Benita Laumane. „Zeme, jūra, zvejvietas. Zvejniecības leksika Latvijas piekrastē“

ar the concept of unmotivated nicknames does not contradict the concept of nickname? After all, if the truth gu Beaver, pike, chalk (p. 119) ir kt The reasons for choosing these personal names were not recorded, which does not indicate that they originated in any other way than all Lithuanian nicknames, i.e. that they are unmotivated. In evaluating „Lietuvių pravardes“ (Lithuanian nicknames), we tried to draw readers’ attention to the advantages of this new work on Lithuanian anthroponymy. į O The polemical remarks presented here, which differ from ar the author’s opinion on some issues, may be useful for further research of this unique Lithuanian name deposit. Vitalija Maciejauskienė Benita Laumane. Land, sea, fishing. Fishing lexicon of the Latvian coast. Riga, 1996: Zinatne, 397 Ipp. : il., Ip. [8] kr. it. Over the past few years, a number of significant works on Belarusian onomastics have appeared. Undoubtedly one such iš — 1996 m. deceased Latvian linguist B. Laumane- 's book for Research of the fishing vocabulary of the Baltic Sea area in Latvia!. This work summarizes and ir supplements the author’s previous studies.” It must be said that this is the first of its kind in the Baltic onomastics (and of linguistics in general) work: it examines in a very comprehensir ive and detailed way the seaside appellative-- adjective — lexicon of a — rather ir specific area. It is true that there is a little bit written about the place names of the Baltic coast of Lithuania”, but this is more of an introduction to toponymy, a detailed analysis of it. B. Laumane’s book consists of “Preface”, su “Introduction” 0 ne and three large chapters: “Names of Fishermen’s Settlements and Harbours” („Zvejniekciemu un valgumu nosaukumi“), “Relief Names” („Reljefa apzimējumi“) and „Fishing places names“ („Zvejvietu nosaukumi“- ). These sections consist of certain more detailed subsections. The introduction (p. 5-16) presents the diverse characteristics of the Baltic Sea coastal territory: the history of the emergence of fishing settlements, the development of fishing business, the ethnic composition of the population and its changes are reviewed. The book undoubtedly deserves a detailed review or discussion. Meanwhile, it is limited to its presentation. 2 Plg. JJayMare B. CemaHTHKa H crpyKTypa Ha3BaHUH TOHel rIOOepexss1 Jlarauickož CCP. —Baltu valodas senak un tagad, Riga: Zinatne, 1985, 115-127; Laumane B. Fishing places names in the Latvian PSR coast, Riga: Zinatne, 1987, 37Zr. Tynenuc B. Crmcok reorpadbrueckux Ha3BaHnū 3amBa Kypiurio Mapec H riprieratolnmež K HeMy TeppuropuHu. —Kypwio mapec, BunbHioc, 1959, 541-546; Vanagas A. Our coastal water names. —Baltija, Vilnius: Mintis, 1984, 72-77; Razmukaite M. Place names of Curonian Spit and Curonian Lagoon. —Language Culture 69, 1997, 74-81. 241 In the Baltic Sea area of the present-- day Latvia, not only Baltic (Latvian, Curonian- ), i.e. Indo-European, but also Finnic (Livonian, Estonian) peoples lived in various places, so each of these peoples’ language left its mark in both the appellative and the substantive vocabulary. The first chapter (p. 17-111) analyzes common names of harbours (physiographical terms) and names of fishing settlements and their inhabitants. It is interesting that all the words used in Latvian to name fishing harbours are borrowed: the most common term valgums comes from the Lybian language (cf. Lyb. valga-mo, valgam „Ladungsplatz“, Estonian valgma „place on the shore where the boat is pulled“ and so on. —p. 20); In Kurzeme sedums are used, sadums also borrowed from Baltic Finnish languages (cf. lyb. sadam, sada-mo “port”, est. sadam “waterfall, crater; piestatne, warehouse; port”, sadamus “river bank” and so on. —p. 21); in the Soviet years appeared pričala, pričals is a loanword from Russian (cf. rus. npuua1 — p. 22). Very valuable is the analysis of the names of fishing settlements. Their origin is explained on the basis of extensive historical data, thus reviewing the development of these toponyms. In addition, not only the names of places that have survived in the living Latvian language are analysed, but also those that are recorded only in historical documents. Detailed explanations of the origin are based on extensive literature, various versions of the origin of a particular placename or group of placenames with a certain root are presented by other authors. There are also many original etymologies. It is true that in some cases, especially when according to one version of origin the placename is considered to be Baltic or Indo-European, and according to another — of Finnish origin, the author’s opinion could be more emphasized and argumented. This can be missed, for example, in the case of the interpretation of the origin of the place name Čorkas (the toponym is compared with Lithuanian pvd. Čufkus, brus. Yypko or Estonian tsorg “flows, flows, stream” —p. 38). Etymologies are valuable in that in some cases they encourage reflection on the possible origin of one or another placename that is different from the one presented in the book. For example, the name of the farm Stiebri is derived simply from the adjective stiebrs* (p. 38) “stem”. However, from the point of view of motivation (semantic), such a direct link of toponym with a generic word raises certain doubts. Perhaps in this case the more plausible version of the personal name origin, especially since the name Stiebrs has survived in Latvian to this day." The name of the farm Varzas is primarily associated with lyb. varz „kumelš“ (p. 38), but only after that the connection with est is given. varz „stipri, krūmi“ especially for semantics, seems to be more motivated. The author’s interpretation of the origin of the place names Abragciems, Abragciems, Abragi, Abraglikums gives rise to certain thoughts. Based on the fact that the place name Abraks is recorded in a 19th-century historical source, the scholar considers the given Latvian toponyms as borrowings from the Baltic Finnish languages: links with * The meaning of this word in Latvian is not specified by the author. 3Zr CrantMmaue B. D. Jamsuuckas anmpononumus. Pamuauu, Mocksa: Hayka, 1981, 199. 242 is. Abrok, gen. Abroku, also est. su Abrog, Abruka Island (p. 63). Recognising such a possibility of origin may perhaps allow for a different ir consideration. Already the author herself do V. Veldre's thought: ‘Or Abragciems ir two-horned village?" It seems that there may be some rationale in this statement. The name of the cultivated land recorded in Lithuania, in the vicinity of Akmena, added to the Latvian place names Abragas may ma hypothesize that the root of all these toponyms abragali have the Kurian prefix ab- ‘ap-’ (plg. K. The word of Curonian origin ab-linga, ablinga „aplinka“*) ir common Baltic root rag-, cf. let. Rye „a narrow area of land, interspersį ed with sea, lake, ar forest, peninsula“, lat. rags ‘head, horn’, pr. rye ‘horn’. This hypothesis is supported by ir the fact that both Latvian and Lithuanian spoken pronouns are located in ji the former Curonian territory. By the way, other Latvian toponyms K. Boiko in a study on the Finnish geographical names of the Baltic Sea ir jų Relic "Latvijas vietvārdos analīzei", toponīmi su abragnē nav minēti. In the second chapter (p. 112-220) names of coastal ir marine relief are analysed. There are physiographical terms that describe the terrain (shores; dunes, beaches, peninsulas, islands, horns, estuaries, ports) and the marine terrain (sea, bays, inlets, open sea, straits, depths, shallow waters, rocky seabed, sandy seabed). The analysis of terms is also carried out in great detail and comprehensive: their meanings, prevalence, use in historical sources, origin are explained. In the analysis of a specific physiographic term, the placenames in which the term is included are also discussed. A lot of attention is paid to the semantics of some terms, e.g., the semantic field of the word mute, used to name river estuaries, is explained not only in the Indo-European context, but also in the Finno-Ugric ones (pp. 158-160). The third chapter (pp. 221—320) examines the vocabulary of fishing places in the same way. The introduction of this chapter is more devoted to the analysis of physiographical terms, and the other parts — to the study of fishing places names. In the subsection of the thesis, after briefly discussing the problems of the functional analysis of place names, all place names are first divided into single-component and multi-component, and then the first — into primary and derivative, the second — into compound (most of them), prepositional constructions and compounds. There is one more point of debate here. The toponyms Irbite and Ruonitis can be made not only from the deminutives irbite and ruonitis or place names Irbes strait and the island of Ruonu (p. 236—237), but also from non-proprietary adjectives irbe © See 3, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1961, 171, 296; Klimavičius J. Ablinga. —Our Language 6, 1977, 10-16. ' Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 11, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1978, 22, 24. 8 Balkevičius J., Kabelka J. Latvian-- Lithuanian Dictionary, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1977, 548.? Mažiulis V. Prussian etymology dictionary 4, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1997, 7. 0 Boiko K. Finnish geographical appellatives of the Baltic Sea and their relics in Latvian placenames: Dissertation for obtaining the degree of doctor of philology, Riga, 1993. 243 and seal. On the other hand, if Strait of Irbe ir Irbite bei Ruonu Island ir Seal identifies objects that are close to each other, it Irbite ir It is important to note that these are the same as the iš corresponding localities. From a semantic point of view, all the names of fishing places are divided into į 1) indicating landmarks (names that indicate landmarks: Steak, Church, Prot Vagariem and others) and 2) characterizing the fishing place (names that characterize the fishing place: Dzelme, Mikste, Ravas bedre, Aizkraūls and others). The chosen classification criteria are sufficiently motivated, although in some cases it is rather difficult to distinguish between them: for example, the place names Elksniši (p. 262), Puisinš (p. 264) are considered to indicate landmarks, while Akmenija (p. 280), Darzinš (p. 285) are considered to characterize the fishing place. However, it would seem that the function of the first two can also be to characterize a place (a place covered with alder trees; a place covered with pines). The last three subsections explain the origin of some fishing places names, indicating some semantic parallels in Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish and Finnish (e.g., Latin Akminaja, Akmenija: lit. Akmenė, Akmena: pol. Kamien, W Kamienia: est. Kivismaa “stoney land” —p. 307). The chronology of these placenames is also discussed — the first records in historical sources and their subsequent development. Very important are the detailed indexes of common and specific words at the end of the book, which facilitate the use of this valuable work. At the end of the presentation of B. Laumane’s book, she emphasizes a few other things that are particularly important for Lithuanian onomastics. As mentioned, the book also uses Lithuanian toponymy and anthroponymy data, which are analyzed by comparing them with facts of other Baltic and sometimes Finnish languages. On the other hand, the publication of this work gave the possibility to study Lithuanian place names in a broader context of comprehensively analyzed Latvian place names, personal names and related physiographic terms. Summarizing what has been said, it can be said that this book is a significant contribution to the study of the Baltic lexicon (especially toponyms- ). It is a valuable addition to the field of etymology of onyms and appellatives in the context of both Baltic and Baltic-Finnish relations. Laimutis Bilkis Vilius Pėteraitis. The small and small-scale mining industry. Vilnius: Mažosios Lietuvos fondas. Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing, 1997, 607 p. More than a year ago, another very important book published on the initiative of the Lesser Lithuania Foundation appeared on the bookshelves — a study by the founder of the Lesser Lithuania Foundation, Germanist and dictionarist Vilius Pėteraitis, entitled “Place names of Lesser Lithuania and Tvanksta” (in the subheading: Their origin and meaning). That's it. 244