Nederinamosios žodžių grupės valstybės dokumentų kalboje

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XLII (2000) Rasuolė VLADARSKIENĖ Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Kaunas UNDETERMINATED GROUPS OF WORDS IN STATE DOCUMENTS A sentence is often extended (and often very much) by the satellites of the parts of the sentence that make up its core, supplementing and specifying the meanings of the words from which they depend. They are called components of sentence parts, modifiers, and in traditional grammar - indicative. In addition to the syntactic relationship with the word they indicate, there are modifiers (compatible signs) and qualifiers (incompatible signs). The language of government documents is characterized by long groups of uncoordinated words, qualifiers, denoting multilevel nouns. Their use is determined by the need to describe the objects and phenomena in question in as much detail as possible. Because one of the main features of the language of state documents is accuracy, 0 in order to achieve this, it is necessary to form long, complex groups of words in order to convey the most comprehensive information in a single sentence. To the center of the group of incompatible words — the main word — is connected by means of control a vowel or affix, which in turn can have dependent words. According to the characteristics of conjugation, simple nouns and nouns made from verbs should be distinguished. In the language of state documents, the qualifier originator is very often used. The reason for this is the nobleman's ability to describe an object from different points of view. Therefore, the pronoun is the most common pronoun in the names of various institutions, bodies, institutions, organizations and their divisions, officials, documents. They are formed with several differently related causative factors, e.g. : Ministry of Transport of the Republic of Lithuania; Protection Police of the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Lithuania; Department of Housing Policy of the Ministry of Construction and Urban Planning of the Republic of Lithuania. Such extended noun groups are made up of several steps (grades, ranks) of ancestors, which in turn may have dependent ancestors, e.g. : Ministry of Culture (I-grade group consisting of two originators), Department for the Protection of Cultural Property (II-grade group — three originators). Such extended chains of originators allow to indicate the legal subordination of the object in question and other distinctive features of it. 114 One of the iš most common meanings of nobleman in names is legal — subordination: Police Department of the Ministry of Interior; Ministry of Foreign Affairs Consular Information Department; Ministry of Transport Civil Aviation Department Airports Division; Ministry of National Defence Air Force Air Traffic Control. Other common meaning of the adjective in names field of activity or — nature: Statistics Department; Ministry of Economy; State Security Department; Competition Consumer Protection Office. ir The originators of the field or type of activity are į included in groups of legal subordination originators, e.g. : Cultures (field of activity) ministries (whole compou- — I nd grade group) Publications (field of activity) section (whole compou- — II nd grade group). Often in such names there are coordinating ir marks different ar (not the nobleman'- s) jokes, e.g. : State Commission for the Control of ir Energy Activities of Energy Resources Prices; Representative offices of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania in districts; Adviser to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania on international relations; Government of the Republic of Lithuania Communication su Representative in the Seimas; Lietuvos Republics Seimas spokesperson. One of the iš reasons for the frequency of descendants chains in the language of state documents is — the requirement to provide the full names of institutions in official usage, indicating all higher subordination chains, e.g. : Lithuania Department of Migration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic; Ministry of Communications and Informatics of the Republic of Lithuania, State Electrical Communications Inspectorate; Trade Coordination Division of the Trade Department of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Republic of Lithuania. When the subjects referred to are su related to an institution whose name consists of a group of several degrees of ancestors, a single degree mark is added. These include: job titles, e.g. : Chief of Staff of the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Lithuania; Commissioner of the Sub-Division of Control of Illicit Drug Production and Trafficking of the Criminal Police Search Directorate of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, titles of documents regulating the activity of the institution, e.g. : Rules of operation of border control posts of the State Public Health Service; tariffs for services provided by the State Water Transport Control and Safe Navigation Inspection of the Republic of Lithuania; Provisions of the State Register of Administrative Units and Residential Settlements of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania. Long chains of origins can also form in the titles of other documents where there is no clear hierarchy of legal subordination, or in noun statements of other meanings, e.g. : Draft Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Deep Earth Resources; Procedure for Implementation of the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Multi-Apartment House Owners’ Societies; Economic measures to reduce overall alcohol consumption; Working regulations of the competition committee for the preparation of the programme draft; violation of the 115 management of the trading broker's journal; the period of validity of the customs vo broker's clearance certificate. Long chains of origin make it difficult to understand the style, part iš of the text, ir but they arise because of the specificity of the names used in state documents. In the language of state documents, — the adjective originator is often used in the verb abstract. Such a pronoun, of be attributive meaning, has ir different, deeper meanings. The Lithuanian Grammar says: “This pronoun retains the same meanings as the pronoun relating to the corresponding verb” (LKG 1976: 417). A. Valeckienė differentiates the meanings of such a genitive according to the transitiveness of the base verb: “When the abstract of the action is composed of intransitive verbs, the genitive denotes the subject of the action [...], and when the abstract of the action is composed of transitive verbs, the genitive denotes the object of the action” (Valeckienė 1998: 152). In the language of state documents there are cases of both meanings, e.g. : Passenger flight be ticket — entails a fine of up to one hundred litas (ATPK 1996: 91); Failure of citizens to appear for a summons to the real national defence service or training without a justified reason for up to two days —involves a fine of five hundred litas (ATPK 1996: 157) —subject origins next to nouns made from intransitive verbs; Intentional damage to a telephone machine air cabin — a fine of five hundred to one thousand litas (ATPK 1996: 100); Intentional unlawful crossing of the state border of the Republic of Lithuania is punishable by imprisonment for up to three years or a fine (BK 1997: 78). The usual place of the genitive in a noun is before the noun (GenN) it denotes. Such is its position in the quoted sentences, no matter what meaning, the object of the action or the subject, it has. In the language of state documents, the most problematic cases are those where the abstract of the verb is made from a transitive verb, and the originator denotes a person who can be both the subject and the object of the action or have another meaning, e.g. : Unlawful dismissal of an employee for personal reasons [...] is punishable by corrective labour [...] (BK 1997: 97); The intentional damage of military certificates or careless care by conscripts and conscripts is punishable [...] (ATPK 1996: 159). The sentences of this stencil structure are used in the codes (i.e., in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania and the Code of Administrative Offences of the Republic of Lithuania): first, the act that entails a fine (is punished) is indicated, then the type and amount of the penalty. The action is described by a noun group, its main word is a verb abstract, the distinguishing feature is defined by the originator. 116 o jo Often it is necessary to indicate the ir subject of the action, the ir object, the o jų expression ir place in the noun group is itself, ta t. y. the originator goes before the main word. However, in order to distinguish the subject from the object in one sentence, the noun compound is moved in the į word order of the verb compound (SVO), e.g.: an official dismissed an employee a dismissal iš of an — employee by an official. iš Such a statement is awkward in terms of style, but in state documents it is inevitable when a noun compound must indicate the performer of the action, the patient object experiencing ir the action. ir — tą Sometimes in such noun combinations only the word order helps to distinguish the subject from the object, e.g. : Drinking of a minor’s parents’ arbakitųasmenų a minor — entails a fine [...] (ATPK 1996: 125); The intentional murder of a mother during the delivery of her baby or immediately after the birth is punishable po by — imprisonment up to five years mu [...] (BK 1997: 82). Both the subject and the object cannot be written before the verb abstract, because then a compound of different meaning would be formed, e.g. the mother killing the baby and the mother killing the baby. Due to the ambiguity of the adjective, the word order —adjective of the subject—- abstract verb—adjective of the object—persistent even when the object is not a person and cannot be confused with the subject, e.g. : su The avoidance of military service by a conscript of the National Defence Service [...] is punishable by imprisonment for up to one year (BK 1997: 110); Acquisition, possession, transfer to other persons or sale of a smooth-- bore rifle or crossbow without a police permit — fine [...] (ATPK 1996: 146). There are many more cases where a noun is used to denote both the subject and the object of an action, and the object is not a person, than when the object is a person. Therefore, it can be said that the object originator is used after the verb abstract not only to distinguish the subject from the object, but also to avoid possible different interpretations due to the ambiguity of the originator. Sometimes the origins of both meanings are used before the main word: the first — of the subject, the second — of the object, but they must be distinguished by other words, usually by the conjugation mark. However, such statements are not clear enough, for example. : Transmission of false information to the aircraft crew by an official of the Civil Aviation Directorate [...] —is punishable by a fine of five hundred to one thousand litas (ATPK 1996: 72); The negligent safekeeping of state or public property by a person who is materially responsible, as well as a person entrusted with the safekeeping of assets, entails criminal liability (ATPK 1996: 28). When a noun compound has only one adjective, the word order may be influenced by the meaning of that adjective. Subjekto kilmininkas pažymi intranzityvinio veiksmo veikėją, objekto reikšti negali visuomet eina prieš pagrindinį žodį, pvz. : 117 ir Drivers turning in pedestrian crossings, tunnels, on bridges, estakady, viaducts with them leads to a ir po fine [...] [...] (ATPK 1996: 79). The position of the object genitive may be the usual one, before ir the verb t. y. noun, ir po No. If the object is a — person, the jį denoting originator in the codes usually follows the main word, po e.g. : Insult of a police officer of a police sponsor in ar connection with the course of su public order protection duties assigned to them is punishable by — deprivation of liberty [... | (BK 1997: 105); Involvement of a minor in į criminal activity [...] — punishable by imprisonment for up to five years (BK 1997: 138); The abduction of mo a stepchild or the exchange of a child for selfish purposes for other low ar motives is punishable by deprivation of liberty — [...] (BK 1997: 91). In these cases, the order of the non-verbal ta helps to understand, means the qualifier ką originator, plg. insult of a policeman insult of a ir policeman the first compound — can be interpreted in two ways, the second is understood only in one way. Thus, in such noun verbs, the order of words se can perform the distinguishing function of the subject object. ir This is one iš tų cases where, as stated by V. Ambrazas, „Order of words can be used to differentiate the meanings of word combinations“ (Ambrazas 1986: 97). Only in rare cases can the person-denoting pronoun of the object be used before the main word in the codes, e.g. : Insult or defamation of the President of the Republic in the mass media entails a — warning [...] (ATPK 1996: 162); Carriage of passengers by passenger motor transport, the sanitary condition of which does not meet the requirements laid down — by law, entails a fine [...] (ATPK 1996: 93); Intimidation of a person by explosion, arson or ar other dangerous to human life, health or property is punishable ar by deprivation — of liberty [...] (BK 1997: 120). In these cases, the iš context makes it clear that the object is marked as a nobleman. When the object is a — ne person, jį the denoting pronoun usually goes before the main word (GenN), e.g. : Secret ar open theft of another's property is — punishable by imprisonmmu entup to four years [...] (BK 1997: 158); Throwing garbage and other objects through the windows of train cars [...] —requires a warning (ATPK 1996: 67); Destruction of other person's property intentional injury punishable by ar correctional work — [...] (BK 1997: 162). Neutral word order GenN is used in other state ir documents when there is no risk of confusion of the subject of the action with the object, e.g. : Income —is the increase in the bank’s assets or decrease in the bank’s liabilities for services provided during the reporting period už (Jin. 1995, No. 33— 804); The main objectives of state energy policy are: Encouraging producers and [...] consumers to ir efficiently use local, renewable secondary energy resources ir (Zin. 1995, No. 32-743). 118 However, the originator of the ne object, denoting a person, can go ir po of the main word, although jo the place according to the Lithuanian word order would be ir before the word, e.g. : šį Avoidance of mobilization call į Lietuvos National Defence Service of the Republic is — punished with deprivation of liberty [...] (BK 1997: 77), plg. avoidance of the mobilisation call; Appropriation of found or accidentally found property of high value is mo punishable by correctional work — [...] (BK 1997: 61), plg. the misappropriation of high-value assets; Failure to provide ir necessary clearly immediate assistance to a person in a life-threatening situation punishable by [... | — correctional work (BK 1997: 91), plg. failure to provide the necessary assistance. Į the action mą title is more emphasized, drawing the addressee's attention. į jį This word order is found in the titles of the ir articles of the Code, e.g. article. Avoidance of 80 mobilization call (BK 1997: 77); 129 Article 11. Denial of medical assistance to a patient (BK 1997: 92). Kita (usually the most important) reason why the origin is moved from the main word to the po length of the whole noun — group, especially the subordinate sentences in it, e.g. : ir Hunting of animals or birds, whose hunting is totally prohibited, is punishable by ta [...] — imprisonment [...] (BK 1997: 194); Violation of the rules established to prevent or control epidemic or other communicable diseases, if it caused or could cause the su spread of the disease is punishable ar by imprisonment — [...] (BK 1997: 136). The fact that the reason for the change of word order is a long group of indicative words is confirmed by those cases where the abbreviated title of the article describes the action in question in a neutral word order (GenN), e.g.: article. Unlawful sending of poisonous, explosive or flammable substances Unlawful 233 sending of poisonous, explosive, flammable or flammable ar substances or objects by mail or luggage — punishable by imprisonment [...] (BK 1997: 131); Article 106. Importation of prohibited plant origin goods and plant origin goods without quarantine inspection or appropriate treatment Importation from abroad or removal from border sea and river ports (piers), from railway, bus stations, from airports and other border points of prohibited plant origin goods, as well as plant origin goods without quarantine inspection and appropriate treatment — entails a fine [...] (ATPK 1996: 63). Combinations of unusual word orders are often inanimate artificial constructions, where Lithuanian language is forcefully bent to the standardization and accuracy necessary for state documents. 119 Verb noun qualifier communicative — Communicative is most often used with verb suffixes -ing of abstract, constructed verbs, which iš can join a communicative verb, e.g.: priėmimas eksploatuoti, cf. take into service; threat of killing, cf. threatening to kill, refusing to register the statutes, offering to grant a degree, attempting to commit a crime, seeking to influence a witness, handing over to drive a car, avoiding the performance of an obligation. The common noun can be used with other nouns of verb ir origin, e.g.: grounds for granting a benefit, possibility of transferring data, authorization to sign a contract, request for reimbursement of overpayment, permission to set up a terminal, decision to dismiss an inspector, application for funds. The general qualifier is used quite often in the language of state documents, because there are frequent verb nouns, the specificity of the scope of use requires the action to be described as o a concept not related to time, number, person. su ar In the United States, the term is most su commonly used in legal documents. This word is very important here, because one of the tasks of iš state documents is to establish the rights of citizens, officials, ir institutions in the state. For this, in normative documents, separate articles even chapters are allocated. ar Su The laws of the United States are ir generally divided into three categories: the constitutiį onal law, the constitutional law of the state, and the law of the state, which is the law that governs the constitution of the United States. ar It is rarely used, e.g. : Workers have the right to strike in defence of their economic and ir social interests (LRK 1994: 19); A member of the credit union has no right to vote when the general meeting of members decides on membership in the credit union jo (Zin. 1995, No. 26-578); usually the words that are dependent on the communication are added. In the case of transitive communicatisu on, the group of words in the noun feise usually consists of the ending of the communicatiiš on, e.g.: the su right to obtain information, to check documents, to make a decision, to impose sanctions, to form a commission, to criticize work, to appeal decisions, to make proposals, to point out shortcomings, to provide services, to treat sick people, to produce coins, to control trade. The group of words describing the right or its basis may also consist of: communicating with the nobleman, e.g. : The State Auditor has the right to employ specialists to carry out inspections (Journal of Laws 1995, No. 51-1243); Committees have the right to demand reporting data from municipal administration, municipal enterprises, officials of institutions on matters within their competence (Journal of Laws No. 1995, No. 32— communicate with the user, e.g. : The Privatization Agency has the right [...J to represent the Government of the Republic of Lithuania in court in relation to privatization 755); transactions [...] (Zin. 1995, No. 61-1530); communicate with the housekeeper, e.g. : 120 su The passenger is entitled to travel on a train of a higher category (GTK 1996: 21); Auditors have access to all bank [...] information and documents (Jin. 1995, No. 49-1214); communicsu ate with locals, e.g. : A member of the community has the right¢: to participate 1) in the community meetings [...]; 2) to work in the community under an employment contract (Jin. 1995, No. 20-449); Officials have the right to serve in [...] other institutions, as well as abroad, in accordance - with the procedure established by normative acts (Zin. 1995, No. 33-759); communicate su with prepositional constructions, e.g. : A person held administratively responsible has the right to access the file su (ATPK 1996: 220); The arbitral tribunal [...] has the right to apply to the district court of the place of the arbitral tribunal [...] (Jin. 1996, No. 39-961); communisu cate with the participant, e.g. : Citizens have the right to participate in the governance of their country, either directly or through democratically elected representatives (LRK 1994: 13); Inspection personnel [...] are entitled [...] to participate in investigations into the circumstances and causes of accidents and fatal and serious accidents [... | (OJ. 1995, No. 26-594); two commons, e.g. : The Privatisation Agency has the right [... | to propose to the founder of the company to replace the head of administration of the company being privatised [...] (Journal of Laws 1995, No 61-1530); The inspection staff [...] shall be empowered [...] to require natural and legal persons to immediately shut down energy installations [...] (Jin. 1995, No. 26-594). Often the content of a single right is not described, but the whole complex of rights, i.e. the rights that an official or institution has. The complex of rights is described by groups of words, which consist of homogeneous, usually extended qualifiers — communicating with various dependent words, e.g. : su In carrying out the tasks entrusted to it, the Statistics Department shall have the right to: 1. approve the annual work programmes of the Statistics Department, the statistical departments of cities and districts; 2. to obtain free of charge by correspondence from undertakings of all forms of ownership […] accounts approved in accordance with the prescribed procedure; 8. to carry out censuses and other statistical surveys using the population in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Republic of Lithuania; 9. participate in the preparation of quarterly and annual accounting balance sheet forms for the Ministry of Finance [...]; 13.to exercise the right of publication and to publish statistical data (Journal of Laws 1995, No. 27-612). In all the groups of words examined, the communicative comes after the word it denotes, and the noun group itself is at the end of the sentence. That is their usual place. A different word order is possible when it is important not to define the content of the right, but to indicate who has the right. There are three possible variants of unusual word order: 1. The noun group is at the beginning of the sentence, the sentence begins with the main word, followed by the qualifier — the common with the dependent words, e.g. : 121 Each tenderer su has the right to access the minutes (Jin. 1996, No. 133-2356); The right to prescribe chemoprophylactic treatment is reserved for personal health care specialists who have obtained licenses for medical practice in accordance with the procedure established by the Ministry of Health (Jin. 1996, No. 104-2363); Right to offer To the President of the Senate of Judges, questions of application of laws in court practice to be discussed in the Senate have Supreme Presidents of Court ir Chambers Judges [...] (Jin. 1995, No. 36-887). 2. The noun group is divided, the communicative goes at the beginning of the 0 ja sentence, from the word it denotes is separated by the verb. This unusual word order is used when the right holder (beneficial) must be particularly emphasized, e.g. : All legal and natural persons have the right to use roads ir in accordance with this law [...] (Jin. 1995, No. 44-1076); Only persons who have registered in accordance with the established procedure after attending the ir meeting of the į rental tender committee are entitled to participate in the tender (Zin. 1996, No. 103-2356); Preschool children, be pregnant women, disabled persons, members of su the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania, municipal deputies are entitled to purchase queue tickets at the ticket offices. (Zin. 1995, No. 47-1155). This word order, apparently, originated from sentences where the adverb consists of a modal verb and a communicative verb at the beginning of the sentence, and the person performing the action is moved to į the end of the sentence, e.g. : Medical practice (primary specializatioar n) in the Republic of Lithuania may be exercised by persons holding a valid license issued in accordance with the procedure established by this Act (Journal of Laws 1996, No. 102-2313); Hunting with birds of prey is allowed only to hunters (Zin. 1995, No. 25-571). Here the communicative is part of the adverb and can change its position more freely than the communicative, which is connected to the noun by a conjunction and is marked. But for phenomena of close semantics, similar expressions are sought. The combination has the right is equated to the modal verbs can, have, must, which in the language of state documents denote various degrees of commandability, and, included in this system, defines the boundaries of competence, i.e. legitimizes the ability to perform an action, e.g. persons who can use roads, persons who have to use roads, persons who must use roads, persons who have the right to use roads. 3.The noun group is at the beginning of the sentence, the sentence is opened by the communicative compound that precedes the word it denotes, but is separated from it by another qualifier — the genitive, e.g. : State libraries have the right of priority to acquire the ir printed materials and other documents of the liquidating non-state library (Journal of Laws 1995, No. 51—1245); Priority to purchase a ticket have: disabled persons, passengers with young children and pregnant women (Journal of Laws 1995, No. 60-1516). The group of words that go right with a noun, and which are based on a communicative function, is often very extensive. This group of words, which serves as the companion of the sentence part, becomes the most informationally significant and structurally the longest and most complex element of the sentence. Received 1999 05 27