„Tuščia vieta“ yra metodologiškai pažeidžiama sąvoka

162 | COMMENTS Variations are given in Akménés, Klykoliy, Papilés, Vegériy, TirkSlid Snektos (abbreviation Vg (p. 92-93) was Vaiguva, but there is no Sito reiSkinio —it will be some mistake). In most cases, such kiréys i$ pazyminiy are not diverted everywhere, sometimes i8 short finals (but puo Zemaic’its Rdn, Trs, Siaudiné at Pp; puo_aglik- ’és Krs and others). Some examples are given in the new Lithuanian dialect chrestomaty (2004): Darbénuose ¢(5) 3érdéi ~ if Sirdié (transposed from Sirdie); é jrega-(transposed as jégdi); ar ne eX jiega-(~ is jégai) —negi is tvirtapradés galiinés galéty kirtj This way to distract! This is unexpected, because it is related to the outstanding personality of the linguist who consulted the §j publication. Vytautas Vitkauskas Received 23 May 2005 Lithuanian Language Institute P. Vileisio g. 5, 10308 Vilnius, Lithuania »EMPTY SPACE* IS A METHODOLOGICALLY VIOLABLE PROPERTY! Vytautas Ambrazas in his answer Can something mean a blank space? (Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 50, 136-138), discussing my Observations on the connection to the so-called zero, considers that my,,logic statements are correct, but they are not at all contrary to the concept of zero presented in the Grammar* (p. 136), because in it zero is,,examined as a methodological concept that helps to determine when the absence of a certain indicator has a defined grammatical function“ (p. 137). If zero (or this place) belongs to methodology, then it should be used as usual in other sciences — “unloaded* semantics- ”. A I myself am not opposed to the use of zero as a purely technical means (see explanation of vowel change, where the term zero degree of that change is used). I am not opposed to the term of this place, because, for example, in the formal grammar theory is used this (baziniy elementy) string, whose symbol E is revealed as ‘ ””. I am only concerned about the need to give it a place, because such grammar is distinct from all empirical sciences (in fact, I cannot consider grammar to be a purely mental dimension, because language is not a psychology for me). In my reasoning about the so-called null connection I have already shown how logical preconditioning arises: some textual non-communicated meaning is ignored and an additional meaning is assigned to the text (dél perinterpretation). I think it happens so often because When I found the article Nulinis kalbos elementas (p. 441) in the Lithuanian language encyclopedia published in 1999 and, after considering everything carefully, realized that I could not agree with the greatness of its statement, I decided to summarize my reasoning in a short time in three texts: (i) about verb nuling jungi, (ii) about verb nuline endings and (iii) about verb nominative sentences (such as, for example, Ziema.), to which some also attribute the verb bati nuling expression. Only after that I had to explain in detail my views and,,zero* elements of language and only then I expected to participate in the discussion, if anyone disagreed with my reasoning. But, after publishing my ideas about the word nuline jungi (Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 48, 177-184), all sorts of misfortune completely interrupted my reflections, 0 during that time I received a polemical reply from Vytautas Ambraz. After that, temporarily withdrawing from the previous idea, I am forced to enter into a discussion. I tell the readers of this text that some of the arguments about the null elements of language I keep for the future, because I hope to write about both the null finals and the nominal verbs. 2 Tpoce, M., Jlanten, A., Teopua dopmaavnolx epammamuk, Mocxea, 1971, 15. NOTES | 163 Uncommon Principles of Semantic Analysis. Todél once again discusses the Grammar example Weather is nice / Weather is nice (p. 612). The two sentences are considered absolute synonyms, because otherwise it would not be said that,,such a null [...] connection is equal to actionazodZio biiti es. Form 1* (ibid.). The phrase “The weather is nice” (being a representative of the uteniSkiy dialect, I often use such phrases myself) describes the atmospheric bisen, which coincides with the constitutional time. This can be determined by an objective observation of iS Salies, rather than by an analysis of the mental content. Many linguists, who do not have a clear understanding of semantic analysis, already conclude that the sentence Oras grazus has a present tense. Here it is necessary to ask, from where is this information obtained? In this case, the observed fact (present) belongs to the conditions of the sentence, but from this it is not yet possible to conclude that such information is expressed in the text, because it can also not be expressed*. This is at least due to three things: (i) language is not based on natural laws, which are intrinsic and universal, but on social habits (it is conventional), so that not only can something that you think is important be missing in different languages, but it can also vary in dialects of the same language; (ii) remember that texts are not a complete representation of reality, because even large texts do not cover everything, they are the result of selection; (iii) and the speaker may not see the need to say anything (in the case in question it is possible to assume that the speaker does not say is because it is obvious, but then the sentences with is necessary to consider basic and talk about ellipses, 0 a5 such interpretation I cannot support (that will be explained soon). Of course, neither the weather nor the beauty has any time meaning, 0 the so-called,,- this place”, being another name of this universe that has nothing (no element), cannot have any time meaning either, because in that case nothing would become This that. Syntaxists usually examine selected sentences and thus do not have the opportunity to see them in a wider context, so I will present a sentence of the type in question with (minimal) context: Aplinkui Zaliavo pusys. The forest is calm, quiet. Only the genys were not where to be. Ear morning, sober day. I'm so tired that I'm wandering at night. Weather in Saltas, 7day weather forecast / Following Leon Zawadowski, who had a great influence on my thinking, I call the constitution the situation of conversation, and I think this term is necessary (see Zawadowski, L., Lingwistyczna teoria jezvka, Warszawa: Pafistwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1966, 272-273). Not from reality we decide what should be read from the text, but from the text (normally) we draw conclusions about reality. It seems to me that I would explain this well by referring to Leon Zawadowski's remarks on language (Zr. Linguistics 24 (1), 1972, 111-119) and I did not feel responsible for the fact that other linguists were not interested in it. For example, Indonesian certainly has verbs, but they have neither a time nor a category, so the sentence Anak tidur can mean both The child sleeps, as if the child slept, as if the child will sleep, and it would be a big mistake to assign the verb tidur a meaning according to its constitution. South (mathematized) aibés savokos Zr. 1, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopediju leidybos institutas, 2001, 180 (str. aibé). Bulota, A., Let's get to know the aibs, Vilnius: Mintis, 1973 (especially with chapter 1 1). Why mathematics needs such an array is well explained by Naum Vilenkin (Bustenkun, H. A., Pacckasei o mHomecmeax, Mocksa: Hayxa, 1965, p. 103). The view of the linguist as a “null-bearer” reminds me very much of the anti-logic and anti-scientist Martin Heidegger, whose famous phrase Das Nichts nichtet (about: “Nothing needs to be null”) became the object of Vienna’s positive criticism (and of Heidegger- ’s language in general). South Heidegger- 's Language zr. Carnapas, R., Metaphysics in the Logic of Language. In: NekraSas, E., Philosophy of the 21st Century, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijy leidybos institutas, 2004, 277-281. (I myself, of course, 27-28). stand on the side of Carnap, not Heidegger- .) 164 | REMARKS I got on the commuter train. The car is long. [...] It was night, it was dark. We're coming from Dolgomostq. The road is very bad. This was already brought before Lithuanian. These passages of the text were selected from the memoirs of the former prisoner V. Uléinskas, written after the 1940s, so there can be no question of a sentence without a connection coinciding with the time of writing. As usual, memories of the past are spoken of in beat time. If the separated sentences without the conjunction and In this case have the present tense meaning, it must be recognized that the narrator dél inexperience always alters the present tense. I don’t think so, because V. Ul¢inskas is a good storyteller. If in these cases the so-called null connection has contextual meaning, then such sentences are equal to sentences with was, i.e., they have another grammatical meaning, not only in the present tense. I do not support this statement either: I think that the present tense sentences in question are inserted into narrative sentences depicting the past. Another argument can be that spoken sentences do not have present tense. There is such a grammatically quite correct sentence: Salton Sinke (USA) weather is always nice. How in the sentence Oras visada grazus present tense Salininkai paaiSkinty use of the adverb always, which says the permanence, in this case? The question of whether the sentence My brother is incapable can be interpreted as a joiner of the possessive sentence paradigm Brother is/was/would/will be incapable, used in the present tense* (p. 137), depends on the understanding of the paradigm. The term paradigm is so far used by linguists without a more precise definition, although it must be clear that it cannot be sent down from heaven. AS sentences Brother is incapable and Brother is incapable I cannot put into the same paradigm, because the two sentences do not form opposition (and the very important opposition property linguists use rather undefined). To explain why I am doing this, I will take an example from phonology, because in all the languages I have been familiar with, the phonological systems are the simplest and easiest to analyze. For example, in Lithuanian, the opposition between bad and pado and $i opposition allows us to distinguish between /b/: /p/prieSprieSa and to determine that the sounds are different as the muffled and the muffled. Now I ask the question, is hunger (and pad) in opposition to pad? If we answer yes, we get /b/: /9/, /p/: /9/adverbs (if we take other pairs, e.g. sako and ako, tako and ako, we get a lot more adverbs of the same connection- ). Thinking logically, i phonemy inventoriy nori nori we would have to join the null phoneme. If all phonemes are compared with zero, there will be no use, because real phonemes will differ from zero in all acoustical aspects, 0 is only important for phonologists in the differential. As far as I know, most of the phonemically nullified phonemes somehow pre-exist, although in their pre-existence I have not found such a justification as I have shown here. Agreeing with André Martinet, I think that the character of contrast is suitable for syntagmatic relations, opposition 0 — for paradigmatic ones’’. Since hunger: ado ratio, my many- ® ESelony brothers, Vilnius: Vyturys, 1991, 183-241. As the Russian mathematician and philosopher of science Georgiy Ruzavin has rightly said, in many theories of the humanities, especially in the early stages of their development, the basic principles are not explicitly distinguished, although they are assumed (Pysasun, I. W., Hayanaa meopua: Jloeuxo-- memodoaoeureckul ananu3, MocKksa: Mpicnb, 1978, 15). AS for a long time, as soon as I read the book /Joeuka nay4noeo uccaedoeanua, Mocxsa: HayxKa, 1965, I am convinced that every real theory system worth mentioning, although some may not like it, still needs to be reviewed and refined. 0 Ta André Martinet mintj imu i: Girdenis, A., Theoretical foundations of Lithuanian phonology, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijy leidybos institutas, 2001, 66 (24-a i8naSa). REMARKS | 165 mu, belongs to contrast, 0 not opposition, that is, based on the fact that the most important attributes must be applied equally to all language units, and the sentence Brolis nejgalas cannot be included in the paradigm with the verb bati. I would like to point out that on this point I totally agree with Emile Benveniste, who in a well-known article,,- La phrase nominale- *, very clearly stated that the study of the nominative sentence must be completely separated from the study of the sentences with a bit, that zero cannot be excluded, and disagreed with Louis Hjelmslev, who in the Latin sentence Omnia praeclara rara distinguished 3 implicit elements: the infecta, the present tense and the direct consequence. Vytautas Ambrazas’s position, which is positive in this respect, is also based on diachronic arguments. As a Salininkas of functional linguistics (but also a long time déstes of the historical grammar of Lithuanian language), I am firmly convinced that the synchronic description of language as a functioning system diachronically with its observed changes should be left out of Salé, because the synchronic description of language epistemiSkai is primary, and diachronic — secondary: after all, it is impossible to observe changes without first determining what is changing'- *. AS I cannot agree with Vytautas Ambraz's thoughts about the reinterpretation of sentences without a connection (reanalysis, see p. 137), because I am not. Attas assus" is lit. Tévas geras, vedy Tvam Visnuh" and lit. Tu Visnus, pali Dhamma anicca’ is lit. Dhamai impermanent are sentences of the same structure and grammatical meaning, therefore they must be interpreted equally: they are the subjective, but not the infinitive sentences (writing about the so-called nulling joins I had already mentioned that sentences with is can compete with sentences without a connection, but this is not a case of re-meaning). I think that we are quite well in the old Indo-European model and only linguists who operate inappropriately with zero, slipping with common sense, confuse themselves in their thoughts and can mislead others. The second thing is this: diachroniniy procesy cannot be described in désniy terms, if only we accept that we call désny that which is biological and universal’®. But when there is no right, then there is no right to explain changes. Not only linguists, but also all other representatives of social sciences would be well advised to reflect well on Karl Popper’s thought that we can observe directions or trends of change, but,,degrees and directions are essentially different things’!’, so long as we observe directions or trends, we cannot get a bit of guidance. And Vytautas Ambrazas, speaking about such sentences in other Indo-European languages"*', seems to want to arrange them in the space of other languages, but I can only rely on the translation into Russian: Benpenucr, 9., O6wan auneeucmuxa, Mocxsa: ITporpecc, 1974, 2 Zr. Zawadowski, L., op. cit., 47 and Girdenis, A., op. cit., 28-30 (and 10-a i8nasa). For example: Mpanos, B. B., Xemmexuii a3vix, Mockpa: U3natesbcTBo BOCTONHOH JIMTepatypbl, 1963, 171. Example iS: Enm3apenkora, T. A., Beduiickui asvix, Mocksa: Hayxa, 1987, 158. Example taken from: Enu3apenxosa, T. A., Torropos, B. H., 436« naau, Mocxsa: Hayxa, 1965, 124. Until Marxism (now Salikele has retired) convinced everyone that there are even universal principles of the development of mankind, linguists were comfortable talking about the principles of the development (or 167-183. functioning) of language without proper reflection. ay Popper, K. R., Selected Works, Vilnius: Pradai, 2001, 395. Those who are interested in similar Russian sentences, I would advise them to familiarize themselves with the notion of non-localization in time and with the works of German Slavist Erwin Koschmieder,,wartos¢ miejscowa w czasie“ and,,Zeitstellenwert*, because these ideas can also be useful when examining the meaning of time in Lithuanian (Zr. Teopua dynkuuonancnou epammamuku: Beedenue. Acnekmyaabnocme. We're going to the neighborhood. Takcuc, Jlenmurpan: HayKa, 1987, 210-226, 230-232). 166 | NOTE The use of sentences without a conjunction differs considerably even in Lithuanian dialects, which are truly alive and the only ones that have the right to pass.” Concluding the discussion of the sentence without the conjunction, I would like to point out once again that the empty space (with its positive meaning) has emerged from a confused and transformed analysis of semantics, language usage conditions and the meaning of the text. I do not quite understand why Vytautas Ambrazas, being a linguist, at the end of his polemic with me acted not at all like a serious scientist: he said he would,,recognize* my individual disagreements with psychologism, when, concentrating on the examination of,,zero connections”, aiskiy aiS I said clearly that my view of psychologism was mostly taken from Leon Zawadowski, and I pointed out where it can be learned in much more detail. If Vytautas Ambrazas wants to defend himself against psychologism, he should not defend himself against me*’. Since Vytautas Ambrazas for some reason did not want to get acquainted with the original source, he simply made some mistaken conclusions, because, for example, antipsychologists do not deny that the content of language normally corresponds to mental facts, but for them, functionalists, it is not the mental content that is most important, which is always individual and cannot enter iSore —extra corpore, but the meaning of the text, which, in terms of social usage, can even differ greatly from the perception of the individual. There is another reason: listeners often do not distinguish between meaning and meaninglessness (,,What did he mean when he said that?”), but I think linguists should distinguish between them*'. Vladas Zulys Received 14 September 2005 Tako g. 1-7 LT-53356 Akademija, Kaunas raj., Lithuania '° In general language, to put it bluntly, it is not possible to operate its diachronic process without anywhere, because it is more or less artificial and in it the dialectal influence can be of all kinds. Therefore, the use of the most common verb in Lithuanian should first be studied in dialects, and only after that it should be studied in common language. I don't think it's possible to normalize its use at the moment. 20 AS, I graduated in 1959 from the provincial Vilnius University, where there was not even a logic course, and I cannot compare my preparation with Leon Zawadowski, who studied in the West not only linguistics, but also epistemology (I appreciate this fact very much, because most of the other 20th century linguists, as I sometimes believe, do not have the necessary preparation in the field of epistemology, i.e. methodology of science). In addition, I think that my mind is weaker than Leon Zawadowski’s, because I am not well trained to think logically and logically (it is not worth forgetting that linguists in Lithuania were trained only as philologists). : Who wants to get rid of psychologism, which often clearly neiSkyla j turns, I am going to consider three cases of language functioning. (i) There is a message, but no one understands it. Such a situation can occur, for example, when Zinias are broadcast on the radio, but there is no one in the room, or when you find not only a match, but also a match that is not seen by anyone (such was the fate of the Bogazkéi archive with the Hittite dantiraS- ). In this case, texts have a representative function, because they always talk about something (in the computer sciences that emerged in the second half of the 20th century, one principle is that information is always transmitted through a material medium). But in this case, language does not perform a communicative function, which is based on representation. (ii) The message is understood as speech, but the language itself remains unintelligible. It is so bad when people do not know each other's language or cannot read a circle (e.g. even Faist's disc). In this case, the texts also have a representational function, but the communicative function cannot be used dél nemokéjimo. (iii) A normally communicated language (speaking or writing) and such language performs both of the most important functions.