Neapibrėžtą ypatybės kiekį žymintys būdvardžiai: priešdėlių „po-“ ir „pa-“ vedinių kirčiavimas

AURELIJA TAMULIONIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language Research areas: lexicology, morphology. ADJECTIVES DENOTING AN INDEFINITE DEGREE OF A PROPERTY: ACCENTUATION OF DERIVATIVES WITH THE PO- AND PA- PREFIXES Adjectives Denoting an Indefinite Amount of Peculiarity: Accentuation of Derivatives with the Prefixes po- and pa- ABSTRACT The article discusses the accentuation of adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property, that is, derivatives with the po- and pa- prefixes and their base words. The subject of the study is adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property, included in the academic electronic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. The article groups all the material according to derivational types. Separate sections of the article discuss the accentuation of derivatives of each derivational type (with the po- and pa- prefixes) and their base words. ANNOTATION The article discusses the accentuation of adjectives denoting an indefinite amount of peculiarity, i.e. derivatives with the prefixes po- and pa- and their base words. The research object is adjectives denoting an indefinite amount of peculiarity, which are listed in the academic electronic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. The article groups the overall data by the type of formation. Individual chapters of the article deal with accentuation of derivatives of each type of formation (prefixes po- and pa-) and their base words. KEYWORDS: accentual dominance, accentuation, accent paradigm, accentuation variants, adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property. KEYWORDS: accentual domination, accentuation, accentual paradigm, accentuation variants, adjectives denoting an indefinite amount of peculiarity. Straipsniai / Articles 185 A U R E L I J A T A M U L I O N I E N Ė INTRODUCTION Drawing on material from the electronic version of the academic Lietuvių kalbos žodyno (hereafter LKŽe), this article analyzes the accentuation¹ of adjectives denoting an indefinite amount of a quality, that is, derivatives with the prefixes po- and pa-, and of their base words. In total, 214 derivatives with the prefix po- and 316 with the prefix pa- denoting an indefinite amount of a quality were found in LKŽe. Separate sections of the article analyze the accentuation of adjectives formed according to two derivational types³—those with the prefix po- and those with the prefix pa-—and identify accentuation variants. The accentuation of the base words is also described, and the article examines which accentuation pattern (root or mobile) the base words from which the derivatives were formed follow. According to their effect on base stems, derivational prefixes are divided into dominant-strengthening prefixes (po-) and dominant-weakening prefixes (pa-; Danguolė Mikulėnienė calls them variable-strength prefixes [Mikulėnienė 2005: 177; cf. Stundžia 1995: 10])⁴. The stems of all base words are classified as strong (bráuzga, dieró tas) or weak (aštrùs, baisùs). The sections conclude with a summary of the findings and a description of the accentual properties of the derivatives and their base words. 1. ACCENTUATION OF DERIVATIVES WITH THE PREFIX PO- The first section analyzes the accentuation of 214 derivatives with the prefix po- denoting an indefinite amount of a quality, and of their base words. Nearly all derivatives with the prefix po- have accent paradigm 1 [(a); 206 words]. Three derivatives have accent paradigm 3ª [(b); 3 words]. Some derivatives have variable accentuation. Derivatives with accent paradigms 1 and 3ª vary [(c); 7 cases]⁵. ¹ Derivatives with the prefixes po-, pa- were chosen as the subject of this study because they are fairly frequent and historically related. Two prefixes in modern Lithuanian are historically related to the preposition po (< pā): po- and pa-. Both may be regarded as allomorphs of one and the same prefix *pā-: pa- corresponds to the weak degree of realization, while po- corresponds to the strong degree (Mikulėnienė 1994: 118). ² In this article, the term indefinite is used only to describe the indefiniteness of the amount of a quality (for more, see Tamulionienė 2013). ³ For more on the formation of these adjectives, the distinction between derivational types, and the identification of base words, see Tamulionienė 2013: 126–145. ⁴ Dominant-strengthening affixes are those that “strengthen or preserve a strong base stem [...] Dominant-weakening affixes, conversely, weaken or preserve a weak stem of the base word” (Stundžia 1995: 9–10). ⁵ One word is given without accent marks in LKŽe (popilkas). One index card for the adjective pódrungnas was found in LKŽK; it gives only the masculine nominative singular of the word’s principal form, accented 186 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXIX Adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property: accentuation of derivatives with the prefixes po- and pa- (a) Accentuation paradigm 1: póankstis, póankštis, póankštokas, póaštris, 2 póaukštis, póbaisis, póbaltis, póbasis, póbaugis, póbėris, póbjauris, póblogis, póbrangis, póbrangus, póbudris, póbugštus, póbukis, pódailus, 1 pódidelis, 1 pódidis, pódidokas, pódidokis, pódievotis, pódykis, pódrėgnis, pód rūngnis, pódrūtis, pód ukslis, 2 pógar sis, pógausis, pógel tis, pógeltonis, pógeras, pógeris, pógiedris, pógilis, póilgas, pógloris, pógr ažis, pógreitis, pógrynis, póilgis, póivairis, pójaunas, 2 pójaunis, pókalnotas, pókarštas, pókarštis, pókarštokas, pó kartis, pókei stas, pókeistis, pókietis, pókimis, pó klaikis, póklienis, pókreivas, pókreivis, ×pókūdis, pókurčis, pókurtis, pókvailis, pólaibis, 2 pólaisvis, 2 pólaiškis, pólaukštis, pólengvis, ×pó lentis, pólėdnus, pólėtis, póliesis, 2 pól ygis, póliūdnis, pó lomis, póm aršis, póm ažis, póm ažokas, pómėlynis, pómenkis, pó minkštis, pómitris, pómukšis, pómulkis, pón ašis, pónaujis, pó nedoris, pó nekis, pópaikšis, pó palaidis, pó palaikis, pó pasiutis, pó pigis, pó piktis, pó pilkis, pó pilnis, pó platis, pó plepis, pó plikas, pó plikis, pó pliuškis, pó plokštis, pó plonis, pó prastis, pó puikis, póraganis, 2 pórainis, póra išis, pór ambis, pór amis, póraudis, póra udonis, póresvas, póresvis, póretis, póretokas, pórudis, pórūgštas, 2 pórūgštis, pórūgštokas, pórūpis, pórūstis, pósaldis, pósaldus, pós enis, pósiauris, pósiaurokas, pósilpnis, póskaudis, póskystis, póskystokas, póskriauznis, ×póskrum nis, 2 póslenis, pós lidis, 2 póslydis, pós magis, pós mailis, pós mulkis, 2 pósnūdis, pósraunis, pó stambis, pó stangus, pó statis, pó stipris, póstrukis, pósūdrus, pósukrus, pósunkis, pósveikis, pósaltis, póšykštis, póšilvas, póšiltas, póšiltis, póšiltokas, póšykštas, póširmis, póšiurkštis, póšiurpis, póšlapis, póšlapis, póšveplis, pótaikis, pótampris, pótamsis, pótamsokas, pótankis, póteis is, pótekinis, 2 pótykis, 2 pótylis, pótinginis, 2 pótingis, 2 pótyris, pót irštis, pót izis, 2 pótolis, pótrankis, 2 pó troškis, pótrumpis, pótrumpis, pótrumpokas, pót uštis, pótvirtis, póūmis, póvargšis, 2 póveikis, póvelis, póvelniškas, póverksmis, póverksnis, 2 póvesis, póvesus, póvidutinis, pó vienodis, póvilgšnis, póvilkis, póvyriškas, póžalis, 2 póžemis, póžiaudris, póžydris, póžilis, póži oplis, póžvairis, póžvalis. (b) Accentuation paradigm 3ª: pobrauzgýs, pódrungnas, póp ilkas. (c) slightly black (1) Gd, Slm⁶ – slightly black (3ª) Jn; 2 slightly dry (1) Erž, Ėr, Grš, Ktk, Slm, Srv, Vn, Žr – slightly dry (3ª) Žr; ×slightly hunchbacked (1) Ds – slightly hunchbacked (3ª) Šll; slightly thick (1) Ėr, Rs, Sb, with a falling-rising pitch accent; the accentuation paradigm is not specified. Only one citation slip was also found for the adjective popilkas. On it, the headword is unaccented; only the illustrative sentence, recorded in Notia (a Southern Aukštaitian subdialect) (“Vienas buvo popilkais rūkais pasprėdis, o kito neatsimenu”), indicates that this derivative follows accentuation paradigm 3ª. This adjective was not found in the dictionaries of this dialect (DvŽ 2010). The illustrative example in LKŽŽ allows us to assume that the derivative popilkas should be accented like the derivative pódrungnas—according to accentuation paradigm 3ª [(b); 2 words]. 6 The material provided by LKŽŽ does not show the actual geographical distribution of the derivatives. A word may not be recorded in the dictionary, but this does not mean that it is not used in that area; therefore, the geographical distribution of the derivatives analyzed in this article should be regarded as approximate. The article indicates, for each derivative, the localities where it is recorded in LKŽŽe. The abbreviations for localities follow those used in LKŽŽe. The description of the dialects is based on the dialect classification of Alekso Girdenio and Zigmo Zinkevičiaus in the Lietuvių kalbos atlase (LKA I; map no. 1). Straipsniai / Articles 187 A U R E L I J A T A M U L I O N I E N Ė Sld, Trs – postorỹs (3a) Grg; pósūris (1) Dr, J, Rm, Sb – posūrỹs (3a) Jn, Kv; pósūviesis (1) BŽ 506, Rm – pōsviesỹs (3a) Tl; pótumpis (1) M.Unt – potumpỹs (3a) Tv7. Base words most often follow accentuation paradigm 4 [(d); 89 words], less often paradigm 3 [(e1); 17 words], paradigm 3b [(e2); 2 words], paradigm 2 [(f); 7 words], and paradigm 1 [(g); 13 words]. (d) Accentuation paradigm 4: ankstùs, añkštas, aštrùs, baisùs, bãsas, blõgas, bugštùs, 3 būkas, 1 dýkas, druñgnas, dukslùs, garsùs, 3 gẽltas, 1 gė̃ras, giẽdras, gilùs, gražùs, grẽitas, įvãirus, kei̇̃stas, kimùs, klaikùs, kreĩvas, ×kū́das, kurčias, kvai̇̃las, lai̇̃škus, laukštùs, leñgvas, ×leñtas, lė̃tas, liūdnas, lomùs, maršùs, 1 mãžas, meñkas, mìtras, našùs, naũjas, 3 nėkas, 1 pìktas, platùs, plepùs, plìkas, praštas, puikùs, ramùs, raũdas, rẽsvas, rė́tas, rū́das, rupùs, 2 saũsas, sẽnas, 1 siaũras, skriaũznas, ×skruñmnas, slėnùs, slidùs, smagùs, smailùs, snūdùs, sraunùs, statùs, 2 striùkas, sukrùs, 1 sveĩkas, šìlvas, 2 šìltas, šiurpùs, šlãpias, švẽplas, tamprùs, tingùs, tìrš tas, tižùs, tolùs, troškùs, 2 trùmpas, tùščias, velùs, verksnùs, vìl kas, žãlias, žẽmas, žiaudrùs, 1 žìlas, žvaĩras, žvalùs. (e1) Accentuation paradigm 3: 2 áukštas, drūtas, 1 ilgas, 1 jáunas, 1 kárštas, kíetas, miñkštas, 1 pìlnas, 3 plókštas, 2 plónas, rū́gštas, ruõštus, stóras, šýkštas, týras, tvìrtas, žýdras. (e2) Accentuation paradigm 3b: 1 tẽkinas, 2 tinginỹs. (f) Accentuation paradigm 2: mùkšas, paĩkšas, palaĩkis, plìuškas, slidùs, var̃gšas, vidutìnis. (g) Accentuation paradigm 1: añkštokas, bráuzga, dievótas, gliõras, kálnotas, karštókas, mažõkas, 5 mulkùs, 2 skystókas, 2 tùmpa, tamšókas, trumpókas, 2 òvriškas. Accentual variation is more characteristic of base words than of the adjectives derived from them. Derivatives with different stress positions predominate in this variation group. Most commonly, variants of words belonging to accentuation paradigms 1 and 3 were found8 [(h1); 18 cases]. 7 The illustrative material in LKŽe shows that derivatives following accentuation paradigm 1 are recorded in the dictionary mainly from the Aukštaitian (eastern and western) and Samogitian (southern and northern) dialects. These adjectives are recorded in Eržikė, Panevėžys district—2 pós ausis, pó storis, in Ramygala—pósūris, pósviesis; in Surviliškis, Kėdainiai district, 2 pósausis, in Truskava—póstoris; in Salamiestis, Kupiškis district—pójuodis, in Subačius—pósūris, póstoris; in Kuktiškės, Utena district—2 pósausis, in Saldutiškis—póstoris; in Žarėnai, Telšiai district—2 pósausis, in Gadūnavas—pójuodis; in Eržvilkas, Jurbarkas district—2 pósausis; in Darbėnai, Kretinga district—pósūris; in Raseiniai—póstoris; in Griškabūdis, Šakiai district—2 pósausis; in Vainutas, Šilutė district—2 pósausis; in Dusetos, Zarasai district—×póskūpis. Derivatives are also accented according to paradigm 1 by A. Juška (pósūris), J. Baronas (pósviesis), and M. Untulis (pótumpis). Derivatives following accentuation paradigm 3a are accented only in the southern and northern subdialects of the Samogitian dialect. In LKŽe, such derivatives are recorded in Telšiai district: in Telšiai pósviesỹs, in Varniai póbrauzgỹs, in Žarėnai posausỹs; in Šilalė district: in Šilalė poskūpỹs, in Kvedarna posūrỹs; in Gargždai, Klaipėda district, postorỹs; in Tverai, Plungė district, potumpỹs. Two derivatives with this accentuation, pojuodỹs and posūrỹs, are recorded in LKŽe from the writings of Kazimieras Jaunius. 8Accentuation variants in the article are presented in the same order as in LKŽe. Accentuation variants of words belonging to the same accentual paradigm are separated by a slash; the accentual paradigm is indicated after the second word variant. 188 A c t a L i n g u i s t i c a L i t h u a n i c a L X I X Neapibrėžtą ypatybės kiekį žymintys būdvardžiai: priešdėlių po- ir pa- vedinių kirčiavimas (h1) báltas (3) – báltas (1); béras (3) – béras (1); didélis (3b) – didélis (1); didókas (1) – didókas (3); geltónas (1) – geltónas (3); júodas (3) – júodas (1); klíenas (3) – klíenas (1); liésas (3) – liésas (1); mėlynas (1) – mėlynas (3a); pilkas (3) – pilkas (1); 1 raudónas (1) – raudónas (3); rãgana (1) – raganà (3b); retókas (1) – retókas (3); rūgštókas (1) – rūgštókas (3); siaurókas (1) – siaurókas (3); šáltas (3) – šáltas (1); šiltókas (1) – šiltókas (3); vė́lniškas (1) – vė́lniškas (3a). This group includes not only derivatives accented according to different accentual paradigms (1, 3), but also those in which only the nominative singular forms have two possible accentuations [(h2); 6 cases]. (h2) brangùs / brángus (3) – brángus (1); 1 lýgus / lygùs (3) – lýgus (1); smùlkus / smulkùs (3) – smùlkus (1); 2 tánkus / tankùs (3) – 2 tánkus (1); véikus / veikùs (3) – véikus (1); vienódas / viénodas (1) – vienódas (3). Fewer variants of words belonging to accentual paradigms 3 and 4 were found [(i); 15 cases], as well as variants belonging to paradigms 1, 3, and 4 [(j1); 6 cases]. This group also includes an adjective accented according to three accentual paradigms (1, 3, 4), with the stress position in the nominative singular also varying in one of them (3) (j2). (i) grýnas (3) – grýnas (4); kartùs (3) – kartùs (4); láibas (3) – laibàs (4); nedõras (4) – nedõras (3); 2 rãinas (3) – rainàs (4); rãĩšas (3) – raišàs (4); skỹstas (3) – skystàs (4); 1 stangùs (4) – stángus (3); sū̃rūs (3) – sūrùs (4); 3 šélmas (3) – šelmàs (4); šìrmas (3) – širmàs (4); tamsùs (4) – támsus (3); vèsus (4) – vésus (3); vìlgšnas (3) – vil̃gšnas (4); žiõplas (4) – žióplas (3). (j1) damp (3) – damp (4) – damp (1); stern (3) – stern (4) – stern (1); sweet (3) – sweet (4) – sweet (1); weak (4) – weak (3) – weak (1); peaceful (4) – peaceful (3) – peaceful (1); quick-tempered (3) – quick-tempered (4) – quick-tempered (1). (j2) sūd́rus / sūd̀rūs (3) – sūd́rus (1) – sūd̀rūs (4). Fewer variants of words belonging to accentual paradigms 2 and 4 were also found [k1; 1 case]. Adjectives with different accentuation in the nominative singular are also assigned to this group of adjective accentuation variants [(k2); 2 cases]. (k1) dĩdis (4) – didìs (2). (k2) sunkùs / sùnkūs (4) – sùnkūs (2); šviesùs / šviẽsus (4) – šviẽsus (2). Three cases of variants of words belonging to accentual paradigms 1 and 4 were found (l). (l) gausùs (4) – gáusus (1); šykštùs (4) – šýkštus (1); trankùs (4) – tránkus (1). Underlying words were found that differ in the position of stress in the nominative singular [(m); 13 cases] or are accented differently among variants of the same accentual paradigm [(n); 1 case]. Straipsniai / Articles 189 AURELIJA TAMULIONIENĖ (m) baugùs – bãugus (4); bjaurùs – bjaũrus (4); budrùs – bùdrus (4); pigùs – pìgus (4); rambūs – ram̃bus (4); skaudùs – skaũdus (4); ×skūpùs – skū̃pus (4), stambùs – stam̃bus (4); stiprùs – stip̃rus (4); šiurkštùs – šiurkšt̃us (4); teisùs – teĩsus (4); tykùs – tỹkus (4); tylūs – tỹlus (4). (n) palaidas (3) – palaidas (3b). Base words are predominantly accented according to accentuation patterns 3 and 4 (including accentuation variants, 77%); their stems are therefore considered accentually weak. Far fewer base words are accented according to patterns 1 and 2 (including accentuation variants, 23%); their stems are considered accentually strong. Almost always, the attached dominant strengthening prefix9 po- receives the accent and preserves the strength of, or strengthens, the base word’s stem. Thus, regardless of the accentual strength of the base word, the stems of almost all derivatives become strong and are accented according to pattern 1. The only exceptions are two derivatives accented according to pattern 3a: pód rungnas, pópilkas. The derivative pód rungnas is derived from the base adjective drūngnas, which is accented according to pattern 4. The other derivative accented according to pattern 3a, pópilkas, is derived from the adjective pìlkas, which can be accented according to either pattern 3 or pattern 1.10 As the material presented shows, all derivatives of this subtype and their variants are accented according to two accentuation patterns, and in both the prefix is accented. The main accentuation pattern for this subtype is that of derivatives consistently accented according to pattern 1 (a). The other accentuation pattern is that of derivatives accented according to pattern 3a [(b), (c)]. The secondary accentuation pattern includes derivatives that are accented and derived from base words with different accentuation: from adjectives with mobile accentuation [drūngnas (4)] and from adjectives with such mobile accentuation that have a root-accented variant [pìlkas (3) – pìlkas (1)]; from adjectives with consistently mobile accentuation [2 sausas (4), storas (3)]; from nouns with consistently root accentuation [bráuzga (1), 2 tùmpa (1)]; from words with variant mobile accentuation [sūrùs (3) – sūrùs (4)]; and from adjectives with mobile accentuation that have root-accented variants [júodas (3) – júodas (1); sviẽsus / sviẽsus (4) – sviẽsus (2)] or remnants of root accentuation [×skūpùs – skē̃pus (4)]. From a synchronic perspective, derivatives accented according to the main accentuation pattern (pattern 1) are derived not only from base words with mobile accent [(d), (e1), (e2), (m), (n)], but also from several root-accented base words [(f), (g)], as well as from those base words with mobile accent that have root-accented variants [(h1), (h2), (j1), (j2), (k1), (k2), (l)]. 9 Accentual dominance neutralizes the accentual properties of other morphemes and shows “how affixes affect the accentual strength of base stems and the relation of the derivative’s morphemes to the accent” (Stundžia 1995: 97). 10 The derivative pód rungnas is recorded in LKŽe in the Plungė district; the derivative pópilkas is recorded in Nočia. Both words, accented according to the same pattern 3a, are recorded in areas very far apart. 190 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXIX Neapibrėžtą ypatybės kiekį žymintys būdvardžiai: priešdėlių po- ir pa- vedinių kirčiavimas 2. ACCENTUATION OF DERIVATIVES WITH THE PREFIX PA- The second section of the article analyzes the accentuation of 316 derivatives with the prefix pa-, which denote an indefinite amount of a peculiarity, and of their base words. Most derivatives with the prefix pa- are accented according to accent paradigm 4 [(a); 95 words], somewhat fewer according to paradigm 1 [(b); 73 words]; far fewer derivatives are accented according to paradigm 3 [(c1); 25 words], paradigm 3b [(c2); 68 words], paradigm 3a [(c3); 1 word] and paradigm 34b [(c4); 1 word], as well as paradigm 2 [(d); 6 words]11. (a) Accent paradigm 4: paaštrūs, pabaisūs, pabėgšlūs, pabergždžias, pabiznas, pabjaurūs, pabugštūs, ×pačėdūs, padažnas, paderėšas, padickas, padrūngnas, padrungūs, padūvylas, pagaižūs, pagarudūs, pagėras, pagražūs, pagulkščias, paišlakūs, paižūlnas, paižulnūs, pajaukūs, pagelšvas, pagulščias, pagulūs, pakankūs, pakaštānas, pakeblūs, paklibas, ×pakmūrnas, ×pakūdas, pakreivas, pakūmpas, pakurčias, palankstūs, palaukas, ×palėntas, paliaūnas, palinkšmas, ×pamarkātnas, pameilūs, panegražūs, panemažas, panepiktas, paneramūs, panuobodūs, papanašūs, paplatūs, paplikas, papuikūs, paramūs, paraūsv as, parėšvas, parėtas, parūdas, parūsv as, ×paru žāvas, pasaūsas, pasiaūras, pasiaūstas, 2 paslēnas, paskurdūs, ×paskūpūs, paslēsnas, 2 pasmagūs, pasmailas, pastandūs, pastiṅgras, pastipras, pasūktas, 2 pasūrūs, pasvarūs, pasveikas, pašlāpias, pašliūbas, pašlūbas, pašnairas, pašvarūs, pašvelnūs, pašviesūs, pašviežias, patirštas, patrūmpas, patykūs, patylūs, pavargūs, pavėlūs, pažālas, pažālias, 1 pažėmas, pažiaurūs, pažilas, pažvairas, pažvairūs. (b) Accent paradigm 1: paankstyvas, paašrōkas, paáugelėtas, ×pabliednōkas, pāblogšis, pādideliokas, padidelōkas, pādygliuotas, ×pāditokas, padirsíuotas, pādrėgnas, pādrūktas, pajāutiškas, pāgražōkas, pāgudiškas, 2 pailgōkas, pakaringas, pakiblōkas, pāklaikšas, pakreivókas,×pakudlōtas, pakiaūliškas, paklūmpiškas, pakūlėtas, pakurtis, palengvōkas, pālētas, palietingas, pālynotas, pālytotas, pamažōkas, pāmiglotas, pāmiklōkas, pāmitrokas, pāožkiškas, papigōkas, papiktūrnas, papakarštōkas, paplatōkas, pāponiškas, paprastōkas, papusnėtas, paraudōnas, paraudōnis, paraumeningas, pasaldōkas, pasausōkas, pāseklus, pāsenokas, 2 pāšlinkas, pāsmailus, pasunkōkas, pasūrōkas, pastambōkas, pāstangus, pastorōkas, pāstrubas, pašalnōtas, pašaltokas, pāšiurkštis, pašlubōkas, pāšnai rus, paumōkas, patānkūs, patešmeninga, patirštōkas, pā tolimas, patrum pōkas, pāvēšlus, pavydutiniškas, pavienōdas, pavingurtas, pažvairōkas. (c1) Accent paradigm 3: pabéras, padrūtas, pagirtas, pagyvas, pagrýnas, pajáunas, pakárštas, pakéršas, pakiáuras, paláibas, 2 palénas, palýgus, pamárgas, pamìn kštas, 2 papìlkas, parūgštūs, pasaldūs, paskýstas, pasmùlkus, paskubùs, pasotùs, pastorùs, pašìrmas, patižùs, paumùs. (c2) Accent paradigm 3b: paaiškýs, paaukštýs, paaštrýs, pabjaurýs, pablogýs, pada ilýs, padarbýs, padrėgnýs, padrūktýs, padurnýs, padyvylýs, paedrýs, pagerýs, pagudrýs, pagulstinas, pailgýs, paištrižas, pažīvijas, 2 pajaunýs, paklienýs, pakūmpýs, ×pakudýs, palaiškýs, 2 pā lengvas, 11 It should be noted that the derivative padrungnis is unaccented (unaccented in both LKŽE and LKŽK). Straipsniai / Articles 191 A U R E L I J A T A M U L I O N I E N Ė loose, melted, softened, softened, softened, angered, 2 abundant, broadened, broadened, thinned, softened, softened, muddied, soured, sweetened, aged, 2×baked, weakened, ×shabby, dirtied, slipped, sweetened, 1 sharpened, very bold, 2 blued, sharpened, pained, strengthened, thickened, weakened, dried, chilled, brightened, 2 lightened, dampened, darkened, obscured, more comfortable, ×damaged, greenish. (c3) 3a accentuation pattern: pamùrzinas. (c4) 34b accentuation pattern: pãtekinas. (d) accentuation pattern 2: pajuõsvis, palai̇ksvis, parẽsvis, pastorūlis, pavidūjis, pavidutìnis. There are derivatives whose accentuation varies. Variants of accentuation patterns 1 and 3 are the most frequent [(e1); 16 cases]. Within this group of words, one derivative stands out: not only do its accentuation patterns and stress position vary, but its nominative singular form in pattern 3 is also accented in two different ways (e2). (e1) paáukštas (3) Sl – pãaukštas (1) KlvrŽ, Lkž, Plng, Prk; pabáltas (3) Dkk, Sl – pãbaltas (1) KlvrŽ; pabrangùs (3) Ob – pãbrangus (1) Šts; padìdelis (1) Alks, Ds, PnmR – pa–didelys(34b) Dr, Grg, Plng; pãdidis (1) Ms, Prk – padidýs(3b) Grg; pajúodas (3) Km – pãjuodas (1) KlvrŽ; pãjuodis (only in Kuršaitis’s writings in LKŽK) – pajuodýs(3b) Kv, Šv; pakartùs (3) Ob – pãkartus (1) Yl, Mšk, Skd; 2 pakietas (3) Alks, Ds, Ob – pãkietas (1) KlvrŽ, Šts; pakietýs(3b) Grg, Šv– pãkietis (1) Vaižg; 1 pakìltas (1) Šts – pãkiltas(3b) Šts; paliūrbis (1) Ob – paliurbýs(3b) Grg, I, Jdr, Jms; paplónas (3) Ob – pãplonas (1) Dr; pasmarkùs(3b) Ob – pãsmarkus (1) KlvrŽ, Ms; 2 pastóras (3) Ob – pãstoras (1) KlvrŽ, Plng, Šts; pašáltas (3) Ob – pãšaltas (1) KlvrŽ. (e2) patamsùs / patãmsus (3) Ob, Skp, Vn– pãtamsus (1) Vgr. Fewer variants of derivatives in accentuation patterns 1 and 4 were found [(ė); 12 cases]. The group of variants in patterns 3 and 4 is distinctive. One variant adopts the accentuation of the base word in pattern 4, while the other takes the stress on the prefix [(f1); 5 cases]. In other cases, one variant adopts the accentuation of the base word in pattern 4, while the others are stressed on the ending in pattern 3 [(f2); 2 cases]. The accentual contours of the (3, 4) accentuation variants of one word differ, apparently having been inherited from the alternative accentuation of the base word [(f3); 1 case]. (ė) ×pãbiednas (1) Nt – pabiẽdnas (4) Ad; paėdrùs (4) Alks – pãedrus (1) KlvrŽ; pagìlus (4) Pnd, Skp – pãgilus (1) Dov; pamãžas (4) Sb – pãmažas (1) KlvrŽ; papìgus (4) Ob – pãpigus (1) Lž; pariebùs (4) KlvrŽ – pãriebus (1) Grg, KlvrŽ; pasil̃pnas (4) Alks, Ob – pãs ilpnas (1) Mžk; pastaigùs (4) Ob – pãstaigus (1) KlvrŽ; pastambùs (4) Ds – pãstambus (1) KlvrŽ; pastiprùs (4) Vgr – pãstiprus (1) KlvrŽ; pasunkùs (4) Ob, PnmR, Zr – pãsunkus (1) Ms, Škn; pavẽšus (4) Ob – pãvešus (1) Yl. (f1) pablõgas (4) Alks, Žd – pãblogas(3b) (recorded location unspecified by either LKŽe or LKŽ K); pagreitas (4) Ob – pãgreitas(3b) KlvrŽ, Šts; pašėnas (4) Ds, Mžk, Ob – pãšenas(3b) KlvrŽ; paškèrsas (4) NdŽ – pãškeras(3b) BŽ401; 1 pašil̃tas (4) Lkž, Ob – pãšiltas(3b) Nt. (f2) paiškálbùs (4) – paiškãlbūs(34b); pasmagùs(3b) – 1 pasmagūs (4). (f3) pabãlsvas (4) Rk (: bálsvas (4)) – pabálsvas (3) Ds (: bálsvas (3)). 192 A c t a L i n g u i s t i c a L i t h u a n i c a L X I X Adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property: accentuation of derivatives with the prefixes po- and pa- A single derivative may be accented according to accentuation patterns 1, 3, and 4 [(g); 1 instance]. There are derivatives accented according to the same pattern but differing in accent placement [(h); 5 instances]. One derivative has differently accented nominative singular forms in pattern 3 (i). Derivatives vary between patterns 1, 2, and 3 [(y); 1 instance]. (g) papìktas (4) Alks – pãpiktas (1) Als, Šts – pãpiktas (3ᵇ) KlvrŽ. (h) padidókas (1) Ds, KlvrŽ, Trkn – pãdidokas (1) Grg, Trk; pagerókas (1) Kp – pãgerokas (1) Ms; 2 pãilgas (3) Ds, Ob – pãilgas (3ᵇ) Als; pãliesas (1) KlvrŽ, Vgr – pãliesas (1) Štk; patolókas (1) Šv – pãtolokas (1) Kal. (i) patamŝùs (3) Skp, Vn – patãmsus (3) Ob. (y) 2 pasauŝis (2) Inšk, Ps, Všk – pasausỹs (3ᵇ) Grg – pãs ausis (1) Dr. As the material presented shows, adjectives accented according to patterns 1 and 3ᵇ may be accented either on the prefix or the ending, while others retain the accent position of the base word. Listed below are derivatives recorded in LKŽe that retain the accent position of the base word and are accented according to pattern 1 [(j); 50 words], pattern 1 derivatives accented on the prefix [(k); 62 words], derivatives retaining the accent position of the base word and accented according to pattern 3 [(11); 39 words], pattern 3ᵇ [(12); 5 words], pattern 3ᵃ [(13); 1 word], and pattern 3ᵇ [(14); 1 word]. For adjectives whose accent is most often taken by the ending, the derivatives are accented according to pattern 3ᵇ [(m1); 66 words]; pattern 3ᵇ derivatives accented on the prefix [(m2); 11 words]. (j) Accentuation pattern 1: paankstývas Zr; paašrókas (in written sources only); paáugelėtas Imb; ×pabli ednókas Ds; padìdelis Alks, Ds, PnmR; padidelókas Kl; padìdakas Ds, KlvrŽ, Trkn; padirsįuotas Ds; pagerókas Ms; pajáutiškas Grg, Varn; 2 pailgókas (in written sources only); pakaringas Pnm; pakiblókas (in written sources only); pakreivókas Ds; ×pakudlótas Sdk; pakiauliškas Km, Plt; pa- klùmpiškas Grg; pakūlėtas Ds; palengvókas (in written sources only); pãliesas Štk; palietingas Ds; paliùrbis Ob; pamazókas Ds; papigókas (in written sources only); papiktùrnas Ds; papakarštókas Dkk; paplatókas Ds; paprastókas (in written sources only); papusnėtas (in written sources only); paraudónas Pnm; paraudónis (in written sources only), paraumeningas Km; pasaldókas Ėr; pasaùsókas Antz; pasunkókas (in written sources only); pašùrókas (in written sources only); pastambókas Ds; pastorókas (in written sources only); pašalnótas Mrj; pašlubókas Kp; paūmókas Ds; patánkus Ds; patešmeninga Ds; patirštókas Ds; patolókas Šv; patrumpókas Ob; pavidutiniškas Bt, Krž; pavienódas Avl, Ds, Km, Skp; pavingurtas Ms, Šts; pažvairókas Dgl. (k) Accentuation pattern 1: pãaukštas KlvrŽ, Lkž, Plng, Prk; pãbaltas KlvrŽ; ×pãbiednas Nt; pãblogšis (in written sources only), pãbrangus Šts; pãdideliókas Šts; pãdidis Ms, Prk; pãdidokas Grg, Trk; pãdygliuotas Šts; ×pãdiktokas (in written sources only); pãdregnas Jnš, Plt; pãdrūktas KlvrŽ, Ms; pãėdrus KlvrŽ; pãgerokas Ms; pãgilus Dov; pãgražokas Dr, Gršl; pãgudaiškas Šts; pãjuodas KlvrŽ; pãjuodis (only in Kuršaitis's writings (LKŽk); pãkartus Yl, Mšk, Skd; pãkietas KlvrŽ, Šts; pãkietis (in written sources only); pãkil tas Šts; pãkl aikšas End; pãlėtas KlvrŽ; pãkurtis Kv; pãliesas KlvrŽ, Vgr; pãlynotas Bržr; pãlytotas Šts; pãmažas KlvrŽ; pãmiglotas Sd, Šts; pãmiklokas (in written sources only); pãmitrokas Šts; pãožkiškas KlvrŽ; pãpigūs Lž; pãpiktas Als, Straipsniai / Articles 193 A U R E L I J A T A M U L I O N I E N Ė Šts; pãplonas Dr; pãponiškas Lkž, Šlnt; pãriebus Grg, KlvrŽ; pãsausis Dr; pãseklus (written only); pãsenokas Grg; pãsilpnas Mžk; 2 pãsl½inkas KlvrŽ, Šts; pãsmailus KlvrŽ; pãsmarkus KlvrŽ, Ms; pãsunkus Ms, Škn; pãstaigus KlvrŽ; pãstambus KlvrŽ; pãstangus Šts; pãstiprus KlvrŽ; pãstoras KlvrŽ, Plng, Šts; pãstrubas (written only); pãšaltas KlvrŽ; pãšaltokas Grg; pãšiurkštis (written only); pãšnairus KlvrŽ; pãtamsus Vgr; pãtolimas Ms, Šts; pãtolokas Kal; pãvēslus Šts; pãvēsus Yl. (11) 3 accentuation class: paáukštas Sl; pabãlsvas Ds, Rk; pabáltas Dkk, Sl; pabėras Ds; pabrangùs Ob; padrútas Ob; pagìrtas (written only); pagývas Ds; pagrýnas Pnm; 2 paìlgas Ds, Ob; pajú̄nas Brs, Ob, Šts; pajúodas Km; pakárštas Antz, Km; pakartùs Ob; pakéršas Dkk, Ds; pakiáuras Km, Ob, Rk, 2 pakíetas Alks, Ds, Ob; 1 pakiltas Šts; paláibas Ob; 2 palėnas Ob; palýgus Zr; pamárgas Kp, Rk, Zr; pamìnkštas Jnš, Krns; 2 papìlcas Ds, Ob; paplónas Ob; parūgštùs Sb, Žg; pasaldùs Jnš; paskýstas Alks, Ob; pasmùlkus Alks; paskubùs Grg; pasmarkùs Ob; pasotùs Ob; 2 pastóras Ob; pastorùs Jnš; pašáltas Ob; pašìrmas Ds; patamsùs Skp, Vn / patãmsus (3) Ob; patižùs Skdv; paũmùs Ob, Sb, Sl. (12) 3b kirčiuotė: pagùlstinas LK; paĩstrižas Ds, Ktk; paĩojias Ds; papuĩšinas Km; papuõrinas Km, Žb. (13) 3a kirčiuotė: pamùrzinas Ob. (14) 34b kirčiuotė: paiškalbùs Grg, Ob. (m1) 3b kirčiuotė: paiškỹs Šv, padùkštỹs Jdr, Grg, paaštrỹs Šv, pabjaurỹs Jdr, pablogỹs Jdr, Grg, Kair, padailỹs Grg, padarbỹs Jdr, padidỹs Grg, padregnỹs Šv, padrukštỹs Šv, Vvr, padurnỹs J, padvylỹs Všn, paedrỹs Šts, pagerỹs Slnt, pagudrỹs Šv, pailgỹs Šv, 2 pajaunỹs Šv, pajuodỹs Kv, Šv, pakietỹs Grg, Šv, paklienỹs Šv, pakumpỹs Vvr, ×pakūdỹs End, Grg, palaiškỹs Vž, palepšỹs Jdr, paletỹs Skrd, Šv, paliesỹs Grg, Jdr, Kl, paliurbỹs Grg, I, Jdr, Jms, paminkštỹs Kl, Šv, pamukšỹs Vvr, papiktỹs Jdr, Vž, 2 papilnỹs Jdr, paplatỹs Jdr, Šv, paplepỹs (tik raštuose), paplonỹs Jdr, Vvr, papuikỹs Šv, paretỹs Grg, parūgštỹs Šv, pasaldỹs Šv, pasausỹs Grg, pasenỹs Grg, Lkv, Šv, 2×paskūrỹs (tik raštuose), pasilpnỹs (tik raštuose), ×paslabnỹs Jdr, paslinkỹs Jdr, pasmagỹs Jdr, Šv, 1 pasmailỹs Jdr, pasmarkỹs 2 pasmėlỹs (tik raštuose), paspitrỹs Šv, pasprangỹs Slm, pastaigỹs Šv, pastiprỹs Šv, pastorỹs Grg, pasunkỹs Šv, pasūrỹs Grg, Kv, pašaltỹs Jdr, Lkv, Šv, pašiaurỹs Als, pašiltỹs Jdr, Šv, Vvr, 2 pašviešỹs Šv, Vž, patrumpỹs Šv, pašlapỹs Grg, patamsỹs Jdr, Žr, patankỹs Šv, pavešỹs Kv, Šv, ×pazbitkỹs Grdm, pažalvỹs Grg. (m2) 3b kirčiuotė: pãblogas (nei LKŽe, nei LKŽK nėra duomenų, kur fiksuojamas); pãgreitas KlvrŽ, Šts; pãilgas Als; 2 pãlengvas Dr; pãpiktas KlvrŽ; pãsenas KlvrŽ; pãskersas (tik raštuose); ×pãslabnas Ms; pãšil tas Nt; pãtamsùs Vgr; pãtek inas (tik raštuose). 59% of derivatives retain the stress position of the base word. Derivatives stressed on the prefix or ending account for 41%12. 12Analysis of the accentuation of these derivatives in terms of geographical distribution showed that those derivatives which retain the stress position of the base word come mostly from the eastern Aukštaitian dialect, in much smaller numbers from the northern Samogitian dialect, and only a few from other Aukštaitian and Samogitian subdialects. Derivatives stressed on the prefix are recorded predominantly in the northern Samogitian subdialect. All derivatives of accentuation class 3 stressed on the prefix were also recorded there. 194 A c t a L i n g u i s t i c a L i t h u a n i c a L X I X Neapibrėžtą ypatybės kiekį žymintys būdvardžiai: priešdėlių po- ir pa- vedinių kirčiavimas Basic words, like their derivatives, are most often accentuated according to accent paradigm 4 [(n); 117 words], accent paradigm 1 [(o); 44 words], accent paradigm 3 [(p1); 20 words], 3ᵇ [(p2); 6 words], and accent paradigm 2 [(r); 8 words]. (n) Accent paradigm 4: aštrùs, baisùs, bėgšlùs, ber̃gždžias, bìznas, bjaurùs, blõgas, blõgšis, brangùs, bugštùs, ×čėdùs, dailùs, darbùs, dãžnas, derė̃sas, dìckas, druĩgnas, dùrnas, ėdrùs, gaižùs, gẽlšvas, 1 gėras, 1 gilùs, gražùs, greĩtas, gudrùs, gul̃kščias, iškalbùs, išlakùs, išžulnas, išžulnùs, gul̃ščias, gulùs, 2 kankùs, keblùs, kilùs, klìbas, ×kmurnas, ×kūdas, kreĩvas, kuñpas, kùčias, 2 kùrtas, laĩksvas, lankstùs, lẽngvas, ×lėntas, lė̃tas, liaũnas, liñksmas, 1 mãžas, negražùs, nepìktas, neramùs, 1 pìktas, platùs, plepùs, plìkas, puikùs, ramùs, raũsvas, rẽsvas, rė̃tas, rùdas, rùsvas, 2 saũsas, 1 seklùs, sė̃nas, 1 siaũras, 3 siaũstas, skùbùs, skūr̃a, slãb nas, 2 slė̃nas, slìnkas, 2 skẽrsas, skurdùs, slė̃s nas, slìnkas, smagùs, smãilas, smailùs, smarkùs, smėlùs, spìtras, sprangùs, staigùs, 2 sùktas, sùrùs, 1 staigùs, 2 stangùs, stingrùs, stìpras, ×strūbas, svarùs, sveĩkas, šiaurùs, 2 šìltas, šiurkštùs, šlãpias, šliùbas, šliùbas, 1 šnaĩras, 2 šnaĩrus, švarùs, tìrštas, tìžus, 2 trùmpas, vẽšlus, vėlùs, vyresnis, 2 žãlas, žãlias, 2 žẽmas, žiaurùs, 1 žìlas, žvãiras. (o) Accent paradigm 1: ankstývas, áugelėtas, áukštas, ×bliednõkas, 2 dideliókas, dygliúotas, drūktas, jáutiškas, 2 gražõkas, gùdiškas, karìngas, kìltas, kreivõkas, ×kudlõtas, kiaulìškas, klùmpiškas, lengvõkas, liùrbis, lynótas, lýtotas, mažõkas, miglótas, óžiškas, pakanrštõkas, pigókas, piktùma, 2 põniškas, 2 prastõkas, pusnėtas, raumenìngas, 2 saldõkas, sausõkas, sunkõkas, sùrõkas, stambõkas, storõkas, 1 šalnótas, šlùbokas, ũmokas, tẽšmeninga, trum-pókas, vidutìniškas, vingurtas, žvairõkas. (p1) Accent paradigm 3: 2 áukštas, bėras, drūktas, drútas, 1 ilgas, girtas, gyvas, 1 jáunas, 1 kárštas, kiaūras, kiétas, liésas, 2 márgas, minkštas, pilnas, 2 plónas, rųgštas, rųgštùs, 1 stõras, šáltas. (p2) Accent paradigm 3ᵇ: gulštinas, įstrižas, 2 įvijas, puišinas, purvinas, 1 tėkinas. (r) Accent paradigm 2: blõgšis, klaikšas, 3 kaštãnas, mùkšas, 2 storùlis, 2 vidùjis, vidutìnis, zbitkas. The accentuation of basic words varies across dialects. Variants belonging to accent paradigms 3 and 4 [(s); 21 instances] are most common, as are variants belonging to accent paradigms 1 and 3 [(š1); 24 instances]; the latter group also includes one basic word whose variant accentuated according to accent paradigm 3 has two accentuation patterns in the singular nominative (š2). The LKŽe also records variants belonging to accent paradigms 1 and 4 [(t); 4 instances], and variants belonging to accent paradigms 1, 3, and 4 [(u1); 5 instances]. This group also includes one derivative whose accentuation varies and whose singular nominative in accent paradigm 3 is also accented in two ways (u2). (s) bálšvas (4) – bálsvas (3); ×biẽdnas (4) – biédnas (3)); grýnas (3) – grýnas (4)); dvỹlas (4) – dvýlas (3); gardùs (3) – gardùs (4); júosvas (4) – júosvas (3); kartùs (3) – kartùs (4); kėršas (3) – keršas (4); láibas (3) – laĩbas (4); lénas (3) – lẽnas (4); nuobodùs (3ᵃ) – nuobodùs (4); 1 panašùs (4) – 1 panašùs (3ᵇ); riebùs (3) – riebùs (4); ×rùžavas / rųžavas (3ᵇ) – rùžavas / ružãvas (4); sìlpnas (4) – sìlpnas (3); skỹstas (3) – skỹstas (4); Straipsniai / Articles 195 AURELIJA TAMULIONIENĖ sūrus (3) – sūrus (4); širmas (3) – širmas (4); šviežias (4) – šviežias (3); vėsus (4) – vėsus (3); žvairùs (4) – žváirus (3). (š1) white (3) – white (1); large (1) – large (3ᵇ); rather large (1) – rather large (3); ×rather big (1) – ×rather big (3); fairly good (1) – fairly good (3); fairly long (1) – fairly long (3); black (3) – black (1); 3 lumpy (3) – lumpy (1); sticky (3) – sticky (1); thin (3) – thin (1); 1 smooth (3) – smooth (1); grey (3) – grey (1); rather wide (1) – rather wide (3); 1 red (1) – 1 red (3); sweet (3) – sweet (1); rather old (1) – rather old (3); small (1) – small (3)); 2 rather cold (1) – 2 rather cold (3); dense / dense (3) – dense (1); rather thick (1) – rather thick (3); 2 distant (3ᵃ) – distant (1); rather distant (1) – rather distant (3); fierce (3) – fierce (1); identical / identical (1) – identical (3). (š2) 2 tánkus / tankùs (3) – 2 tánkus (1). (t) 1 jaukùs (4) – jáukus (1); ×markàtnas (4) – markàtnas (1); meilùs (4) – méilus (1); žalvas (4) – žálvas (1). (u1) clear (1) – clear (3) – clear (4); damp (3) – damp (4) – damp (1); slimy (4) – slimy (3) – slimy (1); satiated (3) – satiated (1) – satiated (4); dark (4) – dark/dark (3) – dark (1). (u2) tamsùs (4) – tamsùs / támsus (3) – támsus (1). Some base words vary in accentuation between accent classes 2 and 4 [(v1); 3 cases]; there are also words that are not only accentuated according to classes 2 and 4, but whose nominative singular form in accent class 4 also has two accentuation patterns [(v2; 4 cases)]. The accentuation of one base word varies between accent classes 1 and 2 (z). (v1) didis (4) – didis (2); lėpšis (2) – lepšỹs (4); vargùs (4) – vaŕgus (2). (v2) smarkùs / smaŕkus (4) – smarkùs (2); sunkùs / suñkus (4) – suñkus (2); švelnùs / švelnus (4) – švelnùs (2); šviesùs / šviésus (4) – šviésus (2). (z) liùrbis (1) – liurbìs (2). Several base words follow the same accent class 1 but differ in accent placement [(ž1), 3 cases], or differ only in the accent placement of the nominative singular form in accent class 4 [(ž2); 11 cases]. In one base word, the intonations differ within the same accent class (α). In one case, the data are insufficient to describe the accentual variation precisely (β). (ž1) dirsìuotas (1) – dirsìuotas (1), 1 kūlėtas (1) – kūlėtas (1); 1 lietingas (1) – lietingas (1). (ž2) cheap (4) – cheap (4); ugly (4) – ugly (4); lukewarm (4) – lukewarm (4); stingy (4) – stingy (4); crunchy – crunchy (4); stout (4) – stout (4); sturdy (4) – sturdy (4); strong (4) – strong (4); coarse – coarse (4); quiet (4) – quiet (4); quiet (4) – quiet (4). (α) mùrzinas (3ᵇ) – mùrzinas (3ᵃ). (β) 2 laũkas (4) – láukas (accent class not specified). 196 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXIX Adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property: accentuation of derivatives with the prefixes po- and pa- Most (72%, including accentuation variants) of the derivatives of the type under consideration and their base words are accented according to accentual patterns 3 and 4—their stems are considered accentually weak. A smaller proportion (28%, including accentuation variants) of the base words are accented according to patterns 1 and 2—their stems are considered accentually strong. The attached dominant weakening prefix pa- rarely determines the accentuation of derivatives of this type: most derivatives retain the accent position and stress of the base word; a small proportion are accented differently from their base words: the attached prefix pa- receives the stress and strengthens or (in other cases) weakens the stem of the base word13; in rare cases, the ending receives the stress. Analysis of the research material shows that derivatives of this subtype are accented according to three accentuation patterns. The first accentuation pattern (44%) comprises derivatives that retain the stress position of the base word [(a), (b), (c1), (c3), (d), (f2), (f3)]. Most are derived from base words with mobile stress [aštrūs (4), baisūs (4)], although there are also many base words with fixed stem stress [mažókas (1), miglótas (1)]. The second accentuation pattern is variable and associated with fixed stress on the prefix [(e1), (e2), (ė)]. Such derivatives are formed from base words with very diverse accentual properties. This pattern also includes derivatives with variable stress on the prefix in accentual pattern 3b (f1). Derivatives with this accentuation are predominantly derived from base words accented according to pattern 4 (2 šiltas), and less often according to patterns 3 or 3b (1 ilgas, 1 tėkinas); one base word has a fixed root-stress variant and remnants of root stress in pattern 3 [tamsùs (4) – tamsùs/tám sus (3) – támsus (1)]. The third accentuation pattern is associated with stress on the ending [(c2)]. Derivatives with this accentuation are usually derived from base words with mobile stress, although derivatives are occasionally formed from base words with root stress (paliurbỹs, pamukšỹs, ×pazbitkỹs), as well as from words with mobile stress that have root-stress variants (paaiškỹs, padidỹs, padreğnỹs, pajuodỹs, paklienỹs, palepšỹs, pasaldỹs, pasmarkỹs, pasunkỹs, pašviesỹs, patamsỹs, patankỹs, pažalỹs) or remnants of root stress (pasprangỹs, pastiprỹs)14. From a synchronic perspective, the attached dominant weakening prefix pa- preserves the weakness of the base-word stem or weakens it. Thus, regardless of whether derivatives of this subtype are formed from a weak or a strong stem, after the prefix is attached they become weak stems and are accented according to pattern 3b. 13 Adjective accentuation is related to word formation and to the accentual properties of prefixes and endings. Most adjective prefixes weaken the base stem or preserve its weakness (Stundžia 1995: 97). 14 Derivatives with this accentuation are recorded in LKŽe in the North Samogitian (44%), South Samogitian (31%), West Samogitian (2%), West Aukštaitian (2%), and East Aukštaitian subdialects (1%). Straipsniai / Articles 197 A U R E L I J A T A M U L I O N I E N Ė 3. CONCLUSIONS The prefix po- is accentually strong: all derivatives are stressed on the prefix and almost always follow a fixed-stress paradigm; however, LKŽe records a small number of groups of derivative variants stressed according to accentuation paradigm 3ᵃ. The prefix pa- is of variable strength. When this prefix is attached, the stress of a somewhat greater proportion of derivatives is taken over by the prefix or ending (56%); a smaller proportion of derivatives retain the stress position of their base words (44% were found) (see Tables 1 and 2). ¹ TABLE. Accentuation of derivatives with the prefixes po- and pa- denoting an indefinite amount of a peculiarity in LKŽe Type | Accentuation retained from the base word | Stress taken over by a derivational affix (prefix, ending) | Accentuation paradigms | Accentuation paradigms | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | PO- (214 words) | – | – | – | – | 95% | – | 5% | – | PA- (316 words) | 16% | 3% | 11% | 14% | 10% | – | 46% | – ² TABLE. Accentuation of the base words of derivatives with the prefixes po- and pa- denoting an indefinite amount of a peculiarity in LKŽe Type | Accentuation paradigms | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | PO- (214 words) | 24% | 4% | 29% | 43% | PA- (316 words) | 17% | 3% | 27% | 53% Derivatives with the prefix po- are stressed according to two accentuation models. The main model is fixed stress under accentuation paradigm 1. The accentuation of derivatives with the prefix pa- is more varied. They are stressed according to three accentuation models. Under the first accentuation model, derivatives retain the stress position of the base word. The second accentuation model is associated with variable stress on the prefix; the third accentuation model is associated with stress on the ending. 198 A c t a L i n g u i s t i c a L i t h u a n i c a L X I X Neapibrėžtą ypatybės kiekį žymintys būdvardžiai: priešdėlių po- ir pa- vedinių kirčiavimas LITERATURE AND SOURCES Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, chief editor Stasys Keinys. Third electronic version online, 2011. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language. DLKG – Grammar of Contemporary Lithuanian. Second revised edition. Vilnius: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing House, 1996. DvŽ – Dictionary of the Dieveniškės Dialect 1, N–Ž. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2010. Laigonaitė Adelė 2002: Lietuvių kalbos akcentologija. Antrasis pataisytas leidimas. Vilnius: Gimtasis žodis. LKA I – Atlas of the Lithuanian Language 1: Lexicon, ed. responsible Kazys Morkūnas. Vilnius: Science, 1977. LKŽ I–XX – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 1–2, 2nd edition. Vilnius: Mintis, 1968–1969; 3–6, Vilnius: State Publishing House for Political and Scientific Literature, 1956–1962; 7–9, Vilnius: Mintis, 1966–1973; 10–15, Vilnius: Science, 1976–1991; 16–17, Vilnius: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing House, 1995–1996; 18–19, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing, 1997–1999; 20, Vilnius: Publishing House of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2002. LKŽe – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, chief editor G. Naktinienė. First edition of the electronic version. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2005. Available online: www.lkz.lt. LKŽK – Index file of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Mikulėnienė Danguolė 1994: Linksniuojamųjų priešdėlio *pā- vedinių kirčiavimas. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 34, 118–129. Mikulėnienė Danguolė 2005: Cirkumfleksinė metatonija lietuvių kalbos vardažodiniuose daiktavardžiuose ir jos kilmė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla. Mikulėnienė Danguolė, Pakerys Antanas, Stundžia Bonifacas: 2007: Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimo žinynas. Vilnius: Vilniaus pedagoginio universiteto leidykla. Pakerys Antanas 1994: Akcentologija 1. Kaunas: Šviesa. Stundžia Bonifacas 1995: Lietuvių bendrinės kalbos kirčiavimo sistema. Vilnius: Petro ofsetas. Stundžia Bonifacas 2009: Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos akcentologija. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. Tamulionienė Aurelia 2013: Neapibrėžtą ypatybės kiekį žymintys būdvardžiai: priešdėlio po- vedinių daryba. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 68, 126–145. Straipsniai / Articles 199 AURELIJA TAMULIONIENĖ Adjectives Denoting an Indefinite Amount of Peculiarity: Accentuation of Derivatives with the Prefixes po- and pa- SUMMARY The article discusses the accentuation of adjectives denoting an indefinite amount of peculiarity, i.e. derivatives with the prefixes po- and pa- and their base words. The research object is adjectives denoting an indefinite amount of peculiarity, which are listed in the academic electronic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. Individual chapters of the article deal with accentuation of derivatives of each type of formation (prefixes po- and pa-) and their base words. The analysis of the material revealed that nearly all derivatives with the prefix po- are stressed on the prefix and nearly always follow a fixed accentual paradigm but Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language records sparse groups of variants of derivatives stressed under the 3a accentual paradigm. The prefix pa- shows a variable strength. The derivatives of this prefix analysed in the article are mostly stressed on the prefix or the ending; the tendency of take over of the stress from base words is less common. Received on 7 August 2013 AURELIJA TAMULIONIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language 5 Petro Vileišio St., LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected] 200 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXIX