Reikšmingi darbai iškilaus kalbininko šimtmečiui

the number of dents still reached ko ne thousand persons, of which the majority were Zasečiai farm, less in Pagirės, Narčiai, Strėla, Teteikiai, etc. ir It is unknown how many Polish linguists J. In the archives of Rozwadowski- ’s legacy there are still things worth publishing, but the publication “Lithuanian dialect of Zietela neighborhood in Novgorod region” will remain one of the most valuable J. Rozwadowski- 's Lithuanian works, enriching Lithuanian dialectology. Už our greatest thanks to all Polish linguists who contributed to the preparation of this work for printing. The linguistics of Europe in the 20th century is inextricably linked to the name of the Polish linguist Jerzy Kurytowicz. Based on the methods of structural analysis, this extremely broad-minded researcher revealed new perspectives in comparative and general linguistics, and his innovative ideas were realized in many monographs and other works, which cover not only Indo-European languages, but also languages of other families (especially Semitic). How alive his ideas and traditions are today is clearly shown by two large collections of articles compiled by Wojciech Smoczynski and published on the occasion of the centennial of Kurytowicz’s birth. One of these collections, dedicated to Baltic and Slavic studies, was published as the fourth volume of the international journal “Linguistica Baltica”, well-known to our linguists (Kurytowicz Memorial Volume Part Two, Krakow, 1995, 333 p.). Another, even larger, collection is devoted to general and methodological questions of linguistics and the development of various (mainly Indo-European) languages (Kurytowicz Memorial Volume Part One. Analecta Indoeuropaea Cracowiensia Vol. II, Kraków, 1995, 593 p.). We would like to briefly discuss that package here. The works published in the journal show how Kurytowicz’s ideas continue and are reflected in current studies of the development of various languages. Kurytowiczius- ’s works are particularly important for Lithuanian historical linguistics because of their methodological and theoretical principles. Of the many articles published in the collection, I would like to draw attention to those in which the subjects discussed could encourage our linguists to reflect and examine more closely the development of the relevant phenomena of the Lithuanian language and other Baltic languages. The biography of the famous linguist, his scientific works and their methodological postulates are discussed in the introductory article by the compiler and editor Smoczynski („Jerzy Kurytowicz 1895-1978. On the hundredth anniversary of his birth“, XIXXIV). Applying a functional approach to language to the comparative grammar of Indo-European languages, Kurytowicz focused not on the individual elements of language, but on their interrelationships and the genealogy of their systems, and defined those relations of language units in terms of their oppositions, neutralizations and hierarchies. 248 Studying the Change of Oppositions ir jų direction of development can be determined relativechronology of language nę changes. It should be noted that Kurylowicziaus defined and ir tested internal reconstruction methodology was used ir Lithuanian linguists Jono Kazlauskas, Vytautas Mažiulio ir et al. in works; ji successfully ir applied now. Researchers ir of the temporal categories of verbs in Lithuanian and ir other Baltic languages should be interested in Axelio Holvoet’s article („Jerzy Kurytowicz verbal aspect, It on further develops ideas about the 19—24). undifferentiated category of verb/time reconstructed for Indo-European protolanguage, in which the imperfect present tense was opposed to the perfect past tense. (preteritum). In Slavic languages, the verb is directly independent of time, the imperfect has become the past tense, so o Kurytowiczius regarded this state as a late stage in the development of the category of time/picture. Comparing the data of ir Slavic, Roman Greek languages Holvoet concluded that the different tenses of Slavic verbs could have been formed independently of the tenses lo marked by the verb. Thus, the Slavic ir imperfect forms may be closer to the old imperfect than previously thought. At the same time, Holvoet emphasizes that in further studying the category of the verb, it is very important to distinguish between two types of oppositions of the verb: one directly related to the indication of time and one independent of it. Leszek Bednarczuk’s article (“Typologie et isomorphisme du systėme indo-europčen- ”, 39-48) attempts to review the most important features of the grammatical system of the Indo-European protolanguage from the point of view of modern language typology. Among them, the author points to the important role of postpositional derivation, syncretism of flexional endings, more developed noun categories and less — verb categories. The relationships between words were expressed by conjugated and postpositional prepositions (i.e., conjugations or postpositions), as well as by postpositional conjunctions and many particles. The word order was varied, but the dominant model was SOP (or SOV). The author claims that the ergative or active sentence structure, which some linguists suppose, has left no clear traces in the oldest Indo-European language texts. The use of the accusative in the direct complement is considered an argument against the reconstruction of the ergative sentence structure in the period when the Indo-Europeans had a flexive type of grammatical system. The article suggests that the agglutinative and isolational elements found in some Indo-European languages may have been influenced by other families and languages. The external influence of other types of languages is also explained by the narrowing of the system of verb tenses, the category of auditive (respectively indirect pronoun), the ergative sentence construction and the initial position of the verb in some languages. However, it should be taken into account that id. In ancient languages we observe more agglutination features, and the functions of relative morphemes are more differentiated than in later developmental times, with increasing fusion and syncretism of morphemes. This is also clearly visible in the history of Lithuanian inflection, especially inflection. Thus, at least some agglutination phenomena (for example, relative morphemes, especially suffixes, greater semantic independence) can be inherited, they do not need to be explained by contact with other types of languages. 249 ti su Baltic infinitives ir conjugated helps to understand the evolution of (target) constructions José Luis Garcia-Ramón article Results of Vedic Language Data Research (‘Zur Competition of Dative and Accusative of Nomina actionis and Abstract im Indogermanischen“, 101-114). Iš jų it appears that the accusative of the abstract verb has had a directional character since ancient times (Ziel) meaning, and the dative meant purpose (Zweck). However, in context-- dependent cases with verbs of movement (see 4-ya'eiti', vah ‘to ride’, etc.) the difference in these meanings was neutralized and the two vowel forms could indicate purpose. The accusative was used more frequently with non-prepositional and intransitive verbs, the dative with prepositional and transitive verbs. The infinitives of the Baltic languages are also derived from the dative meaning purpose, supinas — from the accusative, but we usually see supin here only with verbs of movement. However, the cases of conjugation in Lithuanian and Latvian dialects with verbs meaning 'want', 'galéti' (cf. LKK XXXIII, 100) suggest that the dative and accusative of abstract verbs — the predecessors of infinitives and conjugation — were used in the Kitada and Baltic languages in a similar way as in the ancient Indian language during the Vedic period. The use of Sanskrit infinitives with -fum, derived from abstract accusative verbs, is also discussed in Jost Gippert's article (Zur Syntax des Infinitivs auf -furn im Altindischen, 255 -277). From the abundant and detailed analysis of the data it is clear that in impersonal constructions with the form of the adjective sakyam ‘possibly’ these infinitives were associated with both the accusative and the nominative, similarly as in the Lithuanian language construction galima pjauti rugius /rugiai and so on. Therefore, the author’s conclusion that such impersonal constructions of Sanskrit are of new origin, derived from personal ones, is noteworthy. This is useful to bear in mind when studying the origin of the object nominative in Lithuanian and Latvian. Baltists studying the evolution of the verb tense system should pay attention to Paolo di Giovine's article on the preteritum with long root vocalism in Western Indo-European languages (Sul preterito a vocalismo radicale lungo nelle lingue indoeuropee 'occidentali', 115-129). As is known, past tense forms with long vowels in Baltic languages have been interpreted differently until now: some researchers, along with Nicolas van Wijk, Christian Stange, Jon Kazlauskas, consider them ancient, inherited, while others support Kurytowicz, who considered them newer, formed in the soil of Baltic languages. The author of the article, who published a large book on the Indo-European perfect in 1990 (Studio sul perfetto indoeuropeo. Parte I, Rome: „La Sapienza- “), presents new arguments for the fact that the Latin, Celtic and Germanic preteritum forms with long root vowels are not reflexes of the old perfect, but innovations that have emerged independently in each language group, with the weakening of the role of reduplication and the disappearance of the perfect itself. The origin of the Indo-European perfect from the periphrastic construction with verb noun and conjunct250 "L'origine parfait indo-europčen" du (in French). en 131-135). 1976 m. in journal ‘Baltistica’ XII (1), 25—29 ion is also discussed. Eriko P. Hamp's hypothesis about the traces of the Indo-Iranian, Greek, Armenian perfect-specific augment in to the past tense forms of Lithuanian prepositional verbs: the accent-deprecation of the preposition of the later extinct accentuated augment that was used before the į root iš ir (plg. serves — waitress ir pan. ). In the article published in this collection, the author reconstructs the augment in a similar way (ide. e-) of the ir Albanian verb dha ‘to give’ in forms. Comparing them with the su corresponding verb forms of the Baltic languages, he thinks that this could be a commonality of Albanian, Baltic Slavic languages („Albanian dha ‘give’, 395-398). Important ir issues of the formation of the Indo-European verb system are also discussed in Reinhard Stempel's article on the relationship of constructive, perfect and medial („Stativ, Perfekt und Media: A comparative Analysis fūr das Indo-European and The first, 518-528). the — "Semitische- ", is considered the oldest opposition of the action of the state. It is explained that the verbs of the state were previously undifferentiated in terms of time, conjugation or kind and formed the basis of the Indo-European perfect. The category of species and the opposite of active-medium are attributed only to the forms of verbs with action meaning. The author discusses cases where the state (stative) and resulting meanings of the primary state verbs have been taken over by mediaus forms, pointing to parallels with Semitic language. The numbering of the seven and nine in Lithuanian is derived from the reconstructed ide. the forms "septr/septm" and "neun. The corresponding Germanic and Anatolian forms are discussed in Kenneth Shields Jr.'s article (On the Indo-European origin of the Germanic cardinals “7' and “9'*”, 505-512). Here it is explained that the Indo-European numerals, representing ‘7’, had the root "sep-, to which were added the "non-singular" elements '-£ and "-177. The resulting doublets "sep-t" and "sepn >" sepm, and their contamination resulted in “septm, whose Latin reflex is septem. However, even before "sepr became sepm, the second "non-singular" element -£ was added to it in Germanic and Anatolian dialects, and thus the reconstructed pronoun "sepnt" was created for Germanic languages. Similarly, the non-singular *-1, 0 in Germanic and Anatolian languages, and "-£ were added to the root'mewhad. The original forms "sepnt" and "newnt" are believed to have existed in at least two Germanic and Anatolian dialects. According to this interpretation, the Germanic numerals denoting ‘7’ and ‘9’ should come from slightly different forms than the corresponding Baltic numerals. The articles mentioned here, which are more related to the problems of Lithuanian historical linguistics, constitute only a small part of the works published in the book. It contains 61 articles, of which 3 are devoted to the life and works of Kurytowicz, 8 —to general and methodological questions, 9 —to problems of Indo-European studies, 4 —to the Hetity, 2 —to the Tocharian, 7 —to the Indo-Iranian, 2 —to the Armenian, 7 —to the Greek, 1 —to the Albanian, 3 —to the Latin, 5 —to the Celtic, 6 —to the Germanic, 3 —to the Semitic and 1 —to the Turkish languages. The Wojciech excellently prepared and very contentful book is no less than the best Western European publications of this kind. 251 for Smoczynski's bibliography of Kurytowicz's works (XXXV-XLVII), o at the end of the book — the index of ir the names of words. Ši ir ga Together su with the already mentioned second volume dedicated to Kurytowicz (Linguistics Baltica 4) ir to own The memorial collection prepared by Wojciech Smoczynski Janui Safarewicz (Analecta Indo-European Cracoviensia Vol. 1, Cracoviae, 1995) this could be an example of how we should ir honor the memory of the most famous Lithuanian linguists. Vytautas Ambrazas LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE STUDIES GUIDE TERJE MATHIASSEN. A SHORT GRAMMAR OF LITHUANIAN, Columbus, Ohio, Slavica 1996: Publishers, Inc. 256 P. In the last decade, we have seen a resurgence of Lithuanian language studies in many European countries. Lithuanian language courses are taught not only in Latvia, Germany, Poland, Russia, but also in universities of Italy, Sweden, Norway, Finland, the Czech Republic and other countries, in many of which important Lithuanian studies are carried out, new periodicals on Baltic linguistics are created. Until now, however, there has been a serious lack of Lithuanian grammar manuals in English adapted for university studies. This gap is helped to fill by the recently published “Brief grammar of Lithuanian” by Professor Terje Mathiassen of the University of Oslo. The author of the grammar is a well-known Baltic and Slavic linguist, continuing the traditions of his teacher Christian Stange’s studies of Lithuanian in Norway. He speaks fluently Lithuanian and has published many important works on Lithuanian linguistics. He taught Lithuanian for a long time at the University of Oslo and gained extensive experience in this field, which he used in his grammar. The grammar consists of a short introduction and 14 chapters. The introduction provides some information about the position of Lithuanian among other languages, its main dialects and its current state. The first chapter (21-36) describes the phonological system of the common Lithuanian language, its realization in spoken and written language, as well as the change of vowels and consonants and the consonant and consonant consonant. Chapters 2-7 (37-177) deal with morphological subjects according to the classes of words (so-called parts of speech), their morphological categories and variation. In view of the practical needs of the user of the book, the description of forms and their functions is not strictly separated from each other, kni-! One of the most recent is Res Balticae, edited by P. U. Dini and N. Mikhailov. Miscellanea italiana di studi baltistici. 1, 1995; 2, 1996; 3, 1997, Pisa. 252