Rusų bulgaristika ir Lietuva

PERSONALIA |227 STEPANOV, Ju. S. 1965b: Cmpykmypa (Gidpanyysckozo asvixa: Mopibonozua, croeoobpazosanue, 0CHO68b! CuKmaKCuca 6 Hopme (dpanyyzekoū penyu, MockrBa: Beicinas mkona. STEPANOV, Ju. S. 1966: Kanua, Mocksa: IlpocBentenne. STEPANOV, Ju. S. 1970: JlutoBckoe is — 3 the nine marron ‘Osrrs’. Baltistica 6 (2), 193-196. STEPANOV, Ju. S. 1971: Cewuomuxa, Mocksa: Hayka. STEPANOV, Ju. S. 1975a: Memodsht u npunyunsi cospemennoti aunzeucxux, MockBa: Hey, hey, hey. STEPANOV, Ju. S. 1975b: Overview of a3bixoznanus, Mocksa: IlpocBemenmne. STEPANOV, Ju. S. 1981: Huena. Ilpeduxamw:. Ilpednoncenua: Cemuonozuveckan spammamuxa, Mocxsa: Hayka. STEPANOV, Ju. S. 1985a: B mpexwepnow npocmpancmee azvika: Cemuomuyueckue npobh1eMbi Aun2eucmuxu, gurocogpuu, uckyccmea, Mocksa: Hayka. STEPANOV, Ju. S. 1985b: Jlut. Yes, sir. (ox) ecms u (K Bonpocy o npowcxoxkaennn). Baltistica 21 (1), 4-13. STEPANOV, JU. S. 1988: TekcToBas Teopus pycCKHMX Majexeil B ONHCATEJIbHOM H CPAaBHHUTEIBHO-HCTOPHYECKOM A3bIKO3HAHUH. Pycucmuxa ce2oons. Asvik: cucmema ghynkyuonuposanue, u ee Mocksa: Hayka. STEPANOV, Ju. S. 1989a: Hudoespaneiickoe npedaroxcenue, Mocksa: Hayka. STEPANOV, Ju. S. 1989b: Cuer, umena umcen, andaBuTHble 3HaKH YHCEN B HHIOEBPOIEHCKHX A3BIKAX. Bonpocbi azeikosnanus 4, 46-72; 5, 5-31. STEPANOV, JU. S. 1995: Baba-Aea, Sima, SAnyc, Acorn u apyrue: K Bompocy o „HecTporoM“ cpaBHHTEJIbHO-HCTOPHYECKOM MeTone. BonpocChi azvikosnanus 5, 3-15. STEPANOV, Ju. S. 1997a: Koucmanmei: Crosaps pycckoui kyismypsi: Onsim uccaredosanus, Mocksa: SI3bIKH PYCCKO# KYJIBTYDpbiI. STEPANOV, JU. S. 1997b: I'm not sure what to do. B HHI0eBPOIEHCKOM: (1. Bokpyr 3akonos Bakkepuarens H Jleckuna). Bonpochi azsikosnanusn 4, 5-26. STEPANOV, Ju. S. 1998: flso:xx u memood: K cospemennoii urocogpuu azwixa, Mocksa: SI3bik's boys KYJIbTYDpbI. STEPANOV, Ju. S., PROSKURIN, S. G. 1993: Koncmanmsi mupoeoii kynomypo:: Aapasumer u anghaeumHnbie meKCcmbi 6 nepuod osoesepusi, Mocksa: Hayka. Regina Venckutė Kazimieras Garšva Olegas Poliakovas RUSSIAN BULGARISTIKA IR LITHUANIA Su Lithuania is associated with du prominent Russian scholars, Bulgarian language ir culture specialists: iš Hungarian-born pioneer of Russian Bulgarian studies Jurijus Venelin (birth — Georgis Hucas) ir iš Lithuania from One of the greatest of these days Moscow Bulgarians Prof. Gregory Venediktovas. For Lithuanian linguists G. Venediktov has long been known iš jo publikacijų „K istorii lituanistiki v Rossii", specifically about the linguist Jono Juška's Lithuanian material, ir correspondence that survived from the jį Russian linguist who was his patron I. Sreznevski- 's archives. Be of this, he only ne actively communicates su The Lithuanians of Moscow are the promoters of Lithuanian ir culture, Baltists, but maintain close relations with su Lithuanian linguists, send their works of other valuable ir literature. Kalbininko 228 | PERSONALIA’s subject of study is the period of Bulgarian national revival in the 19th century and the formation and standardization of the Bulgarian common language at that time, as well as various other issues of cultural history. A little has already been written about the scholar himself, his works and some parallels of the revival of the Lithuanian and Bulgarian nations (cf. Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 30, 1993, 218-220). By the way, there was an inaccuracy: in 1947, after graduating from the 4th (Russian) gymnasium in Vilnius, the future linguist went to study Slavic studies not in Moscow, but in what was then Leningrad (St. Petersburg). Recently, G. Venediktov has been paying a lot of attention to the already mentioned, undeservedly forgotten pioneer of Russian Bulgarian studies, J. Venelin (1802-1839), whose works had a great significance for the revival of the Bulgarian nation, language and culture. On this occasion we should mention two new books prepared with his care that have reached us: Ju. I. Venelin v bolgarskom vozroždenii (1998; which publishes the materials of the conferences held in 1989 in Uzhgorod and Sofia and the entire bibliography of J. Venelin, commemorating the 150th anniversary of the scientist- ’s death) and the first printed edition of J. Venelin’s first grammar of the Bulgarian language, written in 1834 (Grammatika nyneshnego bolgarskogo narečija, 1997, with an extensive accompanying article by G. Venediktov on the fate of J. Venelin’s grammar- ). On 22 April 2002, it was 200 years since the birth of J. Venelin. On this occasion, we should recall some more important dates of the scientist- ’s life and activities, more important works and his modest contribution to the history of Lithuanian culture. Unfortunately, during the Soviet period, the life of J. Venelin, as a former priest, his wide interests and impressive works were silenced. Therefore, our data taken from the Tsarist encyclopedia may be inaccurate (newer printed editions have not been found). George Huxley was born in 1802 in the village of Great Thebes in Hungary. He studied at Ungvar Gymnasium, then at the Teachers' Seminary. After the war, he changed his surname to Venelin and enrolled at the University of Lviv, where he studied philosophy. In 1823, after receiving a position as a teacher and educator at the seminary, he went to Chisinau. The work here determined his subsequent life. In 1825, Venelin came to Moscow and studied medicine, graduating in 1829 with a doctorate. He did not work as a doctor. After finishing his work on the Ancient and Present Bulgarians in Political, Folklore, Historical and Religious Perspective in their Relationship with the Russians (Drevnie i nynešnie bolgare v političeskom, narodopisnom, istoričeskom i religioznom ich otnošenii k rossijanam), he presented it to the specialists of the Academy of Sciences. The work was well received and the first volume was printed in 1829. The entire monograph was published later, after the author’s death, i.e. in 1841 (Vol. 1, p. 241; Vol. 2, p. 326; second edition in 1856). In 1830, Venelin was sent to Bulgaria to get acquainted with the books there, to check them, to collect manuscripts and to continue to delve into the Bulgarian language, life, history, etc. However, Venelin was unable to search the libraries or find any important manuscripts. People suffered the Turkish yoke, officials were intimidated, strangers were not trusted. He only got acquainted with the inhabitants' daily life, culture, language, and the manifestations of revival. More material was found after about 5 months of work in Wallachia (Romania- ), in libraries and archives of Bucharest. After returning to Moscow in 1831, Venelin devoted himself to scientific work, writing studies on the basis of the material he had collected, and participating in numerous articles in discussions. He lived extremely poorly, from small fees and sacrifices. He died before reaching the age of 37, on March 14, 1839. He was buried in St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow. "Daniel's Monastery Cemetery". PERSONALIA | 229 J. Venelinas was a placiy interesy scientist. During his short life worked a lot. His most important and extensive works are: On the Nature of the Folk Songs of the Slavs of the Transdanubia (O charaktere narodnych pesen u slavjan zadunajskich, 1835), On the Beginning of New Bulgarian Literature (O zarodyšče novoj bolgarskoj literatury, 1838), Wallachian Bulgarian or Dacian Slavic Writings (Vlacho-bolgarskie or dako-slavjanskie gramoty, 1840), Critical Studies of the History of the Bulgarians... (Kritičeskie issledovanija ob istorii bolgar..., 1849) and others. Only one of the most important works of J. Venelin, the aforementioned grammar, remained unprinted. In his works, Venelin scientifically proved the existence of Bulgarians as an independent nation and language with a distinct cultural tradition. He contributed to the rapid revival of Bulgarian nationalism through both scientific and cultural activities. It is not for nothing that Venelin's works are considered programmatic, outlining the most important guidelines for the development of the Bulgarian nation, its language, literature and culture. In the history of Lithuanian culture, J. Venelinas entered with his work Inhabitants of the Baltic Sea Surrounding Countries, that is, Latvians and Slavs (Okružnye žiteli Baltijskogo morja, to est’ lety i slavjane, 1846). He referred to all the Baltic peoples, or rather the Baltic nations — Lithuanians, Latvians and Prussians — as Letti. Lithuanian cultural workers (including linguists) mainly rely on this Venelin monograph when talking about the ethnic composition of the Lithuanian population at the beginning of the 19th century. Lithuania, which had already been incorporated into the Russian Empire, was divided into two governorates: Vilnius and Grodno. In terms of the population, the population of the province of Alessandria is not very large. He relied on the Geography of Eastern Europe (Geografia wschodniej części Europy) published in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) in 1825, i.e. on the data there. Since both of these works are now bibliographical rarities, it is worthwhile to present these data to the reader at least briefly. The number of nationalities of the population is presented here in the same order as in the book of J. Venelin, and in parentheses are given our calculated percentages. Grodno Governorate: Polish 80 000 (10 96), Russian (rosijan) 490 000 (61.25 96), Lithuanian 100 000 (12.5 96), Tatar 10 000 (1.25 96), Jewish 120 000 (15 6); Vilnius Governorate: Polish 100,000 (8.33% of the population), Lithuanian 780,000 (65% of the population), Russian 130,000 (10.83% of the population), Tatar 10,000 (0.83% of the population), Jewish 180,000 (15%). In addition, more than 200,000 people of the Lety tribe live in East Prussia (i.e. (Lithuania). Venelin also mentioned the Balstoge Governorate, but did not mention the Lithuanians living there. Interesting and different details. People living in Lithuania call themselves Lithuanians, and their land — Lithuania. The Lithuanian and Latvian language data are compared with Latin, Russian, Greek and German. A little bit of mythology is given. The views of J. Venelin essentially reflected the views of the ruling class of the Russian Empire at the time. Balstogė, Grodno and partly Vilnius governorate were still “pure Russia” in the 14th century. Only then did the Poles begin to take over the land. The Russians were enslaved, and the Poles formed the upper class of the barons, the poor and the bourgeoisie. The old name of Prussia was Borusia, which is said to have originated from Porussia, i.e. the country next to Russia. Of course, Venelin could hardly have written otherwise. With his work, J. Hucs (Venelines) deserved great respect and gratitude from the Bulgarians. For Bulgarians he probably means more than Jurgis Zauerveinas for Lithuanians. In addition, the time and conditions differ. The Russian Empire not only helped the Bulgarians to free themselves from the Turkish yoke, but also encouraged and supported their national and state rebirth. It was not in vain that Dr. J. Basanavičius, who lived in Bulgaria for a long time and made a considerable contribution to the upliftment of Bulgarian culture, learned a lot here and later applied it, helping to restore independent Lithuania. 230 | PERSONALIA We can only be pleased that the bar of Bulgarian studies started by J. Venelin is being continued in Russia today by our compatriot, a linguist and colleague close to us, G. Venediktov, who speaks and writes beautifully in Lithuanian. Aloyzas Vidugiris FROM PARTICULARS TO THE INTEGRAL SYNTACSIS (70th anniversary of Professor Vito Labutis) Professor Vito Labutis’s diverse, multidisciplinary scientific and pedagogical activities. She worked for ten years at the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature, later taught at the Kaunas Western Faculty of Vilnius University, and since 1972 at the Faculty of Philology of Vilnius University. For many years she has taught Lithuanian language syntax courses, various special courses, supervised students’ scientific works, dissertations. There are various administrative functions. And at the same time intensively worked scientific work. In the professor’s bibliography — a monograph Syntax of Lithuanian language, several textbooks and more than a hundred and fifty articles! Vitas Labutis — one of our most famous syntaxists. But not only syntax matters have been of concern to the Professor. He also wrote on morphology, terminology, onomastics, and language culture theory. On the occasion of his seventieth anniversary, we intend to review his most important researches on Lithuanian grammar, leaving aside his numerous publications on other topics, including language practice and teaching methodology. * kk At the beginning of his independent research work, V. Labutis took up the at the time still little studied theme of Lithuanian grammar — particles. In 1962, his article „Dalelytės ir jų vieta tarp kalbos dalių“ (Dalelytės and their place among the parts of the language), published in the continuing publication Literatūra ir kalba, was the first study dedicated specifically to this part of the language in Lithuanian linguistics, written at a time when there was still no clear view on the place of particles among other parts of the language, on their relationship with adverbs and conjunctions. There was no detailed description of the meanings and uses of particles. The study examines the interpretation of particles in previous Lithuanian linguistic works, describes their general semantic and syntactic features. Particles, based mainly on the criteria for the division of parts of language prevailing in Soviet linguistics, are considered to be a separate part of language: they cannot be assigned to any other part of language and relate to other parts of language as an equivalent group of words (Labutis 1962: 368). Particles are defined as “independent parts of speech, representing additional semantic nuances of real phenomena or their interrelationships and giving them to individual sentence parts or to the whole sentence” (ibid.). Particles, among others, also represent modal, expressive and emotional nuances of meaning. There are strict boundaries that separate particles from other parts of the language, because: some particles can also go as conjunctions, others are difficult to distinguish from adverbs, still others become affixes or components of indivisible samples. In terms of structure, particles can be solid and composite.