Mišriojo tipo a-kamienių veiksmažodžių su bendraties priesaga „-ėti“ („varvėti“, „varva“, „varvėjo“) kirčiavimas

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXXVII (1997) PROBLEMS OF LEXICOGRAFY AND LEXICOLOGY Erdvilas JAKULIS PRONUNCIATION OF MIXED TYPE A-STEM VERBS WITH THE GENERAL SUFFIX -éti (varvėti, vaiva, varvéjo) The morphological structure of a word and its individual conjunctions are closely related to pronunciation. The article aims to explain how accentuation features are related to the root structure of specific verbs (vocalism and consonantism) and specific semantics. The object of the study is the structural type of a-stem verbs with the communicative and past tense prefix -€-. There are 264 verbs of this type in contemporary Lithuanian (or 268 if we include the homonyms rnokėti —1 “to equalize, 2 “to be able to”, derėti —1 “to equalize; lažintis", 2 “to meet”, 3 “to grow and bear fruit”(cf. Jakaitienė 1988: 149), virbėti —1 “to swarm; shake", 2 “turn to spikes"). This type is not always clearly distinguished from other verbs with the suffix -éti (e.g. -séti, -telėti, -terėti). These suffixes are considered -é# variants, despite the different present tense stems. The prefix -sėti (variant -šėti) is characteristic exclusively of conjugated verbs (e.g. girgsėti, girgsi). The -telėti and -terėti verbs retain the prepositions fe/-, ter-(swing). In the works of some linguists (see Skardžius 1943: 521) the varvėti (varva, -ėjo) type and the mixed type r-stame verbs (tylėti, tyli, —ėjo) and secondary eja-stame verbs (dlpeti, —ėja, ~€jo) are not separated, because the communicative and preteritum forms of all these types are the same. However, on closer examination, these types are quite different. Not only the structure of the verbs is different, but also the semantics and construction. This time we will discuss the issues of pronunciation. In terms of pronunciation, two aspects are important: 1) since the verbs of the conjugated type have a suffix, they, like all conjugations, can be either root or conjugated; | Material collected from DZ, and supplemented with DZ data. 2 Verbs following the -sėfi (and variant -šėti) suffix are derived from prepositions with the formant -fvediniai, e.g. būrbt: būrbsi (-ėti, -ėjo). Some linguists disagree on the origin of the latter, some tend to consider them deverbatives (see DLKG: 394), cf.: būrbsi (burbėti, -ėjo) and burbia (burbti, burbė). However, in their penultimate suffix, they are clearly closer to extemporaneous verbs, and, moreover, not always a co-root of a mixed type or a root verb can be found next to such a verb, but only an extemporaneous verb. A-root verbs of the mixed type are usually primary. 116 2) since they do not have suffixes in the present tense, the accentuation of the root can be linked to the morphological structure of the root, semantics, etc. The a-stames, like other verbs of the mixed type, have a prepositional pronunciation. In almost all cases, the communicative and past participle suffix receives a consonant, regardless of which consonant the root —acute or non-acute—has in the present tense form, cf. barška: barškėti, -ėjo and varva: varvėti, -ėjo (also myli: mylėti, -ėjo; tyli: tylėti, -ėjo). DŽ3 indicates only one such stone exception aida (echo, echoed). By the way, this exception is only given in the latest edition of the DG. There are approximately 20 words of the stem that have a constant base form. They are also exceptions: nėdi + -€ti = sneeze, went; mėrdi + -ėti = to squirt, -ejo. Such words tend to pass into the class of secondary verbs, e.g. kosi / kosija /atem. kosti (koseti, -ėjo) and others (see Stundžia 1995: 129-130). Like other verbs of the mixed type with the suffix -ė, a-stame verbs receive the root accent only in the present tense forms: varvėti, variva; pay, pay (pity, pity; love, loves, etc.). a-stem verbs with a phonetically short root make up 56.44% of all varveti verbs recorded in DZ and DZ. Phonologically short roots (CaC, CeC, CuC, CiC)3 in the consonant form of the third person lengthen the vowels a, e to long ones and are pronounced circumflexively (tekėti, téka, tekėjo; laséti, laša, laséjo); root vowels 7, u remain short (movėti, juda, judėjo; žibėti, Ziba, Žibėjo). In dialects, their echoes often coincide—- all accented vowels are lengthened to semi-long or long. It can be compared with the -sėti (-Šėti) mixed si-stame verbs, which in this case keep all vowels short, i.e., as they are in the base words — the pronouns (trakst: trakšėti, trakši; bubt: bubséti, bubsi; tėkšt: tekšėti, tėkši, etc.). Adjectives and mixed verbs with a phonologically long root are both acute and circumflex. According to the DZ, the -ėti suffix actinic verbs with a phonetically long root make up more than 43% of all the varvėti type verbs. Of these, 76% are characterized by an acute, e.g., čiū/ba (chuckle, chuckled- ), as well as dull, blinking, tduska, whining, poška, tarška, virpa. 3 C-—any consonant or combination of consonants. 117 There are over 20 circumflex verbs: alma (alméti, alméjo), also byra, garma (-ar-), kalba, mafma (-ar-), riėda, skamba, skauda, vriena. Among the ikamieno verbs with long root, circumflex is obviously dominant (e.g., gaili, girdi, lydi, mūvi, spindi, Žiūri —circumflex metatonia is typical of these cases, compared to the base verbs, cf.: mūvi (to kill) and mauti, Zioji (to look) and Zioti. There are very few acute-rooted conjugations (loves, wants, sits, stands, lazes, wanders). The verbs with long f-root of the variant -sėti have an exclusively acute form, e.g. karksi, bliūrbsi, tarkši, etc. Since most of these verbs are associated with imperfects and denote a sudden repetitive action, the choice of imperfect is iconically motivated. In comparing -sé# derivatives with primary verbs, rather than with pronouns, the acute of the derivatives is considered to be metatonic (cf. kafkti: karksi) (cf. Stundžia 1995: 130-131). The pronunciation of the long roots of the present tense forms of Varvéti verbs is determined by: 1) the morphological structure of the root (vocalism, consonantism) and 2) the semantics of the word (in part). The suffix -€#7 does not affect this. The dictionary does not contain verbs of the varvėti type with the root vowel -€-, with the diphthongs -er-, -uri and diphthongs -e/-, -em-, -erbei -im-. Diphthongs with vowels -€-, -I-, -ube are almost always firm: -é7-8 (variant nėrna /nerna and dz. Jverbla), -ir-15, -il-4, -in-3, (i)ūr-25, (1) am-3 (variants burūnba /būmba), (1) ūn-3. Diphthongs with the vowel -a-: -af-2, -ar-3, -ar /-ar-5 (ndrna /narna, darda /dafda, mafma /marma, gafma /garma, gafga /garga), -al 4, arū-4 (variant bamba /bamba; cf. burnba /drum). It is a circumflex variant. Only diphthongs with the second vowel sandu -n-(blgzga, brizga, Zvanga / Zvaniga) in almost all varvéti-- type verbs imply the presence of a strong-end root. In diphthong roots, the acute is predominant: -du-8, -aū-1 (skaūda), -di-1 (šaidi /aida). In roots with long -ū-, -y-, -fethe circumflex dominates: -iž-3 (kūpa /-i, dūlėja /dūla, triūsa), -ū-1(dizga), -y-3 (byra, vyva, ryta), -y-1 (pyška), -ič2 (flower, rivet). $vm Sw: Sl ies. 3 By the way, DZ, the root of this verb was acute. Variant drum DZ; no longer provided. The double-vowel an turned into ąą before the blowing ones. 118 In roots with long -0 and -udominantly acute: -6-5 (poška, moka-2 sOpa, tvoska), -10-1 (kiogžda /-i), -iūo-1 (liūoba). The latter example is the lowland, morphological structure and meaning far from other verbs of the type varvėti. The following examples show that the root vocalism can be related to one or another root suffix: kidugZda /-i = kiogZda /-i “to dry, to dry up, to vanish”, gafga /garga = girga “to giggle, to gagenti (about a goose)”, gafgžda = girgžda = gurrgžda “to make an unpleasant rubbing sound”, darda /darda = dirda “to giggle while driving, to ride while driving”. As can be seen, doublets of the same meaning can have different prefixes, although most synonyms coincide in both prefix and meaning (cf. térska = tarska; ndrna /narna = nérna /nefna = niurna / niurna). The pronunciation of long roots may also be related to consonantism. The roots with the auslaut -sk-, -sk-(type -ST-) are always strong-pronounced: pyška, poska, pauška, térska, cérska, čiūrška, tvoska, etc. In the roots with the auslaut “28 -zdirgi, the akite is dominant: dūzga = dinzga, brizga, blizga, urzga, birzga, burzga, niūrzga, burzda and two circumflex balzga, grarnzda. Other auslauto -STcomplexes -§7-, -st, -Zd are characteristic only of short roots (kusta, plasta, kūžda, etc.), if we do not break down the verb gargZdéti, gargZda (reduplicative syllable and formant -Zd-: gar-g(ar)-Zd-a. -The composition of TST-type auslaut does not affect the root preposition, e.g. girgZda, gūrgžda and gargžda, kiaugžda and kiogZda. The conjugation -bl-(type -TR-) is recorded only in two dialectal words —vébla and Zvérbia, so it is difficult to say anything about its connection with the root suffix. There is no connection between the root prefix and the one-end consonant of the root. It is not clear whether or not the roots of the plant are roots. It is true that verbs with the initial consonant Č are all strong beginners (culba, čiūlda, ciulpa, čiauška, čėrška, čirška), but they are probably more related not to this consonant, but to the root vocalism or the auslaut consonant -Šk-(see above). It seems that this is also the case with the preposition of the root of the anlaut c-, dz-, dž-(cirpa, dzinga, džerška) and bl-, kn spturin¢iy verbs. Perhaps only the initial conjugation is more closely related to the conjunctive, i.e. to the circumflex (paududa, skarnba / skamba). This idea would be confirmed by the fact that all other verbs with vocalism -au have a firm beginning, and with diphthong -ar can be both acute and circumflex. These words also differ in their pronunciation from other words belonging to the same semantic group (cf. sdpa: skauda, see below). However, the lack of examples with this consonantism does not allow any broader generalizations to be made. The connection between reduplicated root consonantism and root preposition has not been observed (see niūrna and nīrna, mūrma and marma /marma, etc.). The relationship between vocalism and consonantism with pronunciation is inseparable from the morphological structure of verbs. This can be clearly seen by comparing the a-stem verbs of the -ėti suffix with the related root verbs of the 7-stem (acute: circumflex): būrzga (burzgėti, -ėjo): buizgia (buigzti, buizgė), as well as birzga: birzgia, tarška: tarškia, pauška: paūškia, sūlpa: sulpia (sulpti, sulpė) and others. There are approximately 2896 long-rooted verbs with such pairs. These roots are only diphthongs and diphthongs (no vowels). In this case, the verbs can be classified according to the softness or hardness of the stem (see noun suffixes). The relatives of the suffix -ēt i-kamieniy to the verbs under consideration are few. The variants of both stems are more often circumflex: kūpi /-a, kiogžda /-i, but aidi /dida, kiaugžda /-i, smirdi /-a. 119 2. Semantics Pronunciation is often associated with semantics. In the table below, the verbs of the long root varvėti type are divided by meaning. Semantics table" Sem. Sound Movement |Destruction | Psich.-phys. Light Scent | Society. group properties ratios -0kiogzda- /-1 | 1 moka 1 moka poska (poska 2) sopa tvoska (tvoska 2) <ūdūzga dūlėja /dilla triūsa kūpa/-i -ybyra pyska (pyska 3) (pyška 2) vyva ryta (DŽ2) -1eriéda (riéda 4 riéta ritasi, kalasi') - U0liūoba -airardi /dida; increase- ,-a -aučiauška kiaugžda- /| skauda kauška (DZ,: -i) kliuga niauzga pauška pliduska tauška 7 The number next to the example represents the number of the verb in the dictionary. If the verb's meaning is secondary, the verb is presented in the table folded. The number of the verb is written next to it. If there is no number, then the sound and motion semes of the verb are intertwined and are presented in the dictionary as one meaning. Certificate DZ, attached to those samples which are DZ; not submitted. 120 Here. Sound Movement |Destruction | Psych.-Phys. Light Kvapas | The public. group properties relations -erblérba 2verbla dzérska čėrška érza knérza (DZ) nérna (er) (DZ) térska verva -arbdrba barska ddrda (ar) | (ddrda(ar)2) gaiga (dr) (gaiga(ar- )) gargzda (gafma (ar) 2)| garma(šr) (mafma (ar) | marma(dr) 1 ndrna (ar) tarska 2,34) (varva?2) varva -irbirzga (birzga smirdi/-a cirpa (DZ,) dirda(DZ,) 2) | (dirda2) Cirska (DZ,) (čirška 2) girga (kirba?2) girgžda kirba mirga spirga (mirga 2) (spirga) širša (DŽ2) Cherry, dried (zirza 2) 2 virba (turning) 2) 1 virba (virpa3) virpa -urbliūrba (bliūrba 3) būrba būrga būrzda (būrzga2) būrzga (čiūrška 2)) čiūrška (gliūrga) gliūrga (gūrga2) | gūrga gūrgžda gūrna kniūrza kūrna mūrma niūrna pūrta niūrzga spurda surga (DZ,) |spurzda (DZ,) urga urda urza (DZ,) urzda urzga zŪūrza -al- |balzga(DŽ2) alma lingua salva lingua1 bilda -11- (picture 2) dilga žvilga vilba 121 Here. Sound Movement |Destruction | Psych.-Phys. Light Kvapas | The public. group characteristics relationship « -cumsucking sucking? siūlda (DZ,) dudka tlba sulpa? hold -am-| barnba(am) pampa (DZ, gramzda -aim-) (state) sounds (dm) -ball (drum) drum pumpa liūmpa (tarm.) -Anbljzga brgzga Zvdnga (years) | Zvoniga (dn) 2 -injection dripping ink -undunda dunzga (DZ,) kliūnka (kliūnka2) Clearly, the sound verbs dominate. Their roots are mostly acute. Only 14 words have a strong-pronged root. Of these, 9 have both pronunciation variants. In some cases, the rigid preposition of vocal verbs can be explained pragmatically —i.e. Those denoting a sound of lower intensity may be strong (mafma /marma, bamba /barnba, bumba, vyva — words denoting silent murmuring, whining; but mūrma, niūrna, niūrzga, etc. — strong). Nevertheless, in this case it is not worth forgetting the root vowelism (see above). (It is true that the LKZ VII also gives another meaning of mafma /mdrma “to drown, sink, gush”, which perhaps implies a circumflex. See below.) In the case of verbs, the circumflex is probably related to the vowel -a/- rather than to the phonological meaning. The words skarnba, Zvanga /Zvanga, meaning intense sound, are strong in GaliSki, probably also due to vocalism. It is also known as the Gargžda (cf. girgžda). All verbs with the auslaut -$kare sound words, so it might be assumed that their acuteness is implied by meaning rather than consonantism. (The destructive meaning of the verbs poška, pyska is clearly of phonological origin.) Among the verbs with the meaning of movement, we can distinguish the rolling verbs r7éda, riėta, ryta, which do not have a phonological sem (cf. darda /darda, dirda, in which the acute is dominant, and their phonological sem is given in the first number in the dictionary). There are also verbs that indicate the weighting or eruption of liquids: salva, alma, vaiva. However, verbs that have the semas of flowing, injecting water (gliūrga, kliūnka, gurga, etc.) or even those that mean flowing alone (/iūmpa, būrga), which are, of course, 122 also onomatopoeic, are pronounced only in the strong-pronounced form. Words meaning falling down have more often a strong prefix: marma /mdrma, garma /garma, byra. Verbs denoting movement of a different nature are firmstarts. DZ of verbs of this type signifying destruction (or change of structure); very low. Long root — only a few. Often they have concomitant fkamienes or ėjakamienes forms, e.g. kidugžda /(DŽ,) -i = kiogžda /-i “1. dry; 2. acorns, bark; 3. virti kiaugždu, darytis hollow"“, kūpa /-i “1. strongly boiled; run over the edges, rise; 2. grow well, flourish, "dūlėja /dūla “1. slowly decaying, turning into dust, dulling; 2. slowly burn, smoke". Words 2 virbėti, virba “to turn into virbais, virbti" and spirgėti, spirga “1. ap-gargėti, apgarga “to get caught up in something (mud, ice, snow, etc.), to be covered, to be crossed”® does not have the adjacent form of another stem. It is also possible that the word is of a phonological origin, as is the word pyškėti, pyška. Then there would be two destruction verbs with an acute root. The virba acute would be possible to explain only by root vowelism (see about roots with the first sand of vowelism -/-). The acute form of the verb kidugZda is more difficult to motivate because of the circumflex of žaudyti, skauda (with the same root vowel). In addition, there is a double-tailed krogžda next to it. Most likely, the verb kraugžda will have been included in their pronunciation paradigm by numerous, without exception, strong-started vocal verbs pauška, kauška, tauška, niduzga and others, having root vowelism -au-. Only three verbs denoting light have been recorded: žverblėti, žverbla “dz. tiškėti, spindéti”, flicker, blinking and Glimgėti, glega. They are joined by words of movement (with a vibration shade) that have light semis: vibrate, vibrate “3. blinking" and kirba, kirba “2. knizhžeti, bligetiti”. All verbs of this meaning, except the first, have a firmbeginning root preposition, their interface with the root vowel -; very pronounced. It would be difficult to find any connection between the meaning of the preposition and the mental or physical characteristic, because the same meaning of pain has both sO0pa (acute) and skauda (circumflex). tvOska, itch, nettle—both are strongverbs. (Dilga also means “to care”, “to care for”, and tvdska has the basic meaning of “bilda, poksi”). However, according to the statement that the conjugation of the beginning of the root squeezes the circumflex (skauda, skarnba), it can be said that the acuteness of other words denoting mental or physical characteristics is presupposed by their meaning. 8 As to the meaning of the latter word, see paragraph 13 of the present judgment. 1239. pp. 129. 9 The mutation or destruction meanings of the other verbs in the corresponding graph are secondary, derived from the meaning of sound or movement: pyškėti, pyška “2. with noise split, eat", poška “with a sound to burn“, čirškėti, čirška “3. spirgéti®, rolling, rolling ‘4. caulking (from eggs)". Their acute is associated with the basic meaning of the sound, and the circumflex with rolling. 123 Only one verb of this type denotes smell, but its a-kamienė form is only adjacent to the main one; stem —smirdėti, smirdi /-a. Thus, although acute would assume a-trunk, the meaning is closer to the basic —; trunk form. The verbs of the meaning of social relations are not characteristic of the type under consideration, so it is impossible to say anything more specific about their pronunciation: mokėti, moka “1. to give money in return for something received, work done, etc. ; 2nd ed. "to work, to work hard, to work hard, to work hard". Thus, only the interaction of sound (its intensity), movement (rolling, pulling), light and partial destruction with the root adverb was observed. CONCLUSIONS 1. The suffix -ét/is dominant, pronounced, independent of the root preposition in the non-prepositional present tense form of the verbs of the type varvėti (varvėti, varva, -éjo; mokėti, moka, -ėjo; galėti, gali, -ėjo, etc.). DZ; there is only one dialectal exception, where all forms have a consonant at the root (didėti, aida, aidėjo). 2. In the non-verbal forms of the present tense, both a and £ stems of verbs with phonetically short vowels in u, a, e, after the accent lengthen the last two [J/žša, tėška and you can compare with -sėtivediniai trakšėti, trakši (trakš-+sčėti, traks+si), Zlegséti, žlėgir etc.) 3. The present tense forms of stone verbs with long root vocalism are determined by the following: A. Morphological structure Consonantism: a) auslaut consonant ris -sk-(rare -sk-) are always associated with the acute of the root, e.g., tarška, barška, tvoska. In roots with auslaut -zg-, -zd, the acute also dominates, but not always (niūrzga, but balzga). No connection with other auslaut consonantism was observed; b) the anlaut č-, c-, dz-, dž-, bl-, kn-, consonants have a strong initial root prefix, but it is probably more related to the vowels of these verbs. Anlauto skamb could be related to the circumflex of the root: skauda, skariba /skamba (only 2 examples). There is no evidence of a connection with other constellations. Vocal: c) in diphthong roots, the acute is dominant (exception — pauda); d) in roots with long vowels -7-„-1e-, -p4 the circumflex is dominant (exceptions: pyška, dūzga), and with vowels 0, uo —acute, e.g., péska, žem. liūoba, žem. kidugžda (exception — kiogž da); e) the acute of diphthong roots is associated with diphthongs whose first syllables are the vowels ¢, w, u (exceptions —bura, Zverbla); f) the circumflex is typical for roots with the first diphthong sandu a (gargZda, etc.), but there are more exceptions (farška, barška, narna, bljzga, variants barnba /bamba, darda /darda, garma /garma, garga /garga, marma /marma, Žvanga /žvanga). 124