Nemajūnų parapijos oikonimai ir jų kaita XIX a.

JONAS PALIONIS Research interests: the history of the Lithuanian written language, standard language culture, publication and study of old Lithuanian writings, onomastics. OIKONYMS OF NEMAJŪNAI PARISH AND THEIR CHANGE IN THE 19TH CENTURY Oikonyms of the Nemajūnai Parish and Their Change in the 19th Century ANNOTATION The article discusses fifty-one oikonyms of the Nemajūnai Parish recorded in 19th-century written sources. Analysis of the origin and formation of each settlement name shows that oikonyms of personal-name origin predominated in the parish in the 19th century. Most were formed with the suffix –iškės. Fewer settlement names derived from personal names were recorded with the suffixes –ūnai, –onys, –ėnai. Several oikonyms derived from appellatives were also found in the 19th-century registers of the Nemajūnai Parish. In terms of morphemic structure, these are primary or compound settlement names. In addition to linguistic information, the article provides historical commentary on each oikonym. ANNOTATION The article discusses fifty-one oikonyms of Nemajūnai Parish recorded in the 19th century written sources. The analysis of the origin and formation of each name of settlement shows that in the 19th century the parish was dominated by the oikonyms deriving from personal names. The derivatives with the suffix –iškės prevailed. There are less names of settlements with the suffixes –ūnai, –onys, –ėnai deriving from personal names. Several oikonyms which can be traced to appellatives were also found in the 19th century record books of Nemajūnai Parish. By their morphemic structure, the latter can be divided to primary or compound names of settlements. Apart from linguistic knowledge, each oikonym is accompanied by the comments of historical type. KEYWORDS: Nemajūnai Parish, oikonyms, origin, word formation. 64 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVI Nemajūnų parapijos oikonimai ir jų kaita XIX a. 1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS The Nemajūnai1 parish (now belonging to Prienai District) is relatively recent: it was separated from the formerly large Punia parish only in 1788 (Palionis 2003: 12). Both the Lithuanian State Historical Archives and the archive of Nemajūnai Church hold numerous sources that make it possible to reconstruct a fairly authentic synchronic and diachronic picture of the oikonyms2 of this parish in the 19th century. The Lithuanian State Historical Archives preserves registers of baptisms, marriages, and deaths (fonds 669 and 1044), while the church archive contains many lists of parishioners who attended confession, together with their places of residence and personal names (given names and surnames). Such lists are available for 1834, 1842–1847, 1852–1857, and 1888. The 1834 list was written in Polish and titled Spis Parafjan Koscioła Niemonunskiego (Sp). The later lists (1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1888) were written in Russian (in Cyrillic script)3. For determining the quantity and characteristics of the 19th-century oikonyms of Nemajūnai parish, the latter lists are more important because they give settlement names in the nominative form. In registry records, their genitive form is generally used (in those written in Polish, with the prepositions z / ze, w; in Russian, the locative with в, ов). Therefore, the 19th-century oikonym dictionary presented in this article is based primarily on the aforementioned lists, with registry data used only as a supplementary source. These lists record not only the names and surnames of those who confessed and their places of residence, but also the type of settlement (manor, folwark, village, town, galudvaris ‘zascianka’, single homestead, noble village), as well as, in the 1834 list, the number of homesteads (‘smoke units’) in each settlement. Thus, these lists are highly informative not only from a linguistic but also from a historical perspective. Of statistical value are the population figures for Nemajūnai parish, given by year at the end of the 1852–1857 lists: 2,200 in 1852, 2,143 in 1853, 2,053 in 1854, 2,060 in 1855, 2,000 in 1856, and 1,949 people in 1857 (certified by the dean of Merkinė, Rev. Petras Kaminskas (Каминский). Below is an alphabetical dictionary of almost all the oikonyms recorded in the lists4, with linguistic and historical comments appended to each 1 For the origin and history of the name Nemajūnai, see Palionis Jonas. Dėl vietovardžio Nemajūnai istori jos ir kilmės. – Archivum Lithuanicum 12, 241–248. 2 Oikonyms here refers to settlement names; cf. Gaivenis Kazimieras, Keinys Stasys. Kalbotyros terminų žodynas. Kaunas: Šviesa, 1990, 136. 3 Straipsnyje daugiausia remiamasi 1834, 1852–1857 ir 1888 m. sąrašais, nes 1842–1847 m. sąrašuose nepastebėta ryškesnių oikonimijos pakitimų. 1852–1857 m. sąrašai sudėti į knygą, pavadintą Книга Исповѣдающих и Причащающихся Римско-Католической Церкви (Kn). 1887 m. atskiras sąrašas toliau žymimas Spp. Autorius yra didžiai dėkingas Birštono ir Nemajūnų klebonui monsinjorui Jonui Danilevičiui už leidimą naudotis šiomis knygomis. 4 Only the unclear name of the galudvaris in the 1888 list, ДАГЛЕБЪ (= Dagiliai?), has been excluded. Straipsniai / Articles 65 JONAS PALIONIS oikonym. They explain the immediate origin of an oikonym, that is, from which earlier proper or common word it arose, usually without delving into the latter’s genesis, which is a task for specialized etymological studies in toponymy rather than oikonymy. In addition, many oikonym entries indicate the relationship of the oikonym to corresponding forms recorded in the Punia parish registers from the second half of the 17th century to the first half of the 18th century (usually noting the earliest year in which a given oikonym is found there). For this purpose, the author has drawn on his own works (Palionis 2003 and Palionis 2008). The connection between 19th-century oikonyms of Nemajūnai parish and the present day has also been considered: the presence or absence of each oikonym was checked against data from Birštonas eldership, to which most of this parish’s localities belong5. 2. A DICTIONARY OF OIKONYMS The dictionary of nineteenth-century oikonyms of Nemajūnai Parish found in the sources examined here is arranged in the usual alphabetical order. Its entries give, as headwords, authentic Lithuanian nominative forms—or forms considered authentic—restored from oikonyms recorded in Polish or Russian (printed in bold type). These are followed in parentheses by the corresponding forms found in the sources, and then by comments of the kind described above, longer or shorter depending on the information available about the oikonym. For economy, the literature and sources cited in the comments are identified by abbreviations, a list of which is provided at the end of the article. Since the Russian-language lists from 1852–1857 differ very little from one another, the comments most often cite the 1852 list, while pointing out the variations in the others, which are very few. In some cases, restoring the headword forms is problematic. Such cases are few, however, because: 1) many of the oikonyms recorded in the nineteenth-century sources examined have survived to the present day and are listed in the second volume of the Lithuanian SSR Directory of Administrative-Territorial Divisions, published in 1975 (LATSŽ II); and 2) it was possible to verify many of these oikonyms in the Birštonas eldership, whose territory encompasses most of the former Nemajūnai Parish of that period. In addition, the author of this article, who was born and spent his youth in this parish, is familiar with some of the oikonyms. The following belong among oikonyms whose headword forms have been problematically restored (marked with a question mark): BERŽINĖ? // BERŽYNĖ?, DUBIAI?, and, in part, ŽIŪKAI. There is no doubt that the latter oikonym exists in the speech of the inhabitants of the Great Nemunas Loop: I have heard it myself from people of that area. But that it existed in the nineteenth century 5 I am very grateful to the Birštonas elder, JONAS KĖDERIS, for the information he provided me while I was writing this article. 66 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVI Nemajūnų parapijos oikonomai ir jų kaita XIX a. as a substitute for Dzingeliškės (see the dictionary), there is no evidence for this6. Nothing definite can be said about the oikonyms BERŽINĖ or BERŽYNĖ either, nor about the Lithuanian equivalents of the Russian ДУБЯ. BABRAVIČIAĨ (Bobrowicze Sp, Бобровиче Kn) – the name of a manor farm located on the left bank of the Verkne, near the estate of Stanisław Morawski, a well-known writer of the first half of the nineteenth century. The name is mentioned as early as 1659 in entry No. 70 of the baptismal registers (KM) of Punia Parish, which also records the surname of Mykolas Babravičius (Bobrowicz), indicating the origin of the manor farm’s name. The Babravičiai family is also mentioned in later entries in the Punia registers (see Palionis 2003: 159; Palionis 2008: 191, 261). The Lithuanianized or re-Lithuanianized village name Babrónys was used in prewar independent Lithuania and is still used today; it is also recorded in LATSŽ II 21. BERŽINĖ?, BERŽYNĖ? (Бржезина Kn) – the name of a village recorded twice in 1852, but not found in Sp, and also unknown from the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century parish register entries of Punia. Could this be the village whose name is listed in LATSŽ II 33 and LVŽ I 449 as belonging to the Butrimonys area of Alytus District? There is no such village within the present boundaries of Nemajūnai Parish. The name derives from the common noun beržas ‘birch’. BUČIŪNAI (Buczuny Sp, Бучунь Kn) – a village name of anthroponymic origin, derived from the surname BUČIŪNAS, itself derived from the surname Bùčius or Bučỹs (LPŽ I 326). The latter is the more likely source; it is recorded in entry No. 202 of the 1664 Punia parish registers (SM). Interestingly, this oikonym is already recorded in sources from Lithuania Minor in 1555 (see Deltuvienė 2006: 133). The name has survived to the present day. BŪDÀ (Buda Sp, Буда Kn) – the name of a village, related to the common noun būda ‘small hut’. This is a fairly common name, used not only for villages but also for lakes, hills, forests, and other places (LVŽ I 588–590), and also as a surname (LPŽ I 327). Interestingly, the Kn lists for 1853, 1854, and even 1888 record two Būdos: BŪDA TOLIMOJI (Буда дальша) and BŪDA ARTIMOJI (Буда ближша). This apparently provided grounds for the plural village name BŪDOS to become established in the nineteenth century and remain in use today (LATSŽ II 42; LVŽ I 588). CEGĖLNIA (Цегельня Kn) – the name of a village where there was apparently a brickworks. It is clearly a borrowing from Polish cegielnia, recorded as early as the 1888 list, but not found in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century parish registers of Punia. The brickworks probably disappeared in the early twentieth century, and with it the place name (it is also absent from LATSŽ II). DIMŠEVIČIAĨ (Dymszewicze Sp, Дымшевиче Kn) – the name of a village undoubtedly derived from the surname DIMŠA, which, as the parish register entries of Punia show, had not yet been Polonized in the second half of the seventeenth century (Palionis 2008: 83–84). However, its 6 Indeed, it is recorded on a Polish-language map from 1921, but some distance north of the village of Dzingeliškės. Straipsniai / Articles 67 JONAS PALIONIS The Polonization process had already begun by that time. In 1659, KM No. 119 records that de Dинфжевич Stephen Dimša originated from there, while in 1665 SM No. 210 has de Dинsze-wicze (Joanne Dymßa), but as early as 1697, No. 342 gives Dymsze, and No. 397, de Dymszy, so the village was called either Dimšiai or Dimšos. This dual name for the village is probably also reflected in the differently Polonized forms found in the Punia parish registers: SM No. 161 de Dimßwicz(e) // SM No. 210 de Dimszewicze. Later, as the sources under examination also show (at least in official documents), the latter form became more established. In spoken language, however, besides Dimšių and Dimšų, the village’s present-day name, DÌMŠIŠKĖS, may also have been used; it is attested in the 1738 marriage register of Punia parish (SM⁴ No. 103): de Dymsyłzki. *DUBIAI? (Дубія Spp) — a problematic name for a minor manor estate (“zostinkas”), found only in the 1888 list and not recorded in earlier nineteenth-century lists. A name of this kind (de Dube) is already known from Act No. 59 in the second half of the seventeenth century in Punia’s SM for 1658 and occurs fairly often in later documents written in the first half of the eighteenth century (Palionis 2003: 162; Palionis 2008: 262). For the time being, however, one can only speculate about why it is not recorded in the earlier nineteenth-century sources under examination. Perhaps the minor manor estate was very small, or its inhabitants had previously belonged to another parish? Or perhaps the compilers of the 1834 list simply omitted the name of one settlement while writing it, and later list-makers also left it out. This oikonym is now unknown in Nemajūnai parish. *DUOBĖS (Ямы Kn) — the name of a single-homestead settlement recorded only in the 1854 list. It is probably a translation made by the list’s compiler; the reconstructed Lithuanian form is given here. The list states that three people lived in this settlement. DVARĖLIŠKĖS (Dworalyszki Sp, Дворалишки Kn) — an old village name of very clear origin, derived from the common noun dvarėlis, apparently once found in the village. A village with this name was recorded as early as the second half of the seventeenth century (1660 KM Nos. 87, 88, etc.) and belonged to Punia parish; later it was incorporated into the territory of Nemajūnai parish. It has survived to the present day, but belongs to Jieznas parish. DŽINGELIŠKĖS (Zuki lub Dzingieliſzki Sp, Дзынгелишки Kn, Spp) — the name of a village recorded in the 1825 baptismal register, the 1831 marriage register (ze wsi Dzingeliszek), and the 1834 list as a substitute for ŽIUKAI, which does not appear in later lists. The name undoubtedly derives from the surname DŽINGELIS⁷, which in turn comes from DŽINGA (LPŽ I 556). From the latter, the place-name DZIN-GIŠKĖS is also found in KM register entries for 1669, No. 952, and SM for 1679, No. 652 (Palionis 2003: 160) (in Palionis 2008, p. 321 of the “Index of Place Names,” it was mistakenly printed 7 The Polonized forms of this surname, DZINGIELOWA and DZINGIELEWICZ, are attested in 1723, 1725, and 1727 in KM³ for territory belonging to Punia parish (see Palionis 2008: 103). 68 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVI Nemajūnų parapijos oიკonimai ir jų kaita XIX a. DZIŅGELIŠKĖS instead of DŽINGIŠKĖS)8. The alternative cross-reference in the Sp list is probably also incorrect: DZIŅGELIŠKĖS and ŽIŪKAI, as later sources show, must have been separate villages; see ŽIŪKAI. DŽERVAI (Drzerwy9) see MIŠIŠKĖS. FŪRMONIŠKĖS (Formaniszki Sp, Фурманишки Kn) — an old manor and village name of non-Lithuanian origin, recorded in the registers of Punia church as early as 1659 (KM No. 27), and surviving until the mid-twentieth century. It has now disappeared, as it is not mentioned in LATSŽ II. In the 1852 list it is called “имѣніе Фурманишки,” that is, a manor, as it is also in the 1888 list. The name derives from the surname Fùrmonas = Fuhrmann of German origin, meaning ‘carter’ (cf. LPŽ I 600). As a manor name, this oikonym is recorded in LAV as KURMONIŠKĖS (p. 16). The name is also attested in the 1844 list (KURMANISZKI). GELĖŽŪNAI (Giełazuny Sp, Гелажуны Kn) — an old village name of surname origin, mentioned in SM 9 of 1658. It derives from the surname GELĖŽŪNAS (dialectally GELAIŽŪNAS, LPŽ I 646), which in turn comes from GELĖŽUS (dialectally GELAIŽIUS). The name has survived unchanged to the present day. GLINIŠKĖS (Gliniβki Sp) — the name of a minor manor estate recorded only in the 1834 list. It is noted that there was only one dūmas there, that is, one resident family. No name of this kind has been noticed in seventeenth–eighteenth-century or nineteenth-century parish registers. It may be of surname origin, derived from *GLINIUS or *GLINYS (cf. the surnames GLINĖVIČIUS, GLINICKAS — LPŽ I 683), and may have existed only briefly. It is found neither in SG nor in LATSŽ II. It is true that the village GLINISZKI is recorded in SG for Augustów parish, but it is unlikely that any newcomer from there would have appeared in Nemajūnai parish. GŪJUS (Tau Spp) — a minor manor estate noted only in the 1888 list. As the Russian equivalent given indicates, this is a borrowed name—a Slavicism derived from the Belarusian or Polish common noun gaj ‘small wood, grove’. It is recorded in LATSŽ II 88 and has survived to the present day. JACKEVIČIAI (Jackiewicze Sp, Яцкевиче Kn) — the village name appears in all the lists under examination except the one from 1888; it derives from the clearly Slavic surname JACKĖVIČIUS (LPŽ I 781). This village name is already attested in 1665 in Punia’s register entries, SM No. 226, but was later (probably in the twentieth century) Lithuanized as JACKŪNYS and has survived to the present day (also recorded in LATSŽ II 100). 8 DŽINGISZKI is listed as the name of a village and manor farm in Daukšiai parish, Kalvarija district (SG 1881: 296). 9 This name is found only in register entries from Nemajūnai parish dating to the mid-nineteenth century (1830–1870), for example: w Zascianku Dzerwy (GM 1833), w Zascianku Dzerwach (KM⁰ 1835). It is sometimes used there in another form as well: w zascianku Dzerwa (KM⁰ 1830). In the lists examined, the village was called neither Dzerwy nor Dzerwa. Straipsniai / Articles 69 JONAS PALIONIS JÙNDILIŠKĖS (Jundziliški Sp, Юондзилишки Kn) – an old village name, recorded in all the nineteenth-century sources examined. It is mentioned as early as 1659 in Punios KM No. 99 and in later parish register entries. It has survived to the present day, but is pronounced JÙNDELIŠKĖS. Undoubtedly, it derives from the surname JÙNDILA (LPŽ I 854). In it, dz instead of d probably arose under the influence of Polish pronunciation (in Dzūkija, because of dialectal pronunciation). This village, on the left bank of the Verknė, was also the site of the famous Ustronė manor (see below, USTRONĖ), whose wooden residential building has survived to this day. *KLEBŌNIŠKĖS (Плебанишки Kn) – the name of a single homestead recorded in the lists of 1853 and 1854. It is absent from the 1888 list. The name is of Slavic origin and apparently existed for a very short time, since it is not found in LATSŽ II. It is given here with its initial K, since P is unlikely to have been used by Lithuanians (P apparently arose under the influence of Polish, cf. Polish pleban). KARVĖLIŠKĖS (Karveliškės Spp) – the name of a manor estate, recorded only in the 1888 list and also as a village name – LATSŽ II 125, from the vicinity of Jieznas. It is not noted in earlier sources from the 17th–18th centuries and the first half of the 19th century. Its origin, like that of most others, is also derived from a surname – from KARVĖLIS (LPŽ I 396). Today, a village with this name belongs to the Jieznas parish. MARTINŌNYS (Martynione Sp, Мартынанце Kn) – an old village name, derived from the baptismal-name-based surname MÁRTINAS (LPŽ I 167). This name is recorded in 1675 in SM No. 561 and is found in almost all the lists examined, except (perhaps overlooked by the writer?) the 1888 list. It also appears in LATSŽ II 173. MATIĖŠIONYS (Matyaßance Sp, Матешанце // Матешанцы Kn) – likewise an old village name, also derived from a baptismal-name-based surname. It is possible that this name arose from *MATIĖŠIONIS < *MATIĖŠIUS (cf. Polish Maciej ‘Motiejus’). It is mentioned as early as 1659 in Punios KM No. 3 and is very common in the nineteenth-century sources examined. As is well known, the eminent Lithuanian linguist Jonas Kazlauskas (1930–1970) was born in this village10. MIŠIŠKĖS (Misiszki, Misziszkj Sp; Мисишки Kn) – a manor outlying settlement and village that emerged in the second half of the eighteenth century. This name does not yet appear in the Punia eldership inventory of February 6, 176711. However, the baptismal register entry No. 450 of the Punia parish dated May 11, 1782, already mentions Ieva, daughter of Stepas Paukštys (Ptaszynski) and Katerina (Catharinae) from Mišiškės (de Misiszki)12. Mišiškės is also mentioned in baptismal register entries from 1783, 1784, and later years. 10 Plačiau žr. Palionis 2001: 77. 11 The original inventory is held in the Manuscripts Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, F136–75. 12 The baptismal register book, preserved in the archive of Punia Church. 70 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVI Nemajūnų parapijos oikonimai ir jų kaita XIX a. The village of Mišiškės consists of two parts, separated by the Vėžiongirė Forest: the eastern part lies on the left side of the forest (as viewed from the north), and the western part on the right, by the right bank of the Nemunas. The latter was known by two different names in the 19th century: in the middle of the century, DŽERVAĪS, and at its end, ŽŌSTINKOMIS13. During the period of independent Lithuania, alongside this name, characteristic of the speech of the village’s non-Lithuanian inhabitants, the official name MIŠIŠKIŲ ANTRŲJŲ (written with the Roman numeral II) was also used14. The name MIŠIŠKIAI may be derived from MIŠKIŠKIAI15, with the loss of the first [k] explained as the result of dissimilation, especially since this two-part village was established in clearings in the Vėžiongirė Forest. It is now nearing extinction, and ZOSTINKOSE, as it is called—a place the author of this article also comes from—no longer has any permanent residents. The settlement, now almost entirely overgrown with forest, has been assigned to the likewise severely diminished village of PELĖŠIŠKIAI (see below). MŌIBELĖS (Мойбалы Kn, Молбиело Spp) is a name recorded in the 1852 list as the name of a single-homestead settlement (односеле), in the 1888 list as a galudvaris (застѣнок), and in the 20th century as the name of a village (LATSŽ II 189). The origin of this name is unclear and probably non-Lithuanian. It is not recorded in SG. MŪLIŠKĖS (Muliβki Sp, Мулишки Kn), like Moibelės, was recorded in 1834 and 1852 as the name of a single-homestead settlement, in 1888 as the name of a galudvaris, and later as the name of a village (LATSŽ II 191). There is no doubt that it is nickname-derived, formed from MULYŠ or MŪLIUS (see LPŽ II 280). The village bearing this name has not yet disappeared. NARÃVAI (Навары Spp) is the name of a village that lay outside the boundaries of Nemajūnai Parish but was included in that parish’s 1888 list. Its Russian name was incorrectly recorded in the list as a result of metathesis. At the time, it must have belonged to Balbieriškis Parish. Its origin is probably surname-derived, from the nickname NARÃVAS (LPŽ II 295). *NAUJAKURIAI (Новосіолки Spp) is the name of a galudvaris, unrecorded in earlier lists and unknown from later sources (it is also absent from LATSŽ II). NEČIŪNAI (Nieczuny Sp, Нечуны Kn) is one of the oldest village names, recorded as early as 1658 in act no. 19 of the Punia SM. Judging from its frequency of use in the parish registers, it must already have been a fairly large village in the 17th century. In the 1834 list 13 The name ŽŌSTINKOS derives from the Polish Zaścianki ‘place beyond the wall’ (I use galūdvaris as the Lithuanian equivalent of zaścianek as a particular territorial unit). 14 It is also recorded as such on a 1921 Polish map (sheet 023, Prienai): MISISZKI II. See Palionis 2010: 41–45 for further details. 15 The oikonym MIŠKIŠKIAI is recorded in the 1685 and 1688 parish registers of Molėtai; see Gar liauskas 2004: 163. Straipsniai / Articles 71 JONAS PALIONIS 8 homesteads (farmsteads) are recorded. It is of surname origin—from NEČIŪNAS (LPŽ II 313). It has survived and is still not particularly small. An oikonym of this kind also existed in Lithuania Minor (Deltuvienė 2006: 170). NEMAJŪNAI, see NEMANIŪNAI. NEMANIŪNAI (Niemaniuny Sp, Немонюны Kn) – this is a variant name for the church village and manor of the parish under study, which arose in place of the name NEMAJŪNAI, more widely used in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century register records and still used by local villagers today. It is suspected that the form NEMANIŪNAI may have been coined when a register scribe associated NEMAJŪNUS with the river name NIEMAN, used by the local Polish-speaking petty nobility (for more, see Palionis 2010). The 1834 list mentions the owner of the NEMANIŪNAI manor, J. W. Romuald Dan­kiewicz, aged 42. PABERŽIAI (Побержи Kn) – a homestead recorded only in the 1852 list and not noted in other nineteenth-century sources. It therefore probably existed for only a short time. The name is clearly of surname origin—from PABĖRŽIS (LPŽ II 358). PADVARIŠKĖS (Подворушки Kn) – an old village name of surname origin (from the surname PADVARIŠKIS), mentioned as early as 1658 in SM No. 16. For some reason, it is absent from the 1834 list (perhaps it did not then belong to Nemajūnai parish?), but it appears in the 1888 list. PANARTIŠKĖS (Ponartybki Sp, Панартышки Kn) – the name of a homestead, recorded in an 1828 marriage record (z Panartyszek), and in the 1834 and 1852 lists; it later also became the name of a village (LATSŽ II 224). It is apparently not a very old name, as it has not been found in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century registers of Punia parish. It is probably of surname origin (cf. PÂNORA, PÂNORAS, LPŽ II 390). PANEMŪNĖ (Poniemunie Sp, Понемуне Kn) – the name of a manor, an outlying estate, and a village, found in all the lists under study. Its origin is clear and is connected with the NEMUNAS River. A village with this name still exists today. PAVERKNIAI (Pow iechnia Sp, Повер хние Kn) – the name of a manor farm, an outlying estate, and later a village, whose origin is connected with the Vėrknė River. It has a long history: it is noted in the Punia registers in 1670 and has survived to the present day. It is found in the 1834 and 1852 lists. The name PAVERKNĖ could also be reconstructed from the Polonized form; however, considering that such a formation (with an unchanged ending) is uncharacteristic of Lithuanian, as well as the present-day form and the transliteration variants of the period, the authentic form should be regarded as the masculine plural (it is recorded as such in LATSŽ II 235). PELĖSIŠKĖS (Pieleszy ski Sp, Пелешушки Kn) – this is a petty-nobility settlement separated by a small wood just south of the Nemajūnai church village; it, too, has a long history. The origin of its name is unclear. Given the fairly frequent place names in Nemajūnai parish with the formant -iškės, derived from surnames, it may be inferred that 72 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVI Nemajūnų parapijos oikonimai ir jų kaita XIX a. This name is of surname origin (perhaps from *Pelėšius, cf., for example, PELĖČKAS, PELÝS, PĖLIS, Polish Feliś – LPŽ II 425, 426). The name is old; it is recorded in Punios KM No. 88 as early as 1659. However, various notations are found alongside it in 19th-century lists: okolica ‘settlement of minor szlachta, a noblemen’s village’; in the 1834 list it is divided into a lower part (околиця дольне) and an upper part (околиця гурне)16, while in 1888 it is called a village (деревня). In the interwar period the village was not divided in this way and was of medium size, whereas now only a few homesteads remain. The western part of MIŠIŠKIAI village (a former manor outlying farm, officially called 2-osios MIŠIŠKĖS during the prewar years of independent Lithuania, but most commonly known among villagers as ZOSTINKOS) is now also assigned to this village. PLEBONIŠKĖ see KLEBONIŠKĖS. PUZÓNYS (Puzance Sp, Пузанье // Пузанцы Kn) – a village name of surname origin, derived from PŪZAS (LPŽ II 545). It is recorded in the Punios parish SM⁴ No. 348 only in 1750 (Puzany). It has survived to the present day (also recorded in LATSŽ II 254). SIPAVIČIAI (Sipowicze Sp, Сиповиче Kn) – the name of a large estate and village that existed in former times. In the 19th century this was also the largest village in what was called the Great Nemunas Loop (the 1834 list notes that it then had 20 hearths). It is easy to understand that its name is of surname origin. In earlier times the surname may have been SIPÓNIS, but it was later Slavicized. It is closely related to SÌPAS, which has survived to the present day (see LPŽ II 720). The earliest entry is SIPOWICZE, in Punios SM No. 12 in 1658. The form SIPÓNYS, Lithuanianized or adapted into Lithuanian, has been used since perhaps the beginning of the 20th century. SKAISTABALIAI (Скайстабале Kn) – the name of a single homestead recorded in the 1853 list. The 1857 list gives its compound variant, “Скайста бала”; in the 1888 list, the name of an outlying manor (Скайстабали) is found in place of the latter. Neither of these names is recorded in LATSŽ II (nor is it known to the current elder of Birštonas). However, SKAISTOBOLE is still recorded on the 1921 map (south of Sipavičiai (Siponiai)). ŠALTINĖNAI (Szaltyniance Sp, Шалтыянаны Kn) – the name of a village mentioned in the old Punios SM No. 82 as early as 1659 and surviving to our time. It is frequently recorded both in the lists under study and in 19th-century baptismal registers of Nemajūnai Parish. Its origin is probably from a surname, ŠALTINIS, which in turn is related to the common noun šaltinis ‘a spring of water rising from the ground’ (LPŽ II 883). However, this name may also be of physiographic origin. ŠILAĪČIAI (Szyłaycie Sp, Шилауйие Kn) – the name of an outlying manor, later a village, adjoining the Vėžiongirė Forest. It has not yet been noted in earlier 17th– 16 Toks skirstymas yra ir SG 1887: 84. Straipsniai / Articles 73 JONAS PALIONIS XVIII a. šaltiniuose, todėl laikytinas nelabai senu (fiksuotas 1834, 1852 m. sąrašuose). Jo kilmė taip pat turbūt pavardinė – iš ŠILAITIS, kuri neatsietina nuo pavardės ŠILAS (LPŽ II 924). Pavadinimas įtrauktas ir į LATSŽ II 304, bet kaimas jau baigia išnykti (1 gyventojas). ŠILĖNAI (Szyłany Sp, Шиланы Kn) – the name of an old noblemen’s village bordering Šilaičiai, already mentioned in 1658 in Punios SM No. 5. The village still exists, although it declined considerably after the Second World War. Its name is recorded in all the sources examined. There are no longer any descendants of the old resident szlachta in the village. The origin of the name is similar to that of ŠILAIČIAI: it derives from the surname ŠILĖNAS, which in turn comes from ŠILAS (LPŽ II 924–925). ŠIMELIŠKĖS (Szymieliszki Sp) – the name of an outlying manor recorded only in the 1834 list. It is apparently an oikonym of the hapax legomenon type, which existed for a short time and did not make it into later lists. Its origin is very clear: from ŠIMĖLIS < ŠIMAS (LPŽ II 929). The entry notes that the outlying manor had 2 hearths. ŠŪTUPIS (Szutupie Sp, Шутупъ Kn) – the name of an outlying manor (in the 1825 baptismal register and the 1834 list) and a single homestead (in the 1852 list), and later of a village (LATSŽ II 311). It is not noted in earlier centuries. It has survived to the present day. It undoubtedly derives from the name of the stream ŠŪTUPIS (LUV 168). TAULIŪKAI (Tawluki Sp, Тавлюки Kn) – a village name inherited from antiquity, recorded as early as 1658 in Punios SM No. 32, appearing in all the 19th-century sources examined and surviving to this day. It is of surname origin, from TAULIŪKAS, which comes from *TAULIUS (cf. also TAULIUKAITIS, KM 1662 No. 304 – Palionis 2003). An error has crept into LAV: TAULINKIŲ was printed instead of TAULIUKŲ (p. 16). TRAKĖLIAI (Trokiele Sp, Тракелие Kn) – also an old village name, noted as early as 1662 in Punios SM No. 129. The village still exists, although it has declined considerably. It was already relatively small in the 19th century (the 1835 list records 7 hearths). The name derives from the surname TRAKĖLIS, which in turn comes from the surname TRĀKAS, itself related to trākas ‘a place in a forest cleared by felling or burning’ (LPŽ II 1059). USTRŌNĖ (Ustronie Sp, Устроніе Kn) – the name of the Jundeliškės estate, coined by its owner, the chamberlain Apolinario Moravskis17, recorded as early as the 1834 list and still called this in the 1888 list (the Polish common noun ustronie means ‘a secluded place’). The name later disappeared. VAĪTIŠKĖS (Woytyszki Sp, Во̄йтышки Kn) – an old village name, recorded in the 1695 Punios KM1 No. 133 entry and surviving to the present day. It derives from the surname VAITIŠKIS (LPŽ II 1140), which in turn comes from VAĪTAS (LPŽ II 1138); both of these 17 Žr. Morawski 1858: 77. Tačiau tai ne naujadaras: kaimų bei palivarkų, taip pavadintų, tada buvo daug Lenkijoje, žr. SG 1892: 846. 74 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVI Nemajūnų parapijos oikonimai ir jų kaita XIX a. related to the Polish common noun vaītas ‘the head of a town or village community, an elder’ (LSI VI, 376–377). The name of this village is found in all the sources examined in the article. VANAGAI (Ванаги Kn) is an old village name, already recorded in 1662 in SM No. 132, and preserved to the present day. It is found in the 1852 source and in later sources examined. Its origin is very clear: it derives from the nickname-based surname VĀNAGAS (LPŽ II 1158–1159). VĖŽIŪNYS (Wiezance Sp, Въжанце, Въжанцы Kn) is the name of one of the oldest and largest villages (the village, which is not very small, still remains today). It is first mentioned in 1661 in Punia SM No. 105. A 1834 list records that it had 14 homesteads. The name derives from the surname VĖŽIŪNIS, which in turn derives from the nickname VĖŽYS. The name of the nearby forest, VĖŽIŪNGIRĖ, also originated from this village name. *ŽALIOJI? (Zielonka Sp) is the name of a single-homestead settlement recorded in the 1834 list, probably translated from the Lithuanian ŽALIOJI. The latter is common in various parts of eastern and western Lithuania (LATSŽ II 356–357). The Slavic form also frequently occurred in the 19th century in other parts of Lithuania (SG 1895: 601–603). ŽIŪKAI (Zuki Sp) is a name recorded in Punia parish registers from the first half of the 18th century (Palionis 2008: 207, 270); in the 1834 list it appears as a substitute for DZINGELIŠKIAI, and it does not occur in later lists. The 1924 map (Prienai sheet 023) shows that the village of ŽIŪKAI was a few kilometres north of DZINGELIŠKIAI. Thus, an error may have crept into the list. Today, NAUDŽIŪNAI is used instead of the oikonym ŽIŪKAI (it is marked in parentheses beneath ŽŪKI and on the 1924 map). ŽUVINKAI (Zuwiniki) is the name of a manor settlement, recorded only in the 1830 baptismal register (KM018), but not included in the lists. I know the manor settlement well, since it was near my family home. In the mid-20th century, it still had two homesteads whose occupants bore surnames identical to this name. Today this settlement has disappeared entirely. ŽVIRGŽDĖNAI (Zwirgzdany Sp, Звиргжданы Kn) is the name of a manor farm (in the 1834 list), a smallholders’ village (in the 1852 and 1888 lists), and later (LATSŽ II 364) a village. It is difficult to judge how old this name is, because two such oikonyms are known. One was recorded as early as 1666 in Punia KM No. 254 (the village was later assigned to Alytus parish), and the other (probably belonging to a younger village) is in Nemajūnai parish (cf. LATSŽ II, ibid.). The origin of both is clear: they derive from the nickname-based surname *ŽVIRGŽDENAS < ŽVIRGŽDAS (LPŽ II 1354). 18 KM0 = Baptismal register of Nemajūnai parish, October 25, 1830 (F 669). Straipsniai / Articles 75 JONAS PALIONIS 3. SUMMARY DATA OF THE GLOSSARY The glossary contains a total of 51 oikonyms. Of these, 28 were inherited from earlier centuries. The following oikonyms, already recorded in the Punia registers from the second half of the 17th century to the first half of the 18th century and surviving into the 19th century, are: BABRAVIČIAI, BUČIŪNAI, BUDÀ, DIMŠEVIČIAI, DUBIAI?, DVARĖLIŠKĖS, FŪRMONIŠKĖS, GELEŽŪNAI, JACKEVIČIAI, JŪNDILIŠKĖS, MARTINŪNYS, MATIĖŠIONYS, NEČIŪNAI, NEMANIŪNAI, PADVARIŠKĖS, PAVERKNIAI, PELĖŠIŠKĖS, PUZŪNYS, SIPAVIČIAI, ŠALTINĖNAI, ŠILĖNAI, TAULIŪKAI, TRAKĖLIAI, VAIŠTIŠKĖS, VANAGAI, VĖŽIŪNYS, ŽIŪKAI, ŽVIRGŽDĖNAI. The remaining 23 probably arose in the period under study or around that time, in the unexamined second half of the 18th century: BERŽINĖ, CEGELNIA, DZINGELIŠKĖS, DŽERVAI, GLINIŠKĖS, GŪJUS, KARVĖLIŠKĖS, KLEBONIŠKĖS, MIŠIŠKĖS, MŌIBELĖS, MŪLIŠKĖS, NARAVAI, PABERŽIAI, PANARTIŠKĖS, PANEMŪNĖ, SKAISTABALIAI, ŠILAIČIAI, ŠIMELIŠKĖS, ŠŪTUPIS, USTRŌNĖ, *ŽALIOJĮ?, ŽUVINYKAI. A few of these (e.g. KARVĖLIŠKĖS, NARAVAI) could not have belonged to Nemajūnai Parish in the 19th century19, but were included in the glossary because they are recorded in this parish’s registers. Most 19th-century oikonyms of Nemajūnai Parish are surname-derived formations (about 30); a smaller number are physiographic names (about 13), while the remainder are of obscure or non-Lithuanian origin: GLINIŠKĖS, MŌIBELĖS, PELĖŠIŠKĖS. The following are to be classed as borrowed or translated names: *DUOBĖS, CEGELNIA, USTRŌNĖ, *ŽALIOJĮ? In terms of morphemic structure, surname-derived oikonyms in 19th-century Nemajūnai Parish are predominantly formations with the suffix –iškės20. A total of 14 oikonyms with this suffix were found in the sources examined. In general, it can be said that in southwestern Lithuania this suffix, together with its variants, was and probably remains to this day one of the most characteristic oikonymic suffixes. In 19th-century Nemajūnai Parish, oikonyms with –iškės accounted for 24%, that is, a quarter of the formations. In second place in terms of frequency are surname-derived oikonyms with –ūnai (the plural form of the suffix –ūnas, 4 instances), inherited from earlier- 19 NARAVAI, a village situated on the left side of the great bend of the Nemunas, then belonged to Balbieriškis Parish, while KARVĖLIŠKĖS probably belonged to Jiezno Parish. 20 In the Punia registers from the second half of the 17th century to the first half of the 18th century, oikonyms with this suffix accounted for ~ 17%. Jan Safarewicz’s claim that the distribution of oikonyms with the –iškės suffix was confined to eastern and southern areas is therefore not quite accurate: „[...] zasieg ich ograniczony jest do obszarow wschodnich i południowych“ (Safarewicz 1956: 55). It would be more accurate to say: „do obszarow wschodnich i południowo - zachodnich“. 76 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVI Nemajūnų parapijos oikonimai ir jų kaita XIX a. centuries. In third place are also old inherited forms with *-onys (3 instances) and -ėnai (2 instances). The morphemic structure of non-surname-derived oikonyms is not very varied. Among them are names identical to the common noun on which the oikonym is based (BERŽINĖ?, BŪDÀ, GÕJUS, PANEMŪNĖ, ŽUVINKAI), as well as compounds (SKAISTABALIAI, ŠŪTUPIS). Borrowed names also occur alongside non-surname-derived, physiographic oikonyms: CEGELNIA, USTRÕNĖ, ZELIONKA, whose morphemic structure is non-Lithuanian. There is no doubt that, as in every period, oikonymic change also took place in the 19th century. It has already been noted that 22 new oikonyms may be suspected of having arisen in this century. However, this number is conjectural: first, because the oikonymy of the area belonging to Nemajūnai Parish in the second half of the 18th century has not been studied, and second, because, as noted, the lists under examination also include oikonyms from other parishes. Moreover, we cannot be absolutely certain that these lists do not omit any microtoponyms or names of isolated farmsteads and manor farms. That changes of the latter kind occurred during the period in question is also shown by comparing the 1834 list (Sp) with the 1888 list (Spp). On the one hand, the latter no longer contains oikonyms such as BERŽINĖ OR BERŽYNĖ, DŽERVAI, GLINIŠKĖS, JACKEVIČIAI, KLEBONIŠKĖS, PABERŽIAI, ŠILAIČIAI, ŠIMELIŠKĖS, which are recorded in Sp; on the other hand, Spp includes new oikonyms not recorded in earlier lists: DUBIAI?, GÕJUS. The oikonym ŠILAIČIAI may have been omitted from Spp through oversight or because of its small population. This oikonym has not disappeared (LATSŽ II 305 lists it as belonging to the Jiezno environs; today it lies within the territory of Birštonas Eldership). Many changes in the oikonymy of Nemajūnai Parish took place, and continue to take place, after the 19th century. In interwar independent Lithuania, BABRÓNYS replaced BABRAVIČIAI, BŪDOS replaced BŪDÀ, DIMŠIŠKĖS replaced DIMŠEVIČIAI, JACKÓNYS replaced JACKEVIČIAI, JŪNDELIŠKĖS replaced JŪNDILIŠKĖS, SIPÓNYS replaced SIPAVIČIAI, and NAUDŽIŪNAI replaced ŽIŪKAI. The following oikonyms are no longer found within the boundaries of the present-day parish: BERŽINĖS or BERŽYNĖS, CEGELNIOS, *DUBIŲ, GLINIŠKIŲ, PABERŽIŲ, SKAISTABALIŲ, USTRONĖS, *ŽALIOSIOS, ŽUVINKŲ. Many other settlements with traditional (ancient) oikonyms have also disappeared or are close to disappearing. The forced destruction of rural homesteads carried out during the Soviet period (the relocation of residents to towns and larger settlements) contributed greatly to this process, as did mass emigration to foreign countries (Ireland, England, Spain, the USA, Germany, etc.) after independent Lithuania was restored. Consequently, there is a serious risk that many oikonyms of Nemajūnai, as of other parishes, will disappear completely. Straipsniai / Articles 77 JONAS PALIONIS LIST OF OIKONYMS Babravičiai Beržinė? Beržynė? Bučiūnai Būdà Cegelnia Dimševičiai *Dubiai? Dvareliškės *Duõbės Džingeliškės Džervai Fùrmoniškės Geležūnai Gliniškės Gõjus Jackevičiai Jùndeliškės *Kleboniškės Karvėliškės Martinónys Matiėšionys Mišiškės Mòibelės Mūliškės Nečiūnai Naravai Nemaniūnai Paberžiai Padvariškės Panartiškės Panemūnė Paverkniai Pelėšiškės Puzónys Sipavičiai Skaistabalai Šaltinėnai Šilāičiai Šilénai Šimeliškės Šūtupis Tauliūkai Trakėliai Ustrõnė Vaičiškės Vanagai Vėžiónys *Green Žiūkai Žuvinýkai Žvirgždėnai ŠALTINIAI KM – XVII a. antrosios pusės Punios parapijos krikšto metrikų knyga (žr. Palionis 2003). KM3 – XVIII a. pradžios Punios parapijos krikšto metrikų knyga (žr. Palionis 2008). KM0 – XIX a. Nemajūnų parapijos krikšto metrikų knygos, esančios Lietuvos istorijos archyve (F 669, 1044). Kn – Книга о Исповѣдающих и Причащающихся (1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857 m. sąrašai, esantys Nemajūnų bažnyčios archyve). SM – XVII a. antrosios pusės Punios parapijos santuokos metrikų knyga (Palionis 2008). Sp – Spis Parafian Kościoła Niemoninskiego, 1834 (Nemajūnų bažnyčios archyvas). Spp – Списокъ прихожан, 1888 (Nemajūnų bažnyčios archyvas). Ž – 1924 m. lenkiškas Prienų apylinkių topografinis žemėlapis (Vilniaus universiteto Geologijos ir mineralogijos katedra). LITERATŪRA Deltuvienė Daiva 2006: Baltiški Mažosios Lietuvos XIV–XVIII a. oikonimai. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. Garliauskas Vidas 2004: XVII a. Molėtų bažnyčios krikšto ir santuokos metrikų knyga, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. LATŠŽ II – Lietuvos TSR administracinio-teritorinio suskirstymo žinynas 2. Vilnius: Mintis, 1976. 78 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVI Nemajūnų parapijos oikonimai ir jų kaita XIX a. LAV – Lietuvos apgyventos vietos. Kaunas, 1925. LPŽ I–II – Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas 1–2. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985–1989. LSł IV – Słownik języka polskiego przez Samuela Bogumiła Linde 4. Lwów, 1860. LVŽ I – Bilkis Laimutis, Maciejauskienė Vitalija, Razmukaitė Marija. Lietuvos vietovardžių žodynas. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008. Maciejauskienė Vitalija 2009: Oikonimai Lankeliškių parapijos XVII amžiaus bažnytinėje knygoje. – Archivum Lithuanicum 11, 159–188. Morawski Stanisław 1858: Od Merecza do Kowna. – Teka Wileńska 6, 77. Palionis Jonas 2001: Prof. Jono Kazlausko gimtinės apylinkių vietovardžiai XVII a. metrikose. – Baltistica 36(1), 77–80. Palionis Jonas 2003: XVII a. antrosios pusės Punios parapijos asmenvardžiai ir vietovardžiai. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Palionis Jonas 2008: XVII a. pabaigos–XVIII a. pirmosios pusės Punios parapijos asmenvardžiai ir vietovardžiai. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidyba. Palionis Jonas 2010: Mišiškių kaimas. – Dainava 2(20), 41–45. Safarewicz Jan 1956: Litewskie nazwy miejscowe na –iszki. – Onomastica 2, 15–63. SG – Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich. Warszawa: nakł. Filipa Sulimierskiego i Władysława Walewskiego, 1880–1914. Oikonyms of the Nemajūnai Parish and Their Change in the 19th Century SUMMARY Based on the baptism, marriage and death record books stored in the Lithuanian State Archives and the lists of parishioners going to confession dating back to 1834, 1844–1847, 1852–1857 and 1888 which are kept at Nemajūnai Church Archives, the article analyses the 19th century oikonymy of Nemajūnai Parish. In the analysis of the 19th century names of settlements, the author mostly relied on the lists of parishioners going to confession as they provide the names of settlements in the nominative case (the record books usually indicate their genitive case). What is more, the afore-mentioned lists do not only include the names, surnames, places of residence of the people going to confession but also the type of a residential area (village, small town, single-homestead rural settlement, etc.), and the list of 1834 also specifies the number of homesteads in a settlement. Therefore, the said lists are highly informative in both linguistic and historical terms. Straipsniai / Articles 79 JONAS PALIONIS The analysis of the origin of 51 oikonyms of Nemajūnai Parish recorded in the 19th century written sources leads to a conclusion that the majority of the names of settlements from this parish can be traced to the onyms deriving from personal names (around 30); the number of derivatives which can be traced to physiographic terms is slightly lower (around 13), while others constitute the place names of obscure or non-Lithuanian origin. In terms of morphemic structure, the oikonyms with the suffix –iškės deriving from personal names prevailed in Nemajūnai Parish in the 19th century. In total, 14 names of settlements with this suffix were found in the sources under analysis. The recorded number of the names of settlements with the suffixes –ūnai, –onys, –ėnai deriving from personal names is lower: –ūnai – 4 cases, *–onys – 3 cases and –ėnai – 2 cases. By their morphemic structure, the oikonyms deriving from appellatives can be divided to primary and compound. Įteikta 2011 m. gegužės 5 d. JONAS PALIONIS Vilniaus universitetas Juozo Tumo-Vaižganto g. 9-27, LT-01108 Vilnius, Lietuva 80 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVI