singular (plural — plural), verbs — in general, participants and adjectives are generalized in masculine form; exception —invariant words, which are presented as they were recorded in a particular comparison (half-cup.- ..; seven-foot...). Interpretations of meanings. The dictionary reflects the meanings of comparisons in two ways: 1) the meaning of the comparison is indicated by the title word — explaining the meaning of the comparison component and 2) explaining the meaning and use of the comparison itself. Only the meaning of dialects, phonetic and morphological variants of common language words and non-dialectal, non-common language words is explained, if they are title words. The meaning is not explained of such common dialect and common language headings, whose semantics in the dialect coincides with the semantics of the corresponding Latvian common language word, e.g.: kdudze, kaza, kazas, etc. The meanings of dialects and other non-common language words are interpreted in the ways accepted by the traditional dialect lexicography: a) semantic equivalents of common language words and synonyms, b) descriptive interpretation3 Such a term was introduced by Latvian linguist O. Bušas to mark “undesirable” vocabulary of spoken language words, barbarisms, etc. 148 mu, ¢) references, footnotes, referring to other headings, d) informing about a particular word obtained from other lexicographic sources. The meanings of multi-meaning headings are separated by semicolon; However, sometimes not all the meanings of a dialect polysemantic word are given, but only those that are in the comparison(s) and their figurative meanings that relate to the whole of this comparison. Moreover, in many cases it is not possible to define precisely which meaning or shade of meaning is the basis of one or another comparison, e.g. in the article kladzens... A word that appears in another grammatical form in the title of a dictionary article is usually referred to its basic form (or the interpretation of the meaning, if necessary), e.g. kaūnams divd no kaūt... Explanations (respectively translations of German explanations into Latvian) and geographical references from ME and EH are provided for words that have no explanation in the database or are insufficiently explained, which do not adequately show the meaning of the comparison and the peculiarities of use, e.g.: klamasts, klamsteris... The explanation of these words includes the relevant reference (personal name or place name) and describes the geographical object mentioned, e.g. : Kėncis personv “character in the novel “Matininkų laikai“ by the Kaudzyčiai brothers.- .. Pilava locality in the Sinuolės village” and others. Comparative interpretations of meanings. Comparative meanings are not explained separately in cases where the information provided in the interpretation of the heading word sufficiently reveals the meaning of this comparison and the peculiarities of use, e.g.: kduka; kaukūona.- .., klaksis... However, in most cases the interpretations of the meanings of the comparisons are given regardless of whether the title word is a common word or a dialect. The dictionary uses 3 types of interpretation of meanings: a) attributive —e.g., in articles kžts, klabata, klaips, b) situational —e.g., in article Liéts s ‘rain’ O 1. périens ka liéts —says, if someone does not like périens, sods, paredzamas...; c) semantic equivalent — e.g. in articles kdudze, kazas, kildjiens. The environment of comparisons. The meaning of comparison is usually realized in combination with words of the corresponding semantic microgroup. Therefore, such words that can vary within a certain semantic group are excluded from the number of necessary components of comparison. They are written in parentheses as surrounding words, indicating the scope of use of the corresponding comparison, e.g.: kaūnams..- ., klabans... One of the characteristics of the Sinueel dialect is the relatively frequent use of quasi-comparisons, i.e. comparative constructions whose use is not only not necessary in a particular situation and context of the language, but can even form a semantic contrast if the meaning of the whole comparison does not differ substantially from the meaning of the title word (phraseology in its nest). In such cases, the structure of the dictionary article is formally maintained, especially without excluding the optional nature of the use of the comparat149 ive particle k4, e.g.: lécéjs s O ka puskūoka lėcėjs niev. —says about a person who doesn't do or doesn't have time to do what he would like to do, and also about a person who isn't exactly who he would like to be ... However, quasi-comparisons are usually considered to be a special type of comparison, in which the characteristics or intensity of the action underlying the comparison are graded, e.g. : Jillats adj ‘violets’ (0 ka Jillats... References. The following are the most commonly used references in the dictionary: 1) grammatical — references to parts of speech are written after the title word (s —noun, adj —adjective, adv —adverb, pron —pronoun, v —verb...), form references (demin. —deminutive, dsk —plural, nelok —invariant...); 2) stylistic and expressive references (poét. — poetic, iron. — ironic, niev. — derogatory, sing. — colloquial, vulg. — vulgarism, lamuv. — curse...), in addition, the expression recorded in the language of the dialect representatives may differ fundamentally from the expression of the corresponding general language comparisons; 3) note folkl. used to refer to all genres of folklore — proverbs, proverbs, fragments of songs, poems, etc., if they contain comparisons, e.g.: abéle s ‘abele’ O folkl. : k“i ‘abele nuoziédeju tautu gula galina. krasss (i-c.) ‘krasns’ O folkl. : a beautiful woman was in the wintertime in a corst, and everybody was paying attention to her. Graphic design. Almost everything in this area depends on the perspective of the dictionary layout technique, but to make it easier to visually understand the headings of the dictionary articles and the illustrative text, the dictionary indicates only the coincidence of consonants (continuous and descending) usual in Latvian dialect lexicography without the digit 2 after the word pronounced with grave (V). M. Putninia, A.Timuška. Comparative Dictionary of Sinuolės dialect (Manuscript fragment) katss O 1. demin. ka sl/udtas (/| susekla) katinš (ari kats) —says about a very thin, thin, new person: [vecitis] fičus k°4 sludtas katins. /That [person] is a debt, a sludtas katiš. /puff thick k layered k°4c. /tas [person] jou tc k*i susekla katins —siks, tiévips, tiévins. /Izdilis k°4 susekla katiš. 2. ka cira kts —says about something large, thick: the spruce's hair is dark, the hair is k% cira kati. 3. (shaken, bent, etc.) that pipes etc. —says about a very shaken, bent person: kuo ta tu t°4 k% pipes k'ūc salieciés? 150 pile O 1. kd siena pidzi ‘atri, neatly (sagrabt, sanemt; ari paveikt (ko))': will you do all [big work] at once like a fence? 2. that the dog at the straw pile see dog. a mask; kaukūonas ‘the one who coils; a red-haired man; EH I 593: kaūka ‘a dissatisfied person who often cries and complains' Vecpiebalga; 174: kaukuona 'brékulis, blauris' Dzėrbenė' ka kduka//kaukūona: kūo te nu kauc k"a mauka? I can't ask you any more. I'm going to the bar. barniem with t„ada mūode —ta kauc, kauc. What are you talking about? col 1. (hard) ka (one) kauls—says about something very hard, firm, and also completely dry: peni sukalduši kieti kaip „a kaulai. /sheep fat hard k°4 one bone. /what is that or could you throw [throw out] the shaved shit! The arrow is broken before you cut it like a bone. 2. ka bez kauliem ‘loti lunkans, lokans’: Japanese is what is called, which is k° without bones, can always be out of the bones. 3. O ka kaulu kambaris || kambaris sk. room; Chambers. 4. O ka dog bone; that dog with bone see sons. kaūnams divd no kaūt (skriedz, bréc u.tml.) ka kaūnams (Tūops) ‘loti skali, bailu parveérsta balsi (kliedz, bréc)’: klie3 k% kaūnams. /Wine is a killer for the cows. kaupmanis s ‘trader’ O ka blusu kdupmanis iron. : our people say m “ati for flea merchant, ka mite fleas kave: k°d flea merchant, ei tok pie dor ba! Blusas ni-viéna nau nuokuddusas. kaiisliss ta kaiislis niev. : sorry, kdviks sit horse k°4 passion. /Kūo tu viénu- “mer sit k°4 sislis, k°d kaūslis dotram? /k 4 tie iét catamiés, everyone he will saiz saiz. kazas s 1. dat. (face, mouth, un etc.) kazai —says about a stained, unclean face: ar kūo ta nu muti ndozviekeyi natiru? nu ir [seja] stripaina ka gozai, 2.0 (kars) kd kaza uz mizelis ‘loti, parak (kars)’: 34raji tik k°ri uz brandavipa kd koza uz mizelis. 4. that goat's death, see death. to kazass dsk 0 1. (dzivot) ka pa kazam ‘loti labi, particigi (dzivot)': Living k% by k'azam. It's all right: milk is ready, 3. ka kazas [ipa sk. lipa. and you can eat in 3 hours. They're going from house to house, saying, "It's all right, it's all right." 2. that on the goat ‘loti much; the great majority: five loaf bread k% per k°izam. 3rd place. (paést, pieésties u.t.t.) ka kalpa kazas “labi, satigi (paést, pieésties)’: nu gon pa-asc ka kolpa k“azas. chamois s ‘wool, semi-wool or cotton fabric; kasmirs’ (thick) k4 kazmieris: vipa [saga] was then thick k°% kazmiers. Cashmere clothes thick, blue color. This [fabric] is ble k°4 cashmere — Zidi sacia. fur O lok. ka uts kažūoka see uts. 151 klabanss ‘worn out, clumsy object, workpiece; ME II 206: k/abas'kaut kas klabošs (e.g., par vecam mistiklam, dzirnavam)' Lubeja' (klab, klaudz u.t.t.) ka klabans: stėlies klab k“a nalobie, k*a klabani. /lubks t%c k°4 klabans, navar attaisit vala. klabatas (klaudz, klab u.tml.) ka klabata —says about a very rugged, flabby person: [plapa] k/au3 ka klobata. klobata —loma v‘arc, that the speech is not about the other. kladzens s ‘the one who tramples; a flat-footed person; ME II 208: k/adzene ‘perétaja vista; klukste’ Smiltenė, ‘plapiga sieviete’; plapa'“ (kladzina) ka kladz¢ns niev. : what are you doing, telling me all the time, what are you saying? klaiga s ‘kliegSana; ‘kliedz€- js, blauris’ (kliedz, blauj, etc.) and k/aiga niev. : I'm your crying friend *my crying friend! klaips s O ka maizes klaips —says about what saméra big, ieapalu: /ini k°4 maizes klaipi. broken; kleists s ‘carriage, sleek’ KA klaists /| kleists niev. : k° klaisc, k° klaidūonis, ni vipam I'aga vietas ir, ni vinš 1%g4 str°ada. That guy's gonna wander around and grow up! k% of the population is infected. It's a little bit of a crash, but it's not a big deal. kldjiens s ka (viens) klajiens ‘a large quantity; vienlaidus, izklata veida": [gultas maiss] [Bed bag] [Bed bag] [Bed bag] Zieliski isplisis, kor t° skira, rituds, ka celiés, pie gultas piebiris solmu kG ki'ajiens. /k“apēc only dau3 solmu need pieškūorēt lips prieska? Well, we're still going to the hospital. /zūosas, piles, chicken nūotaisa labibas field t°4, that would be nūorūllac. Now it's the lowest k°4 ki'ajiens. /The sheep shake the wall, they get out of the ground and the sheep [theirselves] are on top, it's a k“ ki“ajiens. /klova lopas ta ta niobirst péc solnas k° viéns kl‘djiens zam kūoka./[noplautie] ru3i j°asastapuo. Can you leave the ground like a child? klaksans s ‘EH I 608: ‘primitive vase’ Vecpiebalga’ (klaksk, klab u.tml.) ka klaksans—says about a very runy, stupid person: kuo tu klaksi ka klaksans? / klak k°4 klakans, nesakarīgu runu runa. klaksis s ‘blikskis, klakskis; Plapigs cilvéks’ kd klaksis niev. : k°4 klaksis visūr vins iėt klaksdams —nu t%c pl°apiks cilvaks. falsehood; stapler with a lambrequin knife. ‘slinks, paviršs cilvéks’; EH I 609: klamasteris ‘day, slaist’, k/lamesteris ‘carriage’ Saikava’ ka klamasts // klamsteris: you are k“a klomasc. How did you get there? You're like a builder, you don't do a good job, know him. Apresjan Ju 1974: Leksiceskaya semantika (Synonymic means of language), Moscow: Nauka. EHI-II-Endzelins J,Hauzenberga E. Addendums and corrections to K Miilenbach's Latvian language dictionary 1-2, Riga: Kultūras fonda izdevums, 1934 —1946. Ejskjear I 1993: Danish Dialect Research, Kgbenhavn. 152 LKSP-Lipskienė J. Somatic expressions of Lithuanian language (with names of head parts), Vilnius: Mokslas, 1979. ME I-IV-Mūlenbachs K. Zatviju valodas vardnica. Edited, supplemented, continued by J. Endzelins 1-4, Riga: Cultural Foundation edition, 1923 — 1932. OOSD — Dictionary above Dialects of Sweden 1 (1), Uppsala: Almgvist & Wiksell, 1991. SISV-Putnina M, Timuška A. Sinole izloksnes salidzingjumu vardnica (400 psl. wristband, 1991 m. to be specified Rigas "Science" leidyklai). Comparative Dictionary of the English Language. Compiled by K. B. Vosylytė, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985. Summary In the theoretical part of the paper, some general problems of the creation of dialect dictionaries, which deal with a particular linguistic aspect, are outlined. cine linguistic appearance in a lexicographic way. 1) the choice of the lexicographic model for the future dictionary, which is largely determined by the scope of the material; 2) the degree of saturation of the material to be reflected, i.e., the frequency of occurrence of linguistic phenomena; 3) the level of generalization of the information to be offered in the dictionary. The problems mentioned can usually be solved by choosing both the optimal article type and the most suitable structure scheme for each concrete dictionary article in the opinion of the author / authors collective 16sen; Also, a well-thought-out system of various indications and references can considerably facilitate the task of the lexicographer. This will be discussed in the theoretical-practical part of the paper on the basis of an exemplary example of Latvian dialectal aspect lexicography — the recently compiled “Dictionary of Comparisons from Sinole Dialect” by M. Putnina /A. TimuSka — illustrated. As a sample, some sample articles from the “Wérterbuch der Vergleiche aus der Mundart Sinole” are offered in the appendix. 153