Dėl miesto vardo „Kaišiadórys“ kilmės

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLVII (2002), 1–7 On the Origin of the City Name Kaišiadorys LAIMUTIS BILKIS Lietuvių kalbos institutas, Vilnius The town name Kaišiadorys was analysed as a compound form by Aleksandras Vanagas, who assumed its second component dor- to go back to dar- and to be connected with daryti ‘make, manufacture’; the first component would then be the Slavicism kãše ‘basket’ or Lith. kaištis ‘tap, plug; bolt, bar’. On these assumptions, the name Kaišiadorys would have been derived from that of a class of craftsmen, viz. *kašiadariai, ‘manufacturers of baskets’ or *kaišiadariai, ‘manufacturers of plugs, bolts’. Certain historical data, not mentioned by Vanagas and evidently unknown to him, as well as certain linguistic features of the town name Kaišiadorys suggest that it could have been derived from a Tatar anthroponym *Chaišadaras, *Cho išadaras (Хойшадар(ь), Chasajdar) rather than from an appellative. The origins of the names of Lithuanian populated places have been studied most extensively and comprehensively in the works of A. Vanagas. First and foremost, two works of this kind should be mentioned: the study “Names of Our Cities” (Vanagas 1993: 176–229) and the book “Names of Lithuanian Cities” (Vanagas 1996). Drawing on data from living speech and historical sources, these works explain the origins of the names of cities and larger or more notable towns. In addition, these studies laid the methodological foundations for the etymologization of oikonyms, showing that in many cases the linguistic study of these names is inseparable from the historical one: for almost every name, they indicate when it was first mentioned in historical sources, provide variant forms, and only then analyze it from linguistic perspectives (derivational, semantic, or motivational, and etymological). A. Vanagas’s works bring into focus the main, undisputed trends in the origins (and derivation) of Lithuanian urbanonyms. This provides a firm foundation for further research in urbanonymy and oikonymy more generally. On the other hand, works of this generalizing nature cannot always encompass the abundance of data, and thus encourage more detailed investigation of the origins of the names they analyze. One such urbanonym might be the city name Kaišiadorys. As in many other cases, A. Vanagas first describes the historical circumstances surrounding the city and the formation of its name. Citing B. Kviklys, he states that the city began to develop in the second half of the 19th century, when construction of the Vilnius–Kaunas railway began in 1862. The railway station was initially called Juodkónys (after the name of a nearby village), and was later renamed Kaišiadorimis (Vanagas 1996: 84). It is also emphasized that the evidence for the name Kaišiadorys in historical documents is late, and forms Кошедары and Ка-шеудары from documents of the late 19th and early 20th centuries are cited (ibid.). From the historical context presented, it is concluded that the name Kaišiadorys is late, “having emerged probably only in the second half of the 19th century” (ibid.: 85). 2 | LAIMUTIS BILKIS Beginning his linguistic analysis of the name, A. Vanagas emphasizes that its origin is unclear¹, but nevertheless goes on to propose several possible origins. First, the urbanonym is treated as a compound: Kaiš-ia-dórys. Its second element dor- is derived from dar- (although the reasons for this change are not explained) and traced to Lithuanian daryti ‘to work, to make’, but it is unclear which root of the first element is authentic—the spoken-language kaiš- or the written-language kaš-. This issue is left unresolved, since possible origins are given for both variants: kaš- is traced to the Slavic loanword kašė ‘basket, hamper’, while kaiš- is derived from Lithuanian kaištis ‘wedge, stopper; a peg or stick used to plug something; a door latch, bolt’. Thus, the name Kaišiadórys is thought to derive from a designation for people by occupation—*kašiadariai, that is, makers or workers of baskets, or *kaišiadariai, that is, makers or workers of pegs; in the latter case, it is further suggested that the name may also derive from a corresponding nickname-based personal name (ibid.: 85–86). The proposed hypotheses of origin seem quite convincing in the context of general trends in the derivation, semantics, and origins of Lithuanian place names. However, certain historical data not mentioned (apparently unknown) by A. Vanagas, as well as several linguistic features of the urbanonym in question, suggest that the name Kaišiadórys may have a different origin. As early as 1934, an article by Rev. S. Pupaleigis noted that a local manor had been called Kaišiadorys since time immemorial. It was also suggested that the name was of non-Lithuanian origin and was not a compound, because “the stress falls not on ia but on o” (Pupaleigis 1934: 2). Particularly important and compelling historical arguments that call into question the possible origins proposed by A. Vanagas can be found in R. Gustaitis’s book “Gazetteer of the Settlements of Kaišiadorys District” (Gustaitis 2001). Although this is a local-history work, the historical-document data it cites are presented in great detail and with considerable expertise. On the basis of these data, it is stated that a manor belonging to Tatars stood on the site of the present-day Kaišiadorys manor as early as 1531, and that the name Kaišiadorys itself was first mentioned in historical documents in 1590: Кошейдарова2. It is also noted that the 1565 and 1567 lists of the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania record a Tatar living in this area, Хойшаадар Момулевич. The manor belonging to him came to be called after this Tatar. It is further noted that the 1567 list includes a person named Исупъ Хашаайдаревичъ (ibid.: 26). Given the two hypotheses regarding the origin of the name Kaišiadórys, it is useful to examine them in greater detail from historical and, especially, linguistic perspectives. A. Vanagas’s aforementioned claim that the name Kaišiadórys emerged probably only in the second half of the 19th century can unquestionably be refuted. As R. Gustaitis’s research shows, the name was already known by the end of the 16th century: a document dated November 17, 1590, concerning the designation of Navasodai village as a meeting point for a district assembly, lists Кошейдарова among the subordinate settlements (AVK 90), that is, Kaišiadórys. It is also clear that the Tatar who lived in this area was Chaišadar (or Choišadar) Momulevičius: the 1565 list of Lithuanian Tatars in the Trakai banner of the Lithuanian army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania records a man named Хойша Дармому­левичъ, who had a horse, bow, and sword (LM 3: 427); in 1567, a list of the same kind 1 This is emphasized even more strongly in the study “Names of Our Cities,” which states that the origin is entirely unclear (Vanagas 1993: 185). 2 No date is given alongside this entry in the register, but the list of sources shows that the historical source in question is AVK 90. DĖL MIESTO VARDO Kaišiadorys KILMĖS | 3 The list contains a Tatar Шадаръ Момулевичъ, who has a poor horse, a bow, a sword, and an axe (ibid., 1372). Such spellings should be considered somewhat inaccurate renderings of manuscript entries and undoubtedly imply the identification of the same person as Хошшадар(ъ) Момулевичъ. The authenticity of these Tatar personal names is also confirmed by the aforementioned reference to another Tatar in the 1567 list of Lithuanian Tatars in the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where a person named Исупъ Хашайдаревичъ is recorded as having sent a servant (since he himself had no leg) with a horse, a bow, and a sword (ibid., 1361). This is beyond doubt not only for R. Gustaitis but also for the Polish historian S. Dziadulewicz, who provides information about the entire Chaišadarovičius or Choišadarovičius family (which he calls Chaszajdarowicze). It is stated that the founder of the family was Momul v. Mamlecz Jakubowicz Kalina, who lived in the first quarter of the 16th century, and whose son was the Chaišadar (Chaszajdar) mentioned in the 1567 army list of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The latter’s son was Mustafa, one of whose four sons, Jachija, is mentioned in 1670 as the administrator of Verdasava (located in Trakai County). This family is known in Lithuania until 1666; nothing further is heard of it afterward. It is thought that its members may have emigrated to Turkey (Dziadulewicz 1929: 80). R. Gustaitis’s research shows that Verdasava was near the Kaišiadorys estate, which was probably administered by the same Jachija, or perhaps was the very same estate known by several names, since the folwark Podlamienie-Werdasowo (ili Koszevdary) is mentioned in 1787 (Gustaitis 2001: 26). Thus, the connections of Chaišadar (Choišadar) and other Chaišadarovičius (Choišadarovičius) with the Kaišiadorys estate are beyond doubt. Moreover, it becomes clear that the personal names Хошша Дармомулевичъ and Шадаръ Момулевичъ should in fact be read as Хошшадар(ъ) Момулевичъ, that is, as the son of Momul Jakubowicz Kalina. A brief review of the historical aspects of the connections between Chaišadar (Choišadar) Momulevičius and other members of the Chaišadarovičius (Choišadarovičius) family and the Kaišiadorys estate leads to the conclusion that the possibility that the name Kaišiadorys derives from a Tatar personal name is historically highly plausible. This hypothesis therefore needs to be examined from a linguistic perspective. To this end, the relationship between the living-language form of the town’s name and its variants recorded in historical sources should be discussed alongside the Tatar personal names Хошшадар(ъ), Хашайдар(ъ), Chaszajdar. First, A. Vanagas’s view should be endorsed: the form used by local Lithuanian inhabitants, both historically and today, is Kaišiadorys (Vanagas 1996: 84). This is borne out by the recordings of this place name from spoken usage in 1935 and 1936. Entries in historical documents much more often reflect the root kaš-: Кошейдарова in 1590 (AVK), Кошедары in 1895, Кашейдары (GU 322), Kálżeydary in 1744 (SDV 100), Kaszedary in 1795 (ŽŽRS 98v); however, there are also spellings corresponding to the root kaiš-: cf. Kayszedary in 1826 (Gustaitis 2001: 26). Given that the personal name first mentioned in 1565 was written with a diphthong—Хошшадар(ъ) Момулевичъ—and that the living-language form of the place name, as well as some historical-source data, also attest to the diphthong ai, it may be assumed that the Lithuanian urbanonym form with kaiš- was the original one. The personal-name variants with a monophthong used by S. Dziadulewicz, Chaszajdar, Chaszajdarowicze, were apparently inferred from later spellings (Хашайдаревичъ or the like); moreover, he was unaware of the 1565 entry with a diphthong. Later forms of the personal name, as well as the town name, written in Slavic languages in historical sources may be the result of monophthongization. The monophthongization of the diphthong ai in Lithuanian place names in documents written in Slavic languages is a fairly common phenomenon: cf. ftrygaliszki in 1728 (LKM1 66), ftrigalizki 4 | L A I M U T I S B I L K I S in 1732 (ibid., 80), de Strygaliszki in 1741 (LKM II, 5), Strygaliszki in 1890 (SG XI 426), Стригалишки in 1905 (VG 270)—today Strigališkis village, IGN; Галюши in 1873 (SVG 22)—today Gailiūšiai village, Švnč. These examples show that this phenomenon also occurred in the 19th century, although, according to A. Vanagas, place names in documents from this period are written with the diphthong ai preserved (Vanagas 1996: 85). Thus, there seem to be sufficient grounds for concluding that the original Lithuanian form of the place name in question was Kaišiadorys. If the Tatar personal name *Chaišadaras or *Choišadaras is taken as the basis of Kaišiadorių, the issue is not Slavicization but Lithuanian adaptation of the place name. Two phenomena should be distinguished here: the initial ch becoming k and the segment -dar- changing to -dor-, more precisely, a → o. Their causes can be explained both in the context of the Lithuanian language generally and, more specifically, in that of Lithuanian place names. Given that the personal name in question was understood by Lithuanians as a non-Lithuanian word, its initial consonant ch predictably changed to k, as in other loanwords; cf. the Slavic loanwords kalatas, kūdas, kvāras, kvarābà and karabà, kvorbà, etc. (see Zinkevičius 1966: 151, 152). Such changes are also attested in Lithuanian toponymy of non-Lithuanian origin; cf. Kvajakalnis hill, BD, Kvajėlės village, Dv (VK): Belarusian хво̄я ‘pine’ (Jaškin 1971: 199); Kvaščėkas meadow, BLc, Kvaščiāuka meadow, Skm: Polish chwaszcz ‘horsetail’ (SJP 309), Belarusian хвощи ‘same’ (Jaškin 1971: 199). It may be suspected that the o ← a change in the segment -dor- also arose by analogy with the adaptation of Slavicisms: Slavic a → Lithuanian stressed o (cf. Kardelis 1999: 9), or, more specifically, by analogy with Slavic -арь (Polish -arz) → Lithuanian -or- (cf. Skardžius 1996: 307; Ambrazas 1993: 228). Such adaptation is common among appellative Slavic loanwords; cf. dūdorius, kūkor(i)us (Skardžius 1996: 307), gaspadorius (LKŽ III 151). Examples can also be found in Lithuanian toponymy; cf. Čebatoriai village, Ckn, Mtz (VK). Particularly important place names in support of this change are the settlement names Ardõsai village, Žsl, and Kazaklioriai village, Vdt. The first of these is also likely to derive from the Tatar personal name Ardašas, and the second from Tatar kozaklar ‘Cossacks’ (Kričinskis 1993: 95, 98). Thus, here too a has changed to o in the Lithuanian (Lithuanianized) form of the place names. This analogy can be applied more cautiously to the form Kaišiadorys because of the difference in accent, since in loanwords stressed o usually has a circumflex accent. On the other hand, the tendency to accentuate other personal-name-based plural settlement names ending in -ys according to accent paradigm 3 may have influenced the development of this place name’s accentuation paradigm. It should be noted that this change in its own way supports the non-Lithuanian origin of the place name Kaišiadorys, that is, its connection with the Tatar personal name discussed above. As already noted, all spellings of the urbanonym in Slavic languages in historical sources have only a (-dar-): Кошейдарова, Кошедары, Кашейдары, Кайзедары, Kaszedary, Kayszedary. If this segment were indeed connected with Lithuanian daryti ‘to do’ (A. Vanagas’s hypothesis), then a would most likely have been retained in the Lithuanian form of the name. In this case, however, < as in many other loanwords (Slavicisms), it has changed into the vowel o. This means that -dar- was indeed understood by Lithuanians as a foreign-language component. Of course, the changes ch → k and a → o are characteristic of Slavic loanwords in Lithuanian, whereas in this case we should speak of the relationship between a Tatar personal name and the Lithuanian language. It should be borne in mind that Slavic languages predominated in public life in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th century and the earliest spellings of the personal name are in the chancery Slavic language; therefore, it may be assumed that the same adaptation rules as those applying to Slavic loanwords could have influenced it in Lithuanian. DĖL MIESTO VARDO Kaišiadōrys KILMĖS 5 The possibility that Kaišiadorys is of personal-name origin is also supported by other structural features. As already mentioned, this is a plural place name, structurally close to the large group of Lithuanian plural settlement names of personal-name origin; cf. the village names Bačkōnys, Basōnys, Gečionys, Krivōnys, Rusōnys, Senkōnys, etc. (Razmukaitė 1993: 143–148). If this name had originated from a designation of inhabitants by their occupation, then, given the general structural tendencies of such place names, one would expect forms such as *Kaišiadariai, *Kaišiadoriai, or the like; cf. Dienavāgiai village, Gdr; Kraujaléidžiai village, Gdr; Vyžpiniai village, Grš; Žebraužiai village, Pjs (VK). The reverse chronological relationship between the personal name and the town name—that is, the possibility that the personal names Chaišadaras (Choišadaras), Chaišadarovičiai (Choišadarovičiai) might be not Tatar but toponymic, i.e. derived from the estate name Kaišiadōrys—can be ruled out entirely (such a way of forming personal names is possible in general). As already mentioned, this personal name was first recorded as the first element of a two-part designation—the given name: Хойша Дармолулевичъ, that is, Хойшадар Момулевичъ, whereas a personal name derived from a settlement name could only be a second (or third) anthroponym. Moreover, the foreign origin of the personal name is beyond doubt. It is a compound formed from two Arabic names, Hadži (Chadži) ‘pilgrim to Mecca’ and Haidar ‘lion’ (Szynkiewicz 1929: 460). The possibility of a Tatar origin for the town name Kaišiadōrys is also supported by the fact that, from the perspective of its origin, it would not be an exceptional Lithuanian place name. There are other settlement names of Tatar origin in the vicinity of Kaišiadorys, Trakai, and Vilnius; for example, not only the previously mentioned village name Ardōsai is considered to derive from Tatar personal names, but also Melekōnys village, Vdt—from the Tatar Melech (Kričinskis 1993: 95). In addition, the oikonyms of appellative origin Kazakliōriai Vdt (already briefly discussed), Keturiasdešimt Totorių Vdt, Tatārka PPR, Totori-nė RDMV, and Totōriškės AUK, KAR, RdmV, Žsl are undoubtedly of Tatar origin (VK). In summary, from both a historical and a linguistic perspective, the connection between the settlement name Kaišiadōrys and the Tatar personal name *Chaišadaras, *Choišadaras (Хойшадар(б), Chaszajdar) seems not only possible but also highly plausible. ABBREVIATIONS AUK – Aukštadvaris, Trakai District. avd. – personal name AVK – Acts Issued by the Vilnius Archaeographic Commission 18, Vilna, 1891. Bd – Būdvietis, Lazdijai District. Blc – Bálceriškės, Trakai District. Ckn – Ceikiniai, Ignalina District. Dv – Dieveniškės, Šalčininkai District. Gdr – Giedraičiai, Molėtai District. gn. – pasture Grš – Grįškabūdis, Šakiai District. GU – Geographical Index of Selected Documents from the Record Books of the Vilnius Central Archive. Ign – Ignalinà 6 | LAIMUTIS BILKIS v. – village KAR – Kariotiškės, Trakai District hll. – hill LKMI – Księga Metryk Chrzestnych Kościoła Parafialnego Łyngmianskiego od Roku 1708. Januaryi 10. dnia do Roku 1740 Apryla 24. dnia. LKMII – Księga Metryk Chrzestnych Kościoła Parafialnego Łyngmianskiego od roku 1740. Maia 22. dnia do Roku 1760 Oktobra 24. dnia. LKŽ – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 3, ed. K. Ulvydas, Vilnius: State Publishing House for Political and Scientific Literature, 1956. LM – Литовская Метрика. Книги Публичныхъ Делъ. Переписи войска Литовскаго 1 (3), Петроградъ, 1915. MtŽ – Matūizos, Varėna District Pjs – Pajieslys, Kėdainiai District sw. – marsh PPr – Paparčiai, Kaišiadorys District RdMV – Rudaminà, Vilnius District SDV – Synodus Dioecesana Vilnensis Ab Illu[stri]s[s]imo, Excellenti[ssi]mo ac Reverendi[ssi]mo Domino D. Michaele Joanne Zienkowicz..., Vilnae: Reg: Majestatis Academ: Soc: JESU, 1744. SG – Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland and Other Slavic Countries 11, Warsaw: published by Władysław Walewski, 1890. SJP – Dictionary of the Polish Language 1, ed. J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, Warsaw: published by subscription, 1900. Skm – Skiemónys, Anykščiai District SVG – Списковь волостей и сельскихъ обществъ по мировымъ участкамъ Виленской губернии, Вильна: Въ типографіи А. Г. Сыркина, 1873. ŠVnč – Švenčionys VDT – Vaidotai, Vilnius district VG – Виленская Губернія. Полный списокъ населенныхъ местъ со статистическими данными о каждомъ поселеніи, составленный по официальнымъ сведеніямъ И. И. Гошкевичемъ, Вильна: Губернская Типографія, 1905. VK – A card index of place names collected from spoken language. ŽSL – Žasliai, Kaišiadorys district ŽžRS – The 1795 revision census of Žiežmariai parish in Trakai County (LCVA. F. 515. Ap. 15. B. 70). LITERATŪRA AMBRAZAS, S. 1993: Daiktavardžių darybos raida. Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodiniai vediniai, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. DZIADULEWICZ, S. 1929: Herbarz rodzin tatarskich w Polsce, Wilno: nakładem autora z zasiłkiem komitetu funduszu kultury narodowej. GUSTAITIS, R. 2001: Kaišiadorių rajono gyvenviečių žinynas. Kaišiadorys: Kaišiadorių muziejus. JAŠKIN, J. J. 1971: Беларуская геаграфічныя назвы. Мінск: Навука і тэхніка. KARDELIS, J. 1999: Fonetinės slavizmų ypatybės ir jų raida rytinėje lietuvių šnekto(se), Daktaro disertacijos santrauka, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. KRIČINSKIS, S. 1993: Lietuvos totoriai, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. PUPALEIGIS, S. 1934: Kaišedorys ar Kaišiadorys? Rytas 83, 2. RAZMUKAITĖ, M. 1993: Oikonimų, atsiradusių iš asmenvardžių su patroniminėmis priesagomis, paplitimas Lietuvoje. Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 32, 133–165. DĖL MIESTO VARDO Kaišiadorys KILMĖS | 7 Skardžius, P. 1996: Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba. Id., Rinktiniai raštai 1, sudarė A. Rosinas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996. Szynkiewicz, J. 1929: Tłumaczenia słów nazw orjentalistycznych. Dziadulewicz, S., ed., Herbarz rodzin tatarskich w Polsce, Wilno: nakładem autora z zasiłkiem komitetu funduszu kultury narodowej, 457–473. Vanagas, A. 1993: Mūsų miestų vardai. Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 32, 176–229. Vanagas, A. 1996: Lietuvos miestų vardai, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Zinkevičius, Z. 1966: Lietuvių dialektologija, Vilnius: Mintis. Laimutis Bilkis Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, 2055 Vilnius, Lietuva [email protected] Gauta 2002 11 05