Kanceliarinės kalbos pradmenys Jono Jablonskio raštuose

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XLII (2000) Pranas KNIŪKŠTA Institute of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius OFFICE LANGUAGE MATERIALS JONO JABLONSKIO RASTUOSE Introduction Our office language was destined to lag behind other functional styles of language in other fields. ir The Lithuanian written language, as we know, originated In the 16th century, however, only ja religious fiction was permittir ed for a long time. Only much later, in the 19th century, began to appear works of scientific publicistics, the beginnings of ir the scientific publicistic language began to develop, the ir official language of the state 0 was not used until the century, me business documents (except for individual XX circulars written in East Prussia) were not ir written in Lithuanian. Net At the end of a. the 19th century, when the standardizair tion of the common Lithuanian language began, no one raised or discussed the issues of the official language separately. ir During the times of Tsarist ir oppression, it was difficult to imagine documents written in Lithuanian. Ir After the re-establishment of the press, ir official documents and other business correspondence were written in Russian; at the time so it was necessary to write even Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Lithuanian office language as a separate functional style began to develop only XX a. at the beginning of the treatment. Ją The creation of the journal was primarily prompted by ir the public discussion of the societies operating at the time and their affairs in the recovered press. There were even publications that discussed the subjects of business letters and writing. Iš jų mentioned 1904 m. printed booklet of the “Vilnius Lithuanian Helped Society ir Laws” "Universal, equal, direct and secret ir suffrage." How the history of the clerical language document interesting 1906 m. Published in Riga ‘Lithuanian Raštvedys", as the subtitle says, "A teaching book on how to write letters, greetings, requests (prasenes) other writings ir perfectly adapted to every case ir for every person unable to learn to write" (Riga. Lithuanian ir Book Printing House ir L. Jacaranda. 1906 m.). Here are discussed the most common questions of writing various letters, there are tips, examples of writing letters and addresses. It is true that the examples of “government” documents — requests, vekseliy, contracts, wills, powers of attorney — are in Russian, but in the preface and explanations they are discussed in Lithuanian. Iš statements in the booklet worth paying attention to į ir now used to give an answer, address with a request and later replaced by more Lithuanian: letters are written to the boss "superintenį dent", merchants "merchants- ", in merchant affairs "affaires"; I “provide” some pictures “examples”. 190 Iš of the familiar terms more important are: boss, note, request (in parentheses explained request), address — (written in parentheses next to the heading), contracts (written in parentheses next to the conversation). In addition to the pictures, requests, conversations, there are also interesting authorized "authorization" guards "note". The first signs of office language can be found in ir articles in newspapers of the time about schools, societies, and other matters of public life. A number of such articles have been written by Jonas Jablonskis. In his articles and other writings, when speaking about these things, Jablonski uses the necessary words and phrases to describe them, which according to the content and nature expressed can be assigned to the clerical language. In addition, he mentions or even discusses words used by others in the field, thus contributing to the legitimization of the implementation. Such articles and writings are included in the first volume of Jablonski’s writings “Articles of Society” (Jablonski’s Writings. Volume I. Articles of Society. Edited by J. Balčikonis. Kaunas, 1933; hereinafter — R., vol. 1) and in the second volume “Educational Matters” (Jablonski’s Writings. Volume II. Educational Matters. Edited by J. Balčikonis. Kaunas, 1933; hereinafter — R., vol. 2). jų Several groups ir of them can be distinguished. I. First articles on business letters and documents 1. The laws of Vilnius Lithuanian Helped Friendship. Vilnius, 1904 [1904 "Vilniaus Žinios" N 10]. — R., t. 1, p. 81. Article — short annotation of a translation booklet. Its essence is defined, the language is shown and discussed. Jablonskis describes the contents of the booklet using her words: There is such a small booklet, in which the laws of the only Vilnius Lithuanian Society are written. The booklet describes: the purpose of the society, funds, members, members' rights and obligations, the procedure for granting grants, the board of the society, meetings, etc. As we see, there are terms of the clerical language, some of which have come to our days: funds, members, allowance, board, assembly; others have now been clarified or acquired a new meaning: draugovė "friendship", įstatymai "statute", (members') tiesos "rights", priedermės "duties"; to the latter belongs also the proposition of order in which benefits are granted “order of award of benefits- ”. Jablonski appreciates the language of the booklet, and therefore its phrases (,,...the translation is quite bold, not slavery®- ), albeit with reservations: “its language, apparently, is considerably processed, and may provide some material and ideas for working out terms”. Of course, we are talking about the terms of the official language. Specify separately the following words used in the booklet: narys (the word is distinguished from sąnarys), paslauga, sąskaita, apskaita, sąmota (summit). He puts only one word of his own company, he writes it next to friend, —it can be understood that he distinguishes them, but rather he prefers company. 2. Our books. Universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage. Written by P. Višinskis [1905 “Lietuvos Ukininkas” No. 1, p. 20]. —R., vol. 1, p. 109-110. 191 The article discusses the booklet entitled "People's Power" and the subjects of its ir collection. As the words of the booklet itself is given only its title: Universal, equal, secret direct ir voting, where as a term is the word voting by their own notes. su Anyway. Jablonskis writes in his own words and phrases, which are iš distinguished by the language of the business letters: (country) government, (all) seniors, (country) representatives, elections, voters (is the verb ir collects); sentences to fill in ‘execute’ the ‘decisions’ of society; represent... the citizens, their constituents; decides on... country affairs. In his own way, in different forms than in the booklet title, explains the principles of voting, namely, represent1) atives must be elected: all... adult people, all 2) equal... 3) all in secret... 4) directly or indirectly... Here are the du significant points: the saying adult ir people next to the immediately presented synonym directly, which Jablonski, apparently, prefers. 3. Vilnius December 17 D. 1904 M. [1904 m. "Vilniaus Žinios" N 18].— R., t. 1, p. 79-80. The article describes ir “In your own language, in simpler words of your own language” explained “all "The Russian Supreme Commander- ". The explanation is necessary jį because „we are not used to speaking the way that is spoken in such commandments“. So Jablonski directly refers to the special language of documents, in other words, the office language. Paties Jablonski’s style is clearly narrated, with a lot of participative language, which is not suitable for a professional style. Only individually used words and jo combinations of words are office-related: vyriausybė, pareigūnai, suverenioji „valstybė“, luodalykai — “amendments”), the decisive vote. Moreover, there are statements that are closer to the clerical language, the iš embryos of which can be seen in Jablonski's own speech: that the peasants should acquire the same truths ‘right’; to equal others in their truths... organic; before the court all the classes... smooth; force... iš the government- 's side... will not be; to entrust matters to certain laws; about the crime of man against the law will decide; narrows the impedance... ir of the population... courts (more ta common verb meaning to narrow; used to reduce ir foreign courts), the court has a decisive voice. Here we already see the bureaucracies to acquire truths "rights", restrained courts "rights", to entrust things (to whom), equal before the court, crime against the law, has a decisive vote. Be therefore, we find a sentence in conjugated words one... su second... (one, the to class of people is supposed to be mostly ir second, in — peasant life a lot has to be recycled and repaired). ir II. 1998-1999 Articles about Panevėžys Teachers' Seminary Many of jų them were published in the newspaper (1906 m. No. 22, 24, 29, 32, 37; 1907 m. No. 6, 7). — R., t. 2, p. 6-24; (1908 m. No. 20, 96). — R., 192 “Lietuvos Ūkininkas” vol. 2, pp. 40-42; one in the newspaper “Vilniaus Žinios” (1907, No. 71). —R., In the articles of this thread we find words with a stationery t. 2, p. 27—29. connotation, related to education, training, entrance to school and documents in this field. From the field of education, in addition to the usual terms such as school, teacher, seminary, mentioned now we already change enlightenment "Education" (Ministry of Education, Minister of Education), initiation "primary" school, people "Jliaudinė, people's" school, entry "preparatory" klesa "class". Entrance to the seminary is described in the usual way — with the verb stoti and its prepositional form vstúpiť (to enter the seminary, it happens and to enter the seminary, p. 10). Those who want to join are admitted to the seminary. The main accession document is the application. Other documents that are attached to it are mentioned (p. 21): metrics (in brackets — birth and baptism certificates), certificate of birth, į certificate from school, letter from parents (or guardians). It is not necessary to have a doctor's approval (not necessary). In another place (p. 40) the following is mentioned: the candidate’s metrics, a note about the candidate’s rise (hereinafter there is also a note about the rise), a note about the candidate’s integrity. All documents are referred to collectively as papers at first (applications with all necessary papers are submitted, p. 9), then as documents (other documents will be submitted upon request, p. 21). The names of the documents are still being searched for, usually translated by the most general word found, but the testimony predecessor paliudinimas is already visible. Among the other titles of documents not yet standardized, mentioned is the appeal “publication” (instead of replies, only printed appeals are sent to applicants, p. 9). The general submission of the request is described by the word combination submit the request, and the transmission by mail is described by two words: authorize the request and send the request (the second is more common). The action of the recipient of the request is written: accept, reject, review the request. There is also to fulfill the request (requests... fulfilled rather, p. 15). The recipient of the request is described by two constructions — with the beneficiary (send to) and with the prefix to construction (send to whom); both are found not only with the names of institutions but also with those of officials: to grant requests to the director of the seminary (p. 6); should allow applications to the director of the seminary (p. 21). The same article (p. 27) even uses a mixture of these constructions: direct your requests to the minister; the minister sends those requests to the seminary; people send their requests to the minister, the minister sends those requests to the seminary. This is an example of unstandardized office language. The articles contain statements that are not directly related to the areas mentioned. We find that since then the offices have been established received an answer (did not receive an answer), but the construction received an answer to the request corrected (now we say —received an answer to the request); express their opinion (to... express their opinion about them, p. 27), send through whom (through the teaching guardian sends those requests, p. 27). Alongside, apparently, in distinguishing the meanings, the forms used as necessary and as requested (other documents will be provided as necessary or as requested, p. 21). 193 However, there are a number of į words that have not entered the current official ir language. Interesting, but as a bureaucracy not in force, saying to write down what su (signed by su the Minister of Education, p. 20) (now used in correspondence only to correspond with whom). su In the present case meaning Jablonskis uses the incident (every such incident must be recorded su with the minister of education, p. 20). Jablonskis had not yet found a suitable word to describe the act of legal revocation, he used the verbs to denigrate (the old law... ta will not be despised now, p. 7), demolished (The Law... need to be destroyed this summer, p. 10). Even for describing the way ir of action of supporting, the su words word by word are used, which were later attributed to errors: here it is ir necessary to work in other ways (p. 19), following the current laws (p. 21). III. Articles about event organization ir jų 1. Congress of Lithuanian Teachers [1906 m. "The Farmer of Lithuania" N 28]. — R., t. 2, p. 11-12. Written about the request to hold a teacher's convention (course) ir The Governor's response. Jablonskis discusses the reasons given in the answer why it is not possible to to pretend, using words and statements related to su the preparation of courses. ir Iš words not yet discussed mentioned kongresas (used only in the title of the article) kursai ir (texte). But the most — interesting words that describe the course preparation. Jablonski most often uses the verb įtaisyti ir jo forms and leads: to set up summer courses, to set up such courses, to take care of such courses:; three times we find established and derived: courses.- jo .. able to establish... seniority, wants to establish- ... courses, [one] of tų the founders of the courses; once written about the installation of the course: [responsuž ible] for tų all course installation. One necessary word has not yet been found, the latter is the closest to the current usage, but it has ir another prefix now courses can only be — organized, arranged, equipped. ir ne Iš in the article of the now established clerical statements we find: make a request (made a... request), receive a request (having received a... teacher's request), get an answer (having received... answer), to give instructioiš ns; not accepted: request to fulfil (is it possible to fulfill the tų teacher's request), express lustful "wishes", go “follow” instructions (follow these instructions). 2. For the new company [1914 m. Hope N 289; 1915 m. Hope N 3]. — R., t. 1, p. 159-166. It is about a meeting of a society named the Victims of War Relief; also called benefit society ji ir (p. 162). The term society, which has already been adopted here, there are members of the society, the board of the society, the event of the society is called a meeting: the meeting of the society, the meeting protocol, the meeting spoke, the meeting speaker. Iš other words noteworthy: rights that changed truths (teachers' rights, journalists' rights, p. 166), verbs conjugated (rights already only var194 žomos, p. 166) ir establish (establish- ,, ed Žiburėlis), although about the mentioned society is written: is formed (p. 159). 3. Iš the second Lithuanian Teachers' Congress [1917 m. ‘Lietuvos The Voice' N 59]. - R., t. 2, p. 119-121. The article discusses the 1917 m. teacher's convention. Here, too, we find some innovations related to the office language: the convention already has the su current terminological meaning of this word clearly distinguished convention courses: — ir The majority [members of the congress] made up... course participants. There is only talk about the creation of a teacher's union (there is no longer any incorporation), about the teacher's right (there is no longer any truth in that sense). We find in the current usage the following kanciarizmy: decyzyjny głos (having the decisive vote), przyjąć rezolucję (a resolution was adopted), zlecić wykonanie (committed to execute decisions "decisions"). Yes Jablonski used terminologically, but now not established things: decisions are called decisions, congress participants — members, order of work, agenda — work program. It is written quite non-official: there was the second Lithuanian Teachers' Congress. IV. Presentation of documents (rules, statutes) The discussion of a particular document (the “High Command”) has been reviewed in one of the articles of the first group (see I. 3). Two documents of a regulatory nature are described in detail. 1. Bookshops at elementary schools [1907 Vilnius Žinios N 33]. — R., t. 2, p. 24-27. It is written about the new rules of school libraries, approved by the Ministry of Education in 1906. The explanatory part of the article is similar to other articles of that year. The language of the presented rules has more interesting and more specific features of the business language, we find more words of defined meaning in it. For example, the organization of a bookstore is described by the words steigti and įkurti (there are also the words įkūrimas, įkūrėjai); only once at the very beginning of the explanatory statement that bookstores are being repaired. In the office, compounds are used with the verbs skirti (to assign allowances; there are also allowances given once), pavesti (to assign work, to assign the supervision of libraries). Furthermore, the verbs give and entrust have different meanings: The Founders can either give those libraries to the schools of the people forever, or only temporarily, for a while. (p. 25). Of the noun combinations that have the character of professional language, the following are more important: educational institutions, public institutions, public reading rooms, public libraries (in parentheses explained —public libraries, so bookstore is not used in the present sense), list of newspapers (in parentheses explained —catalogue). The latter examples show that the search 195 is for the corresponding international words for the required ir terms. The term word search is seen in many ir other cases: the teacher who runs ir the library is initially named as the librarian, later called the library supervisor; to describe the time of the action phenomenon as the adverb eternally preposition ar next to given temporarily for that interval. ir Such a search is indicated by the ir aforementioned verbs establish ir establish, intended to ir give usage. Iš tų pairs of single words (established, appointed, temporarily) chancellor, others (to give, to a certain extent) ne has a subjective style. In this respect, the entire ir statements are not equal. The office-related shade has the adverbs eternally temporarily — opposed, but iš tų only the second, adverb forever replaced by adjectives permanent or interminated derivatives. The different statements used by Jablonski (the bookstore) have in mind have will vo ir (allow to establish a bookstore) fate, the — first such came our notary, the į second will changed by law. Du in the explanatory part of the sentence are used expressions not used in the office language: tam szándékosan "specially" to defend ir will have the value "will have power, powers". Even in the points of the rules there are non-official statements taken from colloquial language: after agreeing with the founder of the bookstore (now we would say after coordinating the issue), takes the costs on his own “covers itself”, the už reader mą does not have to pay, can allow to take a small fee, it is possible to allocate some ir salary. Now we would consider such statements as violations of functional style, but In Jablonski's speech they are interesting as facts of the history of the clerical language. 2. Czech Union of Savers in Prague [1913 m. Hope N 75]. — R., t. 1, p. 156-158. This is part of a larger essay "The Kite of These Days" (p. 151-158). It is written about savings, at o the end, in a separate section, the statutes of the Czech Savings Union are discussed. Both in the general part and in the statutes there are words and phrases related to finances and savings and other technical language. First of all, — the use of the organization- ’s names is eloquent: the ji official name is union, Jablonskis himself calls it society (the society was founded under this name), and when discussing the statutes he nevertheless uses union: union of savers, members of the union, organ of the union (publication), purpose and aims of the union (in the present term, tasks). — Iš in the area of finance we find: deposits, savings deposits, deposit booklets, deposits, savings banks, credit and savings institutions (p. 154), financial institutions, accounts of institutions (ibid.). Among the most interesting are the merchant “merchant”, the merchants (in parentheses — the industrialists) “businessmen”, the live “cash” money (buy goods with live money, p. 155). However, in general, the features of the office language are less here than in the overview of the bookstore rules. 3. Lithuanian Teachers' Union [1917 m. „Santara“ N 36]. —R., vol. 2, p. 113-117. This is the statute of the Lithuanian Teachers' Union prepared by Jablonski. They show more clearly what kind of office language Jablonski imagined and how he created it. The language of the statutes and its relation to the current chancellor's language should be discussed in a separate article. 196 ir su Here we will briefly discuss only its general features. In the statutes of the union, Jablonski repeated many of his terms, statements and syntactic constructions used ir elsewhere. But here the vocabulary, terminology style is ir already somewhat different from what was ten years ago, they are already closer to the current — usage. I don't know about modern terms, e.g.: union, society, sections, sections, headquarters, associatioir ns, e.g. : Union statutes, school representatives, audit committee, general assembly. Many more broader statements have also been incorporated into the present language, e.g. : The assets of the Union shall consist of: executes the statutes of the Union; the decision is lawful; Anyone may become a member of the Union; deleted iš the number of members of the Union; make the best use of the fruits of culture. True, there ir are unadapted here, maybe later my own ir The word form of things — rejected by Jablonski, e.g.: contributions "contributions", tax "tax", statements, e.g.: in court "how", the statutes to work "prepare", separate "appoint" iš their inter-commissions. Such kanceliarizmai were forced, used because no more suitable, Lithuanian substitutes were found. Jablonski’s research is shown, for example, by the fact that after writing the word atmainyti, he immediately explains it with another substitute; only change was not jį enough, the current — cancel that meaning then did not have, so left to o change. The basics of the office language contained in Jablonski’s articles help us to understand how our office language developed, to imagine its first steps, ways of creation and direction. We see the connection of the emerging office language with the common language of that time. Many words and phrases are borrowed from everyday speech, there are even features of ir colloquial language. The expressions of the office language are still unstable, the necessary words and ways of expression are being sought, many of them are used in parallel. Gradually, some words displace others used in parallel or are replaced by others. For example, the initially used enlightenment is later replaced by education, the society is replaced by the society, the document of its activity from the law becomes the statutes, the truth is replaced by the rights. We find words not yet normalized by Jablonski, later corrected and replaced: paliudinimas —luudinimas, nusprendimas — nuosprendimas, niekšinimas — panaikinimas. The Russian influence is felt, and we find word-making values, e.g. apšvietidi, e.g. išlaidas ima on om paliudijimas apie kilmę, stato juos pavyzdžiu. Even Jablonski did not escape the chancery paperwork. However, Jablonskis is trying to create his own, Lithuanian chancelling language. First of all, he adapts existing words and their usual forms: his articles are full of derivatives of the suffix -imas, e.g.: įstatymai, liepimas, paliudinimas (no mark yet); we find a bookseller with the suffix -ininkas. Inactive present tense participants are adapted to the official language, for example, the resolved voice. 197 Mostly creates new words, tries to adapt to the ne office language, in other words, o terminology, existing, e.g.: gina — “forbids”, allows "sends" (letters), the bookstore supervisor "librarian". We find such generalized expressions as the organ (publication) of the union of the educational institution. Sometimes ir changes the meaning of existing statements, e.g. will have value ir “will have power, will have power”, or takes a completely unexpected, even expressive phraseology will help with body — translation “help to implement”. The statutes prepared by Jablonski, as we have said, differ from what was in the first articles related to the chancery jo language. su They are closer to the current language of this area and indicate a certain ir stage of the clerical language. Bet The language of Jablonski's statutes differs ir greatly from the language of the corresponding current writings. The most — ne important thing is not only in ar individual words, but ir in the nature of the whole. — ir Our stationery is very standardized, the style is uniform, jų o iš Jablonski- ’s text exudes an individual tone of speech, often ir flashing clear reflections of living language. For example, about, in our words, "infringement of rights" unexpectedly writes — that rights are not restricted by force. ir Or we find a participle language interposed in the statutes: ar Union, while working, does not deviate from the path sometimes; iš listens, as worked ką ir ir ką of the Commission. Such inserts of a different functional style are one after another. Anyway. Jablonski's individual style is ir beautifully balanced with the needs of the office language. The Lithuanian office language has followed the ne same path as the į ją Jonas Jablonski. Ji more distant from plain language, more standardized sub-bureaucratic. These traits are obviously inevitable for ir the formed office language, but our present language of this field is too artificially separated from the plain language. Some of the to blame can be attributed to linguists, because they ir have contributed too little to the development of this language variant. Kazimierui He was primarily concerned with scientific ir dictionary matters. Juozui For Balchikoni, only the living language existed, su ja he could not imagine. The Later Generation of Linguists — Antanas Salys, Pranas Skardžius, Petras Jonikas — arrived late, when the office language practice was already in full swing, and they managed to get to the finishing work. Jablonskis was the main contributor to the creation of the Lithuanian office language. His greatest contribution — ne the few articles in this field written statutes, ar all language o standardization activities. The office language was developed on the basis of the common language he laid. Received 17/03/1999 198