Dėl tarmybių pateikimo „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXIX (1998) Vilija LAZAUSKAITĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius ON THE PRESENTATION OF DIALECTAL WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN Pirmojo „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ (1954) Įvade (p. V) skelbta nuostata, kad „sutinkamai su praktiniu, norminamuoju Žodyno pobūdžiu, į šį Žodyną įeina <...> liaudies kalbos bei įvairių tarmių žodžiai, plačiau užtinkami literatūroje arba reikalingi kai kurioms sąvokoms reikšti, pvz., buklus, skubrus, namiegas“, nepakito rengiant ir kitus du šio žodyno leidimus. Pasirodžius antrajam „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ leidimui (1972) tarmybės rengėjų ir recenzentų vertintos kaip bendrinės kalbos turtinimo šaltinis, nes, pasak A. Lyberio (1973: 4), visa tai, kas yra geriausia liaudies kalboje, liejasi į bendrinę kalbą ir ją turtina naujais žodžiais, posakiais, naujomis išraiškos priemonėmis. Kad tarminiai žodžiai buvo (ir tebėra) laikomi lietuvių kalbos turtu, papildančiu bendrinės kalbos žodžių lobyną, nurodoma ir kitų kalbininkų (Paulauskas 1979: 77). E. Grinaveckienė (1973: 5), pasidžiaugusi, kad žodynas teisingai sprendžia bene pačią sudėtingiausią mūsų laikų praktinę kalbos problemą – bendrinės kalbos ir tarmių sąveiką, pastebėjo, kad į žodyną „be reikalo bus pakliuvę kai kurie dialektizmai ar šnekamosios kalbos žodžiai“. Atkreiptas dėmesys į tarminių variantų atrankos problemą, nes bendrinėje kalboje atsirado daug variantų, tik išplečiančių jos žodžių fondą, o leksikos reikšmių fondui nieko neduodančių (Paulauskas 1979: 77). When considering how dialect words should be presented, two points are emphasized: dialectal words that denote concepts for which there are no other suitable words are to be regarded as words of the standard language (Paulauskas 1974: 43), and the establishment of dialectal words and the spread of their use in the standard language (Lyberis 1983: 148). These principles should be regarded as the most important criteria for selecting dialectal words, yet they were never fully taken into account in preparing the third edition of the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (1993). Comparing the first and third editions of the dictionary shows that the number of dialectal words increased. For example, the second edition included dialectal words that had been entirely absent from the first: J. Paulauskas (1974: 43) listed several beginning with the letter d alone: deinauti, dygmuo, dykoji, dylatė, dilikas, dosai, and others. K. Morkūnas (1997: 43) drew attention to the fact that the third edition contains words characteristic of one or another part of the Lithuanian language area that lack specific labels, even though they are used quite narrowly in dialects, e.g., kapōklė (2) 3. ‘a wooden scoop’ and others. All this shows that the aim set out in the introduction to the first edition of the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (p. VI)—not to include in the dictionary narrowly used words of little relevance to the standard language— 228 The inclusion of words needed in the standard language (e.g., a hot stone ‘hot’, to beg insistently ‘to ask very insistently’)1 was not fully implemented. For example, the second edition of the dictionary included the Samogitian dialect word 2 to beg insistently, ~s, ~ed ‘to ask very insistently, to implore’, although material from the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language shows that it is used rather rarely in dialects—J, Vdk, Užv (LKŽ VI 166). It was omitted again in the third edition of the dictionary. Even more inexplicable is the inclusion, in all three editions of the dictionary, of the homonym to fish in winter by cutting holes in the ice and driving fish toward them, ~s, ~ed, Samogitian. The academic dictionary gives only one abbreviation, J (LKŽ VI 166). The selection of terminological words, their purpose, their relationship to the vocabulary of the standard language, and other questions continue to be considered from various perspectives. The varying presentation of dialectal words across all three editions of the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, and the analysis of dialectal words in the third edition, show that new selection criteria are needed for a future dictionary of the standard language. This is all the more important because a dictionary of the standard language must be normative. Its lexicon should encompass various strata of the language, while, in terms of function, the maximum amount of information should be conveyed using the minimum means of expression (Zabarskaitė 1996: 106). Criteria for selecting dialectal words The third edition of the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian contains about 2,150 words labeled dial., Aukštaitian, Dzūkian, eastern, western, Samogitian. These make up approximately three percent of all the words included in DŽ3 (Grumadienė 1995: 15). Most are marked dial. and Samog. (698 and 687, respectively); substantially fewer have the labels eastern, Dzūkian, and western (478, 161, and 111, respectively), while only a few (8) are marked Aukštaitian. Nouns and verbs account for the largest share of all dialectal material in DŽ3, while adjectives and adverbs are much less numerous. Approximately one third of the nouns may be considered ethnographic terms, e.g., tree-hive (3b) southern dialect ‘a beehive placed in a tree, a nesting box for catching swarms’, hooked pole (2) eastern dialect ‘a pole with a hook’, 2 basket (3b) 1. Samogitian ‘a basket for carrying potatoes, apples, etc.’, 2. Samogitian ‘a basket nailed up in the kitchen or by a wall for holding dishes and spoons’, 3. southern dialect ‘things tied up in a kerchief’, halter (2) Samogitian ‘a halter without a bit’, grain basket (2) southern dialect ‘a basket for carrying grain and flour’, washboard (2) western dialect 1. ‘a grooved board used to roll a rolling pin over laundry’, 2. ‘a grooved washboard, a washboard’, harness strap (1) eastern and southern dialects ‘a cord or leather strap for tightening the harness when hitching’, woven crosspiece, ~es (4) western and southern dialects 1. ‘a tooth of a loom reed’, 2. ‘a basket’s interlacing’ and so on. However, only a few are marked in the dictionary with the label ethnogr., e.g., curd preparation (1) ethnogr. southern dialect ‘curds mixed with sweet or sour milk or with cream’, welcome visit after childbirth 1 Examples cited in the introduction to the first edition of the dictionary are given in parentheses. 229 plural (2) ethnogr. dialectal ‘visit to a woman in childbirth’, pirmaryčiai plural (1) ethnogr. eastern, dialectal ‘the ritual of waking the newlyweds on the first morning after the wedding’, sōdas (2) 3. ethnogr. eastern, dialectal ‘a wedding straw ornament, hung above the table’, etc. A considerable group consists of nouns with a specific meaning (names for objects or phenomena), e.g., bangas (4) dialectal ‘heavy rain with a storm’, blauždlaūža (1) Lowland dialect ‘the time when the frozen mud is still breaking apart’, čirškė (1) dialectal ‘a dry pine or spruce twig, a needle’, dalgėna (3b) eastern ‘the largest tail feather of a rooster or other bird’, gaidūonė (1) dialectal ‘a buzzing insect’, iesmė (3) dialectal ‘the amount of firewood put into a stove at one time’, irmedė (1) eastern ‘an illness contracted from catching cold, overexertion or fright; shivering, trembling’, kimša (1) western ‘an opening in the roof or ceiling through which hay or straw is stuffed into the barn’, kriōgis (2) Lowland dialect ‘a triangle made of nailed-together sticks, put around a pig’s neck to keep it from getting through a fence, around a cow’s neck to stop it suckling, or on cattle to keep them from running around while grazing’, pūtra (1) western ‘some rotten object (a house, a tree)’, rūopis (1) Lowland dialect ‘a storage mound for potatoes or beets’, šešiaūninkė (1) dialectal ‘a woman in the six weeks following childbirth’, etc. Some of these nouns name concepts for which there are no other words or terms in the standard language, e.g., balymas (1) eastern ‘uncut grass from the previous year’, dangùs (4) 3. dialectal ‘the top inside surface of an oven’, skēršė (2) 3. dialectal ‘a long, wide, traditional striped skirt’, šēkštis (2) Lowland dialect ‘a slat placed along the sides of a cart to increase its capacity’, trīnalas (3ᵇ) 2. dialectal ‘a piece of bacon used to grease a frying pan so that food does not burn while cooking’, žindenė (2) western ‘a nursing sow or mare’, etc. However, most such nouns have more usual, more frequently used substitutes in the standard language, e.g., dėrgna (1) dialectal ‘miserable weather, sleet’, gimulys (3ᵇ) dialectal ‘newborn, baby’, likštis, ~iēs m. (4) dialectal ‘fault, shortcoming’, skyrà (4) Lowland dialect ‘difference’, skivytas (2) western, Lowland dialect ‘rag, cloth’, sōpė (1) eastern, dialectal ‘pain, ache’, spandà (4), spánda (1) eastern, dialectal ‘prop, support’, spirgà (4) western ‘heat, drought’, stalgītis, ~iēs (4) eastern ‘great desire’, and the like. Semantic analysis of verbs marked dialectal, dialectal, eastern, western, Lowland dialect shows that most of them are expressive, e.g., čiōkšti, ~škia, ~škē dialectal ‘to flow or rain heavily, in torrents’, šliōti, ~ja, ~jo dialectal ‘to do something vigorously (beat, rain, walk)’, tuliōti, ~ja, ~jo eastern ‘to drive away with shouting, to shoo’ and so on. A closer examination of, for example, verbs from the Dzūkian dialect reveals that words denoting movement or action predominate, e.g., plūkti, plūnka, ~o ‘to flow, stream’, salvėti, salva, ~jo ‘to flow slowly, trickle’ and so on. Among sound-denoting verbs, mention should be made of Dzūkian verbs describing speech, e.g., kvōkšti, ~čia, ~tē ‘to speak or shout in a hoarse voice’, švarnōti, ~ja, ~jo ‘to talk nonsense, babble’ and so on. The dictionary contains only a few verbs denoting light, physical or mental qualities, or social relations; compare the Dzūkian verbs jūnkyti, ~o, ~ė ‘to train, teach’, nogėti, nōgisi, ~josi ‘to feel like, desire’, žverblėti, žvērblà, ~jo ‘to glitter, shine’ and so on (Lazauskaitė 1997: 130). It is also interesting in this respect to analyze other verbs marked as dialectal. For example, verbs denoting destruction stand out among the Samogitian ones, e.g., ingti, ~sta, 230 ~o 1. ‘to go bald, molt’, 2. figurative ‘to become impoverished, decline’, spilgti, ~sta, ~o ‘to languish without sun, wither’ and so on. Expressive verbs most often do not convey a new semantic nuance, but denote what is more conventionally expressed by other standard-language words, e.g., dulbsti, ~čia, ~tė western ‘to work slowly’, gorūoti, ~ūoja, ~āvo dialectal ‘to walk with difficulty, barely move’, niógti, ~ia, ~ė Dzūkian, western 1. ‘to walk, run quickly’, 2. ‘to carry, drag with difficulty’, plūncinti, ~a, ~o dialectal 1. ‘to walk with difficulty, trudge’, 2. ‘to beat’, šižinti, ~a, ~o Samogitian ‘to nauseate, irritate’ and so forth. Alongside the expressive verbs, DŽ3 often also gives their suffixal or ending-derived forms. The latter are names for persons with a negative connotation (as, indeed, are their base words); compare palašiaūti, ~iāuja, ~iāvo western ‘to look for a free drink’ and palašys, ~ė noun (3b) western ‘someone who looks for free drinks’; pliaūnyti, ~ija, ~ijo dialectal ‘to talk nonsense, babble’ and pliaūnius, ~ė noun (2) dialectal ‘one who babbles’; tvoróti, ~ja, ~jo eastern ‘to talk nonsense, shout’ and tvorónas (2) eastern ‘one who talks nonsense and shouts’; varėzgoti, ~ja, ~jo dialectal ‘to talk nonsense, chatter’ and varėzgà noun (2) dialectal ‘one who chatters, a chatterbox’ and so on. Derived forms are generally used even less frequently in dialects than their base words, e.g., knėkšlýs, ~ė noun (4) Dzūkian ‘crybaby, screamer, whiner’ LKŽ VI 216 (Lš, Sn) and compare knėkšti, ~čia, ~tė Dzūkian ‘to cry in a weak voice’ LKŽ VI 216 (Sn, Lp, Mrs, Kb, Šn); purlà noun (4) Dzūkian ‘an unclean, dirty person’ LKŽ X 982 (Rdm, Mrs, Krok) and compare puržlìnti, ~a, ~o Dzūkian ‘to splash and spatter while making a mess’ LKŽ X 992 (Lp, Rdm, Lš, Lzd, Pns) and so on. All of them are quite unusual in the standard language. Of the dialect words included in DŽ3, expressiveness is perhaps most characteristic of adjectives, e.g., mūrglinas, ~à (3b) Dzūkian ‘muddy, smudged’, rakštìs, ~i (4) eastern, Dzūkian 1. ‘prickly, piercing’, 2. ‘unclear, confusing, difficult’, skaugùs, ~i (4) Samogitian ‘stingy’, uvėrùs, ~i (4) dialectal 1. ‘insolent, intrusive, persistent’, 2. ‘greedy, voracious; avaricious’, etc. Like names for persons, they usually have a negative connotation. Thus, from what has been said, it is clear that the following should not be included in a dictionary of the standard language: 1. A considerable amount of expressive vocabulary, e.g., atlagénti, ~ēna, ~ēno eastern ‘to trot, gradually come running’, dulbsti, ~čia, ~tė western ‘to work slowly’, kluikti, ~ia, ~ė western, kluókti, ~ia, ~ė Samogitian ‘to beg insistently, wheedle’, krēištis, ~iasi, ~ėsi Samogitian 1. ‘to defend oneself, resist, oppose’, 2. ‘to intend, prepare oneself’, tuliōti, ~ja, ~jo eastern ‘to drive away with shouting, shoo’, vaimétis, ~jasi, ~josi Dzūkian ‘to appear, pretend’, vampāžyti, ~ija, ~ijo dialectal ‘to prattle, talk nonsense’, žiubrēnti, ~ēna, ~ēno Dzūkian ‘to chew quickly, eat’, etc.; kemžỹs, ~ė noun (4) western ‘a poor, stunted person’, pasiūtùkailis (1) Samogitian pejorative ‘a rascal, naughty child’, plūja noun (4) eastern 1. ‘vagabond, tramp’, 2. ‘nonsense-talker’, terliūzas noun (2) dialectal 1. ‘messy person’, 2. ‘a fat, obese person’, etc.; agniùs, ~i (4) Samogitian ‘vigorous, lively, energetic’, grauždùs, ~i (4) 2. Dzūkian ‘angry, harsh, cruel’, širdingas, ~a (1) 3. dialectal ‘angry, impulsive’, vizgùs, ~i (4) Samogitian ‘lively, nimble, sprightly’, etc. 231 When presenting expressive dialectal material, in many cases it is sufficient to give only the label colloq. (this applies above all to verbs labelled dial.). This is all the more so because colloquial words close to dialectisms are marked by freedom of expression and sometimes have a derogatory or contemptuous connotation (Lyberis 1983: 149). 2. Words that have more customary equivalents in the standard language, e.g., áitas (1) eastern dialect ‘mischievous child, restless person’, akėivos plural (1) eastern dialect ‘hallucination, seeing something that is not there; magic’, ãmas (4) western dialect ‘promise, voice’, 1 nibrė (2) dialect ‘snout (usually of a pig)’, smúrgas (3) Samogitian dialect ‘snot’, stãibis (1) Samogitian dialect ‘calf’, veltỹnės plural (2) eastern dialect ‘wrestling, grappling’, and so on; ýlinas, ~à (3ᵃ) Samogitian dialect ‘pointed’, kutrùs, ~ì (4) dialect ‘fast, nimble’, šliūkinas, ~à (3ᵇ) dialect ‘muddy, boggy’, tīm̃sras, ~à (4) western dialect ‘dark bay (usually of horses)’, ūmùs, ~ì (3) 2. eastern dialect ‘green, unseasoned (of plants, crops)’, 3. eastern dialect ‘fresh’, and so on; 2 áidėti, ~a, ~ėjo dialect ‘make a racket, shout’, gaksóti, gãkso, ~jo western dialect 1. ‘lie about’, 2. ‘stare’, niókti, ~ia, ~ė eastern dialect ‘mess up, ruffle, tangle’, parkílti, ~ýla, ~ilo Samogitian dialect ‘return home’, pužóti, ~ja, ~jo dz. ‘ferment, rise, turn sour’, skū̃sti, skū̃ndžia, skū̃ndė 4. Samogitian dialect ‘regret, begrudge’, žabáinoti, ~ja, ~jo Samogitian dialect ‘tangle’ and so on; ikvãliai adverb western dialect ‘sufficiently’, nókabrazda adverb dialect ‘headlong, very quickly’, patarándom adverb dz. ‘headlong’, tuõžyg adverb Samogitian dialect ‘at the same time, together, jointly’, and so on. It should also be noted that the cross-reference “see” in many cases raises doubts as to whether a dialect word should be included in a standard-language dictionary at all, e.g., kiáukė (1) dz. see kuosa, medžiõkas (2) eastern dialect, dz. see medkurpė, pãviešis (1) Samogitian dialect see viešnagė, pùtelis (1) Samogitian dialect see putinas, rážas (2) eastern dialect see ražulys, skeliáud(r)a (1) dialect see skeveldra, spáugas (3) Highland dialect see spuogas, and so on; eškùs, ~ì (4) dialect see ėdrus, pãtisas, ~à (3ᵇ) eastern dialect 3. see pratisas, slìnkas, ~à (4) Samogitian dialect see tingus, sparùs, ~ì (4) dialect see spartus, and so on; dvakinėti, ~ja, ~jo eastern dialect see dvoklinėti, pláusti, ~džia, ~dė dialect see plauti, niáugėti, ~ja, ~jo dialect see raugėti, ribúoti, ~úoja, ~ãvo dz. 1. see raibuliuoti, 2. see riedėti 1–2, skrūpsėti, skrū̃psi, ~jo western dialect see skrūpsoti, and so on. 3. Words used rarely and within a limited dialect area, e.g., dabà (4) dialect ‘ornaments’ LKŽ II 199 (Pnm), gùlas (4) dz. ‘a tree lying in a bog or lake’ LKŽ III 705 (Vlk, Asm), ilg vakaris (1) Samogitian dialect ‘a long evening’ LKŽ IV 55 (Bržr), tvorõnas (2) eastern dialect ‘one who makes a racket, shouts’ LKŽ XVII 338 (Trgn), vãbolė (1) Samogitian dialect ‘ground beetle’ LKŽ XVII 767 (Krkl, Mžk), valgà (4) eastern dialect 1. ‘eating’ LKŽ XVII 1049 (Ln), 2. ‘food supply, food’ LKŽ XVII 1049 (Grš), and so on; ėdráuti, ~áuja, ~ãvo dz. ‘eat greedily, nibble’ LKŽ II 1046 (Vlk), varangótis, ~jasi, ~josi dialect ‘writhe’ LKŽ XVIII 129 (Lp), vãrškanoti, ~oja, ~ojo Samogitian dialect ‘crumple, wrinkle’ LKŽ XVIII 311 (Vkš, DūnŽ), and so on. 4. Words that in the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” have only the label DŽ, e.g., įsagtė (3ᵃ) dz. ‘unfastened clasp’ LKŽ III 144 (DŽ), and so on. 232 5. Words used in DŽ₃ with meanings not found in the academic dictionary. For example, DŽ₃ gives the following meanings for the word 1 rénta (1) eastern dialect: 1. ‘empty talk, twaddle’, 2. dialectal ‘one who speaks clearly, slowly’, 3. dialectal ‘a person who talks nonsense’, whereas the second meaning is absent from the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” (LKŽ XI 455). 6. Words that entered the academic dictionary from other dictionaries but have not been used in dialects in recent times, e.g., urėti, ūra, ~jo eastern dialect ‘to run in a crowd, swarm’ LKŽ XVII 528 (NdŽ, FrnW, DŽ), and others.² Gal pravartu pasinaudoti G. Kirvaičio (1984: 55) siūlymu iš žodyno „išmesti nemažą tarmybių ir šiaip retai vartojamų, pasenusių žodžių. Žodžiu audrotie, blisti, dagoti, keleivystė, laiškus, slasnos, slaptė, šaras, tviega, vystas nesupras nė vienas gatvėje užklaustas žmogus“. Thus, the following principal criteria for selecting dialectal words are proposed: 1. The distribution of dialectal words in literature and dictionaries (19th–20th c.), e.g., mėdžlie-pis (1) dialect, see ‘maple’ LKŽ VII 999 (LzP, Vaižg, Kos 135; Ak, Sb, Rm, An, Brž, Vj, Kp, Pnd, Pšl …), uverius, ~i (4) dialect 1. ‘insolent, pushy, persistent’, 2. ‘greedy, voracious, grasping’ LKŽ XVII 571 (Š, DŽ, NdŽ, KŽ, V. Myk–Put, V. Krėv; An, Ktk, Rk, Lkm, Dglš, Drsk, Šmn, Ds, Vlk, Vdšk, Žl, Blnk …), and others. 2. The establishment of a word in dialects, e.g., spalgėna (1) eastern Samogitian dialect, see cranberry LKŽ XIII 312 (Smn, Užg, Brb, Lš, Žln, Dg, Vlk, Dv, Rod, Pb, Ml, Vdš, Dgp, Ob, Pn, Gdr, Dbg, Drsk, Ps, Pv, Glv, Trgn …), vaikis (2) Samogitian 1. ‘young man, lad’, 2. ‘hired hand, farmhand’ LKŽ XVII 867 (Krž, Skdv, Dov, Krg, Akm, Skd, Vgr, Plt, Jdr, Šts, Pln, KlvrŽ, Vn, Šv, Rdn, Als, Trk, Trkn, Bdr, Krš, Všv, Bržr, End, Rt, Pp, Krtn, Lkž …), and others. 3. Systematicity. Alongside verbs established in written sources and dialects, their common prefixal derivatives must also be included, e.g., tėšti, tėšia, ~ė Samogitian ‘for the udder to become engorged before giving birth’ LKŽ XVI 128 (Lp, Lzd, Smn, Mrs, Btr, Skdt, Kč, Vrnv, Užp, Klt, Krok) and cf. pritešti ‘to become very engorged’ LKŽ XVI 129 (Arm, Lp, Švn, Krsn, Smn, Al, Alv, Klt, Osn, Vlk, Srj). The latter derivative is not mentioned in DŽ₃. For the verb mūginti, ~a, ~o dialect ‘to move, shake; to urge, encourage’, DŽ₃ includes the relatively rarely used prefixal derivative įmūginti, ~a, ~o dialect ‘to manage to insert by moving’ LKŽ VIII 383 (Ml). 4. Divergence of meanings. The labels dz., ryt., vak. or žem. should be used for words that have one meaning in the standard language and another in a dialect, and for which there is usually no standard-language word to denote the dialectal meaning; for example, gomurys (3ᵃ) 1. ‘roof of the mouth’, 2. eastern dialect ‘top of the inside of an oven’; stulpas (4) 1. ‘a thick rod driven into the ground or fixed in place’, 2. ‘a structural support’, 3. ‘anything elongated and upright in shape’, 4. Samogitian ‘a hayloft’, and others. The same applies when a word is used in dialects with different 2 In the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language,” the word švirkštelėti, -ja, -jo 2. Samogitian ‘to whistle briefly’ is given without citing dialectal evidence LKŽ XV 599 (Š, DŽ, NdŽ), although, for example, this word is used frequently in the writings of L. Gutauskas. 233 meanings, e.g., gróbas (1) 1. highland ‘rib’, 2. lowland ‘intestine’, šautas (2) 1. lowland ‘leaf soup, soup made from leaves’, 2. Dzūkian ‘bad smell, stench’, vármas (4) 1. lowland ‘mosquito’, 2. Dzūkian ‘horsefly, gadfly’, etc. Taking the proposed selection principles into account, the new standard-language dictionary would retain well under half of the dialect words included in DŽ3 (i.e., about one percent of the scope of DŽ3). First of all, almost all adverbs with more common equivalents in the standard language should be removed, along with a substantial proportion of adjectives and verbs, as well as nouns distinguished only by their expressive character (especially since this is a prescriptive dictionary of the standard language). Presentation of dialect labels Establishing criteria for selecting dialect words does not resolve all the problems associated with their presentation in the “Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian.” First, as K. Morkūnas (1997: 44) observes, “readers may now interpret the content of the labels dz., ryt., vak. in different ways: since the mid-1960s, the classification by A. Girdenis and Z. Zinkevičius (an improved version of A. Baranauskas’s classification) has been used in place of K. Jaunius’s–A. Salys’s classification of Lithuanian dialects; in the former, the Dzūkian dialects are entirely absent, while the areas of the eastern and western Aukštaitian dialects have been considerably expanded. The last three labels—dz., ryt., vak.—in fact indicate the principal ethnographic regions of Aukštaitija.” This raises the question of whether the label aukšt. is needed at all (especially since it occurs only with 8 words, of which at best only 2 or 3 belong in a standard-language dictionary). On the other hand, the label aukšt. could be used instead of the label tarm. when a dialect word is used only in the Aukštaitian dialect area, e.g., pakaša (3b) tarm. ‘potato harvest’ LKŽ IX 158 (Dkš, Tr, Lel, Grl, Sdk, Ktk, Švnč, Slm). It is not always clear why some words are labeled tarm., while others are labeled ryt., dz. or vak., žem., and so on. An analysis of the distribution of words labeled tarm. shows that this label can often be replaced by a combination of two labels, e.g., rãktis, rãkas, rãkesi tarm. ‘to hatch from eggs’ LKŽ XI 112 (Skr, Als, Kv). In this case, tarm. could also be replaced by žem., vak.3 After all, in very similar cases a combination of labels is used (vak., dz.), rather than the label tarm., e.g., pèršelis (1) vak., dz. ‘an unsown strip of land, a bypass’ LKŽ IX 848 (Kps, Krok, Gdl, Al, Rdm). Sometimes the Academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language provides too little material to determine the choice of labels, e.g., pužóti, ~ója, ~ójo dz., vak. ‘to rise, ferment’ LKŽ XI 152 (Kt), vėjapjūta (1) 3. b. tarm. ‘windfall’ LKŽ XVIII 572 (Gs, Žlb), etc. 3 There are more such cases in DŽ3, e.g., vampážyti, ~īja, ~ījo tarm. ‘to bluster, chatter’ (LKŽ XVIII 76 (Rs, Trk, Jrb). 234 Appendix 1. Use of dialect labels in DŽ₃ (based on LKŽ data) eastern, Dzūkian, western, Dzūkian, western, Samogitian, Samogitian, western Based on linguistic-geographic data, an analysis was made of the distribution of more frequently used dialect words marked in DŽ₃ with the combinations ryt., dz.; vak., dz.; vak., žem. and žem., vak. (see Appendix 1). To determine whether the combinations of labels given are always appropriate, material from the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language was consulted (see Appendix 2). The map shows that combinations of dialect labels are sometimes selected inaccurately. For example, the dialect words medžiokas (2) ryt., dz. see medkurpė and sąmatas (1) ryt., dz. ‘a cord or shred used to tighten the traces when harnessing’ are used in Radviliškis; skerspjūvė (1) vak., dz. see skerspjūklis—in Pašvitinys, Pakruojis District; and skivytas (2) vak., žem. ‘a rag, a scrap of cloth’—in Anykščiai (for more detail, see Appendices 1 and 2). If the dialect data provided, indicating broader usage of the words, are not incidental, the label tarm. should be used in these cases. Attention should also be paid to polysemous words. Sometimes the areas in which the meanings of dialect words are used do not coincide. For example, rakštūs, ~į (4) ryt., dz. 1. ‘prickly, sharp’; LKŽ XI 110 (Mrk, Ds, Sld, Rš, Trgn, Sdk, Dgšl, Tvr), 2. ‘unclear, confusing, difficult’; LKŽ XI 110 (Lzd, LTR (Vlk)), strustis, ~iės m. (4) vak., dz. 1. ‘a tooth of a loom reed’; LKŽ XIII 1004 (Jz, Ūd, Lš, Švn, Rmš, Žsl, Al, Kt, Bgt, Grš, Lp), 2. ‘the crosspiece of a basket’; LKŽ XIII 1004 (Rtn, Dbč, Mrc). As the data presented show, the combinations of labels are appropriate only for the first meanings of the dialect words. The academic dictionary’s material indicates that the second meanings of the words listed are known in only a small area of the Southern Aukštaitian dialect; therefore, if these meanings are to be included in a dictionary of the standard language at all, only the label dz. should be used in both cases. Apparently, when a word is widely used in dialects, the label tarm. is needed; if it is recorded in a small dialect area, or should not be included at all, a specific label ryt., vak., dz. or žem. should be used. S. Keinys (1991: 95) believes these labels “should not be understood literally” and proposes treating dialect words as standard-language words with narrower usage, characteristic of a particular area where the standard language is used and of the speech of people who have emigrated from that area. Sometimes, in addition to dialect labels, stylistic labels are also used—menk., niek., e.g., góngalvis, ~ė dkt. (1) vak. niek. ‘a rowdy, a rascal’, and cf. áitas (1) ryt. ‘a rowdy, a restless person’; nepaeitūvas b. (2) vak., dz. menk. ‘someone who does everything slowly, an unhurried person’, and cf. čiópa (1) žem. ‘a clumsy person’, and so on. Semantically, the pairs of examples given do not differ much. Apparently, consistency should be maintained, and in similar cases stylistic labels should also be given alongside dialect labels; but it would be better to dispense with the former altogether, since expressiveness is characteristic of most dialect words in DŽ₃. Nekyla abejonių, kad į bendrinės kalbos žodyną dėtini etnografizmai (Klimavičius 1997: 23). A. Lyberis (1983: 148) atkreipęs dėmesį į tai, kad daugelis tarminių žodžių grožinėje literatūroje kuria kaimo gyvenimo kolor itą, o dalis jų bendrinėje kalboje atlieka etnografizmų funkcijas. Beje, dažnai DŽ₃ apskritai nepateikta pažyma etnogr., pvz., raugtinė (3ᵇ) žem. 1. ‘kibiro talpos medinis indas su dangčiu sviestui ar rūgusiam pienui laikyti’, 2. ‘lauknėša’, ratūkai dgs. 235 (2) 2. vak., dz. ‘small spools for winding yarn’, kūltuvas (3b) ryt. ‘a flail’, and so on. There should be no doubt about the need for this label: first, the label etnogr. should be given, followed by a label indicating a particular dialect area, although DŽ3 also contains instances to the contrary, for example, rytągonė (1) ryt., dz. etnogr. ‘grazing livestock from sunrise until breakfast’. Apparently, consistency should guide us: if we give the label etnogr., the labels tarm. vak., ryt., dz., žem. are generally unnecessary. Perhaps these labels should be given only when a word is used with different meanings in dialects, for example, geinys (4) etnogr. 1. dz. ‘a rope device for climbing a tree to gather honey’, 2. ryt. ‘loom warp, removed threads’, 3. ryt. ‘a rhythm instrument’, 4. žem. ‘a raft-loading platform made of tied poles’, and so on. In deciding on the labels ryt., vak., dz., žem., tarm. and aukšt., one must consider not only how widely the word is used—it is essential to follow linguistic-geographic data. And the label tarm. should also be used when a dialect word has not become firmly established in the standard language. Appendix 2. List of places indicated on the map medžiokas (2) ryt., dz. see medkurpė LKŽ VI 997 142 – Vabalninkas, Biržai District. 164a – Radviliškis. 232 – Naujamiestis, Panevėžys District. 267 – Ėriškiai, Panevėžys District. 643 – Miroslavas, Alytus District. 684 – Veisiejai, Lazdijai District. pirmaryčiai pl. (1) ethnogr. ryt., dz. ‘the ritual of waking the newlyweds on the first morning after the wedding’; LKŽ X 9 212 – Dūsetos, Zarasai District. 313 – Dūkštas, Ignalina District. 508 – Strūnaitis, Švenčionys District. rakštūs,~į (4) ryt., dz. 1. ‘prickly, sharp’, 2. ‘unclear, confusing, difficult’; LKŽ XI 110 212 – Dūsetos, Zarasai District. 276 – Sudeikiai, Utena District. 315 – Rimšė, Ignalina District. 346 – Tauragnai, Utena District. 350 – Daugėliškis, Ignalina District. 381 – Saldutiškis, Utena District. 420 – Tverėčius, Ignalina District. 649 – Valkininkai, Varėna District. 672a – Lazdijai. 688 – Merkinė, Varėna District. šąmatas (1) ryt., dz. ‘a cord or shred used to tighten the traces when harnessing’; LKŽ XII 92 79 – Grūžiai, Pasvalys District. 111 – Joniškėlis, Pasvalys District. 146 – Panemunėlis, Rokiškis District. 164a – Radviliškis. 174 – Kupiškis. 231 – Sidabravas, Radviliškis District. 234 – Miežiškiai, Panevėžys District. 241 – Užpaliai, Utena District. 275 – Vyžuonos, Utena District. 276 – Sudeikiai, Utena District. 315 – Rimšė, Ignalina District. 335 – Surviliškis, Kėdainiai District. 378 – Skudutiškis, Molėtai District. 454 – Kaltanėnai, Švenčionys District. 630 – Pivašiūnai, Alytus District. 670 – Dieveniškės, Šalčininkai District. 678 – Varėna. 686 – Leipalingis, Lazdijai District. 688 – Merkinė, Varėna District. III – Leñtupis, Belarus. IV – Gervėčiai, Belarus. 236 sõdas (2) 3. ethnogr. eastern dialects ‘a wedding straw ornament hung above the table’ LKŽ XIII 273 57a – Biržai 176 – Skãpiškis, Kupiškis district 212 – Düsetos, Zarasai district 238 – Šimonys, Kupiškis district 241 – Užpaliai, Utena district 312 – Šalakas, Zarasai district 343 – Skiemonys, Anykščiai district 449 – Žėlyva, Ukmergė district 645 – Ál̃ovė, Alytus district 699 – Dubičiai, Varėna district stavariúotas, -a (1) eastern dialects ‘one who has stavariai’ LKŽ XIII 725 212 – Düsetos, Zarasai district 312 – Šalakas, Zarasai District 627 – Krōkialaukis, Alytus District 686 – Leipalingis, Lazdijai District 694 – Druskininkai, Varėna District 697 – Marcinkonys, Varėna District VII – Nočia, Belarus X – Aziérkai, Belarus stōgas (3) 3. eastern dialect. ‘station’ LKŽ XIII 825 174 – Kupiškis 275 – Vyžuonos, Utena District 276 – Sudeikiai, Utena District 350 – Daugėliškis, Ignalina District 383 – Vidiškės, Ignalina District 415 – Linkmenys, Ignalina District 454 – Kaltanėnai, Švenčionys District 483 – Švenčionys 609 – Balbieriškis, Prienai District 630 – Pivašiūnai, Alytus District 677 – Perloja, Varėna District 687 – Liškiava, Varėna District 704 – Kabeliai, Varėna District IV – Gervėčiai, Belarus VI – Varanavas, Belarus náuda b. (1) vak., dz. iron. ‘a good, commendable person’ LKŽ VIII 578 514 – Lekėčiai, Šakiai District 565 – Alksnėnai, Vilkaviškis District 644 – Alytus 684 – Veisiejai, Lazdijai District VIII – Rōdūnia, Belarus nepaeitùvas b. (2) vak., dz. menk. ‘a person who does everything slowly, an unhurried person’ LKŽ VIII 660 468 – Veliuona, Jurbarkas District 566 – Pilviškiai, Vilkaviškis District 585 – Šunskai, Marijampolė District 622 – Bartninkai, Vilkaviškis District 631a – Dūsemenys, Trakai District 649 – Valkininkai, Varėna District 659 – Nemunaitis, Alytus District ratūkai plural (2) 2. western Aukštaitian dialect ‘small discs for lifting nyčiai’ LKŽ XI 245 547 – Žvirgždaičiai, Šakiai District 605 – Keturvalakiai, Vilkaviškis District 655 – Rudamina, Lazdijai District skėršpjūvė (1) western Aukštaitian dialect see crosscut saw LKŽ XII 833 (cross-section, cross-section) 76 – Pašvitinys, Pakruojis district 512 – Šakiai 530 – Griškabūdis, Šakiai district 565 – Alksnėnai, Vilkaviškis district 569 – Veiveriai, Prienai district 603 – Pajevonys, Vilkaviškis district 625 – Dauksiai, Marijampolė district 642 – Simnas, Alytus district spaṅgas, -à (4) western dialect, dz. ‘blind’ LKŽ XIII 319 492 – Gelgaudiškis, Šakiai district 513 – Lukšiai, Šakiai district 530 – Griškabūdis, Šakiai district 546 – Kudirkos Naumiestis, Šakiai district 548 – Barzdai, Šakiai District 584 – Vilkaviškis 585 – Šunskai, Marijampolė District 605 – Keturvalakiai, Vilkaviškis District 237 606 – Marijampolė 622 – Bartninkai, Vilkaviškis District 627 – Ūdrija, Alytus District 639 – Kalvarija, Marijampolė District strustis, ~iės m. (4) western dialect, Dzūkian 1. ‘a tooth of a sieve’, 2. ‘a strip woven into a basket’ LKŽ XIII 1004 536 – Rumšiškės, Kaišiadorys District 538 – Žasliai, Kaišiadorys District 549a – Bagotoji, Marijampolė District 591 – Jieznas, Prienai District 627 – Ūdrija, Alytus District 672 – Šventežeris, Lazdijai District 686 – Leipalingis, Lazdijai District 687 – Liškiava, Varėna District 697 – Marcinkonys, Varėna District 699 – Dubičiai, Varėna District 702 – Ratnyčia, Varėna District naša (4) 1. lowland, western ‘yield, ripeness, productivity’ LKŽ VIII 568 321 – Teneniai, Šilalė District 361 – Skaudvilė, Tauragė District 392 – Tauragė 468 – Veliuona, Jurbarkas District 491 – Jurbarkas 513 – Lukšiai, Šakiai District 514 – Lekėčiai, Šakiai District 584 – Vilkaviškis skivytas (2) western, lowland ‘rag, cloth’ LKŽ XII 959 33 – Tirkšliai, Mažeikiai District 305 – Anykščiai 364 – Raseiniai 392 – Tauragė 397 – Vadžgirys, Jurbarkas District 490 – Sudárgas, Šakiai District 491 – Jurbarkas 529 – Sintautai, Šakiai District 565 – Alksnėnai, Vilkaviškis District vinis, ~iės (4) 2. lowland, western ‘a tooth of a rake’ LKŽ card file 392 – Tauragė 399 – Girkalnis, Raseiniai District 426 – Plaškiai, Šilutė District 491 – Jurbarkas spāras (4) 1. western, lowland see gegnė LKŽ XIII 322 216 – Gargždai, Klaipėda District 364 – Raseiniai 490 – Sudárgas, Šakiai District 492 – Gelgaudiškis, Šakiai District 548 – Barzdai, Šakiai District 550 – Skriaudžiai, Prienai District 566 – Pilviškiai, Vilkaviškis District 639 – Kalvarija, Marijampolė District Received 1998 05 28 SOURCES AND LITERATURE Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (ed. J. Kruopas), Vilnius: State Publishing House for Political and Scientific Literature, 1954. Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (ats. red. J. Kruopas), Vilnius: Mintis, 1972. DŽ₃ – Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (ed. St. Keinys), Vilnius: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing House, 1993. G r i n a v e c k i e n ė E. 1973: The granary of the literary language. – Literatūra ir menas 6,5. G r u m a d i e n ė L. 1995: „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ tarmybės. – Leksikografijos problemos: semantika, etimologija, terminų faktų pateikimas, žodyno sudarymo principai. Konferencijos pranešimų tezės. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 15–16. K e i n y s S. 1991: „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas“ ir kalbos normalizacija. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 29, 92–98. 238 Kirvaitis G. 1984: Kokį norėtume turėti „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyną“. – Kultūros barai 8, 54–57. Klimavičius J. 1997: Kas yra bendrinės kalbos leksika? Sampratos, nuomonės ir prietarai. Žodyno praktika ir teorija. Vartojimo reikmės ir problemos. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 37, 20–32. Lazauskaitė V. 1997: Dėl dėsuk-ybių pateikimo „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Jaunųjų kalbininkų konferencija. Konferencijos tezės. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 13–15. Lyberis A. 1973: Antrasis žodyno leidimas. – Tarybinis mokytojas 19,4. Lyberis A. 1983: Žodžių atrankos problema „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 22, 147–154. LKŽ II₂ – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 2, Vilnius: Mintis, 1969. LKŽ III – XVIII – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 3–6, Vilnius: State Publishing House for Political and Scientific Literature, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1962; 7–9: Mintis, 1966, 1970, 1973; 10–15: Mokslas, 1976, 1978, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1991; 16–18: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing House, 1995, 1996, 1997. Morkūnas K. 1997: Norminamasis žodynas ir lingvistinė geografija. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 37, 40–45. Paulauskas J. 1974: Aktualios leksikos norminimo problemos ir žodynas. – Kalbos kultūra 27, 40–49. Paulauskas J. 1979: Leksikos variantų norminimas. – Kalbos kultūra 37, 77–80. Zabarskaitė J. 1996: Bendrinės kalbos žodynas – realybė ar fantazija. – Metai 3, 105–107. ON THE PROBLEM OF DIALECTISMS IN THE “DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN” (“Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian”) Summary Aufgrund des im „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas“ (Vilnius,1993) vorliegenden Verzeichnisses (insgesamt 2150 Wörter, d. h. cca 3% der Lexik des ganzen DŽ₃ („Großes Wörterbuch der litauischen Sprache“) werden die Auswahlkriterien der Wörter erörtert sowie der Gebrauch der dialektalen bzw. stilistischen Hinweise. Die Analyse der Wörter mit den beigefügten dialektalen Hinweisendz., ryt., vak., žem., aukšt. und tarm. zeigt, daß in das Wörterbuch der Gemeinsprache Folgendes nicht aufzunehmen ist: 1) ein beträchtlicher Teil der „expressiven“ Lexik; 2) Wörter, die in der Gemeinsprache gebräuchlichere Äquivalente haben; 3) seltene, auf einer kleinen Fläche des Dialektes gebräuchliche Wörter; 4) Wörter, die im akademischen „Lietuvių kalbos žodynas“ durch DŽ allein gekennzeichnet sind; 5) DŽ₃ - Wörter, die mit im akademischen Wörterbuch nicht verzeichneten Bedeutungen auftreten; 6) Wörter, die aus anderen Wörterbüchern in das akademische Wörterbuch übertragen sind, doch gegenwärtig in den Mundarten nicht mehr gebraucht werden. When selecting dialectisms, the following are recommended as the most important criteria: 1) the prevalence of the dialectism in literature and dictionaries (19th–20th centuries); 2) the prevalence of the word in dialects; 3) systematicity; 4) divergence of meanings. Taking these selection criteria into account, approximately 1% of DŽ₃ dialectisms can be included in the academic dictionary. 239