Mikalojaus Daukšos „Katekizmo“ (1595) sudėtiniai sujungiamieji sakiniai

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLV (2001), 63-92 The article deals with the semantic and syntactic aspects of clause coordination in Daukša's 1595 Catechism (i.e., both the Catechism proper and the Trumpas budas), with particular emphasis on markers of coordination and clause order. The translations were carefully compared with the originals. The most striking differences with regard to modern Lithuanian were observed in the use of the conjunctions ir and o. Furthermore, the use of compound markers of coordination, with additional differential markers attached postpositionally to the conjunction to express finer shades of meaning, is more characteristic of Daukša's language than of modern Lithuanian. 0. INTRODUCTION The article aims to systematically describe the grammatical structuminklų sudėtinius sujungiamuosius sakinius. Tai bene mažiausiai kalbos istorikų tirtas re of one of the most important of our old written touching language bars. The book consists of two works: KATHE-//- CHISMAS- //OR MOKSLASI// KIEKWIENAMI//KRIKSZCZI-/- /ONII PRI|| WALVS./| PARASZITAS PER//D. IAKVBA LEDES-IIMA Theologa Socie-||tatis IESV//| Išgulditas iš Ligiu-//vio Lgkifiko ing Lietu-// wifką per Kunigą Mi-//katoiu Daugfa Kd-//nonika Semai-//c3iu./| Išlpaultas Wilniuie// Metūlę usgimimo//Wiefipaties 1595 (hereinafter —Kathechismas) and Trumpas//Budas Palildki-//mo/- arba i5pa3inimo/| Nūdemiu.//Drin tu kurie dašnai)/| wartéia tit Sakra-//mentu./ | Y3 tqkifko gnt Lietii-//wifiko pérgulditas./- /| WI L N I V I|/MėtūlTė M. D. XCV (hereinafter — Short Buddha). In this article, the conjunctives of their two sentences are examined acceleratedly and constantly compared with each other. Since both works are translated from Polish (for the origin of the Polish text see Michelini 2001: 228), their data are compared with the originals (NAVKA// CHRZESCIAN-- I/SKA./| Abo Katechizmik!- /|/dla d5iatek.//Pr3e3z D. Jakuba Lede-//3ma. Theologia 3ebrania// P. Jesulowego ndpild-//ny/ a tera 5 Wtolskiego/|/ na Many blessings- ./| IN CRAKOW are the short customs of confession: for those who have witnessed this Sacrament: 5 small blessings on/| many blessings. ") * The article publishes part of the results of the project supported by the Lithuanian State Foundation for Science and Studies (registration No. 96-163/3G). A photocopy from the collection of Jurgis Lebedis (cf. Palionis 1995: 7-8). 64 | ARTŪRAS JUDŽENTIS, JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ A compound sentence in the article is a sentence that has at least two syntactic centers, expressed by personified or non-personified verb forms. A distinctive feature of the complex sentences is that they are characterized by the semantic and syntactic relationships between their components. They are the main focus of work. According to the established tradition in our linguistics, the syntactic structure of compound sentences is studied as an expression of semantic structure. From the expression, which is directly available to the researcher, one usually goes to the content. This procedure is followed in this article. A fairly consistent methodology for the study of compound sentences has been developed in Lithuanian linguisticsZ. With some modifications, it is also adapted to describe Daukša's connective sentences. The main attention is paid to the most important means of expression of semantic and syntactic relationships in compound sentences — connecting words. In a compound sentence, the connecting word is a word that connects all the elements: conjunctions, relative pronouns or relative adverbs. They may be accompanied by other conjunctions, pronouns, adverbs or particles, which give additional shades to the meaningful relationship of the elements or clarify, highlight its nature. The following types of meaningful relations expressed by compound connective sentences are distinguished: comparative, opposing, distinguishing, excluding, correcting, causal, conditional, concessional and additive. Unlike the grammar of the contemporary Lithuanian language, a separate type of relation of components (Ambrazas, ed. 1994: 702-707) has been abandoned. It is believed that at least in the language of the ancient writings there is no sufficient basis to distinguish them from comparative relations (see Ambrazas, ed. 1994: 708-716). The type of connective supportive sentences in contemporary Lithuanian grammar is distinguished mainly by the connective words used in them (cf. Ambrazas, ed. 1994: 717—therefore they are named accordingly in this article. In order to avoid confusion of terms and to better reflect the nature of the interrelationships of the elements, 719). Tokiais sakiniais reiškiami priežasties arba sąlygos prasminiai dėmenų santykiai, the term of adverbial (cf. Ambrazas, ed. 1994: 696) relations was chosen instead of the indicative ones used in the grammar of contemporary Lithuanian language (Ambrazas, ed. 1994: 720). In such sentences, one dot indicates additional circumstances relating to the content of the other dot or a certain assessment of the content of the first dot, e.g. : Jneiei ing iščia Mer-//gos pwėcžgusios Motinos || tawos | o tū kaip iq iskélai || nė izbitomol p garbélp (Whedles w || 5ywot Pdnienlki našwietfey //matki twey /a tak idkos ią pod-//nioft ku niewymowney chwale) 164, The article also distinguishes the type of compound objective relations. In these sentences, one point specifies the content of another point, e.g. : 2 The basics of the methodology of examining compound sentences are set out in articles by Vytautas Ambraz (1972, 1977, 1982, 1986). 3 For adverbial sentences, see Balkevičius (1963: 331—333); Pirochkinas (1964c: 99; 1964a: 109— 112; 1964b: 158, 163-165); Ulvydas, red. (1976: 908). 65 [Referred to nowg Christ] and ifmdnos| the disciple/that is/who appli-//ftiigs/believes ing God/and//does the deeds io. (Jelt vejeri Chryltulow kto-//ry okriéiwfy lig/wiersy y wy-//5nawa jakon iego.) 10, The database of the article consists of 376 compound conjunctive sentences selected from both works of Daukša’s Catechism. The first digits accompanying the compound sentence passages in the examples indicate the top page number of the 1995 edition”, and the adjacent smaller-format notation digit indicates the line containing the connecting word. The Polish original of all examples is given in parentheses. Compound conjunctive sentences are examined divided by conjunctive words. At the end of each chapter, the material is summarized in a few sentences. 1. CONJUNCTIVE WORDS WITH OR 1.1. Sentencsu es or In the works under consideration, the personified forms of verbs (a) or subordinate elements (b) are connected by a conjunction, e.g. : a) ape kąšg bilo ar-//ba kam pričitiš fiitie//artikūtai? (0 cjžymje mowig/abo ko-//mu nalešžą te artykuty?) 25,, b) [gal dūtis kaltas) iei war-//gūfe |...) nęgeide pagalbos nūg Wie-//fpatés Diewo lawo/Fu ti-//kni/ir ftiprumi duxéiimu |...) arba iei nu-/|pūte fu firdimi/ir prabin-//gulei ape tatai apmauda-//- wo (Įmonėje lig dač winien) Jefli w pracdch |...) nie żądat//wlpomojenia od Pind Bogal| 3 pewną a niepochybną dufno-//scig |...) abo iefli v-//padat 5 vmyflem/y 3bytnie lig//o fralowat) to 122, The semantic relationships of the points are in all cases DIFFERENT. In the original, these sentences correspond in three cases to compound sentences with the conjunction abo (as in the cited examples), in two cases to singular sentences: paddres gnt’ fawes šimėl/| krišėus fweto/darau Ikai-//cziu] or rokawčiūs lu [d-//wo liéla. (pr3e-Iljegnawpy lig kr3y3eTM swigtyTM/ rachuig fig// fwym fumnieniem.) || 5 68, tiiau/kaip’ kas dtdit | ar-//ba priauga wallarump ify-//mintingump/- tad’ iam’ né//gana wieno tikeiimo (lkoro kto pr3yid3ie do lat rozu-//mnych/tedy mu nie doly¢ nd/| wierse) 72, The characters in the database (and in the examples of this article) were transliterated by adopting the simplified i with a dot and the triple notation of 3, 3, j (renouncing 3) presented in the transliterated version of the scientific edition (Mikalojus Daukšos 1595 Catechism, prepared by Vida Jakštienė and Jonas Palionis, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1995), but by restoring the Gothic characters and the notation of nasal vowels with dashes: g, g, į, y. Similar changes were applied to the Polish sentences of the Ledesma Catechism — the Gothic characters were restored and the dashes were used for g, g, but the double j, j notation chosen in the scientific edition was retained (cf. Palionis 1995: 34-36). They would correspond to the page of the 1595 edition of the Daukša Catechism, if the publication had page numbering. 66 | ARTŪRAS JUDŽENTIS, JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ The particulate both for 162,, in the sentence is more related to the verb than to the conjunction, cf. : V7 didį tą geradarybę galėtų biii //prifkaitita/idgnt’ tu Wie-//fpatie Maieltoto/wieng// kartg ape nulsidéiusj 3mo-//gu padimotumbei/arba//tiektai io pageltiimbeis (For greatness of this goodwill it could be| felt/if you, Lord/| mdieltatu/one time iedno o griefinyTM// at the time to think/or only//when you remember) 162 1.2. Sentences with or again A couple of cases with a switch or goes a particle again. Such sentences also indicate the DIFFERENTIAL relationships between the elements. The postpositional particle gives the sentences a shade of proximal relations, cf. : Galii/| melli Diewą| idgnt’ per nū-||pēlnus] ir darbus fawi/| fwetuiy lulfimytty ant mil-//fu: arba wel: galii melli fwe-//tilius] idgnt iie Diewui/| Téwui fitq maldą milly//padiitix 66, [Te lkindies graudsei] Jog nė buwo kgntrus/- /priépiiliifse/arba iéi we¥ né//turéio kgntrumo priélpau-- |/dolsé/arba ripe¢séiillg ([Niechay lig te; vikaria 3d-//olnie) J nie byt éierpliwy//w pr3y-Ilpadkach pryeciwnych/abo ie-//[li te3 nie miat čierpliwošči w/| dotegloscidch) 125, This use of the particle again is not typical of contemporary common language. In the latter example, the particle, as in the original, is used in the third spot. The first sentence has no original. 1.3. Sentencsu es or... or A repetitive conjunction or... or connecting personal verb forms (a) or communicative (b): a) nūdemes wyllokios (augo-||tus kiekwiénas/per kure///arba garbą am3ing tero-//ieėm'/ or /ykibės/to pallau-//lo wertai jgyiem (grsechu wfeld-//kiego/3d ktory 4bé chwale wiecing// virdcify/abo kardnie tu nd swiecie [tu-//fine odnosif) 93, |, b) Jėi tau téwas ta-//was liepty kokią netié-//(a bilo | or ką [ubrili//ar //kq pikto padarit | turié-//gu tu io tame kiauliui? (A kiedyby tobie ojec twój/| rolkazat rjec iakq nieprawdg- ///dbo grjech iaki vciynic: winien//jes go ltuchac?) 81, Démeny tarpusavio santykiai SKIRIAMIEJL. In the second of the cited examples, the repetitive conjunction corresponds to the singular of the original. 1.4. Sentences with connective words, which are based on the conjunction or, denote the DIFFERENTIATING relationships between the elements. In modern English, it is commonly used in the third person singular singular, and in the third person plural. The particle gives the sentences a meaningful shade of approximation. COMPONENT SENTENCES OF THE CATECHISMS | 67 TABLE 1. CONJUNCTIVE WORD OR USE DK or 3 2 5 or again 1 1 2 or... or 2 2 Jungiamieji žodžiai K TB Iš viso Total 6 3 9 2. CONJUNCTIVE WORDS WITH THE CONJUNCTIVE bat 2.1. Sentences with bat The conjunction bat both in the Katechismus and in the Short Buddha usually (in three quarters of all cases) connects the elements of a compound sentence, e.g.: kiekwiename/| Sakramėntę dūltiš/mu- -//mus matone Diewol drin'//kokio ipacšio daikto. But you have to be worthy of acceptance. (In the Sdakramen we are given talka) || for some important reasons: they must be treated with dignity.) 95, The conjunction bat connects the personified forms of verbs (a), the general form (b), the secondary elements of compound sentences (c): a) M. Niideme is distanced | what does he do?|/Mo. Ne terioie matones Dile)-//wo- /nei nupėlno amgjino:|| pafkądinimo: bat’ daro mé-//gy vidufusiu- /ir ankòllusiu/| méiteia (M. A griech powfiedni co c3yni?//V. Nie traci talki Bojey/dni //3altuguie piekid://ale ciyni cilo-//wiekd ojigblego w milosci) 93, b) Nes kitaip' ne butij/| géili/ir noréi iam’ géro/bat’ noréi iam’ pikto (Boby indc3ey nie bylo 3jycjyči!- /mu dobregol dle jycjyč mu ste-//go) 71, c) Tūrimę méiftis |...) iddnt’ nė numirtimbim’ nii-//demellg/bat iddnt’ miimus//duosų pagalbą) and i5gétbety. 57, Sentences with this conjunction most often denote the meaningful relationships of SUBJECTION (see the cited examples- ). In some cases, there is a strong ACCELERATION, e.g.: M. O fiefitoi ko?//Įmėldziamė) Mo. Jdant' Diewas faugo-||/ty] and [tiprintu mus galibé//fawa/nė dūdamas impuli|| ing pagūndimus: bat iddnt//dūtų mūmus pagatbą (M. A w foltey co?//V. Aby nam niedopuščit vpdsé//w pokuly: ale aby nam dat po-//moc) 55, Occasional sentences with bat express the close relationship of the subjects to the pressure of REDUCTION, e.g. : 68 | ARTŪRAS JUDŽENTIS, JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ [...] there are many near//Mariiy?//Mo. Not much/only wiend//which is dgguid: bét ią né// lama iednd/kto-//ra ielt w niebie: wiénu wardi wadinamg (|...) albo po-//dobno nie iednd ielth Panna// Maria./ Vl Y owfem ale ią nie ie-//dnym imieniem 30wg) 60,, The semantic relationships of this sentence are influenced by the lexical contradiction only one: not one. Depending on the lexical composition and grammatical structure of the subjects, in some sentences with bat there are pronounced semantic relations of DIFFERENCE, e.g.: M. Koky wailtą tūri-//me fau gamint) idant/| gatétumbime Kitą pri-/|(fakimą išpildit?// Mo. Yra nė maja) bat’ fitie//p¢- ki didšėuly tarp kitų (M. Jakiego lekarftwa viywdc|/ mamy/ku 3achowaniu tego//pr3ykazania?|| V. Jelt niemato) ale te pigč mie-||d3y infymi.) 85, The nature of the meaningful relationships expressed in this sentence is determined by a considerable contradiction: five, the construction of adjectives of the highest degree with a prefix between. There are three sentences with a bar in the original. In other cases, the conjunction bat usually corresponds to Polish ale; only in one case the original used particle tylko: Wisjius/- ragawimas|/|| wiles glitčiimas://Bat drąlfei tam jod5iu///- tiki girdéiimas. (Dotykdnie/ Imak|y oko omyla/|| Stuch tylko ftow twych mocno blink//posila.) 176, 2.2. Sentences with bat now Dalelyte dabar prisisliejusi prie jungtuko bat viename Trumpo Budo sakinyje. Ji sustiprina, emphasizes the content of the accents PRECEPT, cf.: [72 palsilfakai) Jog wel gėros largibes/- /nė turéio/gnt’ paiéutimy//fawij/- bat’ dabar nė grelle/| ij beginéiénciiy ([Niechay lig [powidda] J3 te; pilney [trazey nie//miat nad smyftami Iwoimi/ale//iefsc3e dopuficiat im biegdc) 127. 2.3. Sentences with bat gandZiaus The sentences with this conjunction denote the SUBSTITUTION of the laipsnio prieveiksmis, eidamas su jungtuku, ne pakeičia, o tik sustiprina prasminius dėmenų elements. The Higher Relations, pg. : Nėnėriu mirtiés nufsi-//déiusiol bat gądžėusį/idgni//fugrifitij/ir butij giwas. (Niechcg// Smierci gryefinego/ale racżey//jeby lig nawrocit/- ad żyw byt.) 138, dar-//bai mano: o jak néwerti/|| i népridgrq- /bat ggd3éus//ltoig prief; Tawg? ([prawy moie: 0 id-//ko niegodne/- niepriyltoyne///dle y owfsem prieciwne tobie?) 188 | The connecting word of two sentences bat gandżej corresponds to the original of the same structure ale raczej. In the original version of the latter sentence, a different conjunction is used, which further emphasizes the opposite content relations of the subjects. COMPONENT SENTENCES OF THE CATECHISMS | 69 2.4. Sentences with bat mehrs When used with the conjunction bat in higher-grade adverbs, mores, like gandZiaus, reiSkiamus substantive-subject relationships are reiSkiamus, e.g.: tūri dutis/| kaltas |...) Jog nė padare to pal-//firgéiimo patailimė giwd-//tos fawės |...) bat tabiaus iog v3li-//kos tamgieg viwelsimé- /ir//nodboiimg/kurį turéio i5///pradsios (ma lig dač winien |...] z nie vciynit tey//pilnoséi w poprdawie jywotd//- fwego |...) y owfsem/- iz trwat//w teyje o3igblosci y niedbal-//[- twie ktore miat 5 prjodku) 121, Wiefipatie//tu néatdtremi nufidéiusiu/bat Yabiéus iūs wadini/ir/- /trauki fawelp. (Panie ty nie odpq-//d3af; gryefinych/y owfsem ie//wiywaf; y ciggnief; do Siebie.) 150, The equivalent of the original in both cases is the same — the connecting word y owszem. It is worth noting that the conjunction bat in these cases corresponds to Polish językosy. 2.5. Sentences with bat speed In a sentence in which the adjectives of the higher degree faster are used with the conjunction bat, as well as in sentences with the conjunctives bat gandžiaus and bat labiaus, a strong PREDICTING relationship between the elements is expressed: [Te palsilfūkai) Jog nė rūpinos idant || marintų wilsados fawūs]/|/- paiautinimus |...) bat’// grėicžėus /ekidio ią wil-//lame. ([Niechay lig [powidda) J; I don't think it's going to be easy to make the world a better place, but it's going to be very fast.) 127, 5 The structure of the original and translation conjunctions coincides. 2.6. Sentences with bat enokig This conjunction is used in Trump's Buddha sentence, which denotes the content of the subjects PRECAUTION With the shade of DISCOUNTING, e.g.: baido mang//tularépos nūdemes mgnos/| kuriomis tawo Maieltotqg//pažeidšėu: bat wienokig pri-//eg tam/dtmgnu gni dides/| mietafsirdiltes tawo ([trdfjg mie rosmdite//- grzechy moie/ktorymim/twoy//maieltat obrajit: dle iednak//pr3y tym pomni¢ na wielkie mi-// losierdsie twoie) 149 The conjunction in the translation corresponds to the original. 2.7. Sentences with bat nei... nei This conjunction is used to connect three common nouns in a single compound sentence of the 7rumpo Budo: kurio af; nufsi-/|déigs| wardū j[pėt nė ¢fmi/| wértas/bat nei įwadinet//- nei minči(ktore-/|gom ia gryefyny mianowdc nie//ieft godžien/ale ani wiywdc///ani wlpomindač) 134,, 70 | ARTŪRAS JUDŽENTIS, JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ The semantic relationships between the elements IN CONVERGENCE. The translation corresponds literally to the original. 2.8. Sentences with connective words, whose base is the conjunction bat, primarily denote PREPOSITIONS, less often — other semantic relations. The translation rarely deviates from the original — usually the conjunction bat corresponds to the Polish ale; compound conjunctions correspond literally to the original compounds. Comparing the corresponding compound sentences of the Catechism and Trump’s Buddha shows that the latter work uses more varied constructions of connecting words, more than a third of them are compounds. In addition, in the Short Buddh, the connecting words of compound sentences differ from the original in some cases: bat corresponds to tylko; bat labiaus (even twice) —y owszem; bat gandžiaus —ale y owszem. The usage of upper-order adverbs with the conjunction bat does not always depend on the original: the rather freely translated original compound y owszem. Adjectives strengthen, emphasize the opposing relationships between the points. TABLE 2. USE OF CONJUNCTIVE WORDS WITH THE CONJUNCT bat DK bat 15 10 25 bat now 1 1 bat gandžiaus 1 2 3 bat labiaus 2 2 bat greičiaus bat vienokig 1 1 bat nei... nei 1 1 Jungiamieji žodžiai K TB Iš viso 1 1 Total 16 18 34 3. CONJUNCTIVE WORDS WITH THE CONJUNCT and 3.1. Sentences with and The conjunction and the elements of the compound sentence are usually linked by one, e.g.: tenai fwęetič[- i)i rėgi//wéidg Diewol kur yra tė-//wikfBešia mūrų) and nig tendi//rodžės didėlne galibe io//Maieltoto. (There Swigci saw the face of Boje/gd5ie ieft Oyciy3nd- //nafgal y gdsie lig// wigcey okdju-|/ie mo3nos¢ maieltatu iego.) 50, QUANTITIES Catechism COMPONENTS SECTIONS | 1 The interrelationships of the démen in these sentences are reinforced by the repetition in the second démen (as in the ir original) a common object of both domains, e.g. : Pa-||dūmi ing twirtas rq-//kas tawos fwgeczgušios)/ méites/ kūną dufiią mano idgni iis |...) patdimintumbei) ir its garbėlp lauplelp// |...) apgrefit’ teiktūmbeis. (Recommend // ir strong words/twey ir naswigtfsey/| mitosci ciato dufę mo-/lię abys// w blogoftawic/ one cżczy yl/ | chwale |...) y |...) im a ku [wey obrdcdc racjyt.) 181, If the subject of the second démen coincides su with the object of the first démen, Daukšos it is omitted in some cases, as in the current ir language (a), other o — pakartojamas (b): a) I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, ir I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, ir I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, || I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, a I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you, I'll pray for you. 5bdawion/ || vkryep mig/ bedg a defenses) 136, , b) Eyes wilsy honeycombs Wie-//fpatié/ tawimp volume [d-//wq paduxj/ didi ir tu iie-//mus péng iy/ mętū priwd-/ffomu. (OC3y wfytkich mily| I don't w want you. (we vfd-//no/ a ty im daaf The toxicity of their c3alu prsyltoynego.) 182, The translation in similar cases may differ slightly from the original, e.g.: dtmgnu gni dides// mietafirdiltes tawo) toi// pati is/ kuri man’ drilsibe/ iddni tawlp priei-//c3é/ ir kokias nor būdamas. dilt/| (memory na great mi-//tošierdsze youre/ || a toč ielt ono/ te dawa // mi Smidtosc/ abyTM/| tobie/| ku pr3yftąapit/ iūkimjekol-//wiek ielt.) 149, Usually, the elements of the sentences examined are related IN NEIGHBORHOOD RELATIONSHIPS (as in the examples cited). Sometimes sentences with a su conjunction ir mean FRONT (a), REASONS (b) TERMS AND CONDITIONS (c) ar REDUCTIONS (d) semantic relations, e.g. pawzėk gnt mangs a) nul-//lidéiusio jadingczio fwėto)/ wardo tawo: ir nė 1999: I'm a good man, I'm a bad man, I'm a good man. (Weijr3y me nd miserable grie-// fnika wyzydigcego name/| thy: not rac; I'm looking at you. a na 3tošė moig/ abyš miat 3d-// memorial to twey goodness.) 140,, b) Tu man tai dawėi/ ir||/ tawai tai matonei ma-//niemus/ kokiémus nūpel-//namus/ arba nė gimditoiu// manų prirafsinéiu (Silence// mi to I don't y want you to to know that. 3allugom dboll parents of my pr3ipiluię) 185 , c) I'll be there for you, I'll be ir there for you. (Poday mi fam lie-//bie/ a doluč mi na tym.) 156, d) Tawglp éidawo akléii/ || tawėlp kurtinéi/ tawėlp// paralísiumi |...) vimuftiéii ir// nė newiendm' izbitoiéis (To whose breasts-//d5ili glues whose glues/ whose do do Pdraliem You're three. [...] a jadnemus lięg|/ unpronounced.) 153, In cases where the pronouns su tas/ta/tai ir are used with a conjunction, between the elements of the compound sentence there is ADDITIONARY RELATIONSHIPS: the second element tells additional things about the content of the first element or gives an evaluation to of the content. Such sentences Catechism 78 | ARTŪRAS JUDŽENTIS, JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ The painful and in-kwe-//pimo tao is more frequent than l¢kioiéu. (ndpomind-//nid y natchnienia twego ku do-//bremu čjęftokroč nie ftuchat///ani našladowat.) 187, Only in one case he connects two negative forms of verbs: Jak i3pildifsimé/| fekmą|/kuris nė liepia//wogt?/- /|...) nė dari-//dami žatos/nei wienamé// turtė io |...) nei kokia nor //prijaltimi/nei wieno né-//apgaudami/ne priwadsio-//dami žatolp drugiego (Jako 3dchowamy šiodme? //[...] ani cšynigc fikody 3a-//dnemu w r3ecjach iego |...] dni jadng/| priyciyng nikogo nie podwo-/ld3qc do fkody drugiego.) 86, Sentences with a connecting word neither in all cases express NEIGHBORLY relationships of elements, e.g.: [Tė [kūndies graudgėi] iei wel’ |...) iš népa-//3ino [gezių] išg réky io dii-//ty/gerėšniop Tawo: nei//iam dékawoio vi iūs ([Niechay lig te; vikaria jd-//olnie) ie-//lli tej |...) ich nie po-//5nat byč 3 rak iego ddne ku [we-//mu lepfemu/ani mu dsi¢ko-//wat 3d nie) 125, In the original, the connecting word neither in eight cases corresponds to the singular ani (for example, in the quoted 187, sentence), used after the negative and before the positive démenis. In two cases (in the sentences 86,, and 85,, quoted above) the original used the repetitive conjunction ani... or: M. Koky wdiltq tiiri-//mé [au gaminit/idant//gatétumbime Kitą pri-/fakimą išpildii?//|- ...) né// Ikaitit knigų nė wiésliwy- ///nė katbėt' žodžių nei giedot/|/- giefmių gėdifkų (M. Jakiego lekarltwa viywdc//- mamy/ku 3achowaniu tego//pr3ykazania?!|| |...) nie ciytac ksigg wheteci-- //nych/ani moowič [tow/ani/- /špiewacz piešni nieucjczywych) 85, 86,, in the sentence of the conjunction ani... ani the first part goes with the positive, 0 the second —with the negative verb, 0 85, in the sentence both parts are used with positive démens. One Lithuanian sentence with nei in the original corresponds to a non-conjunctive sentence: Kaipėog ifpildilli-//- mé afymą] kuris drau-//d3ia lūdimonė tei-/|faus? )| [...) nė apkatbė-- |/dami artimo) nei bitėda-//- mi nė tiell6s (Jakoj 3achowamy ofme?|| |...) nie poląd3aige blišniegoj niel/ mowigc nieprawdy) 87, 4.2. Sentences with neither again In sentences with the conjunction nei weer, the relationship between the elements is usually expressed as NEIGHBORHOOD, e.g.: M. How i3pildifsime/| defimtq- ?/| Mo. Not géizdami tarto/ir/- /wilsokio daikto artimo] bu-//du nė patégumi/nei wel’ pa-//widédami iam’| io gero. (M. Jako 3achowamy die-/| Sigte?/| V. Nie jqddigc mdigtnosci/|| dni 3adney rjec3y blisniego- /nie//[tufinym obycjidiem: ani mu 3ay-//rzge dobrd iego.) 88, 79 In a few cases, the prominent RELATIVE relationships of the elements depend on the lexical elements Diewiltei sudėties, plg.: als’/| Diewas| niekad’ negatéio- //mirt/nei wel k¢lt. 34, M. Ką tiri darit geriéi//téwai funūmus fawo?|/Mo. Tu turi itis augint’ grau-//[méié] mokit itis Diewo bai-//mes- /diif itis ant’ mokflo/|| né ndrtini/nei wel’ tūpint (M. Coj mdią ciyni¢ dobry oy-/lcowie 3 Tyny Iwemi?|/V. Maig ie vciy¢/y [prawo-//- wdé: ani nazbyt karjge/ani nd-//3byt rolpuficidige) 83, The postpositional particle again only strengthens the RELATIONSHIPS between the démens, but does not change their nature. The conjunction nei again correlates with the negation of the first part of the sentence and corresponds to Daukša's repetitive conjunction nei... nei, which is not used in compound sentences (e.g. originaloani... ani). One Lithuanian sentence with this conjunction (34,) does not have an original. Other Lithuanian sentences correspond to the original sentences with the singular conjunction ani (88,), the repetitive ani... ani (83,) and only in one case — the sentence with ani fež: ne prieio|| top Sakramentop)/Iu tokiii/| prifsigatiwimu)/nei wel’//made such a palsirgéiimo// pérrinkinéiime sietos [a-//wés/- kaip buwol kaltas. (not priyfedt dol/this Sacrament 5 such pr3y-/lprawg/ani te3 vtiynit takiey//pilnošči w rozbierdniu lumnie-//nia Iwoie®/iako byt 43. After examining compound sentences with connective words, whose basis is the conjuncpowinien.) 120, tion nei, the reinforcement role of the particle vėl and certain differences between the works under consideration become evident: Daukša translated the corresponding sentences of the Catechism more freely — the repetitive conjunctions of the original are translated as singulars, the corresponding Lithuanian postpositional particle does not exist in the original. TABLE 4. Jungiamieji žodžiai K TB Iš viso CONJUNCTIONS WITH THE CONJUNCT nei USE DK nei 5 6 11 nei vėl 3 1 4 Total 8 7 15 5. CONJUNCTIVE WORDS WITH THE CONJUNCT o 5.1. Sentences with 0 Compound sentences with a single conjunction 0 usually denote a NEXT-TO- -ONE relationship between 80 | ARTŪRAS JUDŽENTIS, JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ mitek//WiėfGpaty Diewą gnt’ wil-//lo/o artimą kaip paty la-//wg (mituy Pana//Boga nade wfytko/a blišnie-//- go idko fam Siebie) 88 The use of conjunctive sentences with the conjunction o in the works under consideration does not coincide with the present one: they were also chosen in those cases where it is now customary to use sentences with the conjunction and (cf. Ambrazas, ed. 1994: 568, 702), e.g. : Atgréfk mang/| Wiefpatie fawėlp| o ne no-//rék nėrtet prieš mane. 138 | Ripinkites lunélei |...) iddnt’ bu-//tiimbit’ iz [kaicsieus any//gėrūėsi yr ifrinktiiy io///o idant ne yfkaktumbit’//ing amžinas kan-//c3es helkaro. (Starayčief lig [ynacikowie |...) dbyséie were 3 lic3-//by those good and wybrdnych iego///a jebyscie lig doftali na meki//hel- //elne.) 44. the subjects, e.g. dúfios kiuj nu-//mirfita matonei Diewo | o//nė paddriulios gana wil-//famé v3 niidemes fawas (dufse/ktore vmierdiq w//tdlce Bojey/a nie vciynili nd//wfem dolyč 3a griechy 3d Iwo-/lie) 43, The use of comparative sentences with the conjunction o cannot be explained solely by the influence of Polish, because not all of them have an original. For example, this sentence by Daukša has no original: itlldi lutweére i//padare 5émg/ir willa kita//kas yra gnt 5émes |...) o ne tiektai futwėre|) ir padare/bet dabar gnt/| to prikiipia/apwéizdi/rū-//- pinaš |...) tū wiffū 31, Less frequently, sentences with the conjunction o denote TANKIVE relationships of subjects, e.g.: af tawip giwgnii/o [a-//wip mirftu: tawip patg-//kii/o fawip prafjokitu (ia w tobie žywię//aw [obie vmieram: w tobie//trwam/aw [obie prsemijam] 169,, TANKIVE relationships, as the cited example shows, depend on the composition of the lexical subjects —the antonyms used in them live: die, get: die. 2000: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part II: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather: Part III: The Godfather (Syn Bo3y nd niebie nie-//ma matki; a nd jiemi nie ma//Oyca.) 33, Occasional sentences with the conjunction 0 denote relationships of NATURE (a) or CONDITION (b), e.g. : a) tu elsi [atdulis pal6-//tinimas dufsios/|...]: And whoever accepts the b¢driniku/ir téwainiu/| will be dm3ina lauplés. (ty ielt//[fodkie posilenie dufie moieyl //|...]: a ktoryby czyę godnie po-/[5ywat/- vc3eltniki- QUANTITIES Catechism COMPONENTS SENTENCES | 81 Iš em y d5ied5i-//cem]/| b¢d5ie wiecsney chwaty.) 156, b) Békitg manglp/ku-//rie nuwargę/ir apliinkinti//eltg/o af; iumūs midwife atilly. (Pod3-//cie do mnie wfylcy wy/ktorsy-//Scie lig vprdacowadlil y véigzeni //ieltescie/a ia wam dam ochlo-// dg.) There are only su two of o the neturi original pieces. In all cases where the original is available, the su 0 sentences correspond to su the Polish sentences with a conjunction a. Directly after po the o conjunction may follow the adverb teip(0), correlating with the su entire first part of the sentence or the group of conjunctions. jo Such sentences indicate ADDICTIVE relationships between nodes. The adverb in these sentences retains the general meaning of the circumstanir su ce of the way with the conjunction does not form a separate syntactic unit, e.g.: ir nūdemės nu-/|masgėtų] ištrauktų i3g// rgky priéfiniky |...) múlTų o// teip’ ijgétbety/ atpirkty// ir mus krauiu fawų fwgcséu-//liy (nal)| ociyséitl] grsechow 5 ndfych/y// wyrwat nas rgk niepr3yia-//¢iol 3 nafych |...) a so he redeemed us fwo-//ig krwig nadro3fg) 34, dii-//ltis mūmus maténe Diewo// Tu wilsomis gamtomis/ o// teip timpamé funumis/ ir// téwainiéis eternal giwd-//tos. (by-//wa nam talka whytki-//mi ddna cnotdmi: 3e tak ltawamy a lig// [ynmiy d3ied5icdmi wiecjnegol/ jywotd.) 96, In all these cases, the original uses the conjunction that goes a, po with the adverb tak. In the present common language such sentences correspond su to sentences po with the conjunction and, followed by the adverb so or its synonymous compound in this way; In modern Lithuanian grammar, similar sentences are considered CERTIFICATES (plg. Ambrazas, red. 1994: 720). In cases where the adverb has lost part of its lexical iš meaning, it forms a separate syntactic unit with a conjunction su the connecting word teip(o) — o (see section 4.4). (see below). In some cases, the pronoun po used by the Daukšos conjunction is that, correlating with the su group of the first-person participle. Such sentences also denote ADVERBIAL relationships between subjects: Yes Jėfus Chriltus get-//betoiés milly dufia/ fu ir You//to the body ir fu dėiwiltę [...] o tai// teip pawéikfstu po dūnosi kaip wino // ir (Jesus Chryltus 3bavichel// naf/ dufigl 5 y 3 éiatem/ y 3 Bo-// ftwem [...]: a to so under the bread/ id-//ko lift) y 98, Jneiei ing search The Mother of God's Prayer || o th as you ią are// as nė you were (Whedtes wl 5ywot Ladies, you're my mother, so I'm under your inexpressible a praise. ią ku 164.. The originals of the quoted examples are different: the first, as ir a translation, uses an anonymous pronoun, the 0 second an — adverb. In a few other cases, the pronoun used in po the conjunction goes with the sign of verb nouns that repeat the personified forms of the first person, e.g.: tdimi tabai to jest/| firdis/ patdiminta dufsia/ kuri tawę O ir // Wiefpatį Diewą// fawą/ nupėlno priimi o ta-//mé priemimę/ dwafifka linx-//mibg būt papildita (O fciesliwy vmylt/y blogo-// ltawiona duf; d/ ktora czyebie// Pana Bogd Iwego I'm sorry, I'm sorry, // I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, a w I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. 157 Such sentences also denote CONDITIONAL relations. The sentence ir structure of the original translation is the same. 82 | ARTŪRAS JUDŽENTIS, JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ 5.2. Sentences su 0 again In three sentences of Trump's Buddha, in the third place of the second element, the particle again is used, which together with the conjunction plays the connecting role of the elements and reinforces the PREDICTING relationships expressed by the sentences, e.g.: takie z matones Die-//wo tokioln nūdeme[ln|| prafsiradimo (kures//palfakem") nė impul-// dinéia. O ty wel kitij//nė pajilta (tacy 3d tilkq//Boją w takie grjechy do-//puficienia (ktorefmy po-/Iwiedsieli) nie wpadaigq.- //A tych 3aś drugich nie//5ndig) 115 This use of the dalytė again is not typical of the present common language. In all these cases it again depends on the original: in it the particle zas is in the third place of the second dot. 5.3. Sentences su o mores In the Katechismus one compound sentence with the conjunction o mores is found. It denotes the NEXT relationships: M. What ifymandi perl| tits said/I believe//ing God the Father. // Mo. Jfmandul iog tikéda-//mi túrime ij mifei. O dau-//geus iog willtis other ddi-//ktus laodami ir io fwe-//tilius prildkimus ir bewg-//lit mirt neg ij paseilt ku-//rime daikte. 27,,-28, The conjunction is used as a separate syntactic unit in the sentence. The highest level of the bridge is the uppermost level. The adverb does not change the nature of the meaningful relationships of the sentence, but only strengthens the syntactic role of the conjunction. The structure and role of the conjunction is similar to that of the conjunction bat gandzej, and more so. This sentence has no original. 5.4. Sentences su 0 In two sentences of the Catechism with the conjunction o, the adverb ypačiai is used immediately after it. Both sentences denote a DIFFERENCE, e.g.: M. O kadąš tūrimel|| žėktintiš ti 5¢kiu?//|..- .) kad rg-//dames kokime priwdlime///arba reikaté/o ipac3ei kel-//damiés i gūldami (M. A kiedyš mamy vžywdč 3na-//mienia kr3y3id šwigtego?/| |...) gdy lig ndyduemy w id-//kiey potr3ebie: a ofobliwie w-//ftaigc/y ktddgc fig) 18, What do you think of the 1990s? Willa tai) ko taris///ką išmano ir tiki |...) Bašnicje Rimo: o//ipac3ei kas krédoie Apd-//fitaty v3rakinas. (M. Coj rosumief; pr3ez wiarg? |/V. Wytko co trsyma a wier3y//|.- ..) kosciot Rsymlki: a ofo-//bliwie/to co [ig w Kredzie 3d-// myka.) 22 In both cases, the translation corresponds to the original: adverb especially translated with the conjunction a going osobliwie. COMPONENT SENTENCES OF THE CATECHISMS | 83 5.5. Sentences with o feip(o) The Catechism and the Short Buddha contain several sentences in which the adverb tfeip(o) with the conjunction o forms a separate syntactic unit — a connecting word. The adverb in these sentences has lost its mode meaning and is used together with the conjunction to indicate the relation of CAUSE, cf.: M. Was tatai ist Mi-//fia?/| Mo. There is a thought |...) and friend elt af-//fierd/- kurioi affierawoiė tg-//i¢g Chrilty Wiefpatį [...] O//teip reikia prieg mifėi) [u//didžiu nobainumu/ir wie-// 3liwumu pribut’. (M. A coj ielt Mfa? || V Jelt pamigtkd |... y jdrazem ielt ofid-//rd/w ktorey ofidruią tego3//Chryltuld Pdna |...) a tak tr5ebd pr3y niey//by¢ 3 wielką pilnoscig/y veici-// woscig.) 99, You have wel’ now and dwdsig///You will with these lawo-//mis [...] o teip//can nulidét prief; rikig (Ma te3/] ieficie y duchd je wfiytkimi Sitdmi [wo-///imi [...] a tak moje grjefy¢/prieciw po-// rigdkowi) 126, The use of a single adverb in the works of Daukša under consideration has no causal significance. Daukša does not use the conjunctions *o todrin or *o zaradi to, which would correspond most closely to the formal expression of the original conjunctions a dlatego, a przetoż. The conjunction word 0 teip is used in the cited examples as both teip and todrin, and is therefore synonymous. The corresponding Polish conjunction a tak, which Daukša translates as 0 teip, is in these cases also synonymous with the conjunction words a dlatego, a przetoż. This suggests that the use of the connective word 0 teip in Daukša’s translation depends directly on the original. 5.6 Summarizing the overview of the sentences with connective words, whose base is the conjunction 0, the following conclusions can be drawn: these sentences primarily denote the RELATIONSHIP between the elements. In addition, they can denote PREDICTING, EXCLUDING, CAUSE, CONDITION and CONSTRUCTIVE relations; the conjunction o in Daukša’s studies always corresponds to the conjunction a in the original. The relatively frequent use of the conjunction o in place of the conjunction i, which is not typical of contemporary common language, cannot be explained solely by the influence of the original; postpositional words used with a conjunction strengthen and clarify the semantic relationships of the elements of a compound sentence; in all cases they have equivalents of the original; the specialized conjunction o daugiaus, used similarly to bat gandžiaus, irlabiaus, may be typical of the spoken language of the time; o teip is used as a joiner for both teip and todrin, and therefore is synonymous and directly dependent on the original. 84 | ARTŪRAS JUDŽENTIS, JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ TABLE 5. CONJUNCTIVE WORDS WITH CONJUNCT o DK o Jungiamieji žodžiai K TB Iš viso 19 34 53 o again 3 3 o more 1 1 o especially 2 2 o teip(o) 1 1 2 Total 23 38 61 6. CONJUNCT ralę The conjunction, however, Daukšos used only in one compound sentence of Trump's Buddha. It is associated with states: rgkd isgani-//toio mdno/būdamas teip//tūtus kartas palitétas- ///liga tac3gu fūiimtas) an-//tru kartu mirftu. (ręką 3bawi-//cield mego bgdgc tak wiele rd-//50w dotkniony/chorobg pr3ed//lig jigty/drugi raz vmieram.) 143 Démeny relations PRIESINAMIEJL The conjunction is used in the second place of the démens. Originally it corresponds to the construction before you. TABLE 6. Jungiamasis Zodis K TB Iš viso CONJUNCTION however USE DK however 1 || 7. CONJUNCT tad(a(g)) Thus, (a) Daukšos is not used at the beginning of the second dot like other connecting words, but in the second (a) or third (b) place, characteristic of particles, not of conjunctions. However, it is considered a connective word because it performs the function of connecting elements, e.g. : a) Tawēlp éidawo akléii/|/tawēlp kurtinéi/- tawēlp/| parališiupriltotiéiil ir// newiendm’ ne izbitdieis. Ta-/Įwėlp tad’ ir af nulidéiglis/| ir pawdrggs drtiniis (Do mi vimuftiéii/ta-//wélp welino Ciebie pr3ycho-- //d5ili slepi/do čiebie glufiy/do- //¢iebie Paralizem 3araženi) do//¢iebie opgtdnil a jadnemus lig//niewymowit. To you therefore y//ia griefiny and ngdsny pr3ystgpu-//ig) 153, COMPONENT SENTENCES OF THE CATECHISMS | 85 b) for many reasons you can//forgive| neg af; You can go on. Notmelkig mangs//tad’ mietéulgs Wiefipatie// niig malones tawos (wigcey// mojef; odpuscié/ niili lig ig// mogg ty dopuséié. Nie odrju-//caye mig tedy mily Pdnie od/| taiki twey) 137, Sentences with this conjunction usually denote meaningful su relationships of NATURE (as in the last example). In some cases, the prominent statement- -conclusion relationships are considered to be their variants, e.g.: willos// dūdemeš kuriofnori// kad palsiddro/ wčikės||/ wiénu budu i5g ty// dwigiy |...) Tarp tų// tad dviejų būdų nii-//demiy/wienas vigili//darimė (wfytkie gryechyl- /ktorekolwiek bywdial/ po-/|petnione/dsieig lig iednyTM/- /obycjdiem 3 tych dwu [...] Mied3y//- tym tedy dwoidkim fpo-// lobem grzechow/ieden//- nalesy w ciynieniu) 114, Sentences with tad (a) can also denote CONDITIONAL relations, e.g. : Augficsqulieii Sera-/[phinai |...) daroš ma-//5éuleis butterflies po akim//tawo. Kaipog tad’ af pik-//talis] ir 5¢malis padaras/- /drisiu tawglp prieit (naywysfy Serdphini |...) mdiq lig 5d na-// podleyfe motyliki pr3y bytno-//- S¢i twoiey. Jakoj ia tedy blahe//a nilkie (creating bedg smiat/| to you pr3yligpic) 148 In cases where the sentences represent the most patys general CONNECTED or TIME relationship, so(a) plays the role of a conjunction, ne particle, e.g.: o gali pridet// willis nulsideiimus/ not-//boiimus/ kuriė iféit ir | iš kii-//no/ or vrēdo |...) I'm gonna get it// [kundimg gni fawės| tėgi-|Įvšrif (pr3ydač mo-//še wBytkie grzechyy niedbal-||ftwa/ktore pochod3ą 3 Itanu//dbo 3 vrigdu [...] Dokonawfy tedy tey takiey jdto-//by na lig/ niechayje 3accorchy) 131 The longer form of the conjunction is then used only in one sentence: noreei ata-//dégt dūfjei manai) tamgl//Sakramenté méita apsiedii-//tinio ap3iediutinelp| i tokiii// man palirédii. Téikili ta-//da dūt/ Wiefipaiié tai¢g/| firdj prief; tawé (chéiates od-//kryé dufsy moiey tym w lakrd-//mencie mitosc oblubierica ku// oblubienicy/ takim y mi [ig po-//kd3dé: rdc3e dač mi tedy/ Pd-//nie/ toj lerce przyjciwko tobie) 168, , Su with an increased postpositional particle, this conjunction is used only once; it goes in the first démens place: M. Tewas is that Die-//wu?// Mo. Yes./| M. O lunus yrdgu// God? Mo. Yes./| M. O Dwalia fwg-//t6ii is God? Mo. Yes./| M. Tadag is three// Diewai? (M. Eye of the ieltie God? V.Jelt./| M. A Syn ieltse God?/| V. Jelt./| M. A Duch ielt š. God? V. Jelt./| M. A wigc [4 tr3ey Gods?) 26, In this sentence are denoted STATEMENT — CONCLUSIONS meaningful relationships. 86 | ARTŪRAS JUDŽENTIS, JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ In the original, the conjunction tad(a) corresponds in all cases to tedy, as in the translation, which is in the second or third place of the punctuation mark. The form tadag in the Polish text corresponds to the compound conjunction a wiec. TABLE 7. USE OF CONJUNCT tad(a(g)) DK tad(a(g)) Jungiamasis Zodis K TB Iš viso 3 7 10 8. CONNECTING WORD this is In sentences with a conjunction, these are the INTERESTED relationships between the elements expressed in both cases. [Referred to nowg Chri-||ftaus] and iffmdnos) mokiti-//nis | that is/who applik-//ftiigs | believe ing in God| and || does prifakimes io. (Jelt vešeri Chryltulow kto-|/ry okrzeczywBy lig] poetry y wy-// 3nawa jakon iego.) 10, [can dutis kattas)- J3 pa3inios firdgs [a-//wos/iog ios ne lgrgeio:/| wéikatilsé| which vigutéiol/ lauplélp Diewol/ this is:// iog iy nė dare takiū Tu cji-//Mtumit widuryiéiu/ drinj pa-//ties Diewo/ jak biwo kat-//tas ([moje lig dač winien] Z nažnošči vmyltu [wego/|| iš iey nie prieltrjegal w [prd-//wdch- /ktore naležaty ku [fuzbie//Pdarilkiey/to ielt/iš jų nieciy-//nil 3 taką ciyltoséig wngtrsng//- dla [dmego Boga idko byl/| powinien) 123, In the original, in the first case, the connecting word has no equivalent, 0 in the second case, jj corresponds to jest. to TABLE 8. CONJUNCT it is USE DK it is 1 1 2 Jungiamasis žodis K TB Iš viso 9. CONJUNCTIVE WORD teip jog In two cases, the elements of the Sudétic sentence are connected by the conjunction teip jog. These sentences denote the relation PROPOSE—- CONCLUSION, which in this article is considered a variant of the relation CAUSE: funūs Diewo/| tapes žmogumi išcioie//Mergos Marias] atpir-//ko mus gnt Krijeus idant// mus pėrgabentu niig kai-//rés ant definės: teip iog š[ę]-//ktas krišeus fwéto kuriū)/žėklinames is as fum-//ma koki willo tikčiimo//- milly. (fyn Bošjy ltawfy li¢//cštowekiem w jywočie Panny/| Mariey/odkupit nds nd kr3y-//šu/- aby nas prjenioll 5 left to right: yes 17 Jneiei ing is¢ia Mer-//gos ffwécigused Mothers || tawos Jo tú as ią iskélai//nė izbitomolp garbélp] teip//iog iei dawéi nė isbilomg//- malong/gnt’ vildugoiimol| ios. (Wfedtes wi žywot Pdnierilki naswigtfey//mdtki twey Ja tak idkos ig pod-//niolt ku niewymowney chwale takes iey dat niewymowng td-//lk¢ ku jdchowdniu iey.) In the present common language so that is not characteristic—in its meaning it is sometimes used the conjunction of similar structure so that. TABLE 9. CONJUNCTION teip jog USE DK teip jog 1 1 2 Jungiamasis žodis K TB Iš viso 10. CONNECTION WORD todrin(ag) In the sentences with this conjunction, the elements represent the semantic relationships of CAUSE, e.g.: tarp kuriy//daug wos bus nūdeme-/- /mis atldiltinomis://wienokig willfados nė-|| pritekimas/ir pražęgi-I- /mas kokldi [...] Todrinag fitie//kurie eit tobutumop //ne tūri iy kaip nor pi-//gai aplaist. (miedsy ktoremi)| wiele ich/ledwie b¢dg//grsechdmi pow fedniemi- /| wfakje iednak ieft jawfe/| niedolkondtosc|y wyltg-//pek idki [...] Dla tego či ktor3y idą ku//dofkondtoséil nie madig/| ich ledd iūko opufic3dc) 117, The particle that follows directly after the joiner is not connected to the joiner but to the pronoun that follows it, and therefore does not form part of the joiner, cf. : S3etonas būwo grajūs if//prigimimo. Todrinag ir mėsį//iéi bė nūdemes bulfimė) tėi-//paia taplime grašumis (fa-//tan byt pigkny 3 prsyrodsenia./| Pr3etožy my/iefli be3z* grzechu bg-// dziemy| tedy te3 j0ltdniemy pigknemi) 57 Usually, the conjunction is used with an increased postpositional particle and only in one sentence without it: dawéi mani/| vi peng kūną tawg fwétg//giwg/[...] Tédrin’ meld5iu i-//dgni man butiimbei mat6-//numi (dates mi 3a po-//karm čiato twe žywel [...] Pr3eto//- profig dbys mi byt talkaw) 171 In the original, these sentences have two equivalents: with the conjunctions dlatego or przeto(z) (see the cited examples). In several instances the original uses the compound conjunctions a przetoz (a) and a dlatego (b):