Einige ausgewählte Probleme der alteuropäischen Hydronymie aus Sicht der modernen Indogermanistik – Ein Plädoyer für eine neue Sicht auf die Dinge

11s aipsniai a icles by ha aLd bichLMeie Ma in-Lu he -uni e si ä halle-Wi enbe g, halle sächsische akademie de Wissenscha en, jena Scien i ic esea ch a eas: Indoge manis ics, onomas ics (wa e names), e ymology o he Ge manic languages, syn ax o he Old I anian. some selec ed p oble- Me o he aL eu oPäischen hyd onyMie om he poin o iew o he The e ymological esea ch o he names o wa e s classi ied as "ancien Eu opean hyd onyms" has been ca ied ou since hei ounda ion by Hans K ahe in he 1940s and 1950s wi h unchanged me hodology. The o m used o e ymology o his o ical compa a i e linguis ics o Indoge manis ics hus ul ima ely kai ku ios senosios eu opos hid onimijos co esponds o he s a e, 1 in his con ibu ion i is he e ised and expanded e sion o my lec u e o ž ilgsniu: naujo požiū io į šiuos dalykus ginamoji kalba he same name, which I, h ough he media ion o M s. G asilda Blažienė a he in i a ion o M s. Dai a del u ienė, a ended he con e ence […] egioninė onomas ika: ką žinome iš a dyno? […] egional onomas ics: Wha do conclusions?Wo ds: Indoge manis ics, onomas ics, ancien Eu opean hyd onyms, wa e names, la ynx heo y, Indoge man phone ic sys em, wo d o ma ion mo phology, loan ela ionships. Keywo ds: Indo-Eu opean linguis ics, onomas ics, old-Eu opean hyd onymy, hyd onyms, la yngeal heo y, Indo-Eu opean phonemic sys em, his o ical mo phology, loan wo ds. This is a lis o wo ds ha ha e been used in he English language. 12 ha aLd bichLMeie ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI I was al eady he e be o e he Second Wo ld Wa . On he one hand, ecen indings in Indo-Eu opean s udies o he las hal -cen u y in he ield o phonology and wo d- o ma ion wu den ü die e o schung de al eu opäischen hyd onymie bislang nich nu zba gemach . mo phology on he basis o he i e names Sa e, D au, Isa and ela ed names should be shown he e as an example o wha indings can cause he esea che s o ancien Eu ope o wa e hyd onymie’ dadu ch bislang en gangen sind, und ande e sei s soll kla gemach we den, dass again due o in es iga ions wi h he new me hodology. anno a ion he e ymological esea ch in hyd onyms pe aining o he so called ‘old-eu opean hyd o- nymy’ has been done since i s beginnings in he 1940ies and 1950ies by hans k ahe in he same, me hodologically unchanged way. he kind o his o ical-compa a i e o indo-eu opean linguis ics applied in his esea ch is ac ually he kind ha was used al eady be o e Wo ld Wa ii. he new me hodological app oaches, especially in phonology and mo phology, which ha e o been de elopped in indo-eu opean linguis ics in he las hal cen u y o so and he changes in he way hings a e seen in hese ields ha came along wi h hese new app oaches ha e been la gely igno ed by he p o agonis s o old-eu opean hyd onymy esea ch. his a icle wan s show on he one hand on he examples o he hyd onyms Sa e, D au, Isa and ela ed names how many mo e hings can be said abou hese hyd onyms, when mode n Indo-Eu opean linguis ics ins ead o p e-wa linguis ics is applied. and on he o he hand i will show ha mode n me hodology can also lead o a poin , whe e old ce ain ies ha e o be disca ded. 1 . The names o mos o he la ge and many o he smalle i e s in Eu ope may igh ly be ega ded as he oldes (Indo-Ge manic) name laye ha we can g asp in his oom. This laye o names, known as "Al eu opean hyd onymia", is known o ex end om he A lan ic o he Bal ic and om sou he n Scandina ia. We lea n om he onomas icon, Kaunas, 10.11. No embe 2011, was allowed o hold. I would like o hank he o ganise s o he mee ing once again o his oppo uni y. […] he ex o he lec u e and he sec ion 2.2 o isa and ela i es is signi ican ly expanded om he lec u e on his p oblem, which deals only wi h cu so y ea men , and la gely ollows bichlmeie 2011c, agains which he i s die ab olge de gedanken wu de wei gehend beibehal en, die do au de isch o lage gebo enen beispiele wu den in den ex in eg ie und um die zugehö igen sekundä li e a u nachweise e gänz . pa o his con ibu ion is also a kind o quin essence o my p e iously published wo ks on ancien Eu opean nomencla u e (see he i les men ioned in he li e a u e di ec o y). a bei abe um neu e schienene Li e a u und dami um e ymologische de ails e wei e . – Le z lich 13 s aipsniai / a icles einige ausgewähl e P obleme de al eu opäischen hyd onymie aus sich de mode nen indoge manis ik – ein Plädoye ü eine neue sich au die dinge All he way o he Balkans. The signi ican esea ch on i s es ablishmen was ounded and p omo ed om he 1940s especially by scien is s such as Hans K ahe, Wol gang P. Schmid and Jü gen Udolph. The ne wo k 2 o i e s and o he wa e names ha has eme ged om hese esea ches, which co e s he jus -men ioned pa s o Eu ope, can now be conside ed a ce ain ac . Like all g ea and me i o ious disco e ies in he sciences, and in his sense I am happy o con inue o ollow hie ge ade in den geis eswissenscha en –, e dienen auch diese o schungen es, dass man sich in egelmäßigen abs änden k i isch mi ihnen und den Me hoden, die zu ih e e a bei ung angewende wu den, auseinande se z . he se e al mee ings o M . Udolph a he mee ing o he Indo-Ge manic Socie y on he sp ead o mich pe sönlich und an die indoge manis en insgesam (so e wa au de a bei s- Indo-Ge manic. 2 he designa ion 'ne wo k' is used in he younge wo ks o Wol gang P. Schmid and Jü gen Udolph now is o de e mine he language le el i sel mo e p ecisely, in which he ancien Eu opean imme e wende , wenn das sys em de al eu opäischen lussnamen benann we den muss. sie lehnen es nun ab, on ‚schich en’ zu eden. Le z lich dien diese benennung abe wohl in e s e Linie de Ve schleie ung de a sache, dass es eben bislang (auch den o genann en au o en) nich gelungen hyd onym was shaped, no was hei ela ionship o he hen la e angible a es ed single languages p ope ly wo ked ou . So a , only conjec u es ha e been made (such as he one ha i was ul ima ely abou he p e-Indo-Ge manic language), so ha e e y hing he e emains e y ague. To my inqui y by e-mail o 3.11.11, how he now imagines he mu ual ela ionship be ween he languages o he ancien Eu opean hyd onym and he la e single languages in he same a ea, I un o una ely ecei ed only a e asi e and hus useless answe om M . Udolph. I can he e o e be assumed ha he oo is no en i ely clea abou he ma e o ha he oo has no eliable explana ion o i . M . Udolph would p obably no be able o do i . In his espec , Udolph 1997 can also be ega ded as cha ac e is ic, whe e a one poin (p. 29) o "a con inuous de elopmen om a p e-singula language subs a e". 47 hen o a e i o y, […]in which he Sla ic has hie .a. auch eine saube e sp achwissenscha liche analyse de s a gehab en P ozesse, die abe on de eloped ou o an Indo-Ge manic basis.[…] He e, howe e , ce ain con adic ions a ise, because ei he one has o do wi h a subs a e, hen he Sla ic languages mus be he supe s a e and mus ha e de eloped he subs a e o e lay, o hey ha e de eloped ou o a p e-Sla ic-Indo-Ge manic dialec o he U indoge man (o s ill he U indoge man i sel ? […] his also emains unclea ). You can' do bo h a he same ime. Bu pe haps only he e m "subs a e" was used he e. Howe e , i his is ul ima ely o apply o all languages whose e i o ies sha e he e i o y o he ancien Eu opean hyd onym (a leas o Cel ic, Ge manic, Bal ic and Sla ic, you'll ha e o accep ha ), shouldn' i be concluded ha , i s ly, a leas hese ou language amilies should also be aced back o an in e media e language, such as a "no he n Indo-Ge manic" (which I don' hink is possible), and secondly, ha la ge pa s o wes e n Cen al and Eas e n Eu ope ha e always been inhabi ed since he las ice age? The e is ob iously s ill a need o discussion and esea ch on a numbe o poin s. 14 ha aLd bichLMeie ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI hesen aus sp achwissenscha , a chäologie und gene ik“, Wü zbu g, 24.–26. Sep embe 2009) called on he Indo-Ge manic side o inally e u n o he ancien Eu opean hyd onymy, because wi hin he Indo-Ge manic i sel he adi ion o he ancien Eu opean place o name, whe e hey we e e en be o e 2000, 3000 o 4000 yea s kunde wei gehend abge issen. dies häng mi zwei ak o en zusammen: e s ens ha man es hie mi einem doch seh agmen a isch übe lie e en Ma- e ial zu un, das zwa hinsich lich des o s seine he kun eindeu ig es geleg is – die meis en gewässe , so also auch lüsse, be inden sich auch heu e noch ago […], bu wi h ega d o he ac ual age o his language ma e ial, one is also s ill ul ima ely dependen on specula ion. One can only say ha some i e names a e no longe Ge manic o Cel ic o Bal ic, e c. Bu since in many cases and o many a eas due o he disc epancy o he esea ch and naming me hods o linguis ics and a chaeology is s ill no clea ly cla i ied, when exac ly o example speake s o Cel ic o Ge manic came o a ce ain i e , o cou se also emains unclea , because when ac ually he p e-Ge manic, o dass a p e-Cel ic, p e-Ge manic name in o Ge manic, e c. Ana olian and Tocha ian languages in ogue, o which one can say some hing abou he speake s and which can also (be e o a all) be da ed. I is only on such kel ische e c. zei ende , d.h. ü welchen zei punk man also dami echnen da , ma e ial ha esea ch on he his o ical de elopmen o a language and […] wha is in eg ie wu de. und ich nehme es gleich o weg: ich habe da au eben alls kei- ne an wo und ich glaube auch nich , dass man so bald eine inden wi d. die meis en indoge manis en ziehen es deshalb o , mi Ma e ial on sp achen zu a bei en, on denen auch ex e übe lie e sind (ak uell sind besonde s die cu en ly playing an e en g ea e ole in Indo-Ge manic […] can be ca ied ou on syn ax. And he e is, o be hones , ano he p oblem: in he case o he linguis ic ma e ial a es ed in he ancien Eu opean hyd onym, we o en ha e o deal wi h wo ds o names ha a e e y sho . Since he e is no u he linguis ic ma e ial (especially in lec ed wo d o ms) lacking, one mus inally admi […] and 3 in iew o his in i a ion om he same au ho incomp ehensibly in a a he polemical one in an a icle in his magazine my c i icism o some o my p e ious s a emen s (udolph 2011) should be en e ed in ex enso elsewhe e: he accusa ions oiced by him he e and he low le el o his o ical-language knowledge o he au ho in gene al and wi h ega d o he Indo-Eu opean I say his as a con incing Indo-Eu opeanis […] ha one especially wi h many simple i e names, such as Sa a (> Saale), Sa us (>), Sa e. I'm going o do i wi h a classic ci cle lock. In ac , we should be much mo e ca e ul and ho ough han we ha e been in ecen o schungen des le z en halben jah hunde s im besonde en e o de n eine bes andsau nahme und eine aus üh liche an wo . 15 s aipsniai / a icles einige ausgewähl e P obleme de al eu opäischen hyd onymie aus sich de mode nen indoge manis ik – ein Plädoye ü eine neue sich au die dinge decades, and pu many o he s a emen s in he conjunc i e be e . The second eason o he decline in in e es in his ma e ial on he pa o Indoge manism is ha he abo e-men ioned esea che s in hei lich nich einmal s ic u sensu beweisen kann, dass sie indoge manischen u sp ungs sind. da ü is ih e s uk u zu simpel. gleichzei ig we den diese Wö e abe sei beginn ih e e o schung ( on den meis en o sche n) ü indoge manisch gehal- en und olglich auch indoge manische e ymologien ü sie gebo en. Wenn man abe o ausse z , was man eigen lich e s beweisen will ode müss e, ha man es "old-Eu opean" wo ks ha e ope a ed and ope a e a kind o Indoge manism which has been obsole e wi hin Indoge manism i sel o se e al decades and so om hei poin o iew mus be conside ed ou da ed ( his iew should be sha ed by abou 80-90% o Indoge manis s in o al and a leas 99% o Indoge manis s unde he age o i y). This, in u n, means ha i is p ecisely on younge Indo-Eu opeanis s, who would mos likely be called upon o b ing new winds o his ma e , ha he ancien Eu opean ma e ial should be in he o m in which i has now, unchanged since i s in oduc ion, no longe a ac a en ion. This does no diminish he alue o he esea ch esul s o he a o emen ioned esea che s and hei colleagues wo king in he same way. The e has ce ainly been a g ea deal o wo k done he e, bu he science is jus e ol ing u he […] and his has been he case in ecen decades, especially o Indo-Ge man s udies. I he ancien Eu opean s udies also o he Indo-Eu opean s udies espec i ely. I he Indo-Ge manis s wan o be in e es ing again and be pe cei ed by hem, hey mus y o mee he equi emen s ha Indo-Ge manic s udies nowadays places on e ymologies wi h ega d o his o ical phone ics and wo d k ahes zei en (also sei übe ün jah zehn en) da gebo en wi d, in seine al bak- o ma ion. To pu i blun ly, o cou se you can s ill hea apa men s wi h wood s o es and ligh hem wi h ke osene lamps, bu do you ha e o do ha wi hou necessi y (o an exagge a ed endency o omance) now ha he e a e cen al hea ing and ligh bulbs? This eminded o he need o ollow-up conce ns, i s ly, he p esen a ion o he econs uc ed phonology o he U ind-Ge manic language. I is pa icula ly wo h poin ing ou he neglec o he phonemic class o he la ynx. These phonemes mus ha e exis ed and hey mus ha e been consonan s: hei once-in-a-li e ime exis ence explains dozens o appea ances in a ious Indo-Ge manic languages as lexical, which wi hou hem canno be meaning ully explained, including abou 16 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI Ve bs o he Indo-I anian and so on. Such an explana ion is in any case ha aLd bichLMeie be e han explana ions ha ha e o wo k wi h analogies ins ead o sound laws.4 and his mus be die en s ehung de in ona ionen im bal ischen und slawischen, die he kun des Phonems /h/ im he hi ischen, einige e scheinungen bei den nasalin igie enden done in any case by a hinking model ha assumes he U ind-Ge manic phone ic sys em wi hou a la ynx. Since his is he case, he app oach o a phone ic sys em wi h la ynx is he e o e mo e e icien and be e . F om he poin o iew o mode n Indoge manship, he e a e wo ks ha con inue o wo k wi h he adi ional app oach, as was cus oma y e en be o e he Second Wo ld Wa , oday in e ms o hei Indoge manship-language-his o ical componen s ha dly mo e se ious o ake he phone ic sys em o he U indoge manship, as i is oday he majo i y o 4 One compa es o his he good dozen in oduc ions o Indoge manship, he La yngol heo y, o May ho e , 1976, Meie -B ügge , 2000, 1998, 2010, Meise , Mülle , 2007, niL, ix, e c. […] he las quasi-la ynx- ee in oduc ion o Indoge manis ics is szeme ényi 1990. In sho : he la yngelless Indoge manis ics has been dead o 20 den indoge manis en angenommen wi d, ha e olgende ges al :6 yea s now. 5 ha his is no jus a ecen phenomenon, i becomes appa en ha he esea che s in e liche einzelsp achen, die in den le z en beiden jah zehn en e schienen sind: clackson 2007, o - son 2004, 2009, kapo ić 2008, Lindeman 1997, LiV, LiV², Mallo y/adams 2006, Ma aso ić 1992, wo king wi h he ou da ed model, such as Udolph o his eache Schmid and new, o which he likes o e e , wi hin Indoge manis ics and especially in i s co e a ea, i.e. he econs uc ion o he U indoge manic, ha e le ma ginal aces in he las decades. On he o he hand, he phone ic sys em e lec ed by he ancien Eu opean hyd onymic sys em is likely o ha e looked mo e like his: enuis Media spi ans nasal ( ) (d) (n) Labial p b m den al d s [s, z] n Wha is he meaning o he name? (pala al  ) ek al { Vela k and g labio ela k g  Liquida ed Vokale (V) i [i, ] u [u, ] Oh, my God. a ā es weis gegenübe dem u sp ungssys em deu liche Ve ein achungen au . so schein es mi die pala- ale eihe am ehes en schon eingebüß zu haben, die aspi a en sind wah scheinlich eben alls ge- schwunden. ebenso wu den die La yngale je nach Posi ion be ei s okalisie bzw. an benachba e Vokale assimilie und sind somi als Phonemklasse geschwunden. – soll e diese Vo schlag das ich- 17s aipsniai a icles enuis einige ausgewähl e P obleme de al eu opäischen hyd onymie aus sich de mode nen indoge manis ik – ein Plädoye ü eine neue sich au die dinge media media spi ans nasal o (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (e) ( ) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (Dh) labial p b bh […] m [m, […]] den al d dh s [s, z] n [n, […]] pala al […] […] h h [ 1ç, ] ec al ela k g gh h { 2 [χ, ɣ] – labio ela k g  g h h 3 [χ, ɣ]7 – Liquid ( ) [ , ] l [l, ] is he Vokale (V) i [i, ] u [u, ] e o ē a (ā) liche ime consis ed in i , such as he Bal ic and Sla ic, whe e he p esence o absence o la ynx in a syllable led o dis inguish in he syllable in ona ion, may no ha e de eloped di ec ly om he language laye in which he ancien Eu opean hyd onym was shaped. This, o cou se, has co esponding ige e en (was alle dings noch zahl eiche un e suchungen bis zu endgül igen klä ung des P oblems beda , bislang schein sich niemand explizi de age angenommen zu haben, wie das Phonemsys em de al eu opäischen hyd onymie denn nun ausgesehen ha ), wü de das alle dings bedeu en, dass sp a- chen, die es e o de lich machen, dass die Phonemklasse de La yngale noch bis in üheinzelsp ach- consequences o he posi ion o Bal ic and Sla ic in he amewo k o his hyd onym: he speake s o hese languages would hen ha e o ha e o e lapped he laye o ancien Eu opean hyd onym, i.e. seconda ily mig a ed o a eas o ancien Eu opean hyd onym. […] Fu he mo e, i he pala al ow had indeed al eady disappea ed, he p osodic ea u es o he Bal ic and Sla ic languages come o he conclusion ha hese s ood, which had he ini ial accen , which his p esumably Indo-Ge manic language i sel had in u n aken o e om a non-Indo-Ge manic one. This Indo-Ge manic con ac language was he sou ce o he den al se ies. The phone ic de e mina ion o he phonemes *h1, *h2, *h3 is o cou se de al eu opäischen hyd onymie also (eine) ken umsp ache(n) gewesen sein, könn e(n) diese indes als subs a sp ache(n) ielleich ü die ken umelemen e im bal ischen und slawischen e an wo lich sein. – in dieselbe ich ung weis auch ande sen 2009, de le z lich au g und de un e suchung specula i e (as ul ima ely he exac phone ic de e mina ion o each econs uc ed phoneme mus emain sp achen in de ühzei in kon ak mi eine wei e en (wah scheinlich) indoge manischen sp ache mo e o less specula i e), howe e , hei classi ica ion as ubbe o he ec onic se ies due o he colo ing e ec hey ha e exe ed on he nex o hem *e* *e, *h2e* *a, *h3e* *o o *eh1* *, *eh2* *ē, *eh3* le de ken um-elemen e im bal ischen und slawischen gewesen. 7 als in eg ale bes and eil dieses Phonemsys ems wa en die La yngale, wie auch schon ih e Posi ion in de o.a. abelle sugge ie , ielleich die eibelau e de d ei ek al eihen, so wie /s/ de eibelau *, a ce ain p obabili y o hemsel es. no leas due o ypological conside a ions, kümmel (2007: 327[…]336) now assumes ha he phonemes called […]La yngale[…] a e mos likely o ha e ep esen ed phone ically [h, χ, ], and p oposes as a simpli ying w i ing h1 = h, h2 = x, h3 = γ. 18 ac a ha aLd bichLMeie Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI As a as he mo phology o wo d o ma ion is conce ned, i should be no ed om oday's poin o iew ha ce ain s anda ds o his o ical linguis ics on he pa o ancien Eu opean s udies a e also no obse ed he e. The 'classical ancien Eu opean s udies' usually gi e only a desc ip ion o he mo phology: i is said o wo k in hem egula ly […]on he oo X he e is an l-su ix[…] o […]on he oo y he e is an n -su ix[…] o simila . The e's p ac ically ne e any hing said abou wha hese su ixes mean, and wha he whole wo d migh o should ha e mean . Bu ha is exac ly wha you wan o know, especially when you ask, as in his mee ing, wha do he names mean? Wi h his pu ely desc ip i e way o wo king, a knowledge is c iminally neglec ed, o which Fe dinand de Saussu e (1857-1913) had al eady a i ed, namely ha he linguis ic sign has o m and con en . In a ho ough e ymology, bo h mus be aken in o accoun and explained. In o he wo ds, i ually all he e ymologies p oposed by ep esen a i es o "classical ancien Eu opean s udies" a e ac ually incomple e! Now, o cou se, you can ake he iew ha names don' mean any hing, hey jus mean names. Bu his a oids he p oblem: a e all, we ha e o assume ha e en he se o names ha we ha e in he ancien Eu opean hyd onymy, om he appella i e ocabula y o ea once in he analysis as appella i e and consequen ly one can o cou se also speci y a one- ime meaning (a leas en a i ely). And u he mo e, i is he e o e no o be expec ed ha o gegangen is . nach allem, was wi aus ande en al indoge manischen sp achen wissen, is siche , dass es hinsich lich de Wo bildung zunächs keine un e schie- de zwischen appella i a und namen gegeben ha . olglich sind diese namen e s such names will ha e su ixes o su ix chains. Fu he mo e, i should be no ed ha no only do he espec i e mo phemes ca y a meaning, and de i a ion does no always occu only h ough he in oduc ion o su ixes, bu ha he e a e also de i a ion sen wü den, die aus dem appella i ischen Wo scha z nich bekann sind. da nun ge ade die nominale Mo phologie aus dem Ve gleich de bezeug en al indoge ma- nischen einzelsp achen mi le weile seh gu e schlossen is , soll e auch die Mo - phologie de al eu opäischen hyd onymie mi diesen bekann en Mi eln zu e klä en p ocesses in which he owel quan i y o owel quali y o he oo o o a su ix changes, bu no new su ix is in oduced. In he las ew decades, he e has been emendous p og ess and uphea al in Indo-Ge manic s udies, especially wi h ega d o he p ocesses o de i a ion as a whole, bo h in Indo-Ge manic and in he indi idual languages. All his has so a been made p ac ically useless o he analysis o he ancien Eu opean hyd onym: in he "Al eu opäis ik" i can a bes go hand in hand wi h i , he e is no in o ma ion abou i . au hingewiesen, dass ablau o liege, welche seman ischen Ve ände ungen im Wo 19s aipsniai / a icles einige ausgewähl e P obleme de al eu opäischen hyd onymie aus sich de mode nen indoge manis ik – ein Plädoye ü eine neue sich au die dinge On he one hand, i is necessa y o clea ly s a e he ele ance o he lexical ma e ial o ancien Eu opean hyd onymy o Indoge manis ics: only om he appella i e use o wo ds can conclusions be d awn abou he meaning o wo d s ems and wo d oo s. Only i you ha e his knowledge can you also app oach he s udy o ancien Eu opean hyd onyms: om he wa e names alone, he e is p ac ically no hing ha can be used o Indoge manis ics i sel and i s goal o econs uc ing he U indoge man basic language: imagine wha you could say abou ancien Eu opean hyd onyms i you did no ha e he ancien Indoge man single languages: you could pe haps isola e oo s and su ixes, bu would ha e no clue wha hey mean. One migh see ha he e is jus a phenomenon like ablau , ha he oo s o su ixes can ha e di e en owels, bu could no say any hing meaning ul abou he di e en meanings ha may accompany he di e en owels. He had been dead o almos i y yea s and was any hing bu p og essi e in his ime wi h ega d o Indo-Eu opean s udies. In o he wo ds, one has i he e wi h his is now o be all dies kann nu aus den bezeug en sp achen he aus e schlossen we den. olglich muss man mi dem Wissen, das die indoge manis ik je z ha und das eben aus dem Ve gleich de bezeug en (al )indoge manischen einzelsp achen ge- wonnen wu de, die al eu opäischen hyd onyme neu un e suchen und bes eb sein, die o schungen au den ak uellen s and de Wissenscha b ingen. die o schung im be eich de al eu opäischen hyd onymie e olg imme noch mi den Mi eln de indoge manis ik, die auch k ahe schon angewende ha . k ahe is nun mi - illus a ed in e y sho examples. I is no so much a ques ion o he inal solu ion o he p oblems, bu mainly o he solu ion o he p oblems. o show which ques ions Vo k iegsindoge manis ik zu un. gleichzei ig is kla , dass die anwendung de Me hoden und Modelle de heu igen indoge manis ik nich nu zu Ve ie ung de schon gewonnenen e - kenn nisse üh en wi d, sonde n dass auch gewisshei en wiede abhanden kommen können. a e s ill open. These a e ques ions ha classical esea ch on ancien Eu opean hyd onyms has la gely ne e asked i sel , bu which mus necessa ily be answe ed i he basic s anda ds o his o ical compa a i e linguis ics a e o be espec ed. These a e all ques ions which ha e al eady been a emp ed o answe in some cases. O en hese answe s a e no clea , because i becomes inc easingly clea ha se e al solu ions a e possible. clea solu ions, as o en p oposed by p e ious esea che s, seem o be a he a e in eali y: i is a he suspec ed ha his cla i y is o en based only on 26 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI showed.28 The ac o he ci cumsc ibed oo syllable ha aLd bichLMeie caused he en y o he dybos law, which s a es ha unaccen ed in oned syllables do no gi e he ik us o he ollowing syllable.29 Since his law has no ye wo ked in common Sla ic and is ce ainly s ill de ec able in ea ly Roman loanwo ds in C oa ian30,31 no hing s ands in he way o he adop ion o Pannonian-Sla ic. In his accen ed-end-emphasized o m, he accen ed owel (Leski's law) is abb e ia ed acco ding o he law (32) and inally a ises h ough he new-c oa ian accen wi hd awal, in which he ik us o all non-c oa ian syllables is shi ed by one syllable o he beginning o he wo d (33), esul ing in he p e iously non-exis en ising in ona ions, oday's s anda d C oa ian o m Sá a. In summa y, he mos likely esul o all his is he ollowing de elopmen o he i e name: u idg. ♪ I'm he one you' e looking o ♪ Thi y- ou hou s. I'm no going o lie o you. I 's a no el. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I 's a communi y. I is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y, ˈ in he no he n pa o he coun y. I'm om C oa ia. S. 36 28 acco ding o Holze (2007: 45) s a es: […]Long ˈ emphasized syllables in ea ly Romance bo owings ha e o en ecei ed he aku (·) in Sla ic and hen ˈ appea consequen ly in C oa ian as sho . […] (simila o Holze 2006: 57[…]59). On he o he hand, in many ˈ o he bo owings, long s essed syllables did no become acu e, so ha hey emained long syllables and, i he bo owing ook place ea ly enough, we e eco ded by he law o dybos (...) […] in his sense also al eady holze 2006: 59 . In o he wo ds, in he case o he adop ion o o eign wo ds wi h long owels, no a io has ye been de ec ed wi h which in ona ion a long owel is p o ided in a loanwo d in Sla ic. 29 o dybos law c . collinge (1985: 3133) as well as kapo ić (2008a: 5 .) wi h e e ence o o he li e a u e, which p obably makes ha his law should no necessa ily ha e a ec ed he whole o sla ia uni o mly; See also Olande 2009 passim. 30 See also Holze 2006: 44[…]46; 2007: 56 . 31 On he o he hand, one should no e now bu Ma aso ić (2007: 116 .), who al e na i ely sugges s ha hese bo owings could ha e aken place a e he ac ion o he law o dybos and he e ac ion o he accen o wo d-sounding je s and depending on whe he he Romanesque emphasis was iden i ied wi h he neoaku o he old aku , jus he Sla ic accen pa adigm b esp. ha e been assigned. Tha is, in he case o C oa ia. Sá a ha he long- ising accen does no necessa ily ha e o be due o he neo-s oka ian accen wi hd awal, bu could also be a e lex o he neo-aku s. […] o he sp ead o his accen ac ion also in he adjacen Čaka is and Kajka is see kapo ić 2008a: 28[…]31. See also 32. This is collinge 1985: 114 . 33 Well on he 15 h. I'll see you la e . ; See also Holze 2006: 65 . ; 2007: 86 . This is he i s ime I' e seen i . 34 will be legally binding. 35 […] will be edesigned o […]. 36 wi h ega d o he e ymology applies, o cou se, o he name o his i e , espec i ely. he same wo d is de i ed om o he Sla ic names such as Sa ica (bezlaj 1961: 172), Sa inja (bezlaj 1961: 174176), Sa inka (bezlaj 1961: 176) and so on. I 's he same. 27s aipsniai a icles Finally, an almos comple e s a u o y explana ion can be einige ausgewähl e P obleme de al eu opäischen hyd onymie aus sich de mode nen indoge manis ik – ein Plädoye ü eine neue sich au die dinge gi en o his name. Only he ansi ion o a new lexion class in he adop ion o he Sla ic language mus con inue o be conside ed unexplainable by oday's models and indings. You can assume an analogous scena io o he name o he doo : u idg. I 's called nachu idg. I'm no going o lie o you. I 's a no el. *d āu o ˈ I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . The common law. Howe e , he e is a p oblem o be poin ed ou : ˈ he e a e h ee i e s in he a ea o he uppe Dniepe called Sa a (and o he i e s in he Bal ic ha ˈ begin wi h Sa a) as well as a numbe o o he Russian i e s whose names a e de i ed om a oo slaw. ˈ Fo he sake o simplici y, a de i a ion om a en-s ep oo was p e iously pos ula ed o he Sawa, i.e. südslaw./u k oa . */d ā / > k oa . D á a, slowen. D á a .39 u idg. (?) *sō-ā-, bu wi hou going in o he ques ion o he o igin o he en-le el a all43, while in mo e kann zwa ü die D a a/D au mi eine omanischen zwischens u e echnen, abe selbs e s ändlich is ü die D awa/D age bzw. auch die Sawa in Polen40 ode die ecen imes his name has also been used as an explana ion o he sound change o be assumed *o > *ā he al eady o.g. The p ocess had o be main ained, " ha he name has passed h ough Sla ic mou hs". Fo he 37 his wo d o m has no only been adop ed in o La in, bu ob iously also in o Cel ic, a e all, in P olemy he e is a ibe o he […]mbid aυοι (so acs i, 120) espec i ely. […]μβιδραυοί (so Pape 1911: 71), La inized Ambid abus es i ies ha due o he shape o he i s limbambi-/ kel . I has o be. 38 esszi 124 qui e na u ally expec s an in e media e le el o ulga i y. I 's called D ā us. Howe e , no mo e p ecise in o ma ion on wo d o ma ion is gi en; The e is only a e e ence o Poland. D awa, bu und dass beide lussnamen zu u idg. *d e- gehö en. 39 Maye (1957: 128 .) echne hie wie bei de Sa a/Sa e mi genusangleichung an k oa . ijeka, e lie no a wo d abou he s e ching o he oo owel he e, o cou se, as well as he e. See also 40. Udolph 1990: 103 […] 107. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . 41 Vgl. W g iV, 141 . 42 emains ques ionable in his con ex o he ime being he posi ion o ou i e s in Russia (in he a eas o O el and B jansk) which con ain he elemen D o (c . W g i, 642): D o enena, D o ka, a leas D o osečnaja, D o janskoe (gewnn mi dem elemen D a - scheinen in ussland nich o zukommen). in he i s o he ou is a connec ion wi h Russia. wood, ee, e c. I would like o ask he P esiden -in-O ice o he Council whe he he is p epa ed o accep he amendmen s abled by he Commi ee on he En i onmen , Public Heal h and Consume P o ec ion. 43 Vgl. sss V 78. ebenso le z lich auch udolph (1990: 274) bei de besp echung eines ande en lns: „... e wa dehns u e wie bei D awa, Sawa, D ama e c.?“ 44 udolph 1979: 635. 28 ha aLd bichLMeie ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI I is ob ious ha such a s e ch is assumed o be sepa a e in he oo anyway, since abe eine e klä ung wi d ü sie nich gegeben.45 soll e ü die slawischen o men in de a eine dehns u ige Wu zel anzuse zen sein, bleib es zuhal en, dass dann die bal ischen o men de mi Sa ° beginnenden gewässe namen on jenen zu hese a e in no way he s e ch, bu he ull s e ch. Howe e , i is ha dly sensible o doub he ul ima e e ymological connec ion be ween hese wo pai s o i e names. Mos likely, i seems o me, om wha has been said abo e, ha he wo Wes and Sou h Sla ic i e names o oday we e o iginally di e en . Finally, he e idence o he Polish (and Russian) i e s is also a good millennium younge and does no necessa ily go back o he same p e o ms as he Sou h Sla ic ones. This heo y has appa en ly no ye been explici ly discussed.46 While in Pannonia (and in he Bal ics) he subs a e o ms *d oo-*d aa-, *soo-*saa-, we e p esen , he Polish and Russian i e names al eady a ibu e o he subs a e a en-s age o die en-s age, in which i is a sog. Bu i s o all, i has o be mo i a ed: no mally, i would be c ea ed, o example, o *d ōo on, which means "belonging o he ace" men *d ōo/ā-, *sōo/ā- zu g unde47, die on den ankommenden slawen in u (wes /os )sl. *d āā-, *sāā- übe üh wu den. o.ä. o go ou . I he eminine should be old, he e could be an o iginal collec i e he e.48 The meaning would hen be some hing like ' he o ali y o he poin ing o he ( low) du ch sie adjek i e, die eine zugehö igkei zum g undwo bezeichnen, hie ongue. Lau gehö igen’ anzuse zen. da das wiede ehe wie eine benennung ü das ge- 45 udolph 1990: 107: „Wie im all de D ama äll die dehns u e in de Wu zelsilbe au .“ 46 Man gl. abe die beme kung on opo o – ubače 1962: 226 s. . Sa a: „ isko anno o oždes lja ’ ė imologičeskom o nošenii s iz es nym dunajskim gid onimom Sa a“, die du chaus in diese ich- 47 also implici ly expec s Schmid (1998: 23), al hough he pos ula ed le el o abs ac ion (whe he u idg. o al eu op. is no clea ) -ā- om an Indo-Ge manic poin o iew a ailed app oach espec i ely. One a his Wz. I 's an impossible econs uc ion. I may be a e lec ion o he comple ely ou da ed assump ion o K anzmaye (1956: 20) wi h e e ence o (i.e. W795) o which he ln would be […]indoge m. I 's all igh . I 's all igh . As a a ian o e ed by K anzmaye 1997 [1960]: 374, 377 […]al kel . D â os ‘ he lowing o he D au. A e all, his is also whe e he idea o a h eshold in collec i e educa ion comes Wz. ins spiel. 48 eine de gängigen heo ien zu en s ehung des genus emininum im u idg. echne dami , dass zumindes eine , wenn nich de ausgangspunk zu en s ehung diese ka ego ie in u sp ünglichen in. See, o example, he co esponding sec ions in Lu aghi's 2009 in oduc ions o olde p oposals. in die indoge manis ik. Vgl dazu mi neuen gedanken zum Ve lau de ausbildung und diskussion 29s aipsniai a icles o e s along he i e as o he i e i sel sounds, hen einige ausgewähl e P obleme de al eu opäischen hyd onymie aus sich de mode nen indoge manis ik – ein Plädoye ü eine neue sich au die dinge also s ill ans e ing he name o he i e a ea o he i e i sel would ha e o be assumed. The same applies analogously o he " o ali y o he subjec belonging o he mois u e a ea". The use o u ge m is a ypological pa allel o his. The o ali y o he wa e belongs o he wa e . I don' know. Au, which occu s in Ge man i e names as a designa ion o he wa e i sel . This all sounds qui e complica ed, bu his is p ecisely he wo d- o ma ion p ocess and he seman ic de elopmen ha also o many o he o he en-s ep heo ies o Schmid and Udolph he p e-Sla ic o ms *soo-*saa-, *d oo-*d aao.ä. would ha e been adap ed! Bu i you ha e o mo i a e his p ocess anyway, he ques ion is whe he you can' lussnamen pos ulie we den müssen, an die dann nach de wei e oben geschil- do he same wi h he wo d i sel , which sa es you he assump ion o an addi ional analogue p ocess, which should no longe be explained whe e i s a ed. In o he wo ds, he e a e oo many possibili ies o e ymology and ques ions o sound and o m heo y o be le open in o de o con inue o be able o make as clea s a emen s as was p e iously cus oma y. As he examina ion o a ious possibili ies in he o egoing should ha e shown, new indings can occasionally lead o he ques ioning o wha has hi he o been conside ed o be ce ain. 2.2. Isa and ela i es a simila case also ep esen s ano he ype o i e name. These include he name o he Isa (wi h he medie al e idences o Isa a and Isu a, ancien al eady […]Ισάρας (s ab. 4,6,9)), as well as […]Ισάρας (P ol. 3,49,6) and he […] σαρος o […] σαρ ποταμός (s ab. 4,1,11) o he isè e, u he mo e he old name o he donau, […]στρος. The name o he Eisack, i al, also belongs o i . Isa co, in he name o he i e , comes om Lowe I aly, I aly. I 's called Esa o. I 's called süd i ol (s abo iV 207: akk. ᾿Ισάραν, nom. *᾿Ισάρας, la . Isa cus mi sekundä em *-k- wohl aus de anwohne bezeichnung Isa ci; Isa gus49),50 de au g und des deu - schen Ei- einen anlau mi langem ī- e o de . und ein le z e zu nennende Aisa us. See also acs ii 75; Kühebache 1995: 60. 50 See also acs ii 7275. 51 zu wei e en anschlüssen zu diese sippe gl. auch o a 1977: 17, 35. 30 ha aLd bichLMeie ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI The name o he Isa has been compiled since he beginning o esea ch on he e ymology o wa e names wi h he oo no ed in obsole e w i ing as *e[…]s-/*o[…]s-*is- […]he ig, unges üm, schnell bewegen, an eiben[…], and analyzed as de i ed om an -su ix o he su ix *- ā on o his oo .52 Mo e de ailed in o ma ion on he o ma ion, e en he meaning o he wo d seems o be nowhe e in he olde li e a u e. Howe e , simila ques ions a ise as be o e: Wha kind o su ixes a e he e? Wha is i s unc ion? Wie e klä en sich die un e schiedlichen ablau o men in de Wu zel, die an- Do hey ha e o be aken? da nominale o se ze diese Wu zel (mi ausnahme des ‚eisen’-Wo s, s. u.) sons im ge manischen nich exis ie en, wi d wohl zu ech on einem o ge ma- nischen namen ausgegangen. Was in den e ymologischen analysen abe nie he- ma isie wi d, is die age nach de he kun des mi le en -a- on Isa a bzw. o he middle -u on Isu a, which in he 8 h-10 h cen u ies. s and side by side (see he Fu he mo e. Acco ding o he mos widesp ead iew oday, he o.g. Roo now as u idg. *h1e[…]sh2- o be s ong, o d i e […]53. In addi ion, he e is also he iew ha i has a he he o m o u idg. I had a h1e[…]sh1-54. Fu he mo e, o he sake o simplici y and because i is mo e likely, i is based on he majo i y opinion: because in addi ion, he e is he gene al a i y o oo s in U indoge manic ha end wi h iden ical consonan s anund; I does no seem o ha e exis ed a all. Such a es ic ion may no ha e applied o ubbe bands, c . e.g. U idg. I'm going o sleep. a egula ly o med ó-adjec i e o his oo is called u idg. *h1ish2- ó- ‘d i en, as o be econs uc ed. This is di ec ly in ai. I will be 56 […] s ong, ac i e […]57 and g . Tha 's igh . I 's called "E os, N.W. G ". I'm no a poe . Oh, my God. […]ρος […]holy[…] con inued o be used. die häu igs e o m im g iechischen is die mi ἱε-, was au u idg. *h1ish1- ó- deu- 52 so e wa k ahe 1953: 121; 1954: 207 ., 215; 1963: 293 [9], 299 . [15 .], 327 [43 .]; 1964: 55 ., 71, 104, 163; snyde 1964: 42 .; snyde 1965: 184; snyde 1966: 63; snyde 1967: 163; anb 561 .; Lbo² 195; Lbo³ 125 e c. 53 Vgl. LiV² 234. 54 so e wa an ei e 2005: 45; edg 580 . 55 Vgl. LiV² 536 . 56 See also eWaia is 199. 57 See also Lipp ii 410 . wi h anm. 125. 31 s aipsniai / a icles einige ausgewähl e P obleme de al eu opäischen hyd onymie aus sich de mode nen indoge manis ik – ein Plädoye ü eine neue sich au die dinge I could be. Howe e , i is p ecisely his o m ha can be gene a ed acco ding o he a he nume ous class o adjec i es on -e os, so ha he ype wi h […]a successi ely ep esen s he a chaism and hus he ac ually o be expec ed o m. Howe e , his su ix mus ha e been used e y ea ly on, since he al eady Mycenaean de i a ions o his oo consis en ly show: i-je- o-hi-e o-holy, i-je- e-u-hi-e e-s-p ies , i-je- e-ja-hi-e e-a-p ies ess, e c. The one name o he isa , Isa a, could now easily be a eminine name o his o.g. o ep esen he adjec i e ó, i.e. u idg. *h1ish2- éh2-, whe e i mus only be assumed ha simila ly, as i happens in ce ain posi ions in La in (ce ainly in any case in he i s syllable), he in e consonan La yngal has been ocalized o -iim al indic58 (pa allel o he ocaliza ion o -iim al indic, c . he oa. I 's all igh . iṣi á, o o ocaliza ion in G eek, whe e he p e-Ge manic (ancien Eu opean) ini y is *isa - ., which is e en ually called *isa ā . and om he e (possibly h ough de La yngale in de en e lexen ε, α, ο wide spiegel ). es e gib sich somi ein La in-Roman in e media ion) in o Wes Ge manic. The exis ence o he adjec i e is also p o en o he Cel ic ega dless o any i e name, since he wo d o he oak in Old I ish, ía u, as a u he educa ion o his wi h he indi idualizing su ix o explain and on o u i . I'm going o he adj. I 's ea ly. The adop ion in o Wes Ge manic mus ha e aken place compa a i ely la e: in any case, wha explains he absence o ho azism was ha he accen was ixed on he i s syllable ( he endency o do so may ha e al eady been es ablished in mainland Cel ic), he educ ion o he -i o o he -ade consonan has no (no longe ) come. he same de elopmen is o be assumed o he name o he Isè e in F ance, only ha his he e hen has aken he no mal de elopmen in F ench, s a ing om la . Isa a (Li . 21,31,3) and so on. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. A ce ain p oblem in his con ex is posed by he ancien o ms o he name o he isè e al eady men ioned abo e, he […]sau us o […]sa po amos (s ab. 4,1,11). They gi e he imp ession o an ancien masculine consonan ibe. Howe e , since he e is no wo d- o ma ion pa e n ha is con incing om an Indo-Ge manic poin o iew o a consonan ibe ( - ibe), he e a e wo possibili ies: ei he i is an al eady p e-Indo-Ge manic i e name, which was hen aligned wi h a wo d p esen he e in he in eg a ion in o Cel ic, o i has o do wi h a a he la e dialec al o m, which is al eady he apokope o he oiced owel o *. 86[…]115; Meise 1998: 107 . This is he i s ime I' e seen his. 59 See also Ziegle 2001. 32 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI *isa -os > *isa s > *isa ( ) This is a lis o ha aLd bichLMeie languages o Li huania. The genus may ei he be de i ed om he Cel ic wo d o bzw. synkope des hema okals eine neben de emininen o m auch exis ie habenden maskulinen o m mi anschließende assimila ion de nom.-sg.-endung: om he G eek hype onym […] ποταμός. Howe e , i should no be uled ou ha he middle -aseine o igin is due o a seconda y su ix *- o, which could ha e been added o a p e iously exis ing hema ic s em *h1ish2-éó. In his case, -a can ei he be de i ed om *-h2 in acco dance wi h he law o la e also by he gg . The 'old Eu opean' o pa s o i anyway well-cha ac e is ic change (u idg. *-h2-o- >) *o > *a. He e a decision is no possible. gleiches gil le z lich auch ü den Eisack in süd i ol (akk. ᾿Ισάραν, nom. I 's called "Isha as". Isa cus wi h seconda y *-k-)60, whe eas he e he p oblem o he p e ious zukomm , dass de deu sche name des lusses die diph hongie ung im anlau au weis , was bei de übe nahme aus dem omanischen ins al hochdeu sche o - *īsa( )k-° is p ede e mined. I would like o know whe he his long owel is eally old and whe he i is accep able o use a ull-s age u idg. *h1esh2- eh2- (in addi ion o he o.a. egula *h1ish2- ómi declining oo ) o ces (as K ahe 1953: 121 means), is ques ionable: one would hen ha e o assume ha S abo (ca. 63 . ch . […] 23 n. ch .) would ha e aken an al eady monoph hongized La in o m 61 *a a (which would be qui e concei able, his monoph hongiza ion was de ini ely comple ed in La in by he middle o he 2nd cen u y . 62) and secondly ha he e would ha e been a mo phologically and mo phologically comple e o ma ion. This would hen be mos likely o be V[…]ddhi- o ma ion u idg. *h1esh2- é/ózum om he adjec i e *h1ish2- óg o med, subs an ia ed by con as accen *h1ísh2- e 'o-s eng hening, as 60 anb 311 only he oo e ymology is gi en in he old spelling and he ac is desc ibed ha a long owel mus ha e exis ed, bu he e is no indica ion o i s o igin: […]Issa as (younge ) […] * idos (...), oo. I 's mo ing iolen ly. […] Kühebache could he e o e be a o m o Cel ic. *ēsa a as *ēsa a in he 3 d cen u y. o ch . ha e been adop ed in o La in, whe e his *ē hen (as in La in i sel om u idg. *e a ose *ē) in he 2nd cen u y. and . 1995: 59–61. 61 da no di alien sei spä es ens dem 4. jh. . ch . kel isch besiedel wa , wi d man am ehes en eine kel ische zwischens u e pos ulie en müssen: im kel ischen wi d u idg. *e > *ē monoph hongie ; ch . zu ī wei e e eng wu de. 62 A solu ion app op ia e o he ime o i s incep ion is o e ed by Julius Poko ny (1914: 293), who conside s he wo d o be Illy ian, a ull deg ee o he oo ([…]*eisə-[…]) and implici ly a -ko de i a ion o olls u igen adjek i (?) *esə o- o.ä. anzunehmen schein . die baye ische isa gil ihm als luss mi a Cel ic name. See also 63. Meise in he yea 1998: 58. 33s aipsniai / a icles einige ausgewähl e P obleme de al eu opäischen hyd onymie aus sich de mode nen indoge manis ik – ein Plädoye ü eine neue sich au die dinge kei , an ieb’ einzus u en. sie müss e in e wa ‚du ch schnelligkei gekennzeichne ’ Oh, my God. So i would be p ac ical o assume synschen wi h he o iginal ó adjec i e, onym gewesen. de Weg is sowohl hinsich lich de Wo bildung, de seman ik als auch de lau lichen en wicklung gangba . es ag sich abe doch, ob nich ielleich ehe eine dehnung in de onsilbe im Vulgä la einischen/ üh omani- which would ha e s e ched om *ísa a o *īsa a, which was hen adop ed in o Old High Ge man and a e he 11 h cen u y. would ha e been diph honged. Howe e , in compa ison wi h he abo e-men ioned de elopmen , he de elopmen o he WNF emains p oblema ic. Isè e (< *is a) a ious accen s in he ulga La in ea ly Roman o m. I is possible ha he Eisack also had a seconda y o m wi h an al eady syncopa ed ending, whe eby he i s syllable would ha e been a he same ime he las syllable and hus he accen shi on his would ha e been as egula as he subsequen s e ching o he sounding open syllable. As a u he possibili y, i is wo h conside ing whe he o no a popula e ymological in e p e a ion o ahd will be adop ed soon a e wa ds. […]s […]eis[…] (o a c ossing o a possibly once-exis ing name ahd. *îsaha […]eis luss[…]) may ha e occu ed; 64 ce ainly a ull-s age oo o m, mos da de eisack am b enne au 1990 m seehöhe en sp ing , ganzjäh ig kal und im Win e s eckenweise zuge o en is , kein gänzlich abwegige gedanke. likely in he o-s age, a es ed by an e ymologically ela ed i e name in sub-I alian, I 's called Esa o. I 's called Aisa us. I hink i 's p obably om someone who knew he Αἴσαρος < u idg. *h1osh2-(e) o-65, de eben alls eine o i alischen sp achschich change. I is also commonly assumed ha he ancien name o he Danube, […]στρος, […]67 belongs o he same i e name ype and is also called u idg. *h1ish2- ó- > is hea d, i i is o he same o igin, i.e. ac ually has he same e ymology, due o he clea ly ‚al eu op.’(?) *is- o- > Is os zu ekons uie en is . i dies zu, is diese name de donau un e de annahme de zugehö igkei zu selben sp achschich en - wede mo phologisch nich mi dem de isa u sp ungsgleich (da Isa a, Isu a eben einen u sp ünglich o handenen, zusä zlichen mi le en Vokal en häl ) ode e di e en sonic de elopmen o an inlau ende in e consonan la ynx no o he same language as ha o he isa : he pe haps p esen ocaliza ion o an in e consonan la ynx in he spoken Vgl.64 o his also kühebache 1995: 60: 65 See also In 1953, he e we e 120. 66 See he e idence in anb 257[…]265; eade 2001: 229[…]237; Lbo2 105 . ; Lbo3 59 . Wha a e 11–19. – zu e ymologie des namens is bei an ei e 2001: 237 ., alles no wendige gesag . – ähnlich schon, wenngleich in heu e e al e e no a ion k ahe 1953: 103. 67 Vgl. die belege bei bo che s 2006: 28–33. 34 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI bea e s on he uppe cou se o he Danube ha aLd bichLMeie s and he ailu e o he la ynx and subsequen eme gence o an epen he ic - in o he g oup *-s bei which is ne e heless sa ely included (schema ically in a sligh ly u he sense: H > Ø/s__K), o which he e would be examples,70 so good g . Ion, he heimischen bezeichnung de donau an de en un e lau gegenübe . Wenn man indes mi Pe e s68, ge olg on May ho e 69, da on ausgeh , dass ein schon gemeinindoge manische schwund on La yngal zwischen s und anzuneh- poe . Oh, my God. […]ρος […]holy[…] is an ac onym. I 's called is o-u idg. *h1ish2- óund […]στρος legally, while bo h g . Tha 's igh . I 's called "E os, N.W. G ". A eous as well as ai. And inally, Isa a, acco ding o he common ypes on g . - a, - a and ai. -i a-, which would be expec ed a e o he consonan s han -s, would ha e o be analogically gene a ed. you doing? ; Bo che s 2006: in a simila di ec ion now also poin he s a emen s o Ha đa sson 2011 and 2011a, which he made in he amewo k o his in es iga ions on he Cel ic and Ge manic designa ions o "i on", which he can explain comple ely con incingly als je eigens ändig en s andene und eben nich , wie zu o meis e mu e , gegen- sideways bo owed o ma ions: on he one hand, an adj becomes. I 's called u idg. *h1ish2-e -no ice o be de e mined by law. *isa no- "s ongly s ong", whose neu al o m has been subs an ia ed o "s ong": u kel . I 's no u ine. I'm no going o do i . I'm going o do i . ia n ‘i on ( i s wo-syllable, la e one-syllable). On he o he side is he ea ly sp ing. I 's called u ge m. I is a con inua ion o a subs an i e Vddhi de i a ion u idg. *(h1)éis(h2)-e -no- ‘ he one dis inguished by s eng h, equipped wi h s eng h o.ä. o he o.g. I'll see you la e . I 's called u idg. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . The di e ence be ween he Cel ic and he Ge manic o ms is ha he Cel ic o m is based on an adjec i e, while he Ge manic o m is al eady based on a noun. The s a ing poin o bo h de i a i es is o.g. I 's called u idg. *h1ish2- ó- is s ong, as and so on. This was done by adding he su ix "V" o an adj. I 's called u idg. *h1ish2-e ó- ‘dss. is o med. The o iginal meaning o hese o ma ions wi h he […]ddhie em su ix seems o ha e been a nuance o he oo wo d, as hey exp ess in English e.g. de i a ions on -ish (g ey:: g eyish) o in New High Ge man de i a ions on -lich (blue:: bläulich), which is why his once-in-a-li e ime con as ha dly makes sense anymo e; 71 c . e.g. U idg. ♪ I'm he one who's he one ♪ ♪ I'm he one who's he one ♪ See also πικρός 68. 1980: Pe e s, 160 ., 172, no e o he edi o . 124; 325. 69 Vgl. May ho e 1986: i/2 150. 70 am deu lichs en zeig den schwund das he e okli on u idg. nom. *h1ésh2-, gen. *h1es-nós ‚blu ’ > he h . esḫa , esnas, wäh end das edische Pendan be ei s Ve allgemeine ung de la yngallosen o m shows, c . ai. as[…]-k, asnás (see edhiL 256[…]260; eWaia i 149 wi h olde li e a u e). 71 so nussbaum 2009; ci ed by ha đa sson 2011, 2011a. 35s aipsniai a icles adjec i e could hen be ano he seman ically ha d o dis inguish adj. I 's called einige ausgewähl e P obleme de al eu opäischen hyd onymie aus sich de mode nen indoge manis ik – ein Plädoye ü eine neue sich au die dinge ‚dss.‘ s. u idg. *pi-e ó- > och. a pśä ‚dss.‘. Von einem de a igen sekundä en u idg. *h1ish2-e -nó- ‘dss. o be de i ed om, see u idg. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. I you join he explana ion o he mo phological p ocesses acco ding o Nussbaum and conside V[…]ddhie ung in he su ix o be possible, he di e en o ms wi h and wi hou […]binde okal[…] a e no longe a p oblem. Ano he cla i ica ion o olde explana ions, as p esen ed abo e, eques ed by Ha ða sson (2011: 109 .; 2011a: 4) should be poin ed ou : one akes he de Saussu e la yngal sh inkage nex o u idg. *o se iously, should be in a *h1ish2- ó-:: *h1ish2- é-, al eady in la e basic language *h1is- ó-:: *h1ish2- éen s anhin Isa a mus be used as a p e ix o he adj. I 's called u idg. *h1ish2-e ó-/-e áh2 as long as he p e e ence is gi en o u idg. *h1ish2- ó-/- áh2 can be gi en, as long as no clea cases can be ound in which inlau an in e consonan la ynges (in he ield o ancien Eu opean hyd onymy) ha e been ocalized.72 The p oblem no malen hema ischen Pa adigma, in dem de hema okal ablau e , also u idg. now is ha o he app oxima ely wo dozen a es ed un il abou 1000 AD. Abou wo- hi ds o he igu e den sein, das je einzelsp achlich in die eine ode ande e ich ung ausgeglichen wo den sein konn e: aus de e s genann en o m wä en g . ion., poe . ᾽ῑρός, äol. ἶρος ebenso lau gese zlich wie de nich g . lussname Ἴστρος, wäh end aus de zwei en o m nW-g . ἱαρός und ai. iṣi á- lau gese zlich en s anden sind. is Isu a, bu only one- hi d o he igu e is Isa a. I is di icul o belie e ha in so many cases he e is a p esc ip ion. Isu a should he e o e ep esen a eal o m o speech.73 a e 1000 AD. Isa (a) is ixed, and hen he e is e idence o Isa (a) weakening. he o m Isu a is now no simply due o a secu ed p e o m: he e is no su ix u idg. I'm no su e. Fi s o all, i is concei able ha his is ano he case o he so common su ix change in Ge manic: based on cases in which in he ablau 72 i would be app op ia e o examine whe he he i e name is Czech. I 's called Jize a. Ise (1297 Giza; also known as Ise ) o he igh o hei e ymology. […] acco ding o k ahe (1964: 55) is also o he clock, a ibu a y o he swale in yo kshi e o ake a p e o m *isu a; on his i e and named a e his is a k anzmaye ebe ha d 1997 [1960]: he his o y o he kä n ne language bo de in he ligh o he names. […] Small namecunda y w i ings (1929-1972) on he occasion o his 100 h bi hday. Bi hday on he 15 h. May 1997 collec ed and published by Ma ia Ho nung. Wi h an in oduc ion by E ns Eichle . Vienna: edi ion o he P äsens, 1997, 372 […] 382. Kühebache egon 1995: The place names o Sou h Ty ol and hei his o y 2: The his o ically g own names o he alleys, i e s, s eams and lakes (publica ions o he Landesa chi 2) bozen: a hesia. elbe) da ü a gumen e lie e n könn e: die schechische o m e o de jeden alls eine wes ge manische ausgangs o m */ize ō-/ < ühu ge m. *isa/e ā- < u idg. *h1ish2-(e) ó/éh2-, die im 6. jh. unmi elba nach de einwande ung de slawen ins böhmische becken, abe noch o de du ch üh ung des ho azismus u ge m. *-z- > - - ins u schechische en lehn wo den sein muss. alls diese e ymologie ich ig is , gewönne man nebenbei auch noch mi 500 n. ch . einen e minus pos quem ü diese wes ge manische Lau e scheinung. 73 ei zens ein 2001/2002 e wäg be ei s ü die an ike die namens o m Isu a, mach abe keine anga- ömisches kas ell namens Ἴσούριον (P ol. ii 316) bzw. Isu ium (i . an . 465, 3) bezeug . 42 ha aLd bichLMeie ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI k anzmaye ebe ha d 1956–1958: O snamenbuch on Kä n en 1–2. klagen u : habel . Ma in Joachim's 2007 book Consonan Change was published. Building blocks o a simila ypology o he sound change and i s consequences o he compa a i e econs uc ion. Wiesbaden is en iched. Lambe e and Cha les de 2007: compa ison and econs uc ion. P oceedings o he 18 h Annual UCLA Indo-Eu opean Con e ence, Los Angeles, No embe 3 and 4, 2006, edi ed by Hing on, DC: by ka lene jones-bley, Ma in e. huld, Volpe a. della, Mi iam obbins dex e . Was- ins i u e o he s udy o man, 1 and 27. Lamp ech a noš 1987: P aslo anš ina. He was bo n in P aslo anš ina. B no: Uni e si y o he Czech Republic I 's called Pu kyně. Lbo2 […] ei zens ein Wol -a min h . This is he i s ime I' e seen i . om. Lexicon o Ba a ian place names. O igin and meaning. Second, he e b. and e. On you ee . This is he i s ime I' e seen i in my li e. Lbo3 […] ei zens ein Wol -a min h . This is he i s ime I' e seen his. om. Lexicon o Ba a ian place names. O igin and meaning. Uppe Ba a ia, Lowe Ba a ia and Uppe Pala ina e. Munich: c. h. beck, 2006. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Lindeman ed ik o o 1997: In oduc ion o he la yngeal heo y (Innsb uck con ibu ions o he science o language 91). Innsb uck: con ibu ions o he s udy o language. The lips a e cleane . The Indo-Ge manic single-language pala als in Indo-I anian 12. Heidelbe g: Win e o he yea 2009. LiV […] ix helmu and o he s. Lexicon o he Indo-Ge manic e bs. The oo s and hei p ima y s em o ma ions. Wiesbaden: en iched in 1998. LiV2 […] ix helmu and o he s. Lexicon o he Indo-Ge manic e bs. The oo s and hei p ima y s em o ma ions. Second, he e b. and e. This is he i s ime I' e seen him in public. Lu aghi Sil ia, The O igin o he Female Gende in Pie an old p oblem om a new pe spec i e. G amma ical change in he Indo-Eu opean languages. Pape s p esen ed a he Wo kshop on Indo-Eu opean Linguis ics a he XVIII h In e na ional Con e ence on His o ical Linguis ics, Mon eal 2007, edi ed by Ví bubeník, john hewson, sa ah ose. I'm going o ake a look a i . I'm going o ake a look a i . Mallo y james p., adams douglas q. 2006: he ox o d in oduc ion o p o oindo-eu opean and he p o oindo-eu opean wo ld. This is he Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. 43s aipsniai a icles Ma aso ić anko 1992 [22010]: K a ka po edbenopo ijesna einige ausgewähl e P obleme de al eu opäischen hyd onymie aus sich de mode nen indoge manis ik – ein Plädoye ü eine neue sich au die dinge g ama ika la inskoga jezika. This a icle is pa o a se ies on he g amma o he La in language. I 's called Ma ica h a ska. Ma aso ić anko 1996: a eexamina ion o Win e 's Law in Bal ic and Sla ic. […] Lingua Posnaniensis 37, 1995 [1996], 57[…]70. This is he i s ime ha he language has been used in his way. Ma aso ić anko 2007: on he accen ua ion o he ea lies La in and omance loanwo ds in Sla ic. Tones and heo ies: p oceedings o he in e na ional wo kshop on bal o-sla ic accen ology, zag eb, 1 o 3 july 2005, edi ed by ma e kapo ić, anko ma aso ić. zag eb: ins i u e o h a ski jezik i jezikoslo lje 2007, 105[…]119. This is he i s ime ha he ins i u e has been opened in Slo akia. Ma aso ić anko 2008: Po edbenopo ijesna g amma o he C oa ian language. I is also known as Ma aso ić anko. I 'm no going o do i . ica h a ska. Maye an on 1957 […] 1959: The language o he ancien Illy ians 1[…]2. Vienna: owe in ecep ion mission. May ho e Man ed 1981: Nach hunde Jah en. Fe dinand de Saussu es F ühwe k und by oday's Indo-Ge manic. Wi h a con ibu ion by Ronald Zwanzige ( epo o he mee ing o he Heidelbe g Academy o Sciences, Philosophical-His o ical Class o 1981. Heidelbe g: I is win e . May ho e Man ed 1986: Indoge manische G amma ik I/2 (Indoge manische Biblio hek: se ies 1, Leh und Handbüche : Indoge manische G amma ik bd. 1) is a book by he Ge man philosophe and philosophe Wilhelm Himmle , which was published in he la e 19 h cen u y. This is Heidelbe g. I 's win e . May ho e Man ed 2005: The con inua ion o he Indo-Ge manic la ynx in he Indo-I anian language (session epo s o he Aus ian Academy o Sciences, Philosophical His o ical Class 730). Vienna: Aus ian Academy o Sciences. Meie -B ügge Michael 2000: Indo-Ge manic linguis ics, 7 h, is comple ely new. Look a he old one. by Hans K ahe. wi h he coope a ion o Ma hias F i z and Man ed May ho e (De-G uy e s udy book). Be lin and New Yo k: he G uy e . Meie -B ügge Michael 2002: Indoge manic linguis ics 8. o e a b. and e g. was published in he jou nal Indoge manische Sp achwissenscha . Published wi h he coope a ion o Ma hias F i z and Man ed May ho e (De-G uy e s udy book). Be lin and New Yo k: he G uy e . Meie -b ügge Michael 2010: Indoge manische Sp achwissenscha 9., du chges. u. e g. au l. un e Mi a bei on Ma hias i z und Man ed May ho e (De-G uy e -S udi- he book. Be lin and New Yo k: he G uy e . Meise ge ha d 1998: His o ical sound and o m heo y o he La in language. Mülle Wiesbaden: Wissenscha liche buchgesellscha . s e an 2007: To Ge man om a la yngological poin o iew. Wi h an in oduc ion o he basics o la ynx heo y. Be lin and New Yo k: he G uy e . The Indo-Ge manic lexicon. niL – Wod ko dagma s., i slinge b i a, schneide ca olin. Nomina im Heidelbe g: Win e , 2008. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . 44 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI by Edua d Bensele . I would like o ask he ha aLd bichLMeie Commissione whe he he is awa e o he ac ha he Commission has no ye aken nussbaum alan . 2009: Geni i alia. Vo ag au de 28 h eas coas indo-eu opean con e ence, uni e si y o island, eykya ík, 10.–14. juni 2009. olande homas 2009: Bal o-Sla ic Accen ual Mobili y. be lin – new yo k: de g uy e . Pape Wilhelm 1911: Handwö e buch de g iechischen Sp ache 3, neu bea b. on gus a a decision on his ma e . Vienna: Aus ian Academy o Sciences. Pe i daniel 2010: Pe e s Ma in 1980: Un e suchungen zu Ve e ung de indoge manischen La yngale im G iechischen (ös e eichische akademie de Wissenscha en, Philosophisch-his o ische klas- se, si zungsbe ich e, bd. 377; Ve ö en lichungen de kommission ü Linguis ik und kom- In es iga ions in o he Bal ic languages (B ill's S udies in Indo-Eu opean Languages and Linguis ics 4). Leiden, Bos on, b igh and shiny. Poko ny julius 1914: o igin and e ymology o he wo d i on. […] Kuhn's magazine ei zens ein Wol -a min h . […] This is he i s ime I' e ead i . om 2001: io isu a. […] Shee s o Uppe Ge man name 46, 292–294. esea ch 38[…]39, 43[…]46. Don Ring 2006: A Linguis ic His o y o English 1. ox o d: ox o d uni e si y p ess. This is a lis o books published by ox o d uni e si y p ess. Risch E ns (1974): Wo d o ma ion in he Home ic language. Be lin and New Yo k: he G uy e . ix helmu 1976: His o ical g amma o he G eek language: sound and o m heo y. Co ne wo. On you ee . ix helmu 1992: His o ische G amma ik des G iechischen: Lau - und Fo menleh e . Wiesbaden: Wissenscha liche buchgesellscha . Wiesbaden: Scien i ic book company. Scha ne s e an 1999: he names o he gods o he second Me sebu g spell. – The language is 41, 153205. schmid Wol gang P. 1979: u heima und ausb ei ung de slawen. – Zei sch i ü Eas e n esea ch 28, 405[…]415 [ ep in ed in schmid 1994: 254[…]264]. Wol gang Schmid P. 1986: o he hi een h g ade in Bal ic and Sla ic. – Fes sch i Wol gang P. Schmid on he occasion o his 65 h bi hday Bi hdays published by J. ü He be B äue zum 65 . Gebu s ag am 14 . Ap il 1986. h sgg. on einhold olesch , hans o he . köln e c.: böhlau, 457–466 [wiede abged uck in schmid 1994: 358–367]. schmid Wol gang P. 1994: Linguis icæ Scien iæ Collec anea. Ausgewähl e Sch i en on Becke , E. Egge s, J. Udolph and D. Webe . Be lin and New Yo k: he G uy e . Wol gang P. Schmid 1998: Me hodological ema ks on he classi ica ion o he old Eu opean language. […] Onomas ica Sla oge manica 23, 21[…]28. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Sch amm Go ied 1981: conque o and se le . Geog aphical loan names as wi nesses o he his o y o sou heas e n Eu ope in he i s millennium. I'm om S u ga . 45s aipsniai a icles w i en by Pe e 1991: The Re lexes o he einige ausgewähl e P obleme de al eu opäischen hyd onymie aus sich de mode nen indoge manis ik – ein Plädoye ü eine neue sich au die dinge P o o-Indo-Eu opean La yngeals in La in. ams e dam/a lan a ga: odopi. Snyde William h. 1964: The igh ibu a ies o he Danube om he sou ce o he mou h o he Inn (Hyd onymia Ge maniae, se ies a, deli e y 3). Wiesbaden is a s one ci y. Snyde William h. snyde William h. 1965: zu äl es en namenschich de ech en neben lüsse de donau ( on de Quelle bis zu einmündung des inns). – Bei äge zu Namen o schung 16, 176–203. 1966: o he oldes name laye o he igh ibu a ies o he Danube: he compound names. […] Con ibu ions o he s udy o names, New Issue 1, Snyde William h. 1967: o he es imony o 43–66. i e names o he ea ly his o y o Vo und. […] Con ibu ions o he s udy o names, New Issue 2, 146 […] 164. sss iViii […] Slo ak an iqui y o he Slo ak language 18. W ocław and so on. Ossolineum, 1961 o 1996. Szeme ny Oswald, In oduc ion o he compa a i e s udy o language. Wiesbaden: Scien i ic book company. Topo o Vladimi n., ubače oleg n. 1962: Ling is ičeskij analiz gid onimo o a an onio 1977: K ah's ancien Eu opean hyd onym and he Wes -Indo-Ge manic languages. He is also he au ho o a numbe o books. Mee ing epo s o Ve chnego Podnep o ’ja. Mosk a: izda el’s o akademii nauk sss . he Heidelbe g Academy o Sciences. Philosophical and his o ical class, 1977, second heidelbe g: win e . Udolph Jü gen (1979): S udies on Sla ic wa e names and wa e names. A con ibu ion o he ques ion o he ances al homeland o he Sla s (con ibu ions o he name esea ch supplemen ) 17). Heidelbe g: I is win e . udolph jü gen 1990: The posi ion o wa e names in Poland wi hin ancien Eu opean hyd onymy (Con ibu ions o name esea ch, olume 31). Heidelbe g: I is win e . Udolph Jü gen 1997: ancien Eu opean hyd onyms and o iginal Sla ic wa e names. – Onomas ic 42, 21 and 70. Udolph Jü gen 2007: Old Eu ope in C oa ia: he name o he Sa a o Sa e. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The Eu opean Pa liamen , he Council and he Economic and Social Commi ee ha e adop ed a numbe o amendmen s o he p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k. […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 62[…]63, 161[…]176. I is also known as he Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 62[…]63, 161[…]176. Wa kins Cal e , The Ame ican He i age Dic iona y o Indo-Eu opean Roo s, was published in 2000. This is Hough on Mi lin. Wiesinge Pe e 1985: P oblems o he Ba a ian ea ly pe iod in Lowe Aus ia om a namecund y poin o iew. Ba a ia and i s neighbou s. Pa one. Repo s o he symposium de Kommission ü F ühmi elal e o schung 25. bis 28. Ok obe 1982, S i Zwe l, Niede ö- 46 ha aLd bichLMeie ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI by s e eich, h sgg. by he wig wol am, and eas schwa cz. Vienna: Aus ian Academy o Sciences, 321[…]367 and 7 maps unpagina ed in he appendix. Wiesinge Pe e 1990: an ique- oman con inui ies in he donau aum o he uppe sciences, 261[…]326 as well as 2 niede ös e eich am beispiel de gewässe -, be g- und siedlungsnamen. – Typen de E hnogenese un e besonde e Be ücksich igung de Baye n. Teil 1. Be ich e des Symposions de Kommission ü F ühmi elal e o schung 27. bis 30. Ok obe 1986, S i Zwe l, Niede ö- s e eich, h sgg. on he wig Wol am, Wal he Pohl. Wien: ös e eichische akademie de maps unpagina ed in he appendix. W g iV: Dic iona y o Russian wa e names 15, compiled by a. ke ndl, . icha d and W. eisold unde he di ec ion o Max Vasme . Wiesbaden: ha assowi z young s ephen 2008: Win e 's law and e ymologies, wi h special e e ence o 1961–1969. Li huanian. This is Bal is ica 43, 201-218. Ziegle sabine 2001: old I ish ía u, which is he "swi " oak. I 's called No alis Indoge manica. A eas o Gün e Neumann on he 80 h. I 's you bi hday. by Ma hias F i z and Susanne Zeil elde . I 's called Leykam, 587 […] 590. kai ku ios senosios eu opos hid onimijos P oblems o mode n Indo-Eu opean s udies ž ilgsniu: naujo požiū io į šiuos dalykus ginamoji kalba san auka Vanden a džių, p iklausančių „senajai eu opos hid onimijai“, e imologija nuo hanso k ahe’s Based on he me hodology o he pacha. e ymology i i is used his o icallyginamosios kalbo y os a indoeu opeis ikos o m a spindi padė į, bu usią be o e he second wo ld wa . Pe pas a uosius 50 yea s indoeu opeis ikos mokslas isose s e ose sma kiai pažengė į p iekį, o senosios eu opos hid onimijos y imo me odika liko okia pa i kaip anuome . This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Eu opean Union ha he Eu opean Union has been able o do his. I is also impo an o no e ha he Eu opean Pa liamen 's epo on he implemen a ion o he EU's ex e nal ac ion in he ield o de ence and secu i y is based on he p inciple o subsidia i y. Ši ai, sup an ama, is he oldes Eu opean ep esen a i e o he Eu opean me hod o mode n Indo-Eu opean me hod o ou ism. Mokslas, ku is nuola os nea sinaujina i ne obulėja, anksčiau a ėliau bus pasme k as ap i ne eikšmingu i mi i. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he coun y ha a bus has been egis e ed. This a icle is based on he Upius Va dus Sa e, D au bei Isa i su jais susijusių a dų pa yzdžiu pa odoma, kokios senosios eu opos hid onimijos y ėjų mokslinės iš ados dėl minė o a silikimo ebė a nepas ebė os. This a icle is based on he Upius Va dus Sa e, D au bei Isa i su jais susijusių a dų pa yzdžiu pa odoma. 47s aipsniai a icles suabejo a i einige ausgewähl e P obleme de al eu opäischen hyd onymie aus sich de mode nen indoge manis ik – ein Plädoye ü eine neue sich au die dinge kažin a no s ka ą iki šiol „senosios eu opeis ikos“ iš ados ėmėsi i kiek išsamesnėmis e imologijomis, kaip ai įp as a indoeu opeis ikai, odėl a gu a bus galima iš eng i naujo isos u imos senosios eu opos hid onimijos medžiagos y imo. ik uome ligšiolinių y imų eikšmė galės bū i galu inai į e in a, nes emian is nauju medžiagos ak a imu, žinoma, bus a iamomis iesomis. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. ha aLd bichLMeie Ma in-Lu he -Uni e si ä Halle-Wi enbe g O ien alisches Ins i u Semina ü Indoge manis ik und Allgemeine Sp achwissenscha Hein ich-und-Thomas-Mann-S . 26, 06108 Halle (Saale) [Email p o ec ed] Saxon Academy o Sciences Employmen Jena E ymological dic iona y o Old High Ge man This is Zwä zengasse 12, 07743 Jena. [Email p o ec ed]