Dėl skaitvardinių būdvardžių su priesagomis „-(i)okas (-a)“ ir „-(i)opas (-a)“ kilmės

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLV (2001), 3-9 On the origin of numerical adjectives with suffixes -(i)okas (-a) and -(i)opas (-a) The article deals with the origin of adjectives derived from numerals with the suffixes -(i)okas (-a) and -(i)opas (-a). The analysis confirms that derivatives of this type with the diminutive suffix -(i)okas (-a) are rare already in Old Lithuanian texts of the 16th-17th centuries. They have counterparts in Slavonic and are much older than the suffix -(i)opas (-a) which is commonly used in the derivation of adjectives from numerals in Lithuanian and for which a genetic link with the postposition po is suggested in this article. In ancient writings, alongside the Vedic adjectives with -(i)opas (-a), which are widely used in contemporary Lithuanian (e.g. dvejopas, trejopas, as well as tüleriopas and others, see Valeckienė 1994: 220), corresponding numerals adjectives with -(i)okas (-a) were used, which have almost disappeared in contemporary Lithuanian. The tendency of the decline of the above-mentioned derivatives with -(i)okas (-a) and the establishment of the corresponding adjectives with -(i)opas (-a) was evident even before the beginning of Lithuanian writing. In the reviewed ancient scriptures! the derivatives of these two types of construction are related as follows: MZ 2: 0; VLNE, VLNEE 4:1; BP, | 7:4;C11:1;DP9:3;SP__ 3:3; 'SD, SD 3:5; CHNT 1 (corresponding adverbs with -(i)opai 2): 2 (corresponding adverbs with -okai 2); SE 2: 0; in the Gospels of Jaknavičius from 1647 only the adverb is observed four times 201, *. The statistics show that the number adjectives with -(i)okas (-a) in the writings of Sirvydas, Chylinskis, and partly Bretkūnas are about as many as the corresponding derivatives with -(i)opas (-a). In other places, numerical adjectives with -(i)okas (-a) are much rarer or not used at all. It is also used to denote the adjectives with -a (e.g. Only two of them are widely known: dvijokas (-a) ‘double’ BP, 4x; C 1111; *SD 56; SP, 2x; (also [K]; P, cf. dvejokai ‘two-fold’ *SD 56; N; GR2), two-fold SP, 6x; CHNT 4x (also Ds, cf. dvejoks | dvejoks, -ia DAUK; P; KLVRZ; PLN, dvejokiai VALANC, dvejokiaip RoD —*LKZ, 944); 1 The material was compiled using editions of ancient writings and word indexes, as well as computerized concordances of word forms of Bretkūno Postilas (BP, „), Vilento Enchiridion (VLNE), Gospels and Epistoly (VLNEE), Sirvydo Punktų Sakymų (SP, „), Jaknavičius 1647 Gospels, created at the Lithuanian Language Institute and funded under the 1996-2005 program of the Republic of Lithuania for the use and development of the state language. Not quite clear derivative one (-a) /one (-ia) not included in the statistics presented here (see below). 4 | SAULIUS AMBRAZAS trio (-a) ‘trio’ BP, | 4x; 'SD 182 (also N; KŽ; STR; Ap; _VRN), three-pointed SP, 6x; 'SD 18; SD 446; SLG, 80 (also Su, cf. trejokis, -ia KZ; M; PRNG; KLT; PLS -LKZ... 741). Others are much rarer, e.g.: quad BP, 3x, quad (-a) “quad’ WP 213b; SP,,, 5x (cf. ketveriokai ‘fourfold’ CHNT LK 19,8), penkiokas ‘fivefold’ *SD 291, Sra liokas ‘sevenfold “*SD 401 (also Sut; N; [K]), SeSeriokas (-a) ‘SeSeriopas’ BP, 21, (also KZ; NDZ), Seseriokia DP 352, (cf. Seserioks, -ia M; NDZ), simter(i)- okas (-a) *hunteriopas’ DP 2x; SP, 338; CHNT 2x (see centerokai CHNT 2x, Simteruokai SD 353, simteliuokai Simteriopal’ SD 423), vienriokas ‘unieriopas’ DP 445, (also N, see vienriokis,-¢ KZ; M). Numeral adverbs with -(i)okas (-a) have their equivalents in Slavic languages, cf. lit. 2 and s. bazn. sl. dvvakw, dvvojakws, lie. four and s. bazn. sl. Four-legged, lie. SeSeriokas and s. bazn. sl. Sesterakw, lie. trio and s. bazn. sl. trojaks’ (Vaillant 1974: 327). In Lithuanian and Slavic languages, qualitative pronouns are also made similarly, cf. lie. t6k(i)s ir s. bažn. sl. yes». The only difference here is that Lithuanian pronouns of this type, in addition to the suffix *-ako-, have the noun (j)is attached (Rosinas 1988: 214-216). Probably because of the influence of these pronouns, some of the mentioned Lithuanian numerals with -(i)okas (-a) tend to acquire (i)io/iū root forms. It should be noted that the derivative vienok(i)s (-ia) in dialects is used both as a pronoun “toks, viens’, and as an adjective “panašus, vienodas’ (LKŽ.. 225,226-227), cf. also vienokias (-ia) “panašus, vienodas’ VLNE 2x; 'SD 46; *SD 7, 87; DP 9x; CHNT 4x; VD; KZ (cf. nevienoki ‘unequal’ SP, 184,, adverbs vienokiai ‘equally’ SP, | 2x; SE 2x, unienokiai ‘unequally’ SP, 357 >, vienokas (-a) “similar, equal’ LEX 27a; O 142; B 389; H; MŽ; PSK; P; N; K; JN; L; RTR. In the case of the suffix *-4-ko (as with other suffixes derived from the idea *-ko-) in the Baltic languages, it is usually used as a diminutive. In Lithuanian, adjective deminutives with -(i)okas (-a) are particularly common. We're already finding them. 16th-17th century writings, especially Sirvydo Dictionarium and the 17th century handwritten dictionary of Lithuania Minor Clavis Germanico-Lithvana, e.g.: atstokus *SD 246 (for the u-stem -okus form see Skardžius 1943: 134; Palionis 1967: 131), baltokas *SD 13, bėrokas C, 389, girtokas *SD 311, ilgokas BP 147,,; C, 1150, black SD 361; C,, 515, blue *SD 360, lilac C, 1130, soft C, 936, red *SD 41, 164; C, 331, sour C,, 372, bitter *SD 145, sweet C,, 573, sweet *SD 366, 409, narrow *SD 360, weak *SD 366; C507, 524, heavy *SD 360, warm C, 1159, rough C; 560, tamsokus *SD 360, tolokas *SD 268, Zalokas *SD 546; C,, 331. In the Latvian language, such adjectives with *-ako evolved into higher-degree forms, cf. lie. low and la. mazūks ‘smaller’ (Endzelins 1951: 360; Fennell 1996-1997; Vykypėl 2001: 212 etc.). Similar adjectives with *-úko exist in other related languages, cf. Latin meracus: merus ‘unmixed, undiluted, pure; tikras’ (Brugmann 1906: 498-500). In the eastern Highland dialect of Lithuanian language with *-akoplačiai deminutives are also made from nouns, e.g.: berniokas, ančiokas, akmeniokas (Skardžius 1943: 133-134; Urbutis 1965: 279-280). This type of veda is also found in eastern Latvian dialects, but in a lesser extent, cf. Boy and la. dial. bėrnaks, bėrnaks (Rūke-Dravina 1959: 289-294). 5 The suffix *-ko-(and some other affixes typical of deminutives) has been used in Indo-European languages since ancient times not only for deminutives, but also for various adjectives with no deminutive meaning (cf. Jurafski 1996; Shields 2000). For example, with the suffix *-i-in the Cobalt (especially Prussian, see Ambrazas 2000: 87-89), Slavic (Boškovič 1984: 206-245) languages substantive deminutives are widely made, and in many other related languages — mostly possessive adjectives (Brugmann 1906: 488 etc.; Ewald 1924). On the other hand, the suffix *-is-co-(on its origin see Ambrazas 2000: 101 and lit.) in Baltic, Slavic, Germanic (possibly also Celtic, Thracian, partly Tocharian, Luvian, see Porzig 1954: 201-202; Ivanov 1988: 53) languages is used for adjectives”*, and in ancient Greek, on the contrary, for noun deminutives (Petersen 1913; Chantraine 1933: 405-413) to do. In addition, old may be a tendency with *-coding and numerical adjectives, cf. s. bažn. sl. inokw "alone, lonely; monk", got. enaha, s. vok. height. einag ‘vienintelis, s. ind. ekaka-,ekaka-‘alone, lonely’, from Latin ūnicus ‘alone, special’ (Brugmann 1906: 493; Schulze 1966: 75; Vaillant 1974: 462). However, when the type of numerical adjectives with *-woka forms appeared in the Baltic languages, it is still not quite clear. The numerical adjectives in Lithuanian with -(i)okas (-a) have exact equivalents only in Slavic languages, and in other Baltic languages there are no such adjectives. In the Prussian texts, this type of numerical adjective is not recorded at all. In Latvian, the suffix *-4-do-, of a completely different origin, is used to make numerical adjectives, as well as the mentioned qualitative pronouns. threesome, threesome and la. trijuds, lie. other than la. citūds (Endzelynas 1957: 100; Endzelins 1951: 391). In Lithuanian, the latter suffix is very rare, cf. lie. other la. other, lie. evendas and la. viéndds (Skardžius 1943: 100). Adjectives with suffixes derived from the determinative *-d(h)- are also found in some other related languages, cf. s. bazn. sl. tvred» ‘strong’, lat. lūcidus ‘bright, bright, bright’, vividus, air. beode ‘vibrant, alive' (Brugmann 1906: 471— 472). However, the use of the suffix *-ū-do to make numerical adjectives is probably a Latvian innovation. On the other hand, the relative nature of numerals with -(i)okas (-a) in Lithuanian shows that this type of verb is quite old. Meanwhile, the suffix -(i)opas (-a), with which numerical adjectives are most often made in Lithuanian, has no equivalents in other related languages. Researchers are very doubtful whether there were suffixes with *-p in Indo-European protolanguage at all (see Brugmann 1906: 386; Vaillant 1974: 632). Thus, the origin of the suffix -(i)opas (-a) probably has to be searched in the Lithuanian language itself. It has not yet been clarified. Vaillant (1974: 632) associates the suffix -(i)opas (-a) with the postposition -p(i), present in the aliative and adhesive forms. However, from a semantic point of view, this suffix seems to be closer to the postposition -p(0), which can be seen in adverbs with -aip(o) (see Endzelynas 1957: 209; Otrebski 1956: 300-301). The latter are almost synonymous with adverbs with -(i)opai, -okai (see Ulvydas 1971: 435-436), cf. the aforementioned dvejokai and dvejopai, dvejaip, dvejaipé TVR (*LKZ,, 946). The Baltic, Slavic, Germanic, and perhaps some other languages are probably linked not only by the adjective suffix *-isko-, but also by the possessive function of the latter, cf. s. bažn. sl. božssk», got. gudisks ‘God’ and the analogous use of the Vedic divine in ancient Lithuanian writings, e.g.: giwena ij galibes Die=wifkos SP, 227, „„But that is the subject of another article. 6 | SAULIUS AMBRAZAS ti and the construction *dvejo po“, which was accompanied by a double. Later, in the competition of adverbs with -(i)opai and -(i)okai, according to the example of numerical adjectives with -(i)okas (-a), apparently the corresponding derivatives with -(i)opas (-a) were made. The latter quickly became very popular. As the deminutive use of derivatives with -(i)okas (-a) became more and more common, there was a need to have a special suffix for numerals. Perhaps for similar reasons of affix specialization, the corresponding vedic with *-adohas spread in Latvian. Abbreviations of sources Ap —Adūtiškis, Švenčionių rajonas. B —LEXICON GERMANICO- =LITHUANICVM [...) von Jacobo BRopowsxu (manuscript dictionary of the early 18th century). BP, —POSTILLA Tatai efti Trumpas ir Praftas Ifchguldimas Euangeliu | fakamuiu Bafiniczoie KrikJchcsonifchkoie | nig Aduento ik Weliku. Per lana BRETKUNA Lietuwos Plebona Karalaucjuie Prufifu. Iffpaude Karalauc3uie Iurgis Ofterbergeras. 1591. pp. 1591. BP, —POSTILLA tatai efti Trumpas ir Praftas Ifchguldimas Euangeliu | [akamuiu Bafnicjoie KrikJchcsonifchkoie/nūg Weeliku ik Aduento. Per lana BRETKUNA Lietuwos Prufiifu. Iffpausta Karalaucsuie /lurgio Ofterbergera. 1591. pp. 1591. C -Clavis Germanico-Lithvana (cited from: V. DROTVINAS, ed., Clavis Germanico-Lithvana 1-4, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1995-1997). CHNT transliterated edition of S. B. CHYLINSKI's New Testament translation: Cz. KUDZINOWSKI, J. OTREBSKI, Bible Lithuanian Chyliniski, New Testament 2, Text, Poznan: Zaktad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich, 1958 (naudotasi ir, Cz. KUDZINOWSKI, Bible lituanienne Chyliriskiego. New Testament 3, Index, Poznan: State Scientific Publishing House, 1964). DAUK -Simonas DAUKANTAS (1793-1864) writings. DP —Poftilla CATHOLIC. It is eft: Isguldimas Ewangeliu kiekwienos Nedelos ir fwgtes per wiffiis metis, Per Kiniga MIKALOIV DAVKSZA Kanonika Médniku /iz i¢kifsko pergaldita. [...] W Wilniui / Drukérnioi Akadémios SOCIETATIS IESV. 1599 (used: Cz. KUDZINOWSKI, Index to „Daukšos Postilė“ 1-2, Poznan: University of Poznan Press. Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań, Ds —Dusetos, Zarasų r. 1977). GRŽ —Grūžiai, Pasvalio r. H -VOCABVLARIUM LITTHVANICO-GERMANICVM ET GERMANICO-LITTHVANICVM [...) Compiled by Friederich Wilhelm HaAck [...] Halle, [1730] Stephanus Orban, Univer[. Buchdr. JN —Writing of Kazimieras JAUNIAUS (1848-1908). K-E. KURSCHAT, Lithuanian-German dictionary. Halle a. S.: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1883 ([K] marks the words in Kuršaitis' square brackets). Krr —Kaltanėnai, Švenčionių r. 2000: The Calvary, New York City. KZ —A. KURSAITIS, Lithuanian-German dictionary 1-4, Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 19681973. L -Lithuanian and English dictionary. Antanas LAs [...] Chicago, 1915. 4 Here it should be borne in mind that the consonant after in Lithuanian language from old goes with several syllables. Some constructions simply competed with each other, e.g.: after the right and after the right, after that and after that, etc. (about all this see Fraenkel 1929: 144 etc.). Similarly, the corresponding postposition after could have been used in the past, cf. the connection of pronouns with the postposition -p(i) with the prepositional constructions after(g) in ancient writings (see Rosinas 2001: 136 et seq.). ON THE ORIGIN OF NUMERIC ADVERBS | 7 LEX —Lexicon Lithuanicum (cited from: V. DROTVINAS, ed., Lexicon Lithuanicum, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1987). LKZ -Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1-17, Vilnius. M-M. 1894. (in Lithuanian) MIEZINIS, Lietuvos- -Latvijos-Lenkijos žodynas, Tilžė, 1894. Mz —Writing of Martynas Mažvydas (1520-1563) (based on: D. URBAS, Martynas Mažvydo raštų žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996). MZ -Littaujch=deuf ches and Deuffch=littauifches Worter=Book |...) multiplied and improved [...] by Chriftian Gottlieb MIELCKE, cantor in Pillckallen. [...] Königsberg, 1800. Printed and published by the Hartung[chen Hofbuchdruckerey. N —Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language by G. H. F. NESSELMANN. Konigsberg: Verlag der Gebriider Front carrier. 1850. NDZ — M. NIEDERMANNAS, A., SENNAS, A., BRENDERIS, A. SALYS, Dictionary of Lithuanian Writing 15, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitatsverlag, 1932-1968. P —Jurgio PABREZOS (1771-1849) finds. PLN —Plunge. PLNG — Palanga. PLs —Pelesa, Varnavo r., Belarus. PosK —Dionisis Poskas (about 1757-1830) writings. PRNG —Paringys, Ignalina district O -—Manuscript 17th century dictionary (close to Lexicon Lithuanicum and Clavis Germanico-Lithvana), before During the Second World War he was in the University Library of Karaliaučius (Msc. 83). Rop -Reduna, Varanasi district, Belarus. RTR —J. RYTERIS, Lithuanian-Latvian Dictionary, Riga, 1929. 'SD —K. Sirvydo pirmasis žodynas (based on: K. PAKALKA, ed., Senasis Konstantino Sirvydo žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1997). *SD —DICTIONARIVM TRIVM LINGVARVM In Yum Studidg'e Iuventutis, AVCTORE CONSTANTINO SZYRWID [...] Tertia editio recognit & aucta. VILN/E, Typis Academicis Societatis JESV. Year Domini M. DC. XLII. (based on: K. PAKALKA, ed., First Lithuanian Language Dictionary, Vilnius: Mokslas, SD 1979). —DICTIONARIUM TRIUM LINGVARUM In ufum Studiofee Iuventutis, AVCTORE R. P. CONSTANTIN SZYRWID [...] Fifth edition recognita & aucta. VILN/E, Typis Academicis Societatis JESU. Anno Domini M. DCC. XIIL SE —SUMMA Aba Trumpas ifzguldimas EWANIELIV | SZWENTU Per Wifus meatus | days Nedelos | Bdi=niciofe Krikscionifikofe [kaytomu |...) KIEDAYNISE, DRVKAWOIA, IOCHIMAS IVRGIS RHETAS, Meatu Pond, 1653 (based on: A. JAKULIS, „Knygos Nobažnystės“ leksika 1, Klaipėda: Sauliaus Jokuzio leidykla-spaustuve, 1995). SLG —GIESMES TIKIEIMVY KATHOLICKAM PRIDIARANCIAS |...] Auctore SALOMONE MOZERKA SLAWOCZYNSKI [...] VILN/E, Typis Academicis Societatis IESV, Anno Dni 1646 (cituota is: J. LEBEDYS, sud., S. M. Slavocinskis. The Catholic Church in the United States: A History, 1958. SP —PVNKTY KAZAN od Adventu aj do Poftu, Litewskim igzykiem, z wytłumaczeniem nd Polskie BY Kszyędza KONSTANT SZYRWYDA [...] wyddne W VILNIUS W Drukarni Akademiey Societatis IESV Roku M. DC. XXIX. STR —Strūnaitis, Švenčionių r. South — Zodinikas Letuwiszkay-Lotiniszkay-Lenkiszkas. Par Kuniga Dominika SUTKIEWICZE Domikona tikra Letuwnika su dideliu wargiu Isztaysitas (1848) (manuscript). TvR —Tverėčius, Ignalina district VALANC —The writings of Motiejus VALANČIUS (1801-1875). VD —Vypūvno (Vilius STOROSTAS, 1868-1953) writings. 8 | SAULIUS AMBRAZAS VINE —ENCHIRIDION Catechifmas mafas | del pafpalitu Plebonu ir Koznadiju /Wokifchku liefjuwiu parafchits per Dr. Martin Luther. O ifch Wokifchka liefjuwia on Lietuwifchka fully and wiernai pergulditas /per Baltramieju WILLENTHA Plebona Karaliauc3uie on Steindama. Ifchfpauftas Karaliauc3ui per Iurgi Ofterbergera /Metu Diewa M. D. LXXIX. VINEE -Euangelias bei Epiftolas | Nedeliu ir fchwentuju Dienofu fkaitomafias | Bafinic3ofu ChrikJchcszonifchkofu | fully and faithfully transferred on Lietuwifchko S3od3ia /through Baltramieju WILLENTA / Plebona Karaliauc3ui on Schteindama [...] Ifchpauftas Karalaucsui through Iurgi Ofterbergera /Metu M.D. LXXIX. VRN - Varena. WP —16th-century manuscript Wolfenbüttel Postila: ISCHGVLDIMAS EVANGELIV PER WISVS METVS, SVRINKTAS DALIMIS ISCH DAVGIA PASTILLYV |...) (quoted from: J. KARACIEJUS, ed., Wolfenbüttel Postila) Postilé, Vilnius: Zara, 1995). LITERATURA AMBRAZAS, S. 2000: The development of adjectives 11. Lietuvių kalbos vardaZodiniai vediniai, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Boškovič, R. 1984: Ocnuoebi cpasnumenvHoil zpamuamukxu chaesanckux A3biKo6. 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Saulius Ambrazas Received 10/12/2001 Lithuanian Language Institute Antakalnio g. 6, 2055 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]