Priežasties šalutiniai sakiniai Bretkūno postilėje

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLIV (2001), 129-144 Causal secondary sentences in Bretkiinas’ Postilė EDITA KIBILDAITĖ Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Kaunas The article deals with causal clauses in Bretkiinas’ Postilė. Attention is paid to the use of causal conjunctions and the position of the causal clauses with regard to the main clause. Sentences from the translated fragments are compared with Luther’s Bible and the Vulgate. By comparing the data with those of the modern language an attempt is made to formulate the principal changes in structure and use of causal clauses. In Bretkiinas, cusal clauses are usually introduced by nela (no longer used in modern Lithuanian), less frequently by nes and kadangi; iog, which has also fallen into disuse, is relatively frequent as well. Other conjunctions are but sporadically used. The causal clause usually follows the main clause, but the inverse order is not uncommon if the conjunctions kadangi, kaip and kada are used. Interference is rare. 0. IVADAS The structure and usage of connective sentences in Lithuanian has been little studied so far. The aim of this thesis is to analyze one group of them —the causal secondary sentences in Jon Bretkūnas’s postilla — and to determine whether there are any substantial differences between them and the data of contemporary Lithuanian language. Since the most prominent formal sign indicating the type of secondary mark is the conjunction, the focus is on the usage of conjunctions. The position of the secondary focus in relation to the main focus is also discussed. The material for this thesis was collected using the Bretkūno postilla concordance!, compiled by the Lithuanian Language Institute. In total, 966 secondary sentences with causal meaning are analyzed. In order to avoid confusion, the material is examined according to the location of the sentences under analysis: 1) in Bretkūnas’ sermon text itself, 2) in the perikope or 3) in the Passion. If necessary, the examples from the perikope and the passio are compared with the corresponding sentences from German (LB) and Latin (NT, VULG) sources, as well as with the sentences from the Gospels translated by Bartholomew Wilens (they are presented using the computerized concordance of the Gospels and Epistles). The main object of the analysis is the first group of causal secondary sentences, which best reflect Bretkūnas’s own speech. ! Computer concordances of Bretkūnas Postilés and Vilentas Evangelies and Epistoly by LKI Staff of the Department of Language History and Dialectology: S. Ambrazas (supervisor), O. Aleknavičienė, R. Petkevičius and V. Zinkevičius (programmer). 130 | Edit KIBILDAITE 1. SECTIONS SU JUNGTUKAIS nela, nes, nefanga nelang. IR 1.1. WORDS SU nefa. In Bretkūno postil, the semantic conjunction nefa is most often used to connect causal secondary sentences. (668 — 69% For <...> example: tūgi anis ilchgirde Kriltu nebli fanti nūg mielto uftek | iam nefa teip | rafcha S. Ianas BP, 12 ; So ius dear pretelei neginkites nei wankftiket | Ponams fawa C jiele / Doni alba Meflewa Duty. Nela iumus tatai themselves on good ilcheit <...> BP, 328 ;; Angels dsaugeli mulu pawarguliu delei nefa | mumus Kriltus ufgimme <...> BP, 88; <...> willi fmones <...>tur klauliti [chu tarnu Diewo <...>. In the tape raised anger BP 50; <...> toktai welinas wis geraus fiinna nei / fmogus kokfai nefa ghis | tam wiffam pribuwa BP, 427; Tapeieg will be ir williems / who pa mufu on Swieto ufigims | ikki days Paltaroles | williams will die. Nela teip ralcha Heb 9. The tape is done. Willy, we're gonna die BP, In one 516,.. sentence, the secondary accent is connected by a conjunction having the form nefu, which could be considered a ir proofreading error: A kada meldzames duchaunu daiktu nūg Diewo <...> tadda tokiu daiktu be pritarimo turrim proklti / nefu toke malda Diewas wilfadai nor primti ilchklaufiti ir BP, The 106,,. secondary elements connected by the rela conjunction are almost always postpositional in relation to the main element. In Bretkūnas’s postilla text there are only sentences in which the secondary du accent goes through this conjunction in the middle of su the sentence, but the part of the sentence to which it belongs: po A MelTiolchui | Ponui Kriftui | ufigimmus | turreia appiaultimas liautifli (nefa Shokan ir prakai only iki Iano turreia buti) ir Schwentas crikichtas prallideti BP, 140; Ketwirto S3idai ganna ir biaurei ifchloioie pona mulu IU(u) Kriftu / a without stirring (nefa Kriltus ghiemus ant kofno loioghimo atlifake) palkui Kriftu gwaltawnai nor | akmenimis ufymulchti BP, 327. 1.2. WORDS SU because. Switch nefa variant because postiléje almost seven times rarer. It connects the 102 secondary elements (in the homily text itself in — 70, the ir passages in the 6 ir 26). The conjunction because connected to the cause subjunctives form 10 % of total In the Bretkūn's postilla, the subordinate sentences of the cause. For example: : Welinui newalnu ira ffmogu as norins aplelti nei wel walia | ira I'm gonna take my ir life if I can. / Until search fails Pons Kriltus BP, So we're 295; angry about the future of the warrior. io | ne / But let's io wink because | we're on good ubagu ftoias BP, 10, Ir thie priliginimai labai padorei [chiimetu fakami ira nes iau | femelu aukfchtolu nu fmones dumoij arti ir [and BP,207,; 131 <...> Todelei iaukinkimes Diewui Bafzniczoie budami | Diekawoti | nes daug gero nig io gaunam BP 359,,; Teip ne mogaus numirulioio delei | ne reik rupinties /nes ir iam (mertis ant gero ilcheis BP 520,.; The 35th and 36th were the only fighters to be sent to the battlefield, and the 37th and 38th were the only fighters to be sent to the battlefield. In sermon texts, all the secondary elements of the cause connected by this conjunction follow the main one. Only in the Passio there were two sentences where the secondary accent is inserted into the main one. The position of the subordinate in one sentence in relation to the principal is different from that of the subordinate in the corresponding German and Latin sentences (in which the subordinate is used postpositionally), while the position of the subordinate in another sentence is exactly the same: Bet tarnai buwa pakure ugni ilch angliu widui namu /nes fchalta buwa /[childidamies BP, 371,(cf. Now the servants and the officers, having made a fire of coals, because it was cold, were warming themselves. 18, 19; Stoweia tada bernai /ir tarnai vgn ifch angliit law padare | widui Pallociaus /nęfa buwa [chalt /ir [childeli EE 194; Stoweia tada bernai /ir tarnai vgn ifch angliit law padare | widui Pallociaus /nęfa buwa [chalt /ir [childeli EE 194; Stoweia tada bernai /ir tarnai vgn ifch angliit law padare | widui Pallociaus /nęfa buwa [chalt /ir [childeli EE 194; Stoweia tada bernai /ir tarnai vgn ifch angliit law padare | widui Pallociaus /nęfa buwa [chalt /ir [childeli EE 194; Stoweia tada bernai /ir tarnai vgn ifch angliit law padare | widui Pallociaus /nęfa buwa [chalt /ir [childeli EE 194. ); O S3idai | iang diena prigatawijmo buwa | idant kunai Schwenteie nepallikatut ant krifjaus (nes ta Schwente labai dide buwa) melde Pilota | ieib iu kaulai lulaufiti ir nuimti butu BP, 393, (plg. 31 Now the Jews, because it was the day of the Sabbath, that the bodies should not remain on the cross on the Sabbath (for that Sabbath day was a great day), besought Pilate that their bones might be broken, and taken away. As in the present Lithuanian language, when the secondary accent is connected with the verb because, there are no answering words in the main accent. However, in Bretkūnas’s postilla there are three sentences, the secondary accent of which is connected by the conjunction nes, and the main démen is the answering word todel(ei). The secondary focus of all these sentences with the main one is related by a cause and effect relationship, e.g. : Saka Euangelilta ghi todelei (talde pagimdita | ir ing prakarta paguldita | Nes kitos gerelnios wietos padwarioie negaliia gauti BP 60 _; "I'm not going to let you go, I'm not going to let you go" - 3:18 (feat. : Therefore you do not hear, because you [do not swear by God JN 8, 47]; Bei Schwentas lakubs [aka | You don't have anything /why? Todel nes ius nepralchotes BP 358, (plg.: <...> jr habt nicht/darumb das jr nicht bittet <...> JOK 4, 2). Such sentences with the conjunction because and the answering word are similar in their structure to postpositional causal secondary sentences with the functional conjunction iog, only in the latter the answering word emphasizes the meaning of the secondary element and thus facilitates the interpretation of the sentence, and the conjunction because connected secondary elements cause the meaning of the conjunction itself. Therefore, answering words in this type of sentence are very rare. In these three sentences, the use of the answering words was probably determined by different reasons. In the first sentence, todelei... because it could have arisen from the example of sentences with todel(ei)... iog, and in the second and third sentences — because of the influence of the original. Page 132 | 133 1.3. WORDS WITH nefang AND nefanga. In addition to the sentences with nefa and nes in the postila, there are also several conjunctions nefanga and nefang connected to the secondary sentences of the cause. The phrases with these conjunctions are used only postpositionally. One sentence is connected by a nefang conjunction: PEr Seieghi feianti [awa lekla iffimana patlai Diewas futwertoias Heaven and ffemes | nefanga tas ilch pradsio [wieto fekla fawa fodsio feia BP 244 Four sentences are connected by a nefang conjunction, and all four are found in the Passover: Ghi ka primanidama tai dare | Nefang iog ghi ta wandeni ant mana Kuno ufpile thū ghi pranoka idant mana | Kuna pateptu | on mana pakalimo BP, 357, (see also the 1999 translation of the 1999 Bible). : She has done what she declared, She ilt guuor come my body julalben su my concept MK 14, 8; Jr have all a poor man over you, but you have not all 3eit me. The water that fell on my body made me ready for burial (Mt 26:11-12); I really liked it (chi Weliku Iereli fu iumis walgiti /pirm mana muko. I'm not going to fight you, I'm not going to fight you, I'm not going to fight you, I'm not going to fight you, I'm not going to fight you, I'm not going to fight you, I'm not going to fight you. : <...> I have dearly desired this Old Lamb with you ju ellen, before I suffer. For I command you, that I shall not be angry any more, until it be fulfilled in the kingdom of God. And yes, I am the Lord, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and I am the Lord of the heavens and the earth, and I am the Lord of all that is in the heavens and the earth, and I am the Lord of all that is in the sea, and I am the Lord of all that is in the waters. 26:29 And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and said, Take this, and divide it among you: 26:30 For I tell you, I will not drink of the fruit of the vine, until the kingdom of God come. 26:31 For I tell you, I will not drink of the fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom. Then they were in the house | But now /ie who has a czerella | there is an imma | tapeieg is a colitis. But not turilis /te pardūd ruba lawa | ir te pirk sword. I'm not talking to you. And it is on me to be ilchfildita what is ralchita BP 364. (plg. : Then [he said 3u jnen, But now, whoever has a purse, let him take it, and likewise the money, but whoever does not have, let him sell his clothes and buy a sword. For I charge you, It must still also be chosen in me, that gelchrieft ltehet <...> LK 22, 36-37). 1.4. CONNECTOR POSITION OF nes, nela, nelang AND nelanga IN THE WORLD CURRENCY. In the old writings, the place of these conjuncty in the salutary démens is unequal. Sometimes the secondary period begins with a conjunction, and sometimes the conjunction takes the second place instead of the first (Hermann 1926: 369). In Bretkūn- 's postil, the conjunctions nefang and nefanga always go at the beginning of the secondary punctuation (see 1.3.). Only the location of the switches nefa and nes differs. Most often these two conjunctions are at the beginning of the subjunctive, the second position occurs relatively rarely (in sentences with nes it is more common than in sentences with nefa: nefa — 2% of all sentences with this conjunction, and zes — 18%). Then the majority (65%) of secondary elements begin with adverbs (teip, teip, teipo, [chiteipo- ], a much smaller part — with pronouns (ghis, ghillai, tas, tallai, patlai). All sentences with adverbial-beginning subordinates are found only in the sermons themselves, and in the pericopes and the passim such examples have not been observed. Part of the in- 133 js pradedamy secondary elements with the conjunction nefa found in the perikopes. In the case of the Vulgate, the position of the conjunction may have been influenced by the use of the Latin verb enim. 1) nefa and nes after adverbs: Mirdami | turrim fawa miela Dufchele pac3iam Ponui Diewui <... > paliecewoti | Teip nela dare ira daug [whentu fmoniu BP, Kalti 415,; ira padonis Diewa melltilli ufju fawa Ponus | idant anis <...> mus pagalei Diewo likimo reditu | Teip nefa prifaka Diewas per Schwenta Powila BP, 504; <...> tadda gerai dabokimes | idant melldamies Diewo | willadai melltumbim tiktai wardan Iefaus Kriltaus /teipo nefa willi krikfchezonis ira melde <...> BP 103 toklai mogus gaus amfsina giwenima <... > / ir dulchas fawa mieloles | ifchganima danguie. Tape because it was Kriltus. Ilchganiti ira thie /kurie klaula Diewo fodi ir palaika BP 312; Mulu prilfikelima ifch numirufiu fienklin /ir patfai Schwentas mufu kriklchtas /teipa nes ralcha Schwentas Powilas Rom. 6. BP 522,; Fits fimogui Grielchnamuiem Pono Diewo kunas and blood on the forgiveness greek. Teipo because Kriltus himself speaks | Tatai efti mana kunas uf; ius diitas BP 67,; Willu kriklchcsoniu <... > palinklminoghimas prielch Smerti | tas ira | iog fjinna Dulche lawa nemirfchtancze | Bet ta kunui mirfchtant giwa iflilaikancse /Teipo nes patlai Kriltus (aka BP 416, Sweikatos and kintu fwetilchku daiktu niig Diewo pralchidami | turrim tatai ant io valios palikti. 1939: The 1939-1940 season was a success for the club, which won the FA Cup, the FA Community Shield, the FA Cup Final, the FA Cup Final, the FA Cup Final, the FA Cup Final, and the FA Cup Final. 2) nela and nes after pronouns: Bet ufsu tokias nellimeldjencjes fmones | pauklchtelis giroie <... > geriaus dara /tas nefa Pona Diewa [awa balleliu laud and worship BP 98; And I do not speak iumus /As alch norecjio pralchiti Tiewa uf; ius. Patlai nefa Tiewas mil ius BP, 95, (plg. : And I do not command you that I will pray the Father for you, For the Father himself loves you <...>; "I'm not going to tell you what I'm going to do, but I'm going to tell you what I'm going to do" (John 16:26-27). So elch koku iumus /ghillai didelnis ira neig Pranalchas? "Tallai nefa ira apie kuri paralchita ira | Schitai | Efch fiuncjiu Angela mana pirm tawes <...> BP 28 _(plg. : Etiam dico vobis, et plus quam prophetam. The following verses are quoted from the Bible: "Behold, I have sent my angel before your face." Yes I lay you, who also ift more than a prophet. For some of the evils, of which it is written [tehet, Behold, I find my angel for thee <...> MT 11, Bet tatai biloia megindams ghi | ghillai nefa finoia | ka noreia dariti BP, 305, (p.g.: That he laid but jn sooerfuchen, For he would do what he would do; Hoc autem dicebat tentans eum: ipse 9-10); enim sciebat quid esset facturus JN 6, 6); But even so we died according to the show of the Lord God and according to the prophecy of the Prophet | who is called Prophet Micheas | Tallai because Prophet prophesies about the Birth of the Messiah BP, 59,; 134 | EDITA KIBILDAITĖ Ie nu mogau bjeis Swietifchko kakio pono | ie klafai io infakimo /tada io klaulik paties Pono Diewo infakimo /tallai nes netiktai kuna mogaus /bet ir dufche gal amfinai prafuditi alba palkandinti BP, 293; <...> nenulliminkes ilchtikiek Diewui /ghis nes gal | ir nor gelbeti tawes BP 202; Per Piuwcius illimana [chwentieghi Angelai /thie nes fudna diena piktolius kaip ing pedelius kakius lurilchtus fudegis peklos Vgnije <...> BP, 211,. In Bretkūnas's postillé, one sentence was found in which nes goes after the noun: Ir wel kas neflibijo Diewo | nei kunigo fawa Bafinic3zos nenor klaulfiti /tallai <... >ne ilchwengs peklos ugni | Diewas nes nenoris apiūkems BP 51.. Comparing them with German and Latin counterparts, it is clear that this position of the conjunction is probably due to the Latin original: Tada biloia IEfus weildeket idant įmones feltufe. Buwa nefa daug foles ant anos wietos BP, 305, (plg. : Dixit ergo Iesus: Facit homines discutire. There was a lot of fire in the place. But Thelus said, Make the people encamp. But there was a lot of grass at the place IN 6, 10); So why don't you start with bilodami | ka walgilim /ka gerfim | ko wilkelim? <... > S3inna nela iulu Tiewas danguielis | iog to willo priwalote BP 394. (plg. : Therefore [old jr not forge, vnd lagen, What will we ellen? What will we drink? What will we wear? <... > For your heavenly Father knows that you need all these things. Nolite ergo soliciti esse, dicentes: Quid manducabimus, aut quid bibemus, aut quo operiemur? "After the death of his father, he became the leader of the 1931–32 season" (PDF). 2. SENTENCES WITH since(h)i. The semantic conjunction because was observed in 92 sentences (9%), so it is almost as frequent as the conjunction because. It can be used both as a single conjunction and as part of a pair conjunction. 2.1. SINGLE-CONJUNCT SENTENCES since(h)i. In Bretkūno postil€je such sentences make up 36% of all sentences with this conjunction. The position of the secondary spot varies with respect to the main spot. Although preposition, postposition, and interposition are all possible, postposition is the most common in Bretkūn- 's postposition. 21, prepositional — 10, ointerpositional — 2 causal secondary sentences connected by this conjunction. 1) postpositional: But you wel nei ghi milek | nei iam multnelni ifchtikek | since you see as and praftots Diewo BP, 273; Let us also be disciples of Kriklchc3onis iog [chiflai Kriftus tikras ira Melliolchus | because such works can be done BP 35; 135 Turrim teip kenteti /kofinas delei fawa paties grieku /kadangi ner newieno | kurfai be grieku galetu buti BP 512; lei Kriftus ufsumus numire /Kada dabar griekinikais buwom | tadda itt bulim ifchlaikiti | niig narlo /Kadangi per io Kraugi elme apteifinti BP 426,,; 268; 2) prepositional: But wienok because thie things /kuru kofnas ffmogutis priffiwala dweioki ira. 2) prepositional: But wienok because thie things /kuru kofnas ffmogutis priffiwala dweioki ira. 3) prepositional: But wienok because thie things /kuru kofnas ffmogutis priffiwala dweioki ira. 4) prepositional: But wienok because thie things /kuru kofnas ffmogutis priffiwala dweioki ira. 5) prepositional: But wienok because thie things /kuru kofnas ffmogutis priffiwala dweioki ira. 6) prepositional: But wienok because thie things /kuru kofnas ffmogutis priffiwala dweioki 1055; ira. 7) prepositional: But wienok because thie things /kuru kofnas ffmogutis priffiwala dweioki ira. Butent kitti Duchawni kiti Swietilchki /turrim finoti | iog tu daiktu newienu budu niig Diewo reik melltilli <..>.BP, O kadangi Diewas pirm to Willa Gimine Leui ant tarnawimo Bafinicjos palkirens buwa <...> neprilliwale Panas Diewas willu ffmoniu pirmgimiu ant tarmawio Bafnicsios <... > BP, 225; Since you asked ballo moter es tawa | ir walgei ifch medio | ape kuri efch taw prilakiau / bilodams ilch newalgili | Tu to | Cursed be in heaven delei wargei on ios | penelies tu <..>BP,412 ; O whereas anis delei is io poisonous [merties | ape tatai abeioj apbart / iūs Ponas BP, 26, ; 3) interpos- <...> itional: noreia Diewas [in the presence of Mephibosheth's ascendancy show | Nela since ghis thinai ape tokes Moterilchkes kalb kurios / ifch wiro fekla prijm ghis | [wanted] thū fenklini | iog palkui turetu | [weeks Bernel be Whirlwinds ifch c3iltos pannos ufigimti <...> BP 221; SChi diena <...> wadinama ira diena Schwentos Traices <...> tatai elti /triu perfonu Deiwiltes. Nela since over the years many ir plac3ei heard ape Gods Tiewa <... >. Ir ape Sunu Oh, my God. Bei taipaieg ape Schwenta Dwale <... > Noreia [chwenti mulu Tiewai <... > idant pamoklla ape God's ir three perlonas Deiwiltes | Vienna Card <... > ant [the first weeks of treatment] po The Pentecost would have been repeated <...> BP, 175. When the secondary accent is connected with a conjunction because, there are usually no answering words in the main démen. Only in two Bretkūn's postilla sentences with since the meaning of the cause of the secondary point is emphasized in the main sentence by using the answering words todelei tii. ir The subordinate elements of both sentences are A prepositionair l: since mumus williemus [chu pac3iu pamokflu didei reik | Todelei nu ape tas paczias maf; placsiaus [akilim ir mokinfimes BP 285 ; O since mogus nei liefuwi nei wel | [chirdi awa teipo gal pawalioti idant / fully | God's gracious pilditu | Tū ghis can't ifch wirfchutinio good living really telus be / po Diewo akim nei | dangu ilchkakti / We even need another bottle Teilibes BP 287. The conjunction because(h- )i goes either at the very beginning of the secondary po démen, or immediately after the next conjunction. Nevertheless, Bretkūno postilėje happened to find one sentence su with this con- 136 | EDITA KIBILDAITĖ with a joined subjunctive accent, in which the usual word order is violated, and between because and the opposite conjunction even ‘but’ other words are inserted: Lajarus kacjei didei wargltans | tac3iau ghis Diewui ifchtik | Wieros ing ghi nepamet | net tik Diewa kadangi on lawes lullimillenti | Tik taipaieg [awe niig io apturelenti atleidima grieku ir dulches ifchganima BP 200,,. 2.2. SENTENCES WITH PORINE CONJUNCTIONS because(- h)i... so(d)a AND because.- .. [also]. Bretkūnas's postile since(h)i as part of a coupled conjunction is used in 59 sentences (64% of sentences with since(h)i): <...> and since ghis iemus ape ta ko noreia aplakiti then liepe ios buti linklmos Ichirdies BP, A since such a bad 8353 Bafinicjos tarnu | and between krikf/chezoniu (and beda) is found ira. Tadda mes ilch [cho Ifchloioghimo Pono Kriltaus S3idu /mokinkimes [chu daiktu BP 61; Todelei mieli krik/chce3onis | kadangi daug mus reik | ir melfdamies rodos noretumbim ilchklauliti buti /tadda gerai dabokimes | idant melldamies Diewo | wilfadai melltumbim tiktai wardan Iefaus Kriltaus <...> BP, But 103; since ilch angry [chirdies buwa infibridens and tikoiens treasure near fawa. Tada ghis ifch did3io fawa gailefio mufcha krutis fawa | <...> BP, 363, ,; <...> but since ius tos neprijmmat / [rightly referring to paganism] BP 209 ; But since ius to niig fawens patremet | ir [awe patis nehadnais laiket | amfjino giwenimo / Schitai kreipemes pagoniump <...> BP, 471. 3. WORDS SU iog. 3.0. In the present common Lithuanian language the polysemantic conjunction that is used rarely, and in dialects it is generally disappearing (Ulvydas, ed. 1976: 807; Ambrazas, ed. The German linguist Eduardas Hermann, based on the material collected from the oldest and later Lithuanian writings written in Prussia and Lithuania, states in his work on the development of conjunctive sentences in Lithuanian that the conjunct jog was frequent in the old Lithuanian writings. He also draws attention to the fact that in Prussian Lithuanian writing it is used mainly for explanatory, less often — for connecting secondary elements of cause, and in Lithuania — vice versa: the conjunction is more often used to connect secondary elements of cause, rather than explanatory. According to Hermann, there is no doubt that this conjunction was once widely used in effect, cause and explanatory sentences (Hermann 1912: 67-68). After reviewing the development of the Lithuanian conjunctions from the 16th century to the beginning of the 20th century, Hermann suggested that the conjunctions beginning with the consonant j are gradually being pushed out of usage and replaced by conjunctions beginning with the k (Hermann 1912: 84). In Bretkūno postil, the functional conjunction jog (written iog) is used 506 times. It is found in 43 (496) secondary sentences of reason. Almost half of them are found in the pericopae and the passio. The conjunction is used three times in postpositional subjunctive sentences: alone, with the answering words, and as part of a coupled conjunction. SECONDARY SENTENCES OF CAUSE IN BRETKOON'S POSTILE | 137 3.1. SENTENCES SU JOINT TAX 0g BE THE RETURN OF THE WORDS. Bretkūno postiléje of the secondary elements of the cause, connected by one be conjunction iog answering words are only 8 (19%). They always go the main po focus can mean: the ir cause of the action 1) or the basis of the 2) question, e.g. : 1) Teip ghis wienu ira nekaip thie dwi naturi mailchitasbutu / bet iog ghis wiena tiktai perlona ira fu / BP, 188, : Piktalis tarne | villa [kola you forgive me iog / you begged me BP, (plg. : 486, Du Schalckknecht, all parts I have allowed thee to deal with the debt, because thou du beggedst me; I'll never forget you, I'll never forget you, I'll never forget you, I'll me <...> MT 18, 32); <...> never ne forget you. du / but wienas Kriltus. Vienna | isn't. Daylight saving time in ffmogilte would be equal to / Bet iog Deiwilte fmogilte prime BP 188 : 2) Koklai tatai ira wjras iog by | weias by marios klaula io BP, 201; <...> kokfai tatai ira wjras iog weias / ir Maria's io Claw ‘BP, (plg. : 196, What ilt this for a Man, that jm Wind WNW More gehorfam ilt? Who is here, why do you come, and do you obey them? Mt 8:27); I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm Ir sorry, I'm sorry. | BP, (plg. : 162, What's wrong with you jr licking me? What's wrong with you? me LX 2, 49). 3.2. SECTIOSU NS i0g IR REFUSED I'll be there. When the causal sub-sentences are joined with iog, the main sentence usually has a response word that emphasizes the causal meaning (this is the structure of all connective 72% sentences with causal subordinates with this conjunction). The most common su answer word for reason sentences iog su In the Bretkūno postilla there is todel(ei). Also in reply words goes delto delto,todrilei* | (only in periphraseir s) thit, e.g. todel ira Ir wadinamas c3ielas Ateijmo iog willoie | kriklche3zonilteie mha ira ape Ateijma Pono Iefaus Kriltaus on ffemes BP, 3; Because the one who doesn't ir get the | money gets the ir money [aw pats Suda thū | iog | perfkir ne kuna Wielchpaties BP 68; Lia taipaieg ir Iofephas ilch Galileos | ifch mielto Nazareth | ing Jewish women | of Middle Ages David's | wadin Bethlehem | Todrilei iog ghis ifch Namu / ir family Do you know if | there are paralchits? fu Maria law pafiadetaie wanitami who buwa | funki BP, (plg. : 49, This is the time. ir Iofephas ifch Galileas / ifch Mielta Nazareth | ing Jewish women | of Middle Ages David to / the King Bethlehem | Todrilei iog ghis buwa ifch namu | jr ifch genus David if / he had been paralyzed fu Marie palubitaie woman / who buwa nefczia EE 9, ); NVeja Iefus per Marias pas mielta Tjberias Galileiaie | ir [eke ghi many ffmoniu delto iog | regeia | fenklus kurius ghis dare / on which nefweiki buwa tu BP 304, (plg. : DArnach fuhr Jhelus away uber that Meer der an [dat Tiberias in Galilee, vnd es 30ch jm much peoples after, therefore that lie the Seichen laid, the er an the Kranken thet JN 6, 1-2; POTAM nuerna lelus per marias mieltop Trberias Galileo / ir ena palkui daug gh fimoniu delto iog / regeia | fenklus kuriuos dare ant ié / tie kurie nefweiki buwa EE 50,). This reply word is used only once in one passage, so it is probably considered the same iš ne Bretkūno, o Baltramiejaus The fact of the Welsh language, especially that todril(ei) is used several times ir Enchiridion (6), ir Euangelijose bei Epistolose (7). 144 | Edita Kibildaite 5. The fact that the conjunction iog is relatively common in Bretkūnas’ postila, while sentences with kad and ka are still very rare, would confirm the tendency observed by E. Hermann, to replace formerly frequently used conjunctions beginning with jwith conjunctions beginning with k-. ABBREVIATIONS BP — Bretkūn- 's post EE —Vilento Euangelias and Epistolas LB —D. Martin Luther's German Bible 6, Weimar, 1929. MG -Mažvydo Gefmes Chrikfc3oniskas NT —Novum Testamentum Graece en Latine. New York: HarperCollins, 1964. VULG -Biblia Sacra inxta vulgatam versim |...) prepared by Roger Gryson, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994. LITERATURA AMBRAZAS, V, ed. 1994: Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. HERMANN, E. 1912: On the Development of Lithuanian Conjunctive Seats, Jena: Frommansche Buchdruckerei. HERMANN, E. 1926: Lithuanian Studies. A Historical Study of Weakly Emphasized Words in Lithuanian. PALIONIS, J. 1967: Lithuanian literary language in the 16th-17th centuries, Vilnius: Mintis. ULrvypas, K., red. 1976: Lithuanian Grammar, 3. Syntax, Vilnius: Mokslas. Edita Kibildaitė Received 2001 02 28 Vytautas Magnus University Department of Lithuanian Language Donelaičio g. 52, 3000 Kaunas, Lithuania