Spalvos įvaizdis A. Juškos „Lietuviškose svotbinėse dainose“

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXXVIII (1997) Irena ANDRIUKAITENĖ COLOUR IMAGE A. YUŠKOS ‘IN LITHUANIAN IN THE ROOMS DAINOSE’ A. R. According to Niemis, “The significance of Juškevičius’ songs can ar hardly be appreciated as much as it should. At a time when the whole nation was condemned to spiritual death, this huge collection of such beautiful songs appeared, testifying to the old creative power of the Lithuanian goddess of poetry, her true richness of Lithuanian images, flexibility and artisticness of poetry” (Niemi 1996: 144-145). The publication “Lietuviškos svotbinės déjnos, užrašytos par Antaną Juškėvičę ir išspaudintos par Jona Juškėvičę” (Petropolis, 1883; hereinafter — JSD 1955) occupies a special place not only in Lithuanian folklore, but is also an important source for ethnographers, literature and linguists. That is why it was chosen for the analysis of the image of colour in Lithuanian folk songs. The term "image" is not always used absolutely unequivocally. It is often referred to as "the image of the image". When examining works of fictional literature, this term is also referred to as “a phrase or a combination of words used in a figurative sense to increase the visuality of poetic language” (LKŽ IV 275; Ž, 263). Given that there are no isolated, independent terms (each term is related to others in a certain way, and at the same time to the entire language system), it is rational and possible to analyze the image (in this case, colour) using linguistic methods. The usefulness of such an analysis is confirmed by already published scientific studies of the names of individual colours in various aspects, carried out mainly on the basis of folklore material of Lithuanian and other peoples (Ademollo Gagliano 1983: 234-256; 1984: 196-212; Nevskaja 1984: 135-146; Sarapik 1994: 11, 641-649; 12, 713-717). Statistical analysis of the image of colour in wedding songs shows that in 1100 songs recorded in the Velyūnai area, “reaching back to the deep past, from the time when there was an unmodern way of betraying the daughter and fixing the svotba” (JSD 1955: 27), word combinations with adjectives denoting colours were recorded as many as 2856 times. The color gamut is expressed by 26 adjectives in the following compounds: žalias, -ia (897 times), baltas, -a (594 times), margas, -a (297 times), bėras (283 times), juodas, -a (150 times), raibas, -a (120 times), raudonas, -a (113 times), geltonas, -a (84 times), juodbėras, -1s, -ėlis, -užis, -užėlis (82 times), sieras, -a (55 times), blaudynas, -a (43 times), pilkas, -a (38 times), šėmas (27 times), gelsvas, -a (16 times), pale (12 times), rudas, -a (11 times), raimas, -a (10 times), širmas (7 times), šyvas (4 times), gelta (3 times), Zila (3 times), raudas (2 times), mélas (2 times), degla (1 time), sidabrine Žžydrainė"' 173 (1), (1). For comparison, two more sources — A.R. Niemi ir A. Sabaliausko iš north-east Songs recorded in Lithuania (NS at 1911) J. Basanavičius mainly iš Seine County collected tears (BsR 1926) — order of colour names according to frequency of use: 1) NS 1911 (1338 song ir chants): Green, -1a white, (436), -a (181), marl, -a (49), black, -a (48 + -utis 1), bėras (43+ -rock, -€ 2), Black-bill- (37), ed birch (8 + -shade 27), yellow, -a (28), red, -a (21), gray, -a (19), damage, -a (10), blue, -a (9), green, -a (7), Yellow-winged shark (3 + -shadow 2), yellow (4), revenge (3 + -out1), brown, -a (3 + -inas 1), Golden (3), shark (2), yellow (1); 2) BsR 1926 (861 red): green, -ia white, (128), -a (126), marl, -a (51), sulphur, -a (43), stripes, -a (28), yellow, -a (16), grey, -a (9), red, still -a (6), pale (4), (2). The statistics show that although the songs (respectively hymns, laments) are recorded in different regions (JSD 1955 — Veliuonos, NS 1911 — Vabalninkas, Biržai, Kupreliškis, Papilis, Nemunėlis Radviliškis, BsR 1926 —Miroslavas, Seinų apylinkėse) and are of different genre (respectively —wedding; ir work, play ir jokes, orphans, etc. songs; There are many different names for the colours, but the most frequently used are the same: Green, -ia, white, -a, mottled, -a. The very similar “folkloristic” colour gamut is evidenced by the same lexical elements of the basic spectrum (red, yellow, green) and of the achromatic (white, black, gray) colours. In the usage of specific names of “mixed” colours (respectively shades) one can notice not only similarities but also differences, cf. mélas, raimas, raudas recorded only in JSD 1955, only NS 1911 —beruolis, -€, keršuota, Zelta. In order to highlight the image of color, it is necessary to review its lexical environment, which helps to reveal the lexical meaning of the word denoting color, its semantic characteristics. As the material shows, the lexical meaning of adjectives denoting colors determines their association with other words, reflects and denotes objects, facts of real reality, material culture, as well as spiritual state, mood. In A. Juška’s wedding songs, the adjectives denoting colors denote a very different number of realities performing a nominative function: Zalias, -ia —72 realijas, baltas, -a —61, margas, -a —37, juodas, -a—26, raudonas, -a—18, geltonas, -a—18, blaudynas, -a —9, pilkas, -a—-8, raibas, -a—1, rudas, -a—6. All other names of colours in this source —juodbéras (-is, -ėlis, -užis, -užėlis), sieras, -a, Šėmas, gelsvas, -a, palšas, raimas, šilmas, šyvas, gelta, žila, raudas, blaulas, degla, sidabrinė, Zydrainé —denote 1-3 realities. Based on this data, adjectives describing colors can be sub-! The adjective žydrainė is recorded in the song "About Birutė" (JSD I 295). According to A. Juška, this song “was not invented by ordinary people”, but it was included in the collection because it is sung by the people of Veliuona. So the place of this adjective in the JSD color name sequence is completely random. 174 divided into those whose lexical environment: 1) very wide; 2) quite limited. The first group includes names of achromatic and basic spectrum colors, as well as adjectives mottled, -a, brown, -a, see table 1, which also reflects the conditional classification of the realities of markings. 1 table Thematic groups of realities Color-determining | Animal-| Growth-| Negy-| House Body Stati-| People's | Psyche-| Other adjectives | nija nija voji | apyvoka dalys niai bendrnė objektai gamta | ir buitis ruome-| activity white, -a 5(17x) |9(150x) | 6(21x) |23(142x) |8(233x) | 2(2x) | 8(29x) black, -a 6(26x) 1(4x) 1(8x) red, -a 8(54x) 1(1x) | 5(10x) 2(26x) 1(18x) 1(4x) yellow, -a | 1(10x) | 5(10x) 7(17x) 2(26x) nė 3(5x) 1(2x) 1(1x) blue, -a | 2(26x) | 2(9x) 3(5x) 1(2x) 1(1x) mottled, -a | 8(41x) 1(1x) 24(143x) 3(106x) 1(6x) brown, -a 3(8x) 2(2x) 1(1x) -- - - In the table The semantic groups of the realities can be further specified by examples: baltas, -a: gulbas, -ele, -inėlis, -uže (11 times), višta (2), gožka (1), vanagas (1), pasparneliai (2); lily, -ėle, -uke (58), clover, -ėlis, -užis (52), Iinelis, -užis (17), flower, -elis (9), lime, -ele (6), diemedėlis, -užis (4), olive (2), birch (1), ruffles (1), ausrele, -uze, -uzele (9), stone, -enélis (5), dew (3), silver (2), sand (1), snow (1); table, -aitis, -elis (60), cake, -ėlis (28), table, -uže, -uzele (17), Žiurstelis, -užėlis (6), shirt (5), whites (4), bread, -užėlė (3), perynélis (3), headdress (3), dorelélis (2), purses (2), beer dust (2), cloth, -uzelis (2), canvas (1), gobtirelis (1), chair (1), cruzelis (1), throwaway (1), paper (1), rankovelé (1), ritinélis (1), bench (1), diaper (1); ranka, -ele, -uze (209), koja, -ele, -yte (9), burnele (4), galvele (4), petelis (3), akis (2), kaklas (1), lycius (1); marelis (1), karčema (1), brolelis, -uzelis (9), mergelė, -yte, -uzele (8), dukrelė (3), berniukas (2), motinėlė, -uzele (2), uosvelé (2), viesnele (2), gudas (1); black, -a: pigeon, -el black-throated crow chicken horse berry, -elė, -užė, -užė dirt dirt, -elis, -užėlis cloud tackle earth ship, -elis, -uzis, -uzėlis hat, -užė bread hood, -ėlis brew sausage bucket wheat sopagėlis table stalk neck, -ytėlė, -užėlė hand, -elė head black-throated grey, -a: antelė dove, -ėlis, -uzis sheep, -uzėlis bee wolf 175 (3), (2), (2), (2), (1); (12); (14), (12), (3), (1), (1); (55), (17), (3), (2), (1), (1), (1), (1), (1), (1), (1); (8), (2), (1), (2); (10), (7), (6), (1), (1), Zasinas (1); akmenélis (4); sermėgėlis (8); raudonas, -a: apple, -€lis, -užis rose uogelé žiedelis (23), bijiinélis (11), lelijéle (8), pagiruziai (7), vysnelé (1), auksas (1), plytelė (2), šilkelis, -uzis (1); kilpelé, -uzé (1); midutis (3), vynelis veidas, -elis, -uzelis galva (3), mergužėlė krastelis (2), geltonas, -a: (1), karosélis(10); (1); kvietelis riešutas, -uZis žiedelis (25), lelijele linelis, (1); -uzis mieZelis (18); sverelé (4); spurgele, -uzelé alus, -utis smuikuzélis (6), (3), (5), (4), (3), (3), (2), (2), (9), (2), You're a shithead. (2), (1), (1), -elė, (1), -uzelė, (1); -uzele giria, -elė, (18), -užė lanka, -elé, -uzé liepa, -elė, (8); -uze, -užėlė lapas, (1), -užėlis darželis akmuo, -€lis žolė, (289), -elė žolė, -elė sodas, -elis medis, (119), -elis biržas, -elis, -ytis (80), linas, -elis mauras, -elis levendrélé (47), šakelė maumedis, (34), -elis, -uzis (23), peonija, -€lis (20), barley, -ia (17), (15), (10), (9), (9), (8), (8), (5), (6), (6), (5), (4), (4), rye, -elis (4), cherry, -elé (4), berZynas (3), gojus, -elis (3), skroblelis, uzélis (3), puselé (3), velenéle (3), diemedėlis (2), ievelé (2), jovaras, -užėlis (2), (garlic) /aiskelis (2), meiranélis (2), paléjus (2), virsunéle (2), aliyva (1), ahopnélis (1), antvejélé (1), biržtvynėlis (1), griasia (1), kuitelis (1), lapiené (1), meételé (1), puronélis (1), sedulelé (1), uogelė (1), vysnynas (1), peas (1), Zolynélis (1); copper (8), puff (5), hill (2), field (1), hydrogen (1); silkas, -elis, -uzis (7), uzbonas (8), vainikas, -€lis (7), vynas, -elis, -uzis (7), prievartélé, -aite (5), muilas (4), lingynéle (3), Sienelis (3), rykstele, -uze (2), drobele (1), kiemelis (1), kuntusélis (1), skira (1), šekelis (1), versenéle (1); masonry, stained blue curtain, -a: dove, -elélis (25), horse (1), wobbler (6), ring (3); mandieruze (3), ziuponelis (1), panziakas (1); foreheads (2); manor house (1); -a. -el, -uze (24), -el, -uzis (6), Fish, -ele, -uzele (6), gegele (1), pike (1), bird (1), zylelé (1), horse (1); mégelkele (1), skrynia, -elé, -uze, -uzele (75), lova, -elé (14), vyge, -elé (12), karietéle (3), (6), (1), patalélis (1); (5), plintelé (5), krėslas, -elis (4), krasele, -užė (3), perynélis, -užis (2), stuopuzelé (2), sukenkélé (2), abrūsėlis (1), astuonnyciai (1), brikelis (1), drobužėlė (1), grabelis (1), jupužėlė (1), krūzas (1), priegalvélis (1), sienuZe (1), stalelis (1), stikliukélis (1), šniūrelkėlė (1), vainikėlis (1); manor, -elis, -užis, uselis (96), karcemeéle, -uze (9), pilaitė (1); gromateles (6); brown, -a: cat, -elé (5), Sparrow (2), bird (1), sermégele (1), taboka table. Table 2 Colour Thematic groups of realities Beans Animals Plants | Still life | Household Body parts adjective and household bėras 1(283x) - - -raibas, 7(120x) 176 (1); eyes (1). The second — group of limited lexical — environment is mainly attributed to the names of "mixed" colors, see. 2 -a - - . = Juodbéras, -is, 1(82x) - - . sulphur, -a - -2(55x) -- Sémas 1(27x) - i - 4 yellowish, -a -1(11x) --1(5x) pale 1(12x) - - - > raimas, -a 3(10x) 2 J = 7 širmas 2(7x) - -šyvas 1(4x) - - . = jaundice -1(1x) --1(2x) vein 1(3x) - - . . red -1(1x) -1(1x) blue - - - 1(2x) 3 torch 1(1x) - - silver - 1(1x) - - - -- - -1(1x) The adjectives of the second group denoting colour mainly denote animal hair or bird feathers: béras, juodbėras, -is, -ėlis, -užis, -užėlis, šyvas: (Žirgas, -elis, -užis, -uzelis), cf. : Oh, and the young brothers-in-law came, and brought out another little horse, another Zirguzj JSD I 592. And a young boy came on a black birch horse, 0 and tied the birch horse to an olive branch ISD I 450. "Sweet horse, sweet, and I'm naughty" JSD II 919, 1099. 177 2000: The Rabbit, the Rabbit, the Rabbit. : The sturdier, the prettier, it's your horse JSD 1198. I've taken, I've taken the bunny, I've taken it JSD II 1040. palsy (beast, -el), e.g.: when he O aré a grey field, baube semi beasts, drebéj siera Zemelé JSD 1419. Artojélio palsi cattle, ne kurteliar JSD 1357. degla, Zila (-kiaulé, -elé), plg. : Put on your shoes, get rid of the pigs JSD II 848. Home, home, shameless weights: Blue pigeon jaujélé kulia JSD 1 571. raibas, -a, raimas, -a (: Birds ir jų body parts), plg. : Corner į corner raiba gegelé morning evening kukavo JSD 1432. Dance, young one, like the rabid gaideliy JSD 11 771. Ei Zaliuoj Green green hill, full of colourful birds JSD II 857. O on the feathers of Zéliy, on the raised wings of Sparneliy would be a grove gegelé JSD 11 826. O atlek atlek raimas sakalélis lanka, į pasidabojo raima geguzelg lankeléj ISD 11 1056. Birs from the maize raima plunksnuzeles JSD 11 1084. Iš A. The wedding songs recorded by Juška show, with which pazymimyjy words adjectives denoting certain colors are used, which are the most common, i.e. ir the most characteristic lexical semantic pairs are highlighted. The semantic characteristic of the image of color is expanded by the secondary (translational) meanings of some adjectives, e.g.: mottled, “beautiful, excellent”: I will -a wipe the mottled manor Aš house, I will wash the white table JSD 1 412. And he came, he had to cooperate with the margherita JSD 1 192. And went my dear to the marga pilaitę JSD II 1012. white, -a, red, "beautif- -a ul": So I'll be aš able to wash Zlugtel ir every day to walk white ISD 159. I'm not white, I'm not red, I'm not blond JSD I 47. juodas, -a „dirbštus- “: Išsirinko išsiskyrė sau vieną mergaitę su blogais rūbeliais juodoms rankelėms ir JSD 1 232 ir Mr. On the other hand, when analyzing the image of color, attention should be paid to the frequent cases of desemantization of meaning in folkloric language, when the adjective denoting color becomes a no longer image-creating "permanent epithet", highlighting the peculiarities of the poetic symbolism of traditional folk songs. This is especially true of typical folkloric word combinations, in which colour becomes an integral part of the poetic image, the motif, e.g.: ba/tas dobilélis (boy), balta lelijėlė (maiden), juodas purvynélis, juodas laivelis (difficult life), martele virtimas raiba gelele, pilka antele (going to live with mother-in-law) and so on. The poetic images of wedding songs are often related to the motif of Ža/ių robes (the horse being tied to the robes nursery, M. T. 1983: Il it being muzzled, i the wreath being dipped, etc.). Ademollo Gagliano Lithuanian mžrgase its synonyms. — Indo-European languages Research 88, 234—256. Ademollo Gagliano M. T. 1984: Il Lithuanian e i mdrgas its synonyms (continued). — Indo-European Studies 89, 196-212. 178 BsR 1926: Lithuanian tears iš gathered everywhere su Dr. J. The Speech of Basanavičius (Iš „Lietuvių tautos“), Vilnius: "Ruch Press". DZ; Current Lithuanian Language Dictionary, Vilnius: Science ir encyclopedia publishing 1993. house, JSD 1955: Lithuanian Svotbinės songs recorded Antano Youshkas ir released Jono Yuškas 1—2, Vilnius: National Library of Medicine. (In the text of the article after the abbreviation JSD, the Roman numerals indicate the volume and the Arabic numerals — the song number.) LKŽ IV: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 4, Vilnius: State Political and Scientific Literature Publishers, 1957. Nevskaja L. 1984: Hesckas JI.II. Jiut. margas (ceMaHTHYECKHE CBS3M IIOCTOSHHOTO BIIMTETA). —CIaBAHCKOC H 6aIKaHCKOE A3BIKO3HAHHE: A3BIK B 3THOKY/IBTYPHOM AaCIEKTE, Mocksa: Hayka, Niemi A. R. 135-146. 1996: Antanas and Jonas Juškevičius. —Lituanist writings. : Comparative studies of songs, Vilnius: Džiugas, 141-146. NS 1911: Lithuanian Songs and Hymns in Narrow-Eastern Lithuania Dr. A.R. Niemi and Fr. A. Sabaliauskas collected. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae. Ser.B. Tom VI. Sarapik V. 1994: White and Black. —Language and Literature 11, 641-649; 12, 713-717. THE USE OF COLOR DESIGNATIONS IN LIETUVISKOS SVOTBINES DAINOS“ (,,LITHUANIAN WEDDING SONGS®) BY A. JUSKA Summary In Lithuanian folk songs, there are frequently color designations, whose semantic context can be informally unlocked. In the wedding songs recorded by A. Juska there are 2856 word groups containing adjectives denoting colours. These colour names are expressed by 26 adjectives. The most frequently repeated are the lexemes, cf. : Green, -ia, white, -a, mottled, -a. In this article, we attempt to investigate the lexical-semantic relationships between the colour designations and the realities that are determined by them. The analysis shows that in a very broad lexical environment the colour names of the achromatic spectrum (baltas, juodas, pilkas) or those of the most important spectral colours (raudonas, geltonas, žalias, mėlynas), as well as the adjectives margas, -a, rudas, -a are usable. In a limited lexical environment, the designations of the “Mixed colours”, which largely denote the colour of the livestock or that of the bird’s feathers. In the analysis of colour designations as means of imagery, the secondary meanings (transferred meanings) are taken into account, as well as the frequent in folk poetry desemantisation of the word meaning, when the adjective designating the colour is no longer a means of imagery, since it has become a standing epithet, a specific phenomenon in the poetics of folk songs. 179