Zanavykai – sūduvių ar žemaičių palikuonys

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XL (1998) Aloyzas VIDUGIRIS Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius ZANAVYKAI — SŪDUVIŲ AR ŽEMAIČIŲ PALIKUONYS Prof. Juozas Pikčilingis encouraged me to take a closer look at the Zanavykų language. This work, although late, will only be the fulfilment of the will of the late professor on the occasion of his 70th birthday and the 450th anniversary of the first Lithuanian book, as well as an expression of the author’s personal sentiments for this land. It is usually referred to as the northern dialect of the Southwestern Altays, i.e. one of the Kaunas dialect dialects. It is the northernmost part of the so-called Uznemunés, or Suduvė, between the rivers Nemunas, Sesupés and Višakis. It is located in the district of Šakiai (now part of Marijampolė county). The Zanavykų dialect, along with the adjacent Kapsai, is one of the most important dialects of the Lithuanian common language. The father of the Lithuanian common language, Jonas Jablonskis, and many other prominent cultural figures of the reborn Lithuanian nation and state came from this area. The name of Zanavikas itself is a non-Lithuanian form, derived from the Slavonicized name of the Neva river Nava (in inventories of 1561 it is recorded as Navupe) and the Slavonic prefix za-'for-', cf. derivatives of the analogous form zanemūnščikas, zanemūnščikai, orsalemūnščikai (in the latter form the consonant /instead of n appeared due to disassembly) and the place names Zadvariškė, Zagriaužis, Zapurvė. In Lithuanian, they are called užnoviškiai. The name Zanavyki is usually used by their southern neighbors the Kapsi (they say kap instead of the word as), to emphasize the characteristic Zanavyki strong-pronounced prefix and the preserved healthy prefix as. The right-handed and left-handed arms are usually placed on the right side of the body, and the right-handed and left-handed arms are on the left side. The name Zanavyki is purely geographical and not quite accurate. True zanavykai begin before Nova, just beyond the middle of Šešūpė and Višakis tributaries, and end slightly beyond the middle of Neva, beyond Griškabūdis, because from Sintautų, Lukšių and Lekėčių neighborhoods the number of long vowels without open ending is not always well preserved. Some differences in the zanavyk schnekt are determined by historical and political circumstances. It is known from history that a distinct tribe of Western Balts lived in the whole of Transnistria and farther south and southeast until the second half of the 13th century, known from the annals under a few regional, now generalized names — Sūdūviai (known from Western Europe and Crusader annals), Jotvingiai (from Slavs), Dainaviai (Lithuani22 an), Palekiai or Paleksėnai (Polish). As one of the most numerous and organized western Baltic tribes, Sūduviai, courageously defending their ir existence, is believed to have once occupied a large part of present-day north-eastern Poland, western southern Gudja and north-eastern Lithuania. Part of Lithuania. Compressed by more powerful neighbors, a. they almost reached the Nemunas River in the north and east, the Bebra River in the south, the Raminta Forest and approximately the current border with the Kaliningrad Oblast in the west. At the end of the 13th century they were finally defeated and brutally destroyed by the Crusaders. Most of Sūduva, it is believed, was turned into an almost complete wasteland (Totoraitis 1938: 1-15). The remains of Sūduvia, who lived for a long time in the hinterland of present-day Lithuania, are shown by a considerable layer of ancient place names and various linguistic characteristics. Some features of phonetics, morphology, and lexicon (see below) indicate that the Sūduviai also lived in southern Lithuania in the past. After the Treaty of Melno (1422), the northern part of the Sūduva (the so-called zanavykai) up to the mouths of Kudirka Naūmiestis, Šešūpė, Višakis and Nevėžis belonged to the Žemaičių seniūnija. Therefore, it is sometimes believed that the current inhabitants of Užnemunė (Sūduva) — all the south-western Highlanders (southern Kaunas) are the exiles of the Highlanders of Žemaitija at that time. It is often even joked that the Suvalkian, especially the Zanavyk, is nothing more than a Žemaitian who has been transferred over the Nemunas. As if confirming this statement, the Southern Highlanders (or Western Dzūki) still call their northern neighbors, the Southern Western Highlanders, the Žemaičiai. So here we would like to clarify how much truth these statements have and how much fiction, finally, how the so-called dykra became the cradle of the Lithuanian common language, the center of Lithuanian rebirth. The material of the “Atlas of the Lithuanian Language” allows us to take a broader look at the past of the south-western Highlanders (Kauniškiai- ), or the so-called Zanavyks, and their closest neighbors in three dimensions (phonetics, morphology and lexicon). One of the most important is usually considered phonetic alignment. Additional data of equal importance can also be provided by other components of the language — morphological and lexical features, their prevalence. In order to determine the past and origin of the Zanavyk, the most important are the varied dialectal features, some of which may be older, others — newer, some come from one dialect, others from another, some are more widely spread, others — narrower. So let us at least roughly try to determine what is common to the western Lithuanians in the Zanavyk dialect and what is distinct, what is inherited from older times and what is acquired from neighboring dialects. In general, the Zanavyk dialect, as one of the dialects of the western Lithuanian area, has retained more archaic features. This is evident from many of the features below. In many cases, the morphological characteristics of the skeletal structures in question are similar to those of the human body. This article does not attempt to examine the characteristics of this original and in some respects unique schneck, but focuses on its distribution. It is better to see which dialects the Zanavyks are more closely related to, from where the influence spread. Let's start with the features that are widespread in a larger area and proceed in a narrowing sequence. 23 1. All Western Lithuanians (western, southern Highland ir Samogitians or at least a significant part of them) are united by the following Western-type archaisms: a) the non-elongated accented vowel a in the pronouns mano, tavo, savo (LKA 1982: 21-22. Map no. 2.); b) non-elongated accentuated vowels a, e in two-syllable common nouns and verb prepositions, e.g.: kast(i), nėšt(i), apsuka, nėnešu, padeda, praneša, tebėkalba, tėšneka (LKA 1982: 31-32. Zemél. nr. 13.); c) the remaining short pronounced e in suffixes of adjectives of higher degree, e.g.: aukštėsnis, -ė, gerėsnis, -ė, jaunėsnis, -ė (LKA 1982: 32-33. Map no.14.); d) short i, u, with the stem not elongated, e.g.: buvęs, buvo, kitas, ližė, lūbos, visas (LKA 1982: 37-38, ground no. 19); e) non-constricted syllabic diphthongs am, an, em, en, pvZz. : corner, window, bow, pdntis, samtis, pämppä, péntis, fifth, celebration, pull (LKA 1982: 83-89. Map no. 68-72.). In addition to the Southern Highlanders, more or less widely among the Western Highlanders (Kaunas, Šiauliai and Klaipėda Highlanders), and sometimes in a considerable area of the Zemgaling, the following characteristics inherited from ancient times are widespread: a) the long stem pronounced and unpronounced Ą, €, pVZ are retained. : bite, drill, drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s), drill(s); b) the unabbreviated open ending pronounced ¢ in the singular ending forms of pronouns, e.g.: aną, ką, katrą, tą (LKA 1982: 63, map no. 46); c) together with the Zemgales approximately up to the line Zagaré-Siauliai-Kéd4iniai-Katnas-Prienai-Krosna is not included! before e, ei, ę, ė, e.g.: lėdas, leidžia, Iėkia, pelenai, kiaulė, pėlės, saulę (LKA 1982: 33-35, 53, 66. Map no. 15-16, 34, 49.); d) the long y remains somewhat more widely in the ending of mixed verbs of the future tense 3 a., e.g.: badys, darys, matys (LKA 1982: 60-61. Map no. 42.); e) prefix to the supposedly long-western Altay Klaipėda, nearby Žemaitija and Kaunas area to Vilkija, Kaunas, Marijampolė (LKA 1982: 68. Map no. 53.); f) not only in the larger area of Žemaitija, but also in the smaller part of Kapsai, approximately up to Skriaūdžiai, Sasnava, Vištytis, the unchanged vowel e at the beginning of words remains one and in the compounds ei, el, en, er, e.g.: ėglė, eketė, ėsti, ežiū, eilė, eit(i), elnias, éngt(i), erškėtis (LKA 1982: 26-29. He's on the ground. Nos. 9, 10.) In conjunction with this, the innovations of the zanavyks and adjacent schnekts should be noted: a) probably because of analogy, the e is also pronounced in the word ekmué about Efzvilka, Jurbarka, Šakiūs, Kudirkos Naūmiestis (LKA 1991: 34, Map No. 27); b) narrowed e in the word ėsū 'esu' in the area of the Zanavykai to Kriukai and Barzdai, in the part of the Kapsai to Vilkaviškis and north of the Nemunas to Vilkyškiai, Šimkaičiai and Veliuona (LKA 1991: 82, Map No. 78) and others. 3.Only in Kaunas area (mainly in the western part of Kaunas) the following old or newer characteristics are used, usually going to Lesser Lithuania: a) the remaining unabbreviated unpronounced ą of the open ending in the present tense plural nominative forms of the active species participants, e.g.: kéikig, laukią, sūką (LKA 1982: 64. Earth. No. 47. ); b) the long ę remaining in the same position in the singular and plural forms of the past tense of the active type, e.g.: bijojęs, bijoję, buvęs, buvę, sakęs, sūkė (LKA 24 1982: 66-67, map no. 50-51); c) hardened communicative consonant f after the i disappeared, e.g.: dust, bijot, nėšt, pjaut (LKA 1982: 105-106. Map no. 90.); d) strongly pronounced consonant / in words (borrowings) paltas, polka, valsas (LKA 1982: 109-103. Map no. 86.); e) in the word pėsčias, -ia the consonant k —pėkščias is inserted (LKA 1982: 117. Map no. 100.); f) the use of metatetic words: preposition, preposition instead of preposition, preposition (LKA 1982: 121, map no. 104); g) pronunciation of passive participles of the past tense of the steadfast root with the first accent, e.g.: pagirtas, -a, nušautas, -a, prikaltas, -a (LKA 1982: 127-128. Map no. 108.) etc. 4. Only zanavykus with western veliuoniškiai, klaipėdiškiai, Mažaja Lithuania and the neighbouring Žemaites are linked by the pronunciation of the strong preposition through both diphthong and diphthong elements, e.g.: baigia, eina, kdukia, laukas, vaikas, balsas, dalgis, daržas, pėršti, dumblas, gult(i), kimba, linksta, pirštas, pūrvas (LKA 1982: 39-40, 125. Earth. No. 21, 106. ). 5. the Zanavyk dialect is divided in half (up to the line that runs from Sintautų between Lukšiai and Griškabūdis, Jankai, Lekėčiai and Višakio Rūda, Zapyškis and Pažėrės) by the uneven pronunciation of the long vowels of the open word ending: a) the unpronounced -ą, -ę of the singular noun forms remain long only in the southern part of Kauniškiai, i.e. in the southern part of Zanavyku and in the Kapsai dialect, and north of the above line these vowels are shortened, e.g.: gėra kėlia —gėrą kėlę, didele ūpe ~ didelę ūpę (LKA 1982: 64-66. Map no. 47-49.); b) the open word endings ė, 0 remain unchanged south of the mentioned line not only in the southern western Highlands, but also in the entire Southern Highlands, and north of it those é, 0, as in the Veliuoniškiai dialect, are turned into short i, u, e.g.: karvi —karvė, lapi ~ fopė, liėpi ~ liėpė, mati ~ mate, broliu —brolio, laūku —laūko, būvu ~ būvo, sūku ~ sūko (LKA 1982: 49-50, 56-57. c) in the whole of southern Lithuania the vowels i, ų of the open ending (vns. gal.) remain similarly unshortened, and in the northern part of the Zanavykai up to the mentioned line they are short, e.g.: geležini peili ~ geležinį peilį, saldu mėdu ~ saldų mėdų (LKA 1982: 70, map no. 5657). It is believed that the shortening of the limbs did not occur as early as the 17th century (Salys 1966: 37). Apparently, both in the northern part of Zanavikas and in the whole so-called jacket subdivision of Lesser Lithuania, the wave of limb shortening has gone along with it. Thus, until that time, all the south-western Highlanders, as well as the southern Highlanders, did not shorten the extremities of that position. 6. According to the pronunciation of the closed ending of the unpronounced unabbreviated ė, and the vowels, the Southern Highlanders go along with almost all Kaunas dialects (i.e., Kapsai, Zanavykai and the southern part of Veliuoniškiai), e.g.: € and (i)a kamienų vns. kilm. and dgs. ward. lapés, woody, pemps, lips, handfuls. From the uneven distribution of phonetic features reviewed above, it can be assumed that two streams of influences met in the Zanavyk dialect: one from the north (and perhaps from the northwest- ), the second from the southeast (Zinkevičius 1987: 246). At the same time, however, it is impossible to ignore the fact that on the basis of the Western Baltic language, the Western Highland dialect of Lithuanian and its southern variant must have already begun to 25 form in southern Lithuania before the destruction of the Suduvius. The early ar Lithuanianization of the western Baltic peoples (Mažiulis 1994: 4-6; 1995: 465-469) was prompted by the stormy Slavic invasion of the Baltic lands, the rapid formation of the Lithuanian nationality and the infiltration of emigrants from the eastern Baltic lands. The northwestern part of the Southern Highlands, or the so-called prefix (Morkūnas 1994: 84-92), shows how unevenly eastern language features made their way to the west. The eastern boundary of the western Balts was once, apparently, close to the preserved isofons of the folk syllables am, an, em, en, which in the north almost coincided with the boundary of the Žemaites and Upytės lands (Maksimaitienė 1986: 22), and south of Okainiai (below Ramygala) —with the eastern Trakai Voivodeship wall. In terms of many morphological and constructive characteristics, the Zanavyk dialect does not differ from the dialects of its neighbours, especially the Vysočyna dialect. In some respects they are connected with the neighbouring Veliuoniškiai (northern Kauniškiai) and Žemaičiai, in other respects they form a distinct area with the neighbouring Kauniškiai and Klaipėdiškiai, in thirds they stand at the crossroads between the east and the west. 1. Žemaičiai, Vakarų aukštaičiai and Pietų aukštaičiai approximately to the line Kriukai-Pasvitinys—Lygumai, east of Baisėgalas-Šėta-Gegužinė-NerimiVoke-Rudninkai-Butrimonys—Varenavas (Balatna) go together according to the pronunciation of the 3rd-century past cardan verbs kišo, kniso, rišo (LKA 1991: 102. Map No. 97. ). 2. The area of the zanaviks according to the plural of the various strains (especially its western part to Lekėčiai, Griškabūdis, Barzdai), as well as the (until the line Jurbarkas-Girkalnis-Dubysos middle), covered by two layers: archaic, extending through the northern Kaunas to Žemaičiai (e.g.: vyrams, peiliams, boboms, gražioms, akims, nosims, vogims, sūnūs, seserys) and more modern, simplified layer, coming from the Highland dialects, i.e. without the ending -s (e.g.: vyram, peiliam, bébom, gražiom, akim, nosim, vagim, seserim, sūnūm next to veliuoniškių and other eastern and southern Altaičių sons, Žemaičių sons) (LKA 1991: 61-65. Map no. 56-61.). 3.Zanavykai (without Lekėčiai) together with the western part of Veliuoniškiai (but without Veliuona), the western Highlanders of Klaipėda and Žemaičiai go together according to the preserved suffix -ininkas, e.g.: darbininkas, dafržininkas, šeiminiukkas (LKA 1991: 128-129. Earth. No. 115). Similarly, in the same area (only now together with Lekėčiai and Veliuona town) the i stem word bitis is next to the rarer bitė (LKA 1991: 33. Map no. 23.). The Zanavykai, together with a part of the Veliuoniškiai and Vysotai Klaipėda people, join the southern and eastern Vysotai according to the remains of the i tribe of the 3rd century. verbs can, go, want (LKA 1991: 97-98. Map no. 94.). 5.Only in a larger or smaller area of western Altay Kaunas and neighboring Klaipėda, mainly along the border with Karaliaučius (Kaliningrad) region, the following characteristics are widespread (part of them are undoubted archaisms): a) pronunciation 26 mo variant fly (LKA 1991: 33. Zemél. no. 24.); (b) consistently maintained u trunk dgs. nominative sons, south (LKA 1991: 57-58. Map no. 49.); c) the best preserved form of the plural of verbs in all tenses and conjugations is the 1 a. form with the ending -e: dirbame, geriame, mylime, ėjome, bėgdavome (LKA 1991: 85— 86. Map no. 82.); d) present tense 3 a. form pjduja (LKA 1991: 95. Map no. 91.); e) the derivative (general) of the suffix -ęti, gyvęt(i) ‘to live’ (LKA 1991: 151, map no. 142); f) abbreviated prepositions gery ‘good’, seny ‘old’, žemy ‘land’ (LKA 1991: 153. Zemél. no. 144.); g) iio stem vns. the noun form zajkys (LKA 1991: 25. Map no. 6.). The name zuikis, zuikis, zuikys, spread only in western Lithuania, is also a question of lexicon, because east of the line JoniSkis—- Radviliskis—KédainiaiJonava-Jiéznas-Druskininkai the word hares is already used. The word „zuikis“ itself is believed to be of Curonian origin (Kaukienė 1995: 473). However, when it began its journey to the historical Suduva (to the whole of Transylvania and beyond), it is not clear, because the Suduviai called the kiškį earlier as the Prussians by the word sasnis (see the name of the kiškį). Sasnava). The word „zaķis” was hardly enough to spread so widely because of the influence of Žemaičių seniūnija in the 15th century. It is likely that the Sūduviai used this word in Lithuanian before the tragedy that befell them at the end of the 13th century. Equally important are other lexical data, which give rise to various thoughts about the origin of certain words, their spread, etc. The area of the Zanavyki dialect, according to many traditional names, mainly closes to the western Highlands. Sometimes the names of certain objects (words) connect all the Zanavyks or individual parts of the Zanavyks area more with the northern dialects of the western Highlands and further afield, sometimes — more with the southern and especially western dialects of Lesser Lithuania. 1. In the entire south-western area of Lithuanian language (Žemaitijos, Western and Southern Highland dialects) the following things are called almost the same: a) pelūdē “place or annex on the edge of the barn for dumping the hay' (LKA 1977: 54. Map no. 15.); (b) lamb, lamb ‘sheep young' (LKA 1977: 148-149, map no 74); (c) dust mites “tree or shrub with thick branches (Galix)' (LKA 1977: 164-165. Earth. No. 90. ); (d) pike ‘prey freshwater fish (esox lucius)’ (LKA 1977: 154. Earth. No. 80. ); (e) the source is a'spring flowing from the ground' (LKA 1997: 180-181. Zemēl. nr. 104.); f) in a slightly narrower area of western Lithuania, the ancient name of the male duck has been preserved as gaigalas (LKA 1977: 145-146. Map no. 73.); g) dalgis “a tool for cutting grain or grass” (the masculine form is used in western Highland and Zemgale dialects) (LKA 1977: 111, map no. 50). 2. A corner of peculiar vocabulary, almost extending from the western Kaunas (so-called kapsų, zanavykų and veliuoniškių) area: (a) pértrauktis “a card connecting the front end of the wheels to the rear end, usually together with a trainier” (LKA 1977: 90-91, map no. 35); (b) kdmpa ‘horn crossbar, beam or beam and beam together’ (LKA 1977: 101. Zemél. nr. 44.); (c) jungélis, “the ligament connecting the spindle to the spindle” (LKA 1977: 118-119. Zemél. nr. 57.); (d) the decrease in 27 da ‘kailiniai’ (LKA 1977: 144-145. He's on the ground. No. 72.); e) White-tailed whale ‘zvirbliniy būrio paukštis giesmininkas, vieversys (Alanda arvensis)’ (LKA 1977: 151-152. Zemēl. nr. 79.); (f) bulvé ‘vegetable with edible tubers rich in starch (Solanum tuberosum)’ (LKA 1977: 161, map no 87); (g) juniper, kadugis ‘ornamental coniferous shrub or tree of dry places with black berries, juniper (Juniperus)’ (LKA 1977: 165, map no 91); (h) nettle, ‘a weed, medicinal, fibrous plant, the stem and leaves of which have stinging hairs (Urtica)’ (LKA 1977: 167-168, map no 94); (i) sravaZolé, stravažolė ‘graizaziedziy š šeimos vaistinis augalas (Achillea)’ (LKA 1977: 168, Map No 95); (j) rikė ‘javų guba' (LKA 1977: 186-187, map no 109); k) gill ‘kepalo papentis, žiauberė' (LKA 1977: 189-190. He's on the ground. No. 112.). 3. Names used mainly only in zanavyky and kapsu (uZnemunés kauniSkiy): a) kdimas “residential and working place of the peasants, sodZius’ (veliuoniskiai and neighbouring Žemaičiai have the variant kdima) (LKA 1977: 45-46. Map no. 9.); b) iSautys, įšautis ‘part of a break, a bar connecting the front end of the wheels with the rear end’ (LKA 1977: 90-91. Map no. 35.); c) angis “serpent” (a common word of the Saudovai, Prussians and Lithuanians, used mainly by the Kapsai and Southern Zanavyks, still occurring in the adjacent dialects of the Southern Altai, Klaipėdskie and Lesser Lithuania) (LKA: 152. d) barrel “a large roll-shaped wooden vessel made of wood chips” (LKA 1977: 68-69. Map no. 22.). 4. Names or their variants used only in the dialects of the Zanavyks and Veliuoniškis (Central and Northern Kaunas): a) kūšė, kašė “bag, basket” (LKA 1977: 79-80. Map no. 28.); (b) oats ‘a large, water-dwelling insect of the horse family, the dragonfly (Aeschna- )’ (LKA 1977: 158-159. Zemél. no 85.). 5. Only the Zanavyks have the word sklendė “a device to close doors or windows, a latch” (LKA 1977: 40-41, map no. 6). 6. In the area of Zanavykai the following names meet (sometimes dividing it into parts): a) in the north until the Sintautū- -Lekėčiai line the name used for the grain loading hut is asla, and in the south until the Šakiai-Lekėčiai line the name is “plūktinė kluono asla’ (LKA 1977: 53-54. Zemél. nr. 4.); b) in the south to ShakiūIn Lukšiai and Lekėčiai the name of the grain loading hut is kliionas, in the north to Šakiai, Sintautai, Griškabūdis and Kazlų Rūda — klojimas, and in the west to Kiduliai, Šakiai, Sintautai, Žvirgždaičiai — Germanism skiinia (LKA 1977: 53. c) in the south-east up to Veliuona, Plėkščiai, Lukšiai and Sintautai the word krėslas is used “usually the front part of the carriage, into which the horns are placed’, while in the north-west the hybrid of the neighboring western Altaičiai Veliuoniškiai and Klaipėdiškiai eastern part is used – gyvrungis (LKA 1977: 93-95. Map no. 37.); d) in the east to Šakiai and Plėkščiai the name rdgės is used as “sliding winter road chassis”, and in the northwest to Žalioji (south of Kudirka Naūmiestis), Barzdai and Višakis Rūda — šlūjos (by the way, about Šakiūs, Lukšiūs, Griškabūdis, Kudirka Naūmiestis, Barzdūs šlūjos means working sledges, 0 sledges — lighter, holiday winter transport) (LKA 1977: 100-101). Earth. 28 No. 43. ); e) in the south from the middle of Šešupe to Barzdai, Griškabūdis, Lekėčiai, Zapyškis the long lowering of the land is called klonis, and in the north to Kybartai, Vilkaviškis, Kazlų Rūda, Skriaūdžiai it is called loma (LKA 1977: 178-179. Earth. No. 103. ). 7. Western Highlands (Kaunas, Klaipėda or part of them) with larger or smaller areas of adjacent dialects are connected to the dialects of Lesser Lithuania by the following various names, ethnonyms, borrowings: a) there was a 'front door' (LKA 1977: 38-39. Map no. 5.); b) stuba “peasants’ dwelling house, troba, pirkia’ (probably replaced the older word troba in Kaunas area) (LKA 1977: 34. Map no. 2.); (c) dyselys, dyselis ‘carriage indicator, bar for controlling pair carriage' (LKA 1977: 93. Map no. 36.); d) a squeegee “part of the western Highlanders, Kaunas coupled carriage to secure the back' (LKA 1977: 93. Map no. 36..); e) the word “carriage cross-bar to hang the ramps, spread only in a limited area of western Lithuania” (LKA 1977: 91-92. Map no. 36.); (f) condition, buks(v)a ‘wheel sleeve' (LKA 1977: 100. Map no. 40.); (g) the crib, the crib's 'carriage fence, side carriage fence' (LKA 1977: 99-100. Map no. 39.); h) špykis, špykis ‘wheel spoke' (LKA 1977: 98, map no. 41); (i) rinkūtė, rinkėlė ‘part of a dalgés enclosure, ring' (LKA 1977: 114-115, map no. 53); (j) pakalas, prakalas ‘dalgio weistas, pakala' (LKA 1977: 115-116. Map no. 54.); k) brokstas, brokštėlis ‘wooden vessel for beating butter, muštuvis' (LKA 1997: 141-142. Map no. 71.) and others. 8. The following names connect the southern part of the western Highlands, and sometimes only the Kaunas region, to the southern Highlands: (a) barn ‘trobesys gyvuliams laikyti' (LKA 1977: 49-50. Map no. 13.); (b) carriage of ‘horse-drawn chassis, wheels’ (LKA 1977: 89-90, map no. 34); c) lift ‘spragilo kotas’ (LKA 1997: 116-117. Map no. 55.); d) manure ‘small, flat fish of the carp family, freshwater and sea, cuota (Rutilus rutilus)’ (name, widespread in the south and north-west of Lithuania, reaches only to the Nemunas) (LKA 1977: 153-154. Map no. 82.); e) obleaūti (kėlines) ‘apsimauti’ (LKA 1977: 192-193. Map no. 110.) ir kt The vocabulary mentioned here is quite uneven. Alongside the old, inherited vocabulary there is also completely new — a considerable deposit of borrowings, especially Germanisms. It cannot therefore be relied upon without further consideration. However, its importance in determining directions of influence is not less than that of phonetic level. Conclusions. The area of the so-called Zanavyks schnekts almost completely coincides with the borders of the present Šakiai district. Although the name zanavykai is purely geographical and not completely accurate, the word has firmly entered the usage: there is a weekly newspaper "Zanavykai", Zanavykai clubs are active. It is one of the western highlands of the Great Plains. It forms the western part of the central Kaunas dialects and harmoniously blends into the Lithuanian dialect system. Historically, the Zanavyks occupied the northern part of the old Sūduva, which is 29 believed to have experienced the early influence of the forming Lithuanian nationality and language. The wasteland that appeared here in the Middle Ages, about which the Crusader chronicles speak, was the result of constant fights and campaigns against the Lithuanian state that lasted almost two hundred years. However, the wasteland was not complete, but rather relative. Although the area of Zanavikas belonged to Žemaičių seniūnija in the 15th-17th centuries, the influence of the dialect of the nearest western neighbors of the seniūnija, the Vysočanis (so-called Veliuoniškiai), was hardly decisive. This flow of influence from the north to the further southeastern areas was severely halted by the same flow of influence from the neighboring dialects of the Trakai Voivodeship. However, the southern dialect of Trakai Voivodeship was not homogeneous. It was composed of two layers: the first, older layer of western character, probably formed on the basis of the western Balts, the Suduvius language, and the second, more or less penetrated or covered the first layer of Eastern traits. Most of those features that did not reach the Zanavyk schnecks are stopped in the transitional section of the south-eastern western Kaunas Vysoki and the north-western southern Vysoki edge. Furthermore, the western edge of the Kaunas dialect of the Western Highlands, and thus the Zanavyk dialect, has always been directly influenced by the dialects of the south-western Highland dialect of Lesser Lithuania. As a result, the northern part of the Zanavyk schnekt is essentially a continuation of the so-called jacket schnekt. Thus, the Zanavykian dialect, formed on the basis of the western Lithuanian dialects, is a peculiar product of the south-western Highland dialect and its roots still reach the base of the old Sūduvian of the inhabitants of this region. Received 17 April 1998 Kaukiené A. 1995: As Princess Birutė spoke. —Lietuvininkų žodis, Kaunas: Literae universitatis, 469-478. LKA 1977: Lithuanian Language Atlas 1. Vilnius: Mokslas. LKA 1982: Lithuanian Language Atlas 2. Phonics, Vilnius: Mokslas. LKA 1991: Lithuanian Language Atlas 3. Morphology, Vilnius: Mokslas. Maximian's Age. —Upytė. Vilnius: Mintis, 21-30. Mažiulis V. 1994: Prūsai ir kiti baltai. —Prussian Culture, Vilnius: Academia, 4-6. Mažiulis V. 1995: About the Lithuanian origins of Prussia. —Lietuvininkų žodis, Kaunas: Litterae universitatis, 465—469. Morkūnas K. 1994: On the prefix and its boundaries. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 34, Vilnius, Salys A. 1966: Zanavykai. —Encyclopaedia Britannica 35, Boston: British Encyclopaedia, 34-38. 84-92. 1938. pp. 193. "The History of Suvalkia". Zinkevičius Z. 1987: History of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslas. ARE THE ZANAVYKAI DECEDENTS OF THE SŪDUVIAI OR THE ŽEMAIČIAI Summary The boundaries of the territory of the so-called Zanavykai almost completely coincide with those of today's Šakiai district. The name zanavykai is a purely geographical, not very 30