Priesagos „-ynė(s)“ vediniai „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XL (1998) Daiva MURMULAITYTĖ Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius PRIESAGOS -ynė(s) VEDINIAI „DABARTINES LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ZODYNE“ The word formation of Lithuanian language has been extensively studied both in historical and synchronic aspects. With the help of computers, it became possible to diversify her research, for example, to examine word formation also statistically. Of course, serious statistical analysis is not just a simple word count, but it is useful to have accurate absolute and relative word formation data at the beginning, because until now there were no accurate statistics. When working with the computer version of the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language” (hereinafter —DLKŽ(k)), the aim was to calculate how many derivatives of a certain suffix there are in general, how they are distributed according to the general meaning of the construction, from what parts of the language and what structure of the base words they are made, whether (and how) the basis of their construction has changed, etc. 1. General information 189 words ending in -yné'. The mouth and throat are covered with a double layer of skin. In 11 cases (5.8296) these are not derivatives of the suffix -ynė: agudntrynė, dynė, gadynė, linūmynė, myne, pyne, plynė, šeivatrynė, trynė, urkštynė and švynė. Two of the names of the place are composed with the compound suffix -umynė: vispumynė, tankumynė. Three other words have the suffix -ynė, but are not derived from it — these were their base words, i.e. the suffix -ynė was the formant of the previous step of the construction, e.g. papušynė (: pišynas), protėvynė (: tėvynė) and gūdnotrynė (: notrynė). There are 173 remaining words — the -ynė prefix is Vedic. This represents 91.5396 of all words with this ending and 98.30% of all words with this suffix. 20 plural nouns are derived from the suffix -ynės. The word rūgštynės (2, 1) is given twice in the MRL(k) due to double pronunciation. 2. Vedic by category of action Before dividing the derivatives of this suffix into categories of construction and explaining how many derivatives make up one or another category, it should be noted that'Of course, such a large amount of data does not require a computer for statistical analysis, but, for example, the DLKZ(k) of nouns with the suffix -imas is about 14,5 thousand. Therefore, the study of the suffix and its derivatives was simply to test some of the possibilities of working with the computer. 218 often one and the same, with ir only a few meanings, a word in terms of action can belong to several action categories, e.g. nocleh li 1. ‘place of accommodation’, ‘overnight 2. stay’. Therefore, in studying the statistics of Vedic ne pronunciation is important only the words themselves, but ir jų the number of values. In this article, the word for any placena jo The term semesis is used to name the meaning, as opposed to the generally derived word, which can have more meanings. ir Such suffixes -yné sememus MRL(k) is 228. Switching to verb suffixes -yné(s) Vedic discussi- — on couple of notes on the word nettle. In the MRL(k) it is given as an ambiguous word: see nettle 1. (bot. ‘weed, medicinal, fibrous plant, the leaves of which ir have stinging hairs (Urtica)’; 2. see dilgélynas (‘place where nettle is grown’). In LKŽ II 549 this is also an ambiguous word, only the meanings are presented somewhat differently: 1. ‘nettle bush’; 2. „nešgėlė- “, although examples of the first meaning —Dilgynėj radau vištą nerštant Ds. and others—could also be used to illustrate the significance of the place. Thus, it is possible to see here the existence of two homonyms, which not only differ in the general meaning of the action, but are also made of words of different parts of the language: nettle "nettle" means the actor or the owner of the property (depending on what we consider the base word - the verb dilginti or the adjective dilgūs), and nettle "nettle" - a place, its base word is the noun nettle. If there is a doubt as to what is the reference word of the first homonym, it is not included in the statistics." 2.1. -ynė derivatives of adverbs can be based on verbs and nouns (nouns and adjectives). There are 72 Vedic verbs, with a total of 116 meanings. This represents 41.62% of all words made with this suffix (calculated in semes — 51.1096). There are 101 words based on nouns with a total of 111 meanings (58.3896 and 48.9096). It is noticeable that the ratio of verb and noun derivatives, when counting words and semes, does not coincide. In terms of words, the -ynė verb and noun derivatives are distributed in a ratio of approximately 4:6, and in terms of semes — approximately in half. Almost 1096 differences are due to the fact that more plurals are made from verbs than from nouns. This is because the categories of action characteristic of verb derivatives have long been related — the names of actions, results of actions, tools, places, actors are often made with the same affixes (see DDR 18, 232). Noun derivatives are more likely than verb derivatives to have only one meaning (cf. 92.16% and 60.44%, respectively). It is mentioned that DLKZ(k) is 20 plural suffixes -ynés vediniy. The 19th is a 19-pointer, and the 19th is a 19-pointer. One of them — push — has two meanings —1. ‘congestion’; 2. "fight, fighting®. * Further, the derivatives of doubtful action are also excluded from the statistics, the percentages are calculated based only on examples of clear action. 219 2.2. P. Tin at work (LKŽD only 270-272) briefly very ir approximately indicates the main suffixes -one(s) of the derivative meaning(s). Iš V. The structure of nouns in Lithuanian grammar by Urbutis (hereinafter referred to as — LKG) we learn that the adverbs -ynė(s) vedic in general can be: verb abstracts (NA), actors’ (NAg), features holders’ (NAt), tools (NI), seats (NL), crew (NC) names ir of festivals and ceremonies (NF)’. NAt (LKG I §596 15), §597 2)) ir NC (LKG I §730 4)) nouns, (LKG NA I 8443), NAg (LKG I $515), NL (LKG I §642) ir NF (LKG I $738 1)) - and NL (LKG I §668) —for both noun and verb derivatives. Turning to the statistical overview of verb derivatives, here are some examples whose assignment to one or another type of action is questionable. Gužynė šnek. “fun, dance, party” —could be NA, but cf. gėrynė “intoxicating drink, drinking” —NF (LKG I $738 1)). Bag 1. “meal prepared from various products” and pasta 2. “bad, mixed meal” is probably NR or a concreted NA. The LKG does not indicate that verb derivatives with this suffix could indicate the result of an action, but it has already been mentioned that NA, NR, NI, as well as NL and NAg are closely related, and it is sometimes difficult to unequivocally determine to which category of action the derivative belongs. Vedic maishalīņa and makalīņa, meaning dishes, are kept here NR. Bag 2. “confusion, disorder” and “mace” 3. prk. ‘confusion, chaos, disorder’ shall be counted together with NA. The derivative koršalynė is also considered to belong to this category of usage, DLKŽ(k) is explained by one word — „kamšatis“, which in turn means congestion, congestion. In LKG I $668 the similar derivative koršynė (kimšynė) "clogging, cork" is given next to other local names. P. Skardžius (LKŽD 270) the word koršynė "clogging, congestion" time NA. Padaryné 2. kuop. "tools, tools". Although marked as kuop., this derivative is apparently to be considered NI. The group derivatives of the suffix -ynė(s) are usually based on nouns (avalynė, bimbalynė, patalynė, etc.). The 80-year-old says that he does not know the name of the man. On the other hand, NC (though mainly noun-like) is most associated with place names (LKŽD 271, LKG I $725), and these can also be made from verbs, cf. knibždynė * LKG they are also called names of possessors of verb properties. The name of the owner of the property. * The conventional notation is based on the Latin names of the categories of action: NA —nomina actionis, NAg —nomina agentis, NAt —nomina attributiva, NR —nomina resultativa, NI —nomina instrumenti, NL —nomina loci, NC —nomina collectiva and NF —nomina feriarum et ritualia. The article also uses the abbreviations NL(C) (denoting place names that also have a cooperative meaning) and NLgr (referring to "pure" place names). 220 "moving, cruising multitude", macalynė 1. "liquid mud, algae", macasyne ‘n.e.c.’, marmalade 1. ‘dirt’; 2. „klampynė, liūnas“, mirgulinė „a multitude of blinking objects“ these — derivatives are here counted together with the su names of places, as ir LKG. In the tables at the end of the article this type of derivative iš of all place names exclude abbreviation NL(C), but together with su other (‘pure’, not having a shade of collective meaning) place names form a general category of work. Seat in the meaning of “place in NL the carriage to sit, to pass” in LKŽD 271, LKG I §642, probably also in LKMA 65 and LKM 78 (because the meaning of this word is not specified here), is considered the name of the tool. However, this word hardly denotes a tool in the sense of "seated position of the body, buttock". Maybe these are the names of places (in both cases)? Anyway, the names of tools tend to become place names (not only in Lithuanian), they are made with the same suffixes (cf. DDR 208). On the other hand, it has already been mentioned that the names of places with this suffix usually also mean a collection of objects (although this is more typical for noun derivatives of the -ynė(s) suffix). That is not the case here. Thus, in the first meaning, "pasostės", this word is counted together with the names of places, 0 second semema, like gužynė, is not included in the statistics. Thus, the distribution of the -ynė(s) derivatives of the verb suffix into word construction categories is examined on the basis of 114 clear word construction derivatives (sememy) presented by DLKŽ(k). The data of Table 1 show that almost half (42.98%) of the derived words in the vocabulary are tools (e.g., griežynė, laidynė), and action names (e.g., kaitalynė, lojynė) are slightly more than one tenth (12.2896). On the other hand, among the plural derivatives of the suffix -ynės the abstracts of verbs predominate (90.00%, e.g. badynės, gaudynės, etc.). Such a į large proportion of them somewhat alters the overall statistical picture — the number of verb names among derivatives of the suffix -ynė(s) is almost a quarter (23.8896). This category of works rises from fourth to second place, outstripping the names of places and characters (18.66% and 17.16%, respectively). Multiple examples of MRL(k)s for the latter two categories and action outcome names are not available. About 3/4 of the names of places made from verbs denote only the place and do not have an additional shade of a group meaning, e.g. skvožynė, landynė, pērdarynė, slėpynė, etc. Character names may be in the general —18 (78.2696) — or feminine —5 (21.7496) —genus. The latter usually denote objects, some of which can also be considered as the names of tools, for example, tarškynė "something to be scraped, dirt, dirt" (see the word terkšlė has five meanings and in all five cases these are the names of tools). If this derivative and girgždynė „which girgžda, girgždanti padarynė“ (cf. padaryné 1. „workpiece, tool“) and spygsynė „spingsulė“ were regarded as the names of tools (LKG I $515 girgždynė and spygsynė are nevertheless assigned to NAg, DLKG §245 —also, although their meanings are not given here), the examples of this type would increase somewhat, but 221 NAg place among other categories of work would not change. 2.4. It has already been iš mentioned su that the suffix of nouns -ymė made word 101 (111 pages). According to the base words, they are divided as follows: from nouns — 84 words (83.17% of all noun derivatives) or 88 semes (79.2896%- ), from adjectives — 17 words (16.8996) or 23 semes (20.72%). One adjective derivative — rūgštynė (2, 1) — is given twice because of double pronunciation. LKG indicates that noun derivatives of the suffix -ynė can be of the following categories: properties of holders (NAt, LKG I $596 15), $597 2)), places (NL, LKG kuopiniai I $668) ir (NC, LKG) I $30 4)) names. When examining the distribution of noun derivatives of the suffix -yné according to the categories of action, first of all the word jovalynė „what is confused, mixed, disorder“ was removed, because it is not clear to which category of action to assign it. There are only three examples: pottery "clay pot; the quantity contained therein’, toad 2. vulg. „ugly thing“, yesterday „Northwest wind of the Curonian Spit“. This represents 3.45% of all noun semes. LKG I $597 2) presents dialectal, Zematyškių, suffixes -ynė Vedic names of dishes: bulbynė, kankolynė, etc. There are no examples of MRLs(k) for this category. 81 derivatives (93.10% of all derived from nouns) denote places. In 36 cases, the words many or abundant are used to define a place, for example: beržynė „a place where many birch trees grow“, žabynė „a place where there are many frogs“, thus these are also group names. However, it can also be expressed in other ways, for example, as alksnynė "alder-growing place". Here are also mentioned various names of land, as well as meadows, pastures, roads, forests, etc.: peat "wet, near peat, peat land", kupstynė "hilly place, meadow- ", gledynė "ice-covered place, ice-covered road", liūgynė "place where mud, mud", miškynė "woody place", velėnynė "place where whole grass, uncultivated land" and others. Thus, NL(C) is considerably more —77 (95.06% of all NL), i.e. almost all noun names of places also mean the accumulation of objects. In the DLZ(k) of “pure” place names (NLgr) there are only 3 words (4 semomas, 4.94%): šilynė “šilainė”, i.e. “land by the sand”, gimtinė 1. ‘native land’; 2. "place of origin", mother-in-law "house of mother-in-law". 3 vedic (3.4596 of all noun semes) are collective names: avalynė „products for footwear“ (see LKG I §730 4), DLKG §443 3), although in P. Skardžiaus LKŽD 271 this is NI), kirmėlynė 2. prk. „cluster“ (if we consider it a „pure“ column name without the additional shade of local meaning, because in NL(C) this derivative is in its first value —1. “a multitude of worms; place where there are many worms”), bed linen “all the bedding (duvet, blanket, pillow)”. From adjectives, 17 -ynė derivatives (16.8396 of all words derived from nouns) were made, having a total of 23 meanings (20.7296 of all noun semes). The vast majority — 19 (82.6196) — are place names, e.g., wasteland 1. ‘poor field’; 2. "empty, uninhabited place", kiduryne 1. ‘hole, 222 the opening; emptiness’; 2. ‘abdumnija, praraja’, mėlynė 1. ‘blue body (e.g. from bruise)’; 2. ‘blueness of the sky, azure’; 3. spec. "blueing of the wood balm from the fungus". 3 words (4 semes (17.39%)) name the owners of the characteristic: blueberry 4. bot. "a berry shrub of the ericaceae family of forests and marshes, producing blue juicy, sour berries (Vaccinium myrtillus); its berry“, rūgštynė bot. „wild and cultivated edible, medicinal plant of the sour family, weed (Rumex)“, šlykštynė 1. “an ugly thing, thing; 2. b. ‘an ugly person or animal’. DLKŽ(k) is only one plural noun derivative of the -ynės suffix. It is made from the adjective nat acidity. The data of Table 2 show that the vast majority of noun derivatives of the suffix -ynė(s) (90.10%) denote places, about 3/4 of them (77.00%) have an additional shade of squad meaning, and there are only 2.70% of “pure” squad names. 2.5 NL differs from the eight above-mentioned categories of construction in that the place-indicating derivatives of the suffix -yné are made both from verbs and from nouns. In the remaining seven categories of action, the derivatives are either verbs (NI, NA, NAg, NF and NR) or nouns (NAt and NC, the latter only nouns). Four times more NLs were made from nouns with suffix -ynė than from verbs (80.00% and 20.00%), but the verb-derived NLs were more (20.00%) than adjectives (15.2096). The names of places are often associated with a cluster of objects, i.e. they can also be considered as collective names. The vast majority of NL(C) is made of nouns, there is no example of adjectives derived in the dictionary, from the verb dziy — very little (7.23%, only 6 semes, e.g., knędzdynia “moving, cruising multitude”, makalynė 1. „skysta purvynė, algynė“, makasynė „t.p.“ ir kt. y, „Net“ place names (NLgr) are almost equally made of verbs (45.24%) and nouns (54.76%), but adjective derivatives are five times more than noun derivatives (45.24% and 9.52%). The ratio of verb NLgr and NL(C) is inversely proportional to the ratio of noun NLgr and NL(C), i.e., more “pure” place names have been made from verbs, and the vast majority of noun place names also have a shade of copulative meaning. This is particularly true for the derivatives from nouns (77 sememos —NL(C), e.g. alksnynė "place of alder trees" and only 4 —NLgr, e.g. tėvynė 1. ‘native land’; 2. ‘place of origin’). Overall, place names account for about half (51.02%) of all MRLs derived from the suffix -yné(s). ® P. Skardžius in LKZD 272 kiduryné „narrowness, hole“ calls derivative of different meaning (i.e. not NA, NAg, NI, NC or NL). d From the point of view of the development of the work, such derivatives were examined by S. Ambrazas (1995: 185-186, 196). 223 3. Vedic by number of values 3.1. Suffixes of unambiguous verbs -yné derivatives are 37 (50,6890 verbs derived sy from this su suffix): iš NI — 15, NL — 10, NAg — 7, NA —3, NF —1,? —1 (guppy); with suffix -ynės made 18 derivatives (94.74%): NA —16, NI —1, NF —1; in general with -ynė(s) —55 (60.44%): NA —19, NI —16, NL —10, NAg —7, NF —2,? —1. Thus, the unambiguous verb derivatives are mainly action names (34.55% of all unambiguous verb derivatives). 36 (39.5696) words made from verbs have more than one meaning: with -ynė —35 (48.61%), with -ynės —1 (5.26%, stumdynės —both of the above mentioned meanings are NA). 30 words have two meanings, 15 of them both meanings are the same categories of work", 3 have three meanings (one — paldidynė — in all three cases names tools), 3 — four meanings (landynė and laužynė all four meanings — NL, sukynė — NI). 57.14% of all multi-definite -ynė(s) verb derivatives all meanings are in the same category of action, most of them name tools (55,00%). 15 (41.66%) of the multiple-- use words can belong to two categories according to their functional meanings, in 8 cases (53.34%) they are NI and NAg (of which seven (87.5096) the first value is —NI), in 4 cases (26.67%) —NA and NAg (all words first value is —NA), 1 (6.6796) —NA and NL (night), NI and NL (stay) and NR and NA (mixing). Makalynė “bad, mixed meal” being the name of the result of the action, this word is the only one of 36 (2.78%) that has the meanings of three categories of action —NL, NR and NA. 3.2. substantive derivatives are much more often than verb MRLs(k) unambiguous — 92.16%, verb such, as already mentioned, there are only 60.44%. Most of the unambiguous noun derivatives denote places (93.55%) (see verb derivatives — actions (34.55%), place names are in second place in this case). 8 noun derivatives of the suffix -ynė (7.84% of all noun derivatives of the suffix -yné(s)) have more than one meaning: 4 words derived from nouns (4.76% of all noun derivatives), 4 — from adjectives (16.67% of all adjective derivatives). 7 noun derivatives (87,5096) are ambiguous, one (12,5096) has four meanings. All noun plurals are derivatives of two meanings, in two cases they are of the same categories of action (NL — tėvynė and gimtinė), in the other two — of different categories: kirmėlynė — NL and NC, topūžynė — NL and NAt. The three ambiguous adjective derivatives have the same functional category: dykynė and kiaurynė —NL, šlykštynė —NAt. 4 values Not including the said seat. 224 meaning of the word blue are of two categories of action: the first three — NC, 4th 0 — NAt. Thus, 62.50% of the plural noun derivatives are of the same category (noun — 50.00%, adjective — 75.0096%), 37.50% are different (noun — 50.00%, adjective — 25.00%). The most commonly used words in the same category are place names — 80.0096 (all nouns and 66.67% adjectives). It should be noted that in this case the relative values are very conditional, as they are calculated from a small number of data — the derivative MRL(k) for the multi-valued noun suffixes -y is only 8. There are no multivalued derivatives of this suffix from the nouns DLKŽ(k). 4. Vedic according to the structure of the base verbs The computer-- aided word formation analysis program of the DLCZ displays the morphological composition of the title word next to it. This allows to complete the study of the work. For example, it is possible to check whether the suffix in question goes immediately after the root in the derivatives, or whether it is second, third, etc. From this one can deduce about the structure of the base words — whether they are ordinary, derived, adverbial, or their suffixes have passed into derivatives. For example, it has been observed that 55 of the 72 (76.39%) derivatives of the verb suffix -ynė have this suffix immediately after the root, 17 (23.61%) have it second, i.e. the latter derivatives are made from derived (extended suffixes) verbs. 4.1. 11 derivatives (64.71% of all those having some form between the root and the suffix -ynė(s)) were made from verbs having suffixes -al(i)uoti(s), -al(i)oti(s): barškalynė, gargalynė, kaitalyné, kamšalynė, maišalynė, makalynė, marmalynė, mirgalynė, plepalynė, tarškalynė, tauškalynė. From the point of view of form, their formation could be explained in one of two ways: the -yné derivative of the prefix 1) from verb nouns, the -alas derivative of the prefix (cf. bimbalynė: kūlas, avalynė, jovalynė); 2) from secondary verbs, which in turn are made from nouns with the suffix -alas. Semantics suggests that the verbs are the base words. Plg. LKG gargalynė (I $515) and kaitalynė (I §444) and DDR makalynė ($386) are considered verb derivatives. 1 derivative (5.88%) —erzelyné —the base verb ends in -eliuoti (erzeliūoti: erzelis). 4 vedic (23.53%) —grumdynė, lakdynė, šildynė, šokdynė — have the -dform passed from the base verbs. Grumdynė and šildynė made from mixed -dyti verbs, lakdynė and šokdynė —from adverbial -dinti verbs, the ending part of the extended adverb of which does not pass the -inį derivative. 1 derivative (5.88%) —spygsynė — has the transitive form -sfrom the mixed verb spygsoti or spygséti. Of the 19 plural derivatives of the suffix -ynés, 5 (26.36%) have some forms between the Root and the mentioned suffix: 1) kraustynės and slapstynés made from the mixed -styti verbs (the form -stperėjo into derivatives); 2) stumdynės, šaudynės ir žudynės —from mixed -dyti verbs (the formant -dperėjo into derivatives). Thus, in general, 225 DLKŽ(k) verb derivatives of the suffix -ynė(s) may have the following forms, inherited from the basic secondary and mixed verbs: -al-(11, or 50.5596 of all words with formants between the root and suffix -ynė(s)), -d-(7, or 31.8190), -st-(2, or 9.09%), -el-(1, or 4.55%) and -s-(1, or 4.55%). In total, there are 22 such derivatives out of 91 (24.18%). 4.2 The derivatives of the -ynė(s) adverb can be made from verbs of different structures: primary, adverbial, mixed, prepositional (see statistics in table 3). It is not easy to identify the exact origins of some of the Vedic verbs. For example, the tartar 1. “what is being sprayed, dirt, dirt”; 2. b. šnek. „tarškalius“ can be made from both rarksti and tarškėti. Vedic dance 1. ‘Stands with a jumping bar’; 2. “a board from which to jump into the water, trampoline” is a reference word, apparently the primary verb to jump could also be considered, although the similar meaning canteen 1. ‘obstacle to be jumped over’, 2. „board, from which one jumps into the water, trampoline“ and jumpynė „šokyklė“ („rope with handles to jump“), made from the causative adverbial verbs šankinti and šokdinti, show that the word šokynė could also be based on the adverbial causative verb Sokinti’. Perhaps it would make sense to investigate the structure of these parallel base verbs, e.g. primary and mixed, primary and adverbial, several mixed, several adverbial, etc. However, in this case, there are very few such examples, they are not enough for serious statistical generalizations. In general, most words with suffix -ynė(s) are made from primary verbs (35.1690), although plural derivatives are more often based on mixed verbs (57.8996 of all plural derivatives). Almost exactly after this suffix, derivatives rely on prepositional and mixed verbs — 24.1796 and 23.08%, respectively. However, the singular form of the vedic is twice as often made from adverbial verbs (cf. 27.7896 and 13.8996), while the plural form is almost six times as often based on mixed verbs (10.5396 and 57.89%). 4 nouns made from prepositional verbs: padaryné, palaidynė, pašėlynė, pérdaryné. A considerable number of vedas (12.09%) may be motivated by several reference words. These are mainly names of actors or tools made from vocal verbs, which can be based on both primary and mixed or adverbial verbs, e.g. birzgynė: birgzti and birzgėti, čirškynė: čirkšti and čirškėti, tauškynė: taūkšti and tauškėti, etc.? Statistics for such derivatives are provided in row 5 of Table 3. 226