Išilginių objektų predikacijos pobūdis. Subjektyvaus judėjimo sąvoka

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIT (2005), 23 -39 Isilginiy objecty motivus of predication. Subjektyvaus judejimo savoka Lietuviy kalbos institutas ROLANDAS MIKULSKAS It is common, in many languages, to characterise a road, a path or an oblong object by means of a directional verb of motion. This article offers a fairly detailed analysis of such instances of the prolongated object mode of predication, based on Lithuanian language material. The regularity of the phaenomenon under discussion sheds doubt on attempts at explaining the use of such verbs of motion as serving the purposes of figurative speech and expressive imagery: it must spring from deeper cognitive sources. The cognitive nature of the prolongated object mode of predication is here examined with the aid of Langacker- ’s notion of subjective movement. Attention is also drawn to the semantic and grammatical pecularities of verbs representing this type of predication. 0. IVADAS 0.1 In many languages it is common when a road, a path or another object that moves in a direction is described by verbs meaning directional movement. Although the predication of such sentences does not imply any objective movement, the movement actions used in them do not cause the language user to feel, i.e. These sentences are accepted as regularly constructed. For example, the following statements sound quite usual: (1) The road goes along the river LKZ,, 1073 (Dz). (2) Over the plains begins the LKZ, 726 (RS) road. (3) Where does this way come from? LKZ,, 1080 (Dak). The data of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary show that such use of verbs with the meaning of motion is somewhat more frequent in literature than in living language. If we explained this fact as the influence of other languages on writers, we would only confirm the universality of this language phenomenon. This is because sufficient of this use is fixed in dialects. The prevalence of the phenomenon in question is evidenced by its systematic nature and a certain generality. On the one hand, the predicates of the meaning of movement can be described not only as roads, paths, highways or rivers, but also as fields, meadows, slopes, fences, forests, scars, etc. In general, it can be said that all objects, assessed by the length dimension, can also be characterized by their position in space. In short, we could call them ISOLATE OBJECTS. 1073 (Zp.): (4) At the manor there was the largest meadow LKZ,, 1073 (Zp.). (5) Kalnai eit ixilgai jiiriy krasto LKZ,, 1073 (K,, 11). (6) Aplink miestq éjo miro siena LKZ,, 1073 (J. BALC). 24 | Rolandas Mikulskas (7) Those balos go even in another parish LKZ,, 1091 (Rpm). (8) The white and red stripes go along LKZ,, 1073 (Rpm). On the other hand, the spatialization of a path or of a longitudinal object in general is not limited to the usual scrolling actions. Such a predication can be not only according to the horizontal, but also according to the vertical ai, cf. : (9) The way easily climbed j mountain LKZ, 793 (PC). (10) Then there descended a beautiful slope LKZ,,, 253 (RS). (11) Here is my way ixnéré i§ kalny j ploguma LKZ,,, 683 (Sic). Indirect path configuration describes action paths, in which the predicate describes the action of the slide not only in relation to the straight path, but also in relation to the Soniné path, cf. : (12) The path turns around the village, the farmhouses, under the old poplar trees LKZ 88 (V. Bus). (13) The mentioned |path| swayed on the very shore of the cliff LRA 467 (J. JABL). (14) A few more distinct wrinkles were winding through his somewhat LCZ,.,. 461 (J. Ap.) (15) Parugém self-winding track LKZ 474 (RS). (16) A little curved path with raitési fields LKZ,, 77(T. Tity). The geographical way can be shown in language not only by monovalent but also by bivalent verbs, which imply an agent and a patient, thus signifying a non-self-- induced, caused movement, e.g. : 942 (PNMZ). 942 (I. Simon). (18) (17) Agrasty takas par sodq veda LKZ.... [pamary kaimg veda daug keliy LEZ yn 0.3. The regularity of the phenomenon in question makes it necessary to examine critically |] the changes in the use of verbs of motion in relation to the objectives of figurative language, i.e. with the aim of visual expression. Undoubtedly, the predicting of longitudinal objects in motion has deeper, cognitive, causes. This article is dedicated to their disclosure. The nature of the predication of cognitive objects is revealed based on the langakeriska subjective movement. At the same time, attention is paid to the semantic and grammatical specificity of verbs used in this predication. 1.0.The natural question arises, how is it supposed that the action of motion of the objects in space occurs? What is the logic of such a prediction? After all, it is usually said that the verbs of motion indicate the change of position of moving objects in space over time. On the other hand, verbs that help to denote stating objects (e.g.: sits, stands, lies, lies down, etc.) do not indicate any evolution of spatial relations. In this they are similar to the verbs of the past tense, which also do not indicate any change in the situation over time. Thus, the dynamics vs. stability of a given spatial situation is the main difference in the semantics of spoken verbs. Therefore, when providing motion actions to describe the spatial configuration of a path or other iSilginiy object, the language $j The nature of the prediction of outer space objects | 25 essential differences are able to work. A priori, such use can be explained by a certain lability of the concept of movement. The basis of this lability is what unites the verbs meaning movement and static support. Such commonality should aim at the essence of the verb category, its differential characteristics. 1.1 It is generally accepted that the main feature that distinguishes the verb from other grammatical categories is its temporality, or its connection with the so-called absolute time (which is not to be confused with the grammatical time, which is the relation of the action to the moment of speech). In other words, the verb is able to convey the dynamics of the desired situation. The latter can still be imagined as a momentary static change of events, or as a certain representation of a sequence of events in the space of time. However, it is hard to disagree with Ronald W. Langacker (2002: 59-100), who observes that the connections with time are important not only for the category of action. For example, the prepositions avant and après, the adverbs yesterday and tomorrow also indicate time relations. Some prepositions called complex may even indicate a change in padéciy (space) over time. Langacker gives as an example the English preposition across when used with the verb to move. Accordingly, in the Lithuanian language, the prepositions skersai, isilgai, jZambiai, per, pro, kiaurai have such characteristics. (19) Lapé béga across the knee. (20) Kiski dissolved through dirt. Thus, it can be argued that, for example, the semantic content of the adverb cross, the verb cross (keliq) and the deverb crossing (way) is the same — all these verbs denote the trajectory of the transition from one side of the longitudinal object to the other, which, of course, requires a certain amount of time. 1.2. For this reason Langacker sought the differential meaning of the verb not in the content of its meaningful situation or concept, but rather in the way in which this content is perceived. By examining the temporal, or temporary, sub-category of the verb, he observes that the latter's characteristics are based on a sequential scanning of the situation under consideration. In other words, the process of representing parts of language presupposes a successive phase-overcoming of a constantly evolving situation. Meanwhile, other relationally significant categories of language, such as prepositions, adverbs, adverbs, communicators, participants, if they have a connection with time, are still atemporal, or non-temporal, in the sense that the content of these concepts is not perceived gradually, but cumulatively. Although such a path of perception presupposes a certain phase of progressive re-examination, gradual,,- assembly,, or simply, conceptualization, but in fact the purpose of this category in language is to provide the possibility of manipulating the total,,products,, or geStaltais of that process. For the latter, the time profile is irrelevant. 1.2.1. The verb thus perceived denotes processes. In this it differs from atemporal relations in zyminciy language daliy. It is not difficult to observe that for the concept of this category of verbs, the particular importance is acquired by the fact that the qualities of the perceiver or speaker (listener), the Perceiver or interpreter, and the speaker (listener) are not identical, but if we accept the cognitive assumption of cognitive, or mental, and semantic, or linguistic, structural isomorphism, in some contexts of linguistic discourse these qualities can replace each other. 26 | ROLAND MIKULSKAS figures. Accordingly, time is divided by Langacker in j CONCEPTED TIME (t) and PROCESSING TIME (T). The first time is briefly defined as the OBJECT of perception, the second — as the MEMORY of perception. In perceived time the events of the known world are rolled, and it has been introduced in place of the traditional absolute time. Processing time is a new property, denoting the duration of cognitive operations. By considering these parameters Langacker predicted that any process [rJ/t, it is used to calculate the formula C which should be read as follows: suvokéjas (conceptT;? tualizer) C at a certain processual time moment T, activates, or withZadina, the concept of static relationship r, and then jj associates with the corresponding perceptual time moment 1, The whole process can be represented by the formula: o [he lhe eh T, Si formulé uninterrupted series padétiy Ty Ty Vy, 1, Sdésto time aSyje t,, t,, tjy-5t,. 0 the sequence of process time symbols T,, T,, T,,..., T,, This indicates that the perceiver C sequentially looks at, or scans, this subjective structure. In summary, it can be observed that the process predication understood in this way differs from the non-temporal complex predication, which also indicates a directional distribution of decay along the axis of time, in that in the latter the parameter of process time does not play any role, or, in Langacker- 's words, this predication is disrupted by the time profile. 1.3. It is easy to understand that the concept of the langakeriSka process includes biesen. These bits can be considered a boundary case, when some process parameters do not change in the perceived time, but the process time parameter remains necessary. Simply put, it consistently looks at the same aspect of the situation. Noting that r, = r, + /, the above process formula can be easily applied to the semantic analysis of the verbs of the verbs: agi 88 Pe roe | Ue a In the course of time the perceived situation remains unchanged, but the perceived situation is consistently scanned. In this formula the symbol R is used. Langacker distinguishes them from perfective action verbs, which can indicate objective changes in the situation that occur over a certain (perceiver’s) period of time. perceptual n bl /‘| z Langacker does not directly relate the perfection of the verb to the category of the verb and understands it as a verb property to signal a change in the predicted situation. His perfective verbs encompass three (i8 foury) categories of Zeno Vendler’s (1967) classical classification—activities, accomplishments, and achievements. Logikos MOTIVATION FOR PREDICTION OF EXTRATERRESTRY OBJECTS | 27 1.4. Typical perfective verb classes consist of movement verbs. A moving object, either itself or under the influence of iSorinés jéga, travels a corresponding distance over a certain (perceptor’s) time interval, thus the change of situation is defined by the change of the physical object’s position in space. Analyzing the action-pronoun property of motion to express not only objective but also subjective motion, Langackeris (2002: 149-166) proposed to describe the general mode of motion predication with a slightly modified formula discussed earlier: iis ie Lt, n> fies Ll t Jo | [Im] |] t, | n This formula should be read as follows: the motion observer /perceptor C during the process time interval T,, T,,..,T, follows the motion trajectory /,, L,..., /,, which during the perceived time interval t,, ty... t, the moving object m (mover) follows. Understanding local symbols more generally, the Si formula is also suitable for describing abstract movement. During the abstract process, the perceiver follows the changes of immaterial objects over time. A mental change trajectory consists of sequence scanned pathways on an imaginable qualitative or quantitative scale. In English, the verb to move is used much more freely than in Lithuanian to characterize abstract processes of change, but such use can also be found in other languages, e.g.: (21) Atlety varžybos vyko* dvi valandas. (22) The concert is coming to an end. (23) The brother's health is improving. 1.4.1, Sentences in which the action words of movement are described by the configuration of a road or other longitudinal object, in part resemble sentences in which the action words proficiency itself is a perfection property, meaning the end of a certain evolution, does not directly mean change, and is the result of the latter property. In other words, perfection is implied by change. On the other hand, it is easy to notice that not all of the above-mentioned categories of predicates show a significant change in nature. For example, predicates of activity have no directional change, have a natural end, are not significant, cf. : Tévas walked around sodq and masté. However, the speaker can define the predicative limit of such activity, for example, by using the delimitative verb form, e.g.: __ Tévas PAvAIKSCIOI0 po sodq and vél sédo dirbti. In this case, the perfectibility of the verb is not related to the natural end of the action, but to the limit of the BREACH of the action, which is determined by the speaker or listener. Thus, the so widely understood perfectibility of the verb is only partly determined by its semantic nature. In Langacker's view, even the most experienced differences often have natural limits, and therefore the verbs that signify them can be interpreted perfectly under certain circumstances. Therefore, we cannot break the natural boundary between imperfect and perfect verbs. The verb to go, signifying an abstract process, from the semantic point of view is significantly different from its predecessor, signifying a concrete movement. The process of such a verb in a sentence can be qualified not only by the duration, which in the case of an abstract movement can be considered equal to the distance of the affected space in the case of a specific movement, but also by the place or time, cf. : Atlety competition took place in the central city stadium. So far the meeting is going smoothly. 28 | ROLAND MIKULSKAS creates abstract movement. But there is a difference. First of all, what is “moving” in these sentences is also the trajectory of this movement. However, this trajectory is not mental, as in the case of abstract movement, but a completely real, geographically defined object. With real movement this sentence predicate also connects more or less (24) One [way] goes to the mom, eksplicitiskai juose reiskiama kryptis, plg.: the other to the boy LKZ,, 1073 (KivD 9). (25) Both along the highway, passing by the farms and the LKZs 462 (L. Dovyp). (26) Uz Dargvainiy junction on Skujinés road LKZ,,, 88 (VSv). On the other hand, the semantic content of this sentence does not imply any actual movement: the so-called subject of movement remains stable over time. Thus, the verbs in this sentence represent the imperfective process, which Langacker described in the previous formula (ii), in which the symbol for the constant relation R is replaced by the more defined symbol for the longitudinal location of the object /M/L: aa [uv L] le [one L] he ea L] Ale This formula shows that the observer, or perceiver, C, at each moment t of the perceiver's time, consistently records the same spatial path, or location, L, of the longitudinal object M. It is easy to notice that the longitudinal object treated in this way is formally no different from the actual subject of movement: both are defined by local relations. The lexicographer, looking at the use of the discussed verbs of motion, sees a clear case of semantic expansion: perfective verbs of motion of the i8 nature begin to signify imperfective processes, the semantic content of which is equal to the longitudinal profile of the position of the object of constant spatiality. However, the semantic component of direction, which is essentially connected with the concept of movement, disappears from the predicate of the sentence. In the case of the predicate of actual movement, the content of the expression of direction ivykio veikslo formoms padaryti vartojami skirtingi darybos formantai, plg.: forms the spatial padéciy of the object. In addition, there is a difference in the grammatical characteristics of the verbs signifying abstract and concrete movement: for example, the train arrived in Kaunas. The football match was still going on. The forms of the verb of this action are made with the suffixes at-, nu-, par-, isir without the end of the action there is still a significant direction of movement in relation to the perceiver, or speaker (listener). In the case of abstract motion, the event agent is in the lateral form tereiSkia action to finish. On the other hand, the fact that abstract movement can only take the form of the 3rd person shows that the verbs used in this way are still essentially associated with the concept of movement. After all, the perspective of the perceiver is essential for the prediction of abstractly perceived movement. This perspective is essential in language —the speaker or listener ~makes the 1st or 2nd person forms of the spoken predicate inaccessible. ie It is time to clarify that, when speaking about the longitudinal object predicates, the fact that we have in mind only the directional movement Significant verbs, such as goes, runs, turns, (where), but not the non-directional equivalents walks, runs, turns, etc., the latter are classified as predicates of activity and are essentially of an imperfective nature (although they can be perfected by adding a part of the delimitative function; more Zr. (2) iSnasa). 29 The change (of the perceiver in the course of time) is assessed in relation to the perceiver, or speaker (listener). When a static situation is described by movement actions, the perception of the direction of the location of illusory objects is triggered by the dynamics of the space itself. Simply put, the speaker or listener himself scans the entire configuration of the path or other longitudinal object in question in the sentence, in fact making jq equivalent to the trajectory of movement. How the direction of such an examination determines the different choice of predicates, is clearly shown by such a pair of sentences, where the same spatial condition is described in essence, but the condition of the perceptor is implied, cf.: (27) The shore here is clearly visible from the shore. (28) Here the shore is slowly rising to the top. When analyzing the structure of the predicate, it is important to note the special role played by perception in it, which allows to correctly interpret the content of the sentence. In general, it is metaphorically possible to say that the perceiver himself moves alongside the profiled object, thus giving a directional dimension to the predicate of movement underlying the sentence. Of course, under normal circumstances, the composer or interpreter of such a sentence does not realize the trajectory of his own movement. However, even if it is insensitively and only abstractly, in the mind, the movement function taken over by the subject of the predicate allows the user of language to consider similar sentences meaningful and to interpret them correctly. The premises for this interpretation are the commonalities of the consistent overview of the longitudinal object and the perception of the directed actual movement. Langacker points to the subjective nature of such a mental scanning-based movement. The prediction of subjective movement actually constitutes the initial, or cumulative, phase of situational perception, which is, as we know, unnecessary for the interpretation of real movement. It is during this phase of perception that the verb of motion, which represents the essential static part of the object, and the vector of direction, which represents its semantic nature, are formed. Langackeri This accumulative phase can be described by the formula: [m] 1] [Im], [m,] [m,] |, a n> [m]1} >}{mJi} 7 > fm c |r, {my [m,] | ) Ss 5k, [m,] |, Cc T n It shows that the perceiver C during the process time interval T,, T,, T,,..., 7, by scanning the longitudinal object in a certain direction, sequentially activates the concept [M] L describing its entire configuration, which remains constant in the process time. IS These formulas also clearly show that it is precisely the process of time that allows the sequence of longitudinal objects to be interpreted as a certain (abstract) movement. Thus, the use of longitudinal object predicates and the correct interpretation of sentences with them is based on the fact that the concept of movement is i§ objective sentence predicate aSies, or pro- 30 | ROLANDAS MIKULSKAS branch, transferred to the subjective axis of interpretation of the perceiver. Langacker defines this cognitive operation as SUBJECTIFICATION. 1.6.In discussing the processes of semantic expansion and grammatical development associated with the subjectification property, Langacker (2002: 315-341) further develops the subjectivity property itself, as he understands it. The latter is an integral part of the perception of any real situation, as well as of the corresponding linguistic predicate. As the perceived situation presupposes the perception, so the speech sentence always presupposes the user of the language (speaker or listener). The predication of a speech sentence is not conceivable without its composer or interpreter taking a certain position in relation to the event being conveyed, the time and place of the speech, the newness/- oldness of the information, in other words, without all those things that define the circumstances of the speech. Therefore, the semantic content of the situation profiled by sentences implicitly applies to the context of speech. In other words, we could say that the circumstances underlying the predicative meaning of the sentences in this language are nothing else than a certain PERSPECTIVE associated with the figure of the speaker or listener. This perspective functions as a predicate support and can be used in language by means of grammar and/or lexicon. But usually most of the information related to the perceived perspective remains beyond the edge of the sentence predication, i.e. explicitly not expressed. Langacker observes that in the case of the optimal perspective, the perceived position remains imperceptible, thus maximum subjective, thus giving the sentence profiled situation the greatest possible objectivity. Such a position, of course, is ideal. Usually, there are various intermediate cases in the language. For example, some information about the speaker's figure, such as his relative location, may be included in the predicate of the sentence. Then the objectivity of the situation represented by such sentences is reduced. For example, two sentences with movement verbs: (29) Zitiriu tévas keliu pereina iš miško. (30) Sometimes a man passes by. The first sentence is possible only under the circumstances when its author (who is also the actual observer of the situation- ), the father and the child are at least in the same line. In addition, the past participle of the verb in the middle indicates that the author of the sentence is most likely watching the situation in the house. The implied house becomes the reference point in relation to which the other participants in the situation are placed in space. In the second sentence, the position of the speaker is not clearly defined, neither in terms of time nor of place. This important circumstance allows the meanings of the second sentences to attribute a greater degree of objectivity to the situation than in the first case. 1.6.1. Langacker describes the finite sentence situation profile itself as an asymmetric relationship between two concepts, which he calls the specific terms TRAJECTOR and LANDMARK. These terms refer to the most general type of predicate, close to the figures and backgrounds of perception psychology. As with the latter, the trajectory and the boundary are discussed in terms of relative elevation. Thus, the trajectory and the boundary are the most distinct participants of the situation profiled by finite sentences. Only do not forget that the characteristics of the pronunciation are given to them by the perceiver, who most often remains on the edge (or edge) of the predicate. If we assume that the profile of the situation, defined as the asymmetrical relationship between the trajectory and the boundary, forms the horizontal axis of the predicate of the sentence, then the other, vertical axis of the predicate aSis, implici- PREDICTION MODE OF EXPLOSIVE OBJECTS | 31 The situation being interpreted from the perspective of the perceiver should be placed perpendicular to the profile syntax. Accordingly, the horizontal aSis represents the objective side of the predicate, and the vertical one the subjective. During the cognitive operation of subjectification, part of the objective information is reoriented by the subjective axis of interpretation, i.e. part of the semantic content predicted by sentences is not profiled, but realized through the interpretative possibilities of perception. 1.6.2. Now, taking into account the difference between objective and subjective predication as defined by Langacker, let us look at the sentences we have before us, in which several or other comparative objects are described by verbs meaning movement. It is not difficult to understand that the correct interpretation of these sentences is helped by the fact that most of the content objectively expressed by the predicates of movement is reoriented to the axis of subjective perception. In other words, the perceiver or speaker (listener) himself, by "reading"* all the spatial supports taken by the iSilginis object, in place of the subject of the predicate, gives the concept of movement the necessary temporal and distance characteristics. Thus, the essence of subjectification in spoken sentences is the subjective movement of the interpreter towards the object being discussed. However, it is important to note that by becoming the actor of subjective movement, the perceiver does not become the trajectory of the sentence. For the subjectivity associated with the perception is incompatible with the characteristic of the trajectory elevation, although it is the basis. Thus, the organization of such a sentence is not different from the fact-profiling sentences. For example, in the sentence This road leads to (goes to) j cityq the road is the trajectory of the predicate (and the subject of the sentence), 0 city performs the function of a boundary. However, the semantic content of such a sentence has already changed. The concept of movement in the objective profile is reoriented by its subjective axis of interpretation, like the objective content of the predicate is thesis of static object support, and the verb itself is an imperfective process. The imperfectivization of the verb of directed movement in IS in its perfect form has serious grammatical consequences, but about them a little later. Meanwhile, I would like to draw attention once again to the fact that in the semantic content of the present sentence something important is missing from the concept of movement, namely the concept of direction. Most likely, this is a condition without which the use of the predicate of movement in the spoken type of sentences is not possible at all. As we already know, the vector of the direction of "movement" coincides with the direction of longitudinal object survey. Therefore, such a sentence predication always implies the location of the observer, or perceiver. This location can be explicitly explained, e.g. : (31) From the threshold of your native country, through the yard, through the old garden, through the meadow, a white trail LKZ,,. 462 (J. MARCIN). (32) Zilaitiené sedééjo and sedééjo, vis Zvelgdama pro langg j naurq keliuka, nuvingiuojantj uz alksnyno LKZ,,, 462 (J. Batt). (33) It could be seen at least half a kilometer from the town LKZ,,, 466 (RS). (34) From the village it is very nice to see, how the river flows from such a large forest LKZ,,, 462 (R8)5 It is reasonable to assume that in these and similar sentences the river is treated as a typical longitudinal object, for example a road, i.e. the interpreter is assisted by the same scanning movement. But there is a difference. First of all, because of the nature of the object itself. We can close our eyes to the fact that 38 | ROLAND MIKULSKAS an event that unfolds in time. Of course, the section of the road that opens up to the traveller- 's eyes can normally be described by the motion action verb of the course, although such cases are not typical, cf.: (68) Irvél béga masy kelias. 726 (J. BALT) "Bēga uz brālīgās Latvijas pusi". However, only in the circumstances of travel, when the observer- 's eye is looking only at a certain (something special) section of the road, can be consciously chosen action forms of the event of the action words of movement. 2.6.1. Finally, it should be said that such a dynamic interpretation requires that the forms of action of the event with the forms of action of the course discussed earlier, determined by the perspective of the holistic, or total, perceiver, only form a semantic tension. Grammatical opposition, such as in the case of the predicate of actual movement, is unlikely here because of the difficulty of reconciling the holistic and traveller perspectives, cf.: (69) Grandpa went to go to and came to miskq. (70) *Takas éjo paruge ir èjo | pamiske. OUTCOMES 1. The directional movement of the usage of verbs in relation to longitudinal objects for predication is based on the operation of cognitive subjectification. This in turn is the basic characteristic of subjective movement, which consists of a sequential directed scanning of the iSilginis object by the situational perception, or oversight. 2. The verbs of judging, in the sentences going to the object predicates, if the essence means only stating, i. e. in the course of time it does not change you help. Sie verbs used in this way are semantically equivalent to bisena verbs. 3. [silginiy objekty apibidinimui vartojamy judéjimo veiksmazodzZiy valentinéje struktyroje directional adverbial conjunction becomes bitin. This is a conditio sine qua non of the predicate in question. The direction vector modifying the longitudinal predication of the object coincides with the direction of the object scanning, or review, of the perceiver/observer implied by this predication, who is in fact the speaker or listener. 4.The predicates of longitudinal objects are most often the movement action verbs of the course, because they usually represent imperfective processes. Therefore, it is understood that if these objects are chosen for predication in the form of verbs relating to the relative position of the perceiver/observer, they can only be present tense. 5. Cases, in which the verb forms of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense of the present tense. 6. Under certain circumstances, the forms of the action of movement and action of event may be chosen for predicting the path. These circumstances are related to the staged, or traveller, perspective. The stretch of road before the traveller's eyes may be in- 39 is interpreted dynamically (by choosing the predicate of the event category for its description) in the case when the configuration of this section or the visible ending appears unexpected to the traveler. Such a dynamic interpretation requires a form of event verb with a form of course verb determined by the perspective of holistic, or total, perception. St. Keinys, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijy leidybos institutas, LKZ,~ Lietuviy kalbos Zodynas | (2-as leid.), red. J. KRuopas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1968. LKZ ~ Lietuviy kalbos Zodynas 2 (2-as leid.),red. J. KRuopas, Vilnius: Mintis, momis sudaro ne gramatine, o semantine prieSpriesa. 1969. LKZ y—Lietuviy kalbos Zodynas 5, red. K. 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Holvoet, A., Seméniené, L., ed., Gramatiniy kategorijy tyrimai, Vilnius: Lietuviy kalbos institutas, 141-162. Janpa, L. A. 2004: A metaphor in search of a source domain: The categories of Slavic aspect. Cognitive Linguistics 15, 471-527. LanGacKer, R. W. 2002: Concept, Image, and Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar, 2" ed., Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. PAULAUSKIENE, A. 1979: Grammatical categories of Lithuanian verbs, Vilnius: Mokslas. VENDLER, Z. 1967: Linguistics in Philosophy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Rolandas Mikulskas Received 2005 01 27 P. VileiSio 5, 10308 Vilnius [email protected] Lietuviy kalbos institutas