Asmenų pavadinimai, reiškiami veiksmažodiniais mobiliaisiais daiktavardžiais („substantiva mobilia“)

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLIV (2001), 55-69 JUDITA DZEZULSKIENE Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Kaunas The article deals with Lithuanian motion nouns (substantiva mobilia) such as mokytojas, -a. They occur in pairs of related nouns sharing a similar stem and a similar formant but with different inflectional endings according to natural gender. Their gender is determined by their meaning (and redundantly by their morphology): they are masculine or feminine according to the sex of the referent. Motion nouns are one of the largest groups of nouns denoting human beings in Lithuanian. According to derivational meanings, underlying stems, formants and semantic factors, they can be divided into two subgroups: actors and possessors of verbal properties. Their ratio is 53.6% to 46.3%. Together they form a distinct category of human nouns, comparable to such categories as action nouns, names of instruments etc. The derivational model of motion nouns enables the creation of new units of this type in a quite regular way. As a result, this group is open and productive. 0. IVADAS 0.1 One of the largest groups of personal nouns in Lithuanian are mobile nouns, or “substantiva mobilia” (hereinafter – SM), which denote persons and form pairs according to gender. They have the same lexical root (and the same constructs), but different masculine and feminine endings, indicating different gender nouns. The meaning of their lexical root is the same, e.g. dažytojas, -a is ‘the one who paints’, only the assignment of that meaning to different genders differs: e.g. if the referent is a male, the masculine ending — dažytojas will be attached to the root, and if the referent is a female, the feminine ending — dažytoja will be attached to the root, cf.: nedarbotas, nedarbė; a dressmaker, a dressmaker; a prankster, a prankster. 0.2 The group of person names in SM consists of ordinary underived widow, -ė type words and derivatives (e.g.: mokytojas, -a, plepys, -ė, pameistrys, -é, juodadarbis, -e). There are very few non-derived SM names. They make up 0.8% of all SM person names!. The rest are derivatives. It is particularly abundant. These names of persons are made from verbs and nouns (or words close to them). All possible word formations are used: prepositional, prepositional, ending and sui International words are excluded. 56 | JUDITA DŽEŽULSKIENĖ punching. There are 55 suffixes, 3 endings and about 15 endings with consonant formants (see 3.2.). Almost every verb with a certain suffix and ending can be used to form pairs of such nouns. It can be said that the active class of SM in Lithuanian is open. In addition, SM nouns stand out from the entire lexical class and semantic scale of person names, covering people’s life and lifestyle, in variety and breadth: they are used to name persons according to their activity, profession, belonging to someone, social position, characteristics or other aspects.” Such mobile nouns are also used in other Indo-European languages: both in the old languages, e.g. in Latin dominus ‘Master’, domina ‘Housekeeper’, Greek Šdoūhas ‘slave’, Sohn ‘verge’, s. Indian dasd-‘slave’, dasi-‘slave’, Gothic magus ‘servant’, mawi ‘servant’, s. Slavic pabs ‘slave’, paba ‘verge’, and in the new languages, e.g. in Spanish amigo ‘friend’, amiga ‘friend’, hijo ‘son’, hija ‘duke’, French cousin ‘cousin’, cousine ‘cousin’, German Lehrer ‘teacher’, Lehrerin ‘teacher’, Russian pabomnuk ‘worker’, pabomnuuya ‘worker’, Latvian skolotajs ‘teacher’, skolotaja *‘teacher’. Only in comparison with other languages in Lithuanian this SM class is particularly productive, abundant and regular. It should also be mentioned that the grammatical genus of mobile nouns in Lithuanian is constantly linked to the gender of the referents (the masculine referent is named by a noun with a masculine ending, the feminine — by a noun with a feminine ending), while in most Indo-European languages these links are not constant (Corbett 1991: 57-68). 0.4. SM nouns have been studied in various linguistic works on word formation and morphology in Lithuanian (and Baltic languages in general). Historically, mobile nouns in Lithuanian were studied by A. Leskienas (1891), P. Skardzius (1943), J. Otrebskis (1965), S. Ambrazas (1993). Mobile nouns are also of interest to other linguists (see S. Keinys 1999, A. Valeckienė 1998). However, all of these authors did not specifically examine or differentiate SM nouns. The most detailed and thorough description of them from the point of view of synchronous language was made by V. Urbutis (1965: 251-474). However, the names of persons in his works are also discussed alongside other similar types of nouns, regardless of the fact that the same category of nouns includes both nouns meaning alive and dead, e.g.: sugyvintinis, -ė and sumuštinis, turtuolis, -ė and meduolis (see Urbutis 1965: 323, 346). And even here, the categories of action established, which include the names of persons in SM, appear to include derivatives of different actions: so, for example, the names of the owners of the verb property and the actors of the action are brought together into one group, e.g.: vySnidutojas, -a and gydytojas, -a, apgavikas, -ė and nešikas, -ė (Urbutis 1965: 318, 320), although in terms of action and meaning they are not homogeneous. In addition, SM nouns are scattered among the different categories of verbs (Urbutis, 1965: 317-414). Thus, it can be said that the class of individuals has not been highlighted and specifically investigated so far. All this, of course, led to different goals set by the researchers. Other names of persons, e.g., supletive tévas —mother type names, only reflect kinship relationships, and the so-called nouns of the "common family" refer to persons in a generally derogatory way —vépla, kerėpla. Names of persons from verbs | 537 0.5 The aim of our work is to show the darybing¢ “category of persons- ”, which includes the names of the actors of the action derived from verbs and the names of the possessors of the attribute derived from verbs and nouns. However, this article will be limited only to verb SM derivatives, which comprise 60,496 of all SM derivatives denoting persons. It will highlight the meanings of such names, the base and controls, and provide statistics. 1. INTERPRETATION OF THE ACT OF VERBAL SM DERIVATIVE In linguistics, the meaning of word formation is defined as the meaning arising from the constructed structural bonds (the base word and the formants) and their relationship. In other words, it is based on the opposition of action, i.e. the relationship between the construct and the base word(s) (Urbutis 1978: 145). The word is also used as a synonym for the same meaning, both in terms of meaning and meaningfulness. For example, the derivative šlavėjas, -a ‘who sweeps’ retains the meaning of the base verb shioti, šlūoja, slave “to clean with a broom, to sweep” and the past participle stem. The ending -as in the form -ėjas, -a indicates that this noun refers to the male performer of the action, and the ending -a to the female performer. The constructive meaning of this word is ‘who sweeps’ (‘who’ can only be a person). This is the individual (individual word) meaning of the action. 1.2. Both adverbial and finite verb derivatives (see knisėjas, -a, knisikas, -ė and knisius, -ė) and conjugations with the second supporting verb element (see pynėjas, -a and vainikpynis, -ė) can have the same meaning of the action. The more generalized meaning of similar verbs of different forms (e.g.: gamintojas, -a, spinpėjas, -a, sėjikas, -ė, žymininkas, -ė, sargas, -ė, duonapys, -ė) is ‘the one who performs the action marked by the base verb’. Such constructs of more abstract categorical meaning, made in different ways (and with different formants), have the meaning of the action of the actors. 1.3 Another group of verb derivatives have a different, more abstract meaning: they have an adjective meaning and indicate that the person named is characterized by a characteristic resulting from the action (state). For example, in the derivative miegalius, -ė is not used for “who sleeps”, but for “who likes to sleep long, who has the ability to sleep”. The most general meaning of this type of noun is: “a person who is characterized by a characteristic resulting from the action (state) performed or experienced by him (rarely another) and described by the base word”. The derivatives of such categorical action meaning made in various ways (e.g.: gyrūnas, -ė, murmėklis, -ė, įkaitas, -ė, terlius, -ė, pirmagimis, -ė) have the action meaning of the possessors of the verb property. Thus, according to the more abstract categorical meaning of the action, resulting from the verb constructions made in various ways, the names of the persons of the SM can be twofold: some identify the performers of the action expressed by the base word, others — the holders of the action said by the base word as its characteristic (see conclusions). 2. BASIS OF ACTION In linguistics, a base word is a word that is used to form another word or from which another word is made. However, when it comes to the derivative pama- 58 | JUDITA DŽEŽULSKIENĖ that is, it is not seen as an isolated lexical part of the word (trunk), but behind it is seen the entire base word with grammatical and lexical characteristics (Urbutis 1978: 152). They play a significant role in shaping the meaning of the work in general. Therefore, when making verb names of persons in SM, a large number of interrelated characteristics of the base verbs are of great importance: semantic components, relationship with the object (transitivity), type of marking process, complexity of the stem structure, relationship with the verb time. 2.2. DETERMINATION OF THE CLASS OF WORDS. When determining the base words of the names of the actors of the action, there is no doubt: they are all verbs. The second supporting syllable of compound words is also always a verb. Here is the derivative teacher, -a made from teach, creator, -a from create, washer, -ė from wash. However, when identifying the base words of property-holder names, it is sometimes difficult to say which class word — verb or adjective — is to be considered as the base word. For example, the ending -ius, -ė derivative žabalius, -ė can be measured by the verb žabalti and the adjective žabalas, -a. E.g.: vizgis, -ė (: vizgūs, vizgėti), vingilis, -ė (: vingūs, vingiūoti), tylėnas, -ė (: tylūs, tylėti). Of course, sometimes it is advisable to rely on other derivatives of similar semantics and forms, which would help to determine the reference word or the word to be given priority. For example, the ending -ys, -ė derivative nebylys, -ė can refer to both nebilti, and nebylūs, but when compared with the derivative of the same ending neregėti, -ė: neregėti, nėregi, it can be assumed to be a verb derivative. Or sometimes it is useful to look at what explains the meaning of the vedic, e.g., pluūškis, -ė menk. 1. ‘who likes to be too much adorned’, 2. “unserious, frivolous person', it would seem, relies on the adjective plush, -i 1. “who adorns himself too much’, 2. ‘unserious, light-hearted’, o pluūškis, -ė 3. ‘plepys, tauškalius' —with the verb pluuškėti 3. 'nothing to say'. However, sometimes it is more appropriate to indicate both base words. This ambiguous status of the base word of some names of the owners of the characteristics is probably due to the distinct descriptive meaning of the derivative, which is more related to the adjective designating the characteristic than to the state from which the characteristic of the descriptive derives. But it should be added that the difficulty of determining the direction of action is common in linguistics (Brown 1972: 75–76; Brown 1978: 77–78). 2.3. SEMANTIC COMPONENTS ‘ACTIVE’: ‘INACTIV’. For verb-modal derivatives, the re-emitting of categorical semantic components of the base verbs ‘aktyvu’: ‘neaktyvu’ is very important, on the basis of which Sie verbs are divided into words denoting voluntary action and involuntary state (Servaite 1984: 77-85). The names of the actors of the action of the state verbs are never made. For example, from the verbs to sleep, to be ill, to be lazy, only the names of the possessors of the attribute are possible: miegalius, -ė, sirgalius, -ė, laiginys, -ė. For example, from the plural verb to work the semes ‘to spend time working, e.g., to work for eight hours’, we cannot derive the name of the performer of the action *eight-hour worker, -a, because this sememe denotes a state, and from the same verb the name of the performer of the action of another semes ‘to make fit' with the suffix -ėjas, -a, e.g., skin worker, -a, is possible, because in this meaning the base verb denotes an active action dependent on the will of the actor. Thus, such a phenomenon is clearly determined by the word-making system. 2.4. RELATIONSHIP OF ACTION WITH OBJECT. The relationship of action with the object is a rather important semantic feature of the base verbs of the person names. SM action actors | 59 Names (with the exception of names of dynamic states) are made only from an active, volitional action having a relation to an object. This relationship is dual: the action can be object-oriented or related to the object. The object to which the action is directed performs the function of the result of the action (e.g., knitting gloves) or the patient (e.g., mowing grass), and the object to which the action is related performs the function of the contentive (e.g., explaining a lesson) or the beneficiary (e.g., helping a friend) (Jakaitienė 1988: 59— 64; Sližienė 1994: 19-25; Valeckienė 1998: 35-37). The meaning of the names of the actors of the action is based on the basic meanings of the Words, arising from the relationship between the action performed by the person and the object of the action, e.g.: gamintojas, -a, pilstytojas, -a, vežikas, -ė, mokytojas, -a, pasakotojas, -a, savoikintojas, -a. Only the first sandu of the names of persons in SMs made by means of adding together names the object to which the action performed by the person is directed, described by the supporting sandu. This narrows the meaning of the verb: p.e. nešėjas, -a, nešikas, -ė and knygnešys, -ė; vežėjas, -a, vežikas, -ė and malkvežys, -ė; Individual semes of the multi-significant SM person names, depending on the relation of the actions of the denotations of their base verbs to the object or the transitiveness, may belong to different categories of action. For example, the first semema of the Vedic shout, -ē, meaning “screaming, shouting” is based on the meaning of the base verb shout, meaning “screaming, screaming- ”, which has no relation to the object, and shout, -ē, the second semema denotes “a person who proclaimed official Knowledge to people”, i.e. it is based on the base verb semema ‘to call, to ask’, having a relation to the object. Therefore, the exclamation mark, -ė (1) belongs to the group of names of the possessor of the attribute, and the exclamation mark, -ė (2) to the group of names of the performer. 2.5. TYPES OF PROCESSES. The different type of the process of denoting the base verbs (for more details see Halliday 1985; Valeckienė 1998: 34-55) is also important for the categories of SM personal nouns. For example, the names of the actors of the action are always made only from the type of verbs whose denoting action can be performed by the person having the semantic agent (AG) function. The formulas of semantic functions of such base verbs are as follows: AG —V —O (REz, PAT, CoN, BEN): chop, comb, say, help. In the case of a different function of the subject—percipient (PER), patient (PAT), beneficiant (BEN)—the verbs can only be the base words of the nouns of the possessors of the verb attribute (e.g., love, -a, lover, -a, doubter, -ė, possessor, -a). The verbs denoting physical material actions performed by persons that achieve a certain result (AG —V —Rez) are only used to make the names of the performers of the action, e.g.: vedėjas, -a, karžikas, -ė, statytojas, -a. The names of the possessors of the attribute of such verbs (e.g.: gaminti, pjaustyti, minti) are not used. Although the verbs of certain types of processes (e.g., mental, interrelationships, sensations) (AG —V —CoN) denote the active effort of a person to include an object or thing in the sphere of action, usually without affecting it, the derivatives of such verbs do not match very well semantically with the derivatives of verbs that control a prominent object (REz, PAT) (Labutis 1994: 49). Not all verbs of this type can be used to perform an action, e.g.: skonigti darbą > *baigėjas, -a, užmiršti knygą > *užmirštėjas, -a, bet užmaršėlis, -ė, pradėti paskaitą > *pradėjikas, -ė. 60 | 2012-06-01 2.6. COMPLEXITY OF STONE STRUCTURE. Only person names with suffixes -ikas, -ė are divided into different groups of actors and owners of characteristics according to the complexity of the root structure. Names of actors with the suffix -ikas, -¢ are not made from prepositional verbs: derivatives made from such words denote only the owners of the attribute, e.g.: apgavikas, -ė, įdavikas, -ė, išdavikas, -ė, pakalikas, -ė, pardavikas, -ė, prigavikas, -ė, plg. nešikas, -ė, vežikas, -ė. The derivatives of other suffixes of this meaning can also be the root of the prepositional base verb, e.g.: jkdinotojas, -a, pardavinėtojas, -a, užrašotojas, -a, nuleidėjas, -a, sukirpėjas, -a next to davėjas, -a, rašytojas, -a. 3. BUSINESS FORMAT In compliance with the theoretical requirement to divide derivatives binarily, in addition to the base of the derivative, the formant of the derivative is assigned. In linguistics, the formant of construction is ji defined as su a set of formal construction means (Urbutis 1978: 209) with which new words are formed with a new constructive meaning. The formants of SM nouns denoting persons by gender have the necessary component — the masculine or feminine ending. Different endings do not completely break the unity of the formant of the verb, because their choice depends on the gender of the referring person. Therefore, the derivatives dažytojas, dažytoja are considered derivatives of one of the formants of the verb -tojas, -a. Also: replys, rėplė —endings -ys, -ė vedic, vyndarys, vyndarė —punctuation of the same formant- ®. 3.2 The category of names of actors of the action is not characterized by a variety of types of action: 85.3% of such derivatives are made only with 3 more common suffixes (-tojas, -a: skirstytojas, -a, -ėjas, -a: pirkėjas, -a, -ikas, -ė: šėrikas, -ė), the other four are only rare exceptions (-ovas, -ė: rangovas, -ė, -ininkas, -ė: bandastininkas, -ė, -ūnas, -ė: šaukūnas, -ė, -onas, -ė: valdonas, -¢). 10.6% of the names of actors are made by conjugation of a noun and a verb (ūkvedys, -ė), and the ending is a relatively uncharacteristic and rare (1.1%) formant of actor names (the pure derivative endings -as, -ė: vadas, -ė, -ius, -ė: knisius, -ė and the extended ending „-lys (-lis), -ė: seklys, -ė) are mentioned). However, it should be emphasized that the types of construction of the suffixes -tojas, -a, -ėjas, -ė, -ikas, -ė and of conjugations with a supporting verb sandu are very numerous and, one could say, regular. The category of the possessors of the verb-verbal characteristic is characterized by the abundance of types of action: such names are made with 31 suffixes and their variants (more often with -ėlis, -ė: išbadėjėlis, -ė, -tojas, -a: sqvaddutojas, -a, -ūnas, -é: atskaliinas, -é, -(t)inis (-(t)inys), -ė: statytinis, -ė, valdinys, -é, -alius, -ė: sirgalius, -ė, -éjas, -a: griezéjas, -a, -eklis, -ė: stenéklis, -¢, -ikas, 3 Diriniy action formant is compound. It consists of a certain ending and at the same time the structure of the basic stems, connecting the stems of two words into one word (see Urbutis 1978: 88). i ISpléstiné derivaciné endings are endings with desemantized consonant formants. They are terminations of similar formal expression and identical meaning, realized in different environments (see Ambrazas, ed. 1994: 191-192, 202-203, 223; Valeckienė 1996: 125-131, 1998: 312; cf. Kniūkšta 1976: 11-12). 61 -ė: išdavikas, -ė, -(t)ukas, -ė: peštūkas, -ė, slapūkas, -ė, -uolis, -ė: varguolis, -ė, -ovas, -ė: varžovas, -¢, -(t)ininkas, -ė: samdininkas, -ė, būrtininkas, -ė, -ulis (-ulys), -ė: dundulis, -ė, mandulys, -ė, (t)uoklis, -ė: pavyduoklis, -ė), with 3 endings and 15 extended endings (more often with -ius, -ė: terlius, -ė, -is (-ys), -ė: žliumbis, -ė, -lys, -ė: kamslys, -ė, -klis, -ė: kvatoklis, -ė) and by the way of conjugation from the supporting verb and the first element, which is a noun (belvakalbis, -ė), an adjective (piktdžiugis, -ė), less often —numerus (pirmagimis, -ė), a pronoun (kitamanis, -ė) and an adverb (meiliakalbis, -ė). But most of these types of production are indifferent—only one other product is made according to them. 3.3. Some of the suffixes and endings of the nouns of the possessors of the verb trait are the same as those of the possessors of the noun trait, e.g.: -uolis, -ė: smirduolis, -ė (: smirdi) and aistruolis, -ė (: aistra), kantruolis, -ė (: patrus), vienuolis, -ė (: vienas); -(t)ininkas, -ė: sorcerer, -ė (: to conjure) and sailor, -ė (: sea), president, -ė (: first); -ius, -ė: snaudžius, -dė (: snaudžia, snaudė) and klumpius, -ė (: klumpė), basius, -ė (: basas). For example, the -ūnas, -ė adjectives derived from the verb, noun, adjective and numerals, e.g. pagyrūnas, -ė (: pagyrė), pareigūnas, -ė (: pareiga), žymūnas, -ė (: žymus), pirmūnas, -ė (: pirmas), have the same categorical action meaning ‘which has the thing said by the base word as its property’ and can be combined into one action category, in this case the category of “property holders”. 4. SEMANTICS OF PERSONAL NAME 4.1.Verbal nouns of persons of different genders identify persons according to various aspects of human existence: activity, profession, occupation, casual actions, acts, permanent, casual, variable state. 4.2. SEMANTIC COMPONENTS. The division of nouns denoting persons into groups of names of actors of action and owners of characteristics in SM is based on categorical semantic components ‘active’: ‘inactive’, “has a relation to the object”: “has no relation to the object”, “object-- oriented- ”: “related to the object”, “outcome-oriented”: “oriented to the experiencer”. Those words that have the attributes: “active”, “has a relation to the object” are the names of the actors of the action (e.g., sculptor, -a, teacher, -a). Those words that have the attributes: ‘active’, ‘related to the object’ (e.g., tauskalius, -ė, prasimanėlis, -ė), ‘has no relation to the object’ (e.g., Zuvdutojas, -a, kariauninkas, -ė) and rely on the component ‘inactive’ (e.g., lagingys, -ė, nusėnėlis, -ė) and are not differentiated as ‘active’ at all: the opposites of ‘inactive’ (verbal names that denote the characteristics of a person arising from the actions of another outsider directed at the named person (e.g., exile, -ė, palikuonis, -ė), as well as some names of an evaluative nature (e.g., netikėlis, -ė, smirdalius, -ė)) are the names of the holders of the characteristic. Of course, there are exceptions: for example, the names of the actors of the action, denoting representatives of the dynamic state, have the semantic component ‘not related to the object’ (cf. ėjikas, -ė, plaukėjas, -a), and the names of the possessors of the attribute, denoting persons by occupation, have the component ‘oriented to the experiencer’ (cf. ėdūnas, -ė, kamslys, -ė). Nevertheless, the names of the actors will never have the component ‘inactive’, and the names of the property holders — "outcome-oriented" (see 2.5.). 4.3. ADDITIONAL SEME. The semantics of verb structures have considerable significance for their 62 | JUDITA DŽEŽULSKIENĖ The nature of the lexical meaning and the meaning of the verb, which varies: some coincide, others differ more markedly. 4.3.1. Adjectives with approximately coinciding lexical and operative meanings are derived from the base words without additional semantic suffixes", e.g.: duklėtojas, -a 'who educates', nešikas, -ė 'who carries', kepéjas, -a 'who bake'. These are the names of almost all the actors in the action. 4.3.2. The constructive meaning of the names of the property holders often has a semantic increase (see Ermakova, 1984: 6), i.e. additional semis, compared with the lexical meaning of the construct, e.g.: “a lover of doing something” (dabišius, -ė, pašaipinas, -ė), ‘a participant in a certain action’ (pašnekovas, -ė), “who does a lot of things’ (bėgūnas, -ė, kamšlys, -ė, pažadūnas, -ė), “who does something in a certain way (long, often, quickly)’ (krapštūkas, -ė, keiksnys, -ė, plėšūnas, -ė) and so on. Such a comparison of lexical and operative meaning is often an additional criterion for determining the meaning of verb derivatives. For example, sometimes person names based on the same type of verbs with the components ‘active’, ‘has a connection with the object’ can denote both performers of the action and owners of the attribute, depending on the person’s relationship with the action: the person only performs the action or likes to do it, often does it, etc., in other words, whether it has a semantic increase. Therefore, for example, the nouns bėgikas, -ė “who runs”) keikikas, -ė ‘who curses’, having no additional sems, are assigned to the performers of the action, and the derivatives of the same root bėgūnas, -ė, keiksnys, -ė, keiksmininkas, -ė “who constantly curses, likes to curse’, having the suffix ‘always’, “amateur’ —to the names of the possessors of the verb property. Also see kaūlytojas, -a ‘who bones’ and kaulas, -ė “who constantly bones’, gėrikas, -ė ‘who drinks’ and gérovas, -ė ‘drinker’, drunkard, -ė “who drinks, often gets drunk’. 4.4. NEUTRALITY. The names of the actors are neutral from an evaluation point of view. The majority of the names of the possessors of the verb feature have a derogatory, derogatory, ironic meaning, arising from the meaning of the base verb, which is not neutral from the evaluation point of view, e.g.: ryjikas, -ė, krapalius, -ė “who walks with unsteady holding’, bambėklis, -ė, zyzėklis, -ė. Negatively can be evaluated both the appearance of the person, and his manner, behavior, what happened to him (e.g.: nutūkėlis, -ė, žėlūnas, -ė ‘one with green hair’, paleistūvis, -ė, įtūžėlis, -e, klaikšis, -ė, sūskis, -ė). Even if one of the other names has a positive connotation, it often expresses an ironic attitude: pralobélis, -ė, įsimylėjėlis, -ė. Due to such use motifs, a large number of names of the possessor of the verb feature are only part of the colloquial language. 4.5. RELATIONSHIP WITH THE MEANS OF BASIC WORDS. The meaning of SM pairs denoting persons is derived from the meaning of the actions performed by the person himself (rarely by another person), the states experienced, described by the reference words. Therefore, the meanings of the derivatives are close to the meanings of the base words, although they do not completely coincide with them. 4.6. MEANS OF THE NAME OF THE PERFORMERS. The names of the actors may mean: performers of physical, material, mental actions, speakers, representatives of interrelationships, sensations and dynamic actions: 4.6.1. NAME OF PERFORMERS OF PHYSICAL, MATERIAL ACTIONS —these are SM nouns that denote persons performing physical, material actions, oriented to 3 In determining the identity of lexical and functional meaning, the definitions provided by the DLKZ are usually used. 63 objects. The meaning of their action is: "a person performing a physical, material action directly directed at an object, described by the reference word". Depending on the nature of the action described by the reference words, they can identify: performers of the process, makers of the object, changers of the state of the object®. 4.6.1.1. NAME OF THE PERFORMERS OF THE PROCESS With prefixes (exclusively with ending) and the way of conjugation are made from verbs that denote an object-oriented action, perceived as a process, when there is no result, e.g.: -tojas, -a: pėrdavinėtojas, -a, -ėjas, -a: vežėjas, -a, -ikas, -ė: rinkėjas, -ė, -lys (-lis), -ė: pirklys, -ė, perpirkėjas, -ė, -ovas, -ė: varovas, -ė 1. ‘livestock driver’, -ius, -ė: knisius, -ė; crown, -ė. 4.6.1.2. NOME OF OBJECT-- MAKER with prepositions and construction are made from transitive object-oriented verbs, which denote a certain action of the object, perceived as the result of an action, when the object is changed, e.g.: -tojas, -a: pjaustytojas, -a, -ėjas, -a: kniedėjas, -a, -ikas, -ė: malikas, -ė; Candlestick, -e. 4.6.1.3. NAME OF OBJECT CONDITION CHANGERS are made with prefixes and the way of conjugation from verbs denoting a certain object-oriented action, when describing the condition of the object perceived as a patient, e.g.: -tojas, -a: kirpėjas, -a, -ėjas, -a skalbėjas, -a, -ikas, -ė: šveitikas, -ė, -ininkas, -ė: glaistininkas, -ė, -ovas, -ė: tvarkovas, -ė; knygrišys, -ė. 4.6.2. THE NAME OF THE MENTAL ACTION PERFORMERS — these are the SM names that denote persons performing actions conditioned by mental personal qualities, abilities. The meaning of their action is: "a person who performs a mental action related to the object, as defined by the reference word". They are given with prefixes and the way of conjugation, e.g.: -fojas, -a: lecturer, -a, -ėjas, -a: translator, -a, -ikas, -ė: guesser, -ė, -ovas, -ė: client, -ė; clerk, clerk. 4.6.3. SPEAKERS’ NAME —are SM nouns, denoting persons who perform speech acts related to the object, but not passing into it. The action meaning of such names is: ‘a person performing an objective speech action described by the base Word’. They are made with prefixes (rarely with endings), e.g.: -fojas, -a: speaker, -a, narrator, -a, sakytojas, -a, -ėjas, -a: announcer, -a, -ikas, -ė: announcer, -ė, -ūnas, -ė: shouter, -ė 2. 'what announcement’, -lys, -ė: skelklys, -ė 1. "a person who communicates knowledge'. 4.6.4. It denotes persons who perform actions conditioned by the mutual relationship between the performer of the action and the object. The meaning of such SM derivatives is: “a person who performs an action conditioned by the mutual relationship between the performer of the action and the object, named by the base word’. They are made with prefixes (rarely with endings), e.g.: „tojas, -a: savoikintojas, -a, -ėjas, -a: gerbėjas, -a, -ikas, -ė: gynikas, -ė, -lys, -ė: kvieslys, -ė. A separate group of nouns expressing mutual relationships names persons according to the performed actions of SUPERVISION (protection, control, herding), which can be perceived as a state. These are SM nouns with suffixes (rarely endings), punctuated, e.g.: -tojas, -a: globotojas, -a, -ovas, -ė: valdovas, -ė, -onas, -ė: valdonas, -ė psn., -ininkas, -ė: valdininkas, -ė, -as, -ė: sargas, -ė; shepherd, -ė. 5 This division is conditional, since sometimes the functional role of the object depends on the lexical meaning of the words. E.g. mow hay (no result), cut boards (achievement of a result).