Dėl miesto vardo „Kaišiadórys“ kilmės

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLVII (2002), 1-7 The town name Kaišiadorys was analysed as a compound form by Aleksandras Vanagas, who assumed its second component dorto go back to darand to be connected with daryti “make, manufacture’; the second component dorto go back to darand to be connected with daryti “make, manufacture’; the third component dorto go back to darand to be connected with daryti “make, manufacture’; the fourth component dorto go back to darand to be connected with daryti “make, manufacture’; the fifth component dorto go back to darand to be connected with daryti “make, manufacture’; the sixth component dorto go back to darand to be connected with daryti “make, manufacture’; the seventh component dorto go back to darand to be connected with daryti “make, manufacture’; the seventh component dorto go back to darand to be connected with daryti “make, manufacture’; the seventh component dorto go back to darand to be connected with daryti “make, manufacture’; the seventh component dorto go back to darand to be connected with daryti “make, manufacture’; the seventh component dorto go back to darand to be connected with daryti “make, manufacture’; the seventh component dorto go back to darand to be connected with daryti “make, manufacture’; the seventh component dorto go back to darand to be connected with daryti “make, manufacture’; the seventh component dorto go back to darand to be connected with daryti “make, manufacture’; the first component would then be the Slavicism kašė ‘basket’ or Lith. pin “tap, plug; bolt, bar’. On these assumptions, the name Kaišiadorys would have been derived from that of a class of craftsmen, viz. *kaSiadariai,'manufacturers of baskets' or *kaiSiadariai,'manufacturers of plugs, bolts'. Certain historical data, not mentioned by Vanagas and evidently unknown to him, as well as certain linguistic features of the town name KaiSiadorys suggest that it could have been derived from a Tatar anthroponym *ChaiSadaras, *ChoiSadaras (Xoimanap(s), Chaszajdar) rather than from an appellative. The origin of Lithuanian place names is most extensively and thoroughly studied in A. Vanago works. In particular, two works of this kind are to be mentioned — the study „Our town names“ (Vanagas 1993: 176-229) and the book „Lietuvos miestų pavadinimai“ (Vanagas 1996). Here, based on living language and historical sources, the origin of names of cities and larger or more famous towns are explained. In addition, the aforementioned studies helped to establish the methodological basis for the etymology of oikonyms, which shows that in many cases the linguistic study of these names is inseparable from the historical one: almost every one of them is indicated when the name is first mentioned in historical sources, form variants are presented and only then analyzed in terms of linguistic aspects (adjective, semantic, or motivational, origin). From these works of A. Vanagas emerge the main unquestionable tendencies of the origin (as well as the production) of Lithuanian urban names. This forms a solid foundation for further research on urbanism and on oikonymics in general. On the other hand, such works of a general nature cannot always cover the wealth of data, therefore encourages even more detailed research on the origin of the names analyzed in them. One of these urban names could be the city name Kaišiadorys. As in many other cases, A. Vanagas first describes the historical circumstances of the city and its name. According to B. Kviklis, it is said that the city began to develop in the second half of the 19th century, when the Vilnius-Kaunas railway was built in 1862. The railway station was initially called Juodkonys (from the name of the nearby village) and later named Kaišiadorys (Vanagas 1996: 84). In addition, it is emphasized that the data in the documents of the history of the name Kaišiadorys are late and present the genders Kowedap, Kameiūdapoi from documents of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (ibid.). From the historical context presented, it is concluded that the name Kaišiadorys is late, “appearing probably only in the second half of the 19th century” (ibid.: 85). ro LAIMUTIS BILKIS At the beginning of the linguistic analysis of the name, A. Vanagas emphasizes that the origin of the name is unclear, but then presents several possibilities of origin. Pirmiausia šis urbanonimas laikomas sudurtiniu: Kaiš-ia-dorys. The second word is derived from dar (but the reasons for this change are not explained) and is derived from lit. daryti “to work, to produce”, but it is doubted which of the roots of the first word—the live language kašjar or the written kašjar—is authentic. The latter problem is left unresolved, because the possibilities of the origin of both variants are indicated: kaškildinama from the Slavic kasé “bag, braided", and kaiš-—from lit. kaištis ‘roller, cork; a stick or sticks to stick; door latch, pulled'. Thus, it is believed that the name Kaišiadorys originated from the name of people according to their profession — *kašiadariai, i.e. kashi makers, workers, or *kaišiadariai, i.e. pin makers, workers; In the latter case, it is added that it may also come from the corresponding nickname (ibid.: 85-86). The hypotheses of origin presented in the context of the general formation, semantics and origin tendencies of Lithuanian place names seem quite convincing, but some historical data not mentioned (probably unknown) by A. Vanag, as well as some linguistic features of the spoken urban name, lead to the assumption that the name Kaišiadorys has a different origin. In an article published by Father S. Pupaleigis in 1934, it is noted that the name of Kaišiadorys has been used for a local manor house since time immemorial. In addition, it is believed that it is a non-Lithuanian name, it is not a compound name, because "the accent falls not on ia, but on o" (Pupaleigis 1934: 2). Particularly important and substantial historical arguments for doubting the possibilities of origin indicated by A. Vanagas can be found in the book of R. Gustaitis „Kaišiadorių rajono gyvenviečių žinynas“ (Gustaitis 2001). Although this work is a local history, the data of historical documents mentioned in it are presented in a very detailed and qualified way. Based on them, it is stated that in the place of the present Kaišiadorys manor there was a manor belonging to the Tatars already in 1531, and the name of Kaišiadorys itself was first mentioned in historical documents in 1590: Kowetidaposa®. In addition, it is indicated that the Tatar Xouwwaoap Momyaeeuus, who lived in these places, was recorded in the LDK army lists in 1565 and 1567. The name of the town is derived from the name of the Duchy of Tuscany. It is also noted that the person Hcyns Xawaiioapesuus (ibid.: 26) is listed in the 1567 list. Due to the existence of two hypotheses of the origin of the name Kaišiadorys, it is useful to analyze them in more detail from a historical and especially linguistic point of view. Undoubtedly, the already mentioned statement of A. Vanagas, that the name Kaišiadorys appeared only in the second half of the 19th century, can be refuted. As R. Gustaitis- ’s research shows, this name was certainly already known at the end of the 16th century: in a document dated 17 November 1590 concerning the designation of the village of Navasodės as a company meeting point, Koweudaposa (AVK 90), i.e. Kaišiadorys. It is also obvious that the Tatar Chaishadar (or Choishadar) Momulevičius, who lived in those places, was Momulevičius: in the 1565 LDK army list of Lithuanian Tatars in Trakai, a person is entered as Xoiiwa apmomynesuus, with a horse, bow and sword (LM 3: 427), in 1567 of the same nature: in the study “Our town names” this is even more emphasized — it is stated that the origin is completely unclear (Vanagas 1993: 185). 2 No metric is provided next to this record, but the list of sources shows that the source of the story is AVK 90. ORIGIN |3 lists a Tatar ///ladaps Momyneeuwus, with a poor horse, bow, sword and axe (ibid., 1372). Such inscriptions are considered somewhat inaccurate reproductions of manuscript records and undoubtedly imply the name of the same person Xouwwadap(s) Momyneguys. The authenticity of these Tatar personal names is confirmed by the mention of another Tatar in the list of Lithuanian Tatars of the LDK army in 1567, where the person Hcyns Xawaudapeeuus is listed, who sent a servant (because he himself had no leg) with a horse, bow and sword (ibid., 1361). This is not only doubted by R. Gustaitis, but also by Polish historian S. Dziadulewiczius, who provides data on the whole family of Chaišadarovičiai or Choišadarovičiai (who he calls Chaszajdarowicze). It is said that the founder of the family was Momul v. Mamlecz Jakubowicz Kalina, who lived in the first quarter of the 16th century and whose son was mentioned in the 1567 LDK army list as Chaszajdar. The son of the latter was Mustafa, whose one of four sons —Yahya—is mentioned in 1670 as "Verdasava (Trakai apskritis) administrator". This family was known in Lithuania until 1666, and nothing was heard about it after that. It is believed that they may have emigrated to Turkey (Dziadulewicz 1929: 80). R. Gustaitis’s research shows that Verdasava was near the Kaišiadorys manor, which was probably owned by the same Jachija, or even the same manor with several names, since in 1787 the palivark Podlamienje- -Werdasowo (or Koszeydary) is mentioned (Gustaitis 2001: 26). Thus, the connections of Chaišadar (Choišadar) and other Chaišadarovičiai (Choišadarovičiai) with the Kaišiadorys manor are unquestionable. Furthermore, it becomes clear that the names of Xoiwa Jlapmomyaesuus and Illadapo Momyneeuus should in fact be read as Xoiūwadap(s) Momyaesuus, i.e. the son of Momul Jakubowicz Kalina. After a brief review of the historical aspects of the connections of Chaišadaro (Choišadaro) Momulevičius and other members of the Chaišadarovičių (Choišadarovičių) family with Kaišiadorys manor, it can be stated that historically the possibility of the name Kaišiadorys originating from a Tatar personal name is very plausible. Therefore, this hypothesis needs to be analyzed from a linguistic point of view. For this purpose, the relationship of the living language form of the city name and its variants recorded in historical sources with the Tatar personal names Xodwaoap(s), Xawauoap(s), Chaszajdar should be discussed. First of all, we agree with A. Vanagas’s opinion that the gender used and used by local Lithuanians is Kaišiadorys (Vanagas 1996: 84). Tą rodo 1935, 1936 m. šio vietovardžio užrašymai iš gyvosios kalbos. Records in historical documents more often reflect the root kaš-: Koweudaposa 1590 (AVK), Kowedaps: 1895, Kaweiioapor (GU 322), Kdlzeydary 1744 (SDV 100), Kaszedary 1795 (ZzRS 98'); but there are entries corresponding to the root kaiš-: plg. 1826 (Gustaitis 2001: 26). Taking into account that the first time (1565) mentioned personal name is written with a diphthong — Xouwaodap(- s) Momyaesuus, and the living language form of the place name and some historical sources also confirm the diphthong ai, it can be assumed that the Lithuanian form of urbanization with kaišir was primary. The variants of the personal name with the monophthong Chaszajdar, Chaszajdarowicze used by S. Dziadulewicz were apparently supposed by later writings (Xamwaidapeeuus or similar), and he was not aware of the 1565 record with the diphthong. The later forms of the name, as well as the name of the city, in Slavic historical sources may be the result of monophthongation. The consonantization of the diphthong ai of Lithuanian place names in documents written in Slavic languages is a fairly common phenomenon: cf. /trygaliszki 1728 (LkM, 66), /trigalifzki 4 | LAIMUTIS BILKIS 1732 (ibid., 80), de Strygaliszkis 1741 (LKM, 5), Strygaliszki 1890 (SG, 426), Cmpuearuwaru 1905 (VG 270) —now Strigailiškis c. IGN; /aniomu 1873 m. (SVG 22) —now Gailiūšiai k. SYNC. These examples show that such a phenomenon occurred in the 19th century, although, according to A. Vanagas, the place names in documents from this period are written with the unconsonant ai (Vanagas 1996: 85). Thus, there are enough arguments that the original Lithuanian form of the spoken place name was Kaišiadorys. In the case of the Tatar personal name *Chaišadaras or *Choišadaras as the basis for the origin of Kaišiadorys, we should not talk about glorifying the place name, but about Lithuanianization. There are two distinct phenomena here: the transformation of the word beginning ch into k and the transformation of the segment -dar into -dor-, more precisely —a —o. Their reasons can be explained both in the context of Lithuanian language and in the context of Lithuanian place names. Considering that the Lithuanians understood the colloquial personal noun as a non-Lithuanian word, the initial consonant ch, as in other borrowed words, was naturally changed to k, cf. the borrowed words from the Slavic languages kalatas, kūdas, kvaras, kvaraba and karaba, kvorba, etc. (see Zinkevičius 1966: 151, 152). Such changes have also been recorded in Lithuanian toponyms of non-Lithuanian origin, pg. Kwajalein Kin. BD, Kvajėlės gn. Dv (VK): brush. xeo0s ‘side’ (Jaskin 1971: 199); Kvascekas Col. Brc, Kvasciduka Col. SKM: polk. weed ‘asiuklis’ (SJP, 309), brush. xeowu ‘t. p." (JaSkin 1971: 199). It can be suspected that in the segment -dor-0 —a appeared also according to the analogy of adaptation of slavizmy: Slavic a —lit. pronounced o (cf. Kardelis 1999: 9) or more specifically — according to p. -apo (lenk. -arz) —lit. -or-(see Skardžius 1996: 307; Ambrazas 1993: 228). Such an adaptation is common among appellative Slavisms, cf. dūdorius, kūkorius (Skardžius 1996: 307), gaspadorius (LKZ,, 151) examples of it can be found in Lithuanian toponymy, cf. Cebatoriai k. CkN, MTZ (VK). Especially important place names for justifying the Siam change are the names of residential places Ardėsai k. Žsr and Kazaklioriai k. VDT. The first of them is probably also derived from the Tataric avd. Ardas, the second —from the Tatars kozaklar ‘Cossacks’ (Kričinskis 1993: 95, 98). Thus, in the Lithuanian (soluted) form of place names, a has also become o. More cautiously, such an analogy in the form Kaišiadorys can be seen because of the difference in prefixes, since in borrowed words the pronounced o usually has a strong prefix. On the other hand, the tendency to pronounce other personal plural names of places of residence with the ending -ys according to the 3th accent may have influenced the formation of such a paradigm of pronunciation of place names. It should be noted that this change in its own way justifies the non-Lithuanian origin of the place name Kaišiadorys, i.e. the connection with the discussed Tatar personal name. As already mentioned, all the entries of urbanonyms in Slavic languages in historical sources are only with a (-dar-) —Koweudaposa, Kowedapwi, Kauteiūidapoi, Kalzeydary, Kaszedary, Kayszedary. If this segment is really related to the Lithuanian daryti (A. Vanago hypothesis), then the Lithuanian form of the name should rather retain the a. However, in this case<, as in many other borrowed (Slavisms), it has become a vowel o. Thus, -darlietuvių is definitely understood as a component of a foreign language. Of course, the phenomena ch —k, a —o are characteristic of Lithuanian Slavisms, and in this case we should talk about the relationship of Tatar personal nouns with Lithuanian. It should be borne in mind that in the 16th century the public life of the LDK was dominated by Slavic languages and the first writings of the personal name are in the Slavic language, so it can be assumed that in the Lithuanian language it could have been influenced by the same laws of adaptation as Slavisms. ORIGIN | 3 The possibility of Kaišiadorys as a personal name is supported by other structural characteristics of the name. As already mentioned, this is a plural place name, the form of which is close to a large group of Lithuanian plural names of person-name origin, cf. village names Bačkonys, Basonys, Gečionys, Krivonys, Rusonys, Senkonys, etc. (Razmukaitė 1993: 143-148). If this name had come from the name of the inhabitants by craft, then according to the general trends of such place names structure, one should expect the form *Kaišiadariai, *Kaišiadoriai or similar, cf. Dienavagiai village GDR, Kraujalčidžiai village GDR, Vyžpiniai village GRS, Zebrauziai village P38 (VK). The reverse possibility of the chronological relationship between the name and the name of the city is completely denied, i.e. the possibility that the names Chaišadaras (Choišadaras), Chaišadarovičiai (Choišadarovičiai) may not be Tatar, but local names, i.e. originated from the name of the manor Kaišiadorys (such a way of forming personal names is generally possible). As already mentioned, for the first time this name is written as the first member of the binary nomenclature —name: Xouwa /Įapmomyneeuus, i.e. Xoūmadap Momyaeeuus, and the personal name derived from the name of the place of residence could only be a second (or third) anthroponym. The origin of the name is also unclear. It is a synonym of two Arabic names Haji (Khaji) "pilgrimage to Mecca" and Haidar "lion" (Szynkiewicz 1929: 460). The possibility of the Tatar origin of the city name Kaišiadorys is supported by the fact that it is not an exclusive Lithuanian place name. In the surroundings of Kaišiadorys, Trakai, Vilnius there are more names of residential places of Tatar origin, for example, not only the already mentioned village name Ardosai, but also Melekonys k. VDT — from the Tatar Melech (Kričinskis 1993: 95) is considered to have originated from Tatar personal names, in addition, undoubtedly of Tatar origin are the appellative names Kazaklioriai VDT (it has already been briefly discussed), Kėturiasdešimt Totorių Vdt, Tatarka PPR, Totorinė RDMV, Totoriškės AUK, KAR, RDMV, ZsL (VK). In summary, it can be said that from the historical and linguistic point of view the connection of the name of the place of residence Kaišiadorys with the Tatar personal name *Chaišadaras, *Choišadaras (Xouwadap(s), Chaszajdar) seems not only possible, but also very plausible. AUK —Aukštadvaris, Trakai r. avd. —asmenvardis AVK —Akmbit uzdasaemoje Bunenckojo apxeozparchuueckoto kommucciero 18, BuwibHa, 1891. BD —Būdvietis, Lazdijų r. Brc-Balceriškės, Trakai r. CKN —Ceikiniai, Ignalina r. Dv -Dievéniskés, Šalčininkų r. GDR -Giedraičiai, Molėtų r. Mrs. —grazing GRS —Griškabūdis, Šakių r. GU -Ieoepadhuvgeckiū yxa3zamenob 6bi100pHbixs JoKyMeKHmo68 U35 AKMOBLIXs Kuo Bunenckaeo Ileumpanbnazo Apxuea. IGN —Ignalina 6: | LAIMUTIS BILKIS k.—village KAR —Kariotiškės, Trakai r. kiln. —mountain LKM, —Księga Metryk Chrzestnych Kosciota Parafialnego £.yngmianskiego od Roku 1708. Januaryi 10. day to April 24, 1740. LKM, —Ksigga Metrics of Christians of Lyngby Parish Church since 1740. Maia 22. day to October 24, 1760. LKZ -Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 3, red. K. Ulvydas, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1956. LM — Jlumoeckan Mempuxa. Knueu ITy6rusunowxeo lens. Ilepenucu éouicka Jlumosckaeo 1 (3), Tlerporp1915. amb, MTZ-Matuizos, Varėnos r. Pis—Pajieslys, Kėdainių r. Col. — swamp PPR —Paparčiai, Kaišiadorių r. RDMV —Rudamina, Vilnius r. SDV —Synodus Dioecesana Vilnensis Ab Jilu ftriffimo, Excellentiffimo ac Reverendiffimo Domino D. Michaele Joanne Zienkowicz.- .., Vilnae: Reg: Maje[tatis Academ: Soc: JESU, 1744. SG —Słownik geograficzny Krolestwa Polskiego i innych krajow stowiariskich 11, Warszawa: Wtadystaw Walewski, 1890. SIP —Stannik języka polskiego 1, red. J. Kartowicz, A. Krynski, W. Niedzwiedzki, Warsaw: subscriber- 's edition, 1900. SVG -Cnucoks e0n0cmeii u ceasckuxs 0614ecmes no mMupoebiMs Vysacmkams Bunenckoli 2ybepriu, Busha: Bb THrnorpadiu A. I". 2000 - The 100th Anniversary of the Birth of W. H. Auden, W. H. Auden Foundation. Ilonnow CnucoKs HACEACHHbBIXS Mecmo CO CIMAMUCMUMECKUMU OQHHBIMU O KadKJOMS noceaeniu, cocmaenennbiū no oghpuuiarvhoims ceedeniams I. I. lowkeeuqems, BuibHa: I'yGepHckas Tunorpais, VK -Vietovardziy, collected from the living language, kartoteka. Zs1.Žasliai, Kaišiadorių r. ŽžRS —Revision census of Žiežmarių parish of Trakai district in 1795 (LCVA. FE. 515. Ap. 15. B. 70). AMBRAZAS, S. 1993: The development of noun construction. English-English Dictionary of the English Language, London: 1905. Oxford University Press. DZIADULEWICZ, S. 1929: Herbarz rodzin tatarskich w Polsce, Vilnius: naktadem autora z zasitkiem komitetu fundus kultury narodowej. GusraiTis, R. 2001: Kaišiadorių rajono gyvenviečių žinynas, Kaišiadorys: Kaišiadorių muziejus. JASKIN, I. J. 1971: 5esapyckisa zeazpadhiunoia Ka3ebi, Mincx: HaByka i ToxHiKa. KARDELIS, J. 1999: Fonetinés slavizmy ypatybės ir jy raida rytų lietuvių $nektose, Abstract of doctoral dissertation, Vilnius: Vilnius University. KRICINSKIS, S. 1993: Lithuanian Tatars, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. PUPALEIGIS, S. 1934: KaiSedorys or Kaišiadorys? Morning 83, 2. RAZMUKAITE, M. 1993: The distribution of patronymic names in Lithuania. Lietuviy kalbotyros klausimai 32, 133-165. ORIGIN OF THE CITY NAME Kaišiadorys | 7 SKARDŽIUS, P. 1996: Lithuanian word formation. 1d., Selected Writings 1, compiled by A. Rosinas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996. SZYNKIEWICZ, J. 1929: Translations of orientalistic names. Dziadulewicz, S., ed., Herbarz rodzin tatarskich w Polsce, Vilnius: naktadem autora z zasitkiem komitetu funduszu kultury narodowej, 457—473. VANAGAS, A. 1993: Names of Our Cities. Journal of Linguistics 32, 176-229. VANAGAS, A. 1996: Lithuanian town names, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. ZINKEVIČIUS, Z. 1966: Lithuanian dialectology, Vilnius: Mintis. Laimutis Bilkis Received 2002 11 05 Lithuanian Language Institute P. Vileišio g. 5, 2055 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]