Mikalojaus Daukšos raštų germanizmai

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXXIX (1998) Nijolė ČEPIENĖ Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius MIKALOJAUS QUANTITIES LETTER GERMANISMS M. Many iš Polish translations of writings, as in other ir 16 a. in works of religious content, germanisms are few. Mainly jų available Jono Bretkūno In the Bible. There is a very small number of Germanisms found in Daukša's Catechism.) (1595 It contains six Germanisms seven ir iš jų composed vedic: priest, worth, choir, myrrh 'scented words, armor, shield'"; kunigystė, kunigiškas, nevertas, vertai, nevertai, nevertybė, išliuosuoti. M. Daukšos "Postal (1599 code" (PDF). found 21 germanism ir 19 derivatives — 18 Vedic one ir punch: penny. Be of the already listed, mention the following: penigas (peningas, brangus, pinigas), executioner, cave, stalda „vartas“, shilling, ir etc. ; see. Table 1. The spelling and forms of some of the borrowed words in Daukšos script vary, as do their own words, e.g.: kunigdiksztis, kunigdigsztis, kunigaistis; Kunigaxtis; penny, penny, penny, penny, penny, penny. When determining the origin of germanizmy, there is a question — the word was borrowed directly from German or came through Slavic languages, mainly Polish or Gudi. There are contradictory opinions about the origin of some of the borrowed words, for example, K. Alminauskis derives false from German, and E. Fraenkelis from Polish; Ms. Skardzius in his book „Die slavischen Lehnworter im Altlitauischen“ does not mention this word; lampa, mirra Alminauskis considers German, and Skardžius (originally mira) — Polish loanword. Often the source of the loanword does not help to clarify the origin, because the phonetic and morphological structure of the Germanic and Slavic forms completely or partially overlap, e.g. gruntas, plg. v. Ground floor, 1st floor; handlius "trade", cf. v. Trade, 1. Trade; jarmarkas ‘fair, market’, cf. v. fair, 1st fair; lantern ‘lighthouse’, cf. v. Lanterna, |. lantern; Armoured vehicle "Arvai", pg. v. Panzer, I. armor; storm "storm, whirlwind", cf. v. Storm, 1st storm; rope, cf. v. String, 1st string; tancius "dance", cf. v. Danz, |. Now. Many of these Germanic words are considered to have been introduced through Slavic languages. Of course, Poland and Germany were linked by long-standing contacts in the fields of economy and culture. German knights sailed to Polish estates from the 11th century, and the 13th-17th centuries saw the greatest migration. The knights of the manors married German women, Polish lords visited German manors. From here the fashion spread, the custom- | S. Karaliūnas considers this word to be Baltic. —Baltistica 30(1), 1995, 29-39. 31 chi. There were ir contacts in the field of science. 1364 m. The university was founded in Kraków for student exchange. The First Thirty Years 12 iš 19 professors were Germans. However, some Germanisms are relatively new borrowings from Slavic languages, e.g. Polish jarmark, lampa, laterna are used a., handel, szturm, 15 taniec, grunt „pamatas, pagrindas“ 16 a. (as in ir Lithuanian). Part of these borrowings, as money, priest, entered į the Lithuanian language, according to K. 1000 BC, c. c. 12-13 known until The į German language could have come iš directly from the Lithuanian language. The mo descendants could be different: Mažoji Lithuania, northern part of Lithuania (Livonian German Samogitian), and finally German is spoken in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There were Germans in Lithuania as early as the 14th century. Church of St. Nicholas in Vilnius. Some of the borrowers could also have entered through the book route, by translating writings from German (isop, myrrh). Part M. Many of the borrowed words used in the writings do not have Lithuanian equivalents or substitutes. They came up with new realities to represent unknown concepts, objects, persons. All the direct Germanisms of the Catechism, except for the veda-styled ones (the local word is the commonly used word, and instead of chorus — chorus) are used in common language. Postila, like other ancient writings, contains borrowings that are not used today, e.g. ciekas "mark, stain", liuosas, stalda. Comparing the Germanisms in Daukša’s “Postilas” with those borrowed from Mažvydas’ writings and Bretkūnas’ “Postilas- ”, it can be seen that Daukša’s “Postilas” contains the most Germanisms together with derivatives (40), Bretkūnas’ “Postilas” (39), and the least in M. Mažvydas’ writings (25 — of which five are surnames). In the three works mentioned only 10 of the same words are used: kunigas, penigas, mūras, hūkis, izapas (isopas), kaplanas (kaplonas- ), kunigaikštis, myrra (myrha, mirrhas), skyda, hūkinykas (hukenykas), DP and BP —19, Mz and BP —13, DP and Mz only 11. Of all the 65 Germanisms (surnames not counted) in Daukša, Mažvydas’ writings and Bretkūnas’ Postilas, only 20 are used in the common language, and a few borrowings have other forms, for example, instead of hercekis there is ducogas. It has been observed that DP has many derivatives, mostly derivatives, e.g.: išliuosuoti, išliuosavimas: liuosuoti; peniguojas "money-- making", penigėlis: penny; priesthood, priestly, prince: priest; armored, armored man, armored man, armored man, armored man, armored man vertumas, nevertumas /DK nevertybé/: worthy. In total, there are 19 Germanisms in Daukša’s Postila, 7 in Daukša’s Catechism, 9 in Bretkūnas’ Postila and 7 in Mažvydas’ writings. 32 tt 16 a. letters (Mž, BP, DK, DP) Germanisms Table 1 Borrowings Derivatives Reference words Source words Brants "syphilis disease" v.v.z.brant budelis BP Pr.v., v.v.z. boddel DP paburguoti "borrow" v.borgen Mz ciekas ‘mark’ Pr.v. six DP Daubman "such a name" v. Daubmann Mž paint ‘paint’ v. Farbe BP gas "street, road" Pr.v. Gas, gass grabė BP "ditch" Pr.v.grabe, v. Graben hercekis BP (GROANS) ‘duchess’ v. Hertzig BP hertzian ‘duchy’ Mž, BP heubtmonas (hoitmanas) n.v.a. houbetman Mz, BP "supervisor, commander" hūki Pr.v. Huck, Hucke Mz, BP, huge,-¢ DP (snoring) Mz, BP, ukinykas DP hukenyste DP BP ve Borrowed derivatives Key words Borrowed hukinykavimas DP Hulrichas "such a name" v. Hulrich's Mž ibex (isopas) ‘pharmacy v. Hyssop Mz, BP, Joseph DP (Hyssopus officinalis) juice" chaplain (caplan) "priest" v. Kaplan Mz, BP, rack DP ‘cup’ s.s. kelik, n.e.s. kellik, n.p.a. cup Mz, priest choir BP (choir) kvíys kunigé "priest's wife; duchess“ priesthood (priesthood) „priest’s duties, priesthood; "Priesthood" "Priests" "Priests" "Priests" "Priests" “to be priests; to rule" prince “war commander, ir ruler of the region” princess “princess” s.v.a., v.v.a, v.v.Z. king Pr.v. kor,v.v.a. kor,v. "Gothic Chorus", §.germ. swiz, Mz, BP, DK, DP Mz DK, DP, DK,DP BP Mz Mz, BP, DP Mz DK, DP, BP, DP Mz 33 Borrowings Derivatives Basic words Saltings lampa (liampa) liuosas "free" iSliuosuoti išliuosavimas Lutheras "such a name" malkas "gurkšnis; beverage’ midus Mickey's month "Mickey- 's month" myrrh (myrha,myrrhas) "scented words" masonry hole The name is derived from the Latin pennis, "money" or "money money" (pennis = money, mones = money). hweite v. Lamp off v. v. Luther Pr.v. malche "once" Gothic *among Pr.v. Michēl v. Myrrhe v.v.Z. mure, n.v.a. large Pr.v. mar v.v.Z. hol v. Osterberger Pr.v.pant v.Z. pennig, penning, s,š. germ. penning, Pr.v. fenning,pfenning DP, BP DP DK, DP DP DP BP, DP BP BP, Mz, DK, DP Mz, BP, DP BP,DP BP Mz Mz,BP,DP BP,DP DP DP 9¢ The name is derived from the Latin word "pennisula" meaning "peninsula". v. Perbant Mž wheel ‘town hall’ Pr.v. rothus shield BP "shield" spykeré "grain store, barn" stalda "gate" (staldas) stukis "piece, ingot" uoksis armor (armor) šarvinykas "armored man" armored armored "armed" shilling Šiparus "rower, sailor" šurčas "apron" worthless s.frisian skid, s.v.a. scit v.v. z. speaker, Pr.v. spiker Danish stald, v.v.s. steel(1l-) Pr.v. piece, w.o.s. stucke gothic sarva v. Schilling Pr.v. Schipper v. Schūrze V. wert Mz, DK, DP, BP BP DP BP BP DP BP, DK, DP BP, DP DP DP DP BP BP BP, DK, DP BP, DK, DP Lt SC C0 8661 einen Borrowings Derivatives References Sources worth DK, DP nevertai DK, DP worthlessnDP ess DP worthlessnDK ess BP worthlessly BP Weinreich "such a name" v. Weinreich Mž sail "sail" v. Segel in Icelandic. BP Abbreviations isl. — Pr.v. — Prussian German. S. S. — Old Saxon language. n.v.a. — Old German Highlands. š. germ. -— northern Germanic language. v. — in German. v.v.a — Middle High German. V.V. Z. — Middle German Samogitian language. ‘Ž. — German Samogitian language. Other abbreviations as in capital Dictionary of Lithuanian Language. LITTERACY Alminauskis K. Die Germanisms of the Lithuanian. The Germans Borrowing words im Lithuanian, part 1, Kaunas, /1934/. Briickner A. Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, 1974. 1958–1959. The National Library of Science and Technology, 1958–1959. T. 1-2. Fraenkel E. Lithuanian etymological dictionary 1-2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht, 1955-1965. Karalitinas S. On the origin of the names of spoon and shield in Baltic languages —Baltistica 30(1), 1995, Karszniewicz-Masur A. ZapoZyczenia leksykalne ze żrodta niemieckiego we wspolczesnej polszczyźnie, Wrocław, 1986. Skardžius Pr. The Slavic loanwords in 29-39. Old Lithuanian, Kaunas, 1931. The translations of M. Daukša, like the Lithuanian religious writings of the 16th century in general, are the first examples of Germanisms in Lithuanian literature. C., do not contain many Germanisms. In “Katekizmas” (1595) there are six germanisms and seven derivatives formed from them, in “Postilė” — twenty-one germanisms, eighteen derivatives and a hybrid composition. When determining the origin of Germanisms, a question arises — the word came into Lithuanian from German or through the mediation of Slavic languages. Some German borrowings were able to get into Lithuanian without mediation of Slavic languages, for example: šturmas (storm), gruntas (ground), tancius (dance). Of the 65 Germanisms present in the writings of Daukša, Mažvydas and Bretkunas “Postilė”, only 20 are used in contemporary Lithuanian. The translations of M. Daukša differ from the writings of the other above-mentioned authors of the 16th century. Jhs. by the majority of the derivatives formed from the borrowed words. 38