Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis „Žodynelis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903“

JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language Research areas: dialect analysis of written sources, dialect lexicography and lexicology, sociolinguistics. MATO SLANČIAUSKAS’S MANUSCRIPT DICTIONARY = FROM THE ENCYCLOPEDIA. 1903 The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 – The Manuscript Dictionary of Matas Slančiauskas ANNOTATION The article presents to the scholarly community, for the first time, Mato Slančiauskas’s manuscript Dictionary = from the encyclopedia. 1903, held in the History Department of the “Aušra” Museum in Šiauliai. The manuscript’s structure and loanwords from various languages (Latin, Greek, German, English, French, and Sanskrit) are discussed. A 1910 copy of this manuscript, bearing the note “K. Barauskė,” is compared with the 1903 dictionary. The differences between the two dictionaries are highlighted. Material from the manuscript Dictionary = from the encyclopedia. 1903 is presented in the appendices to the article. ANNOTATION The article presents the manuscript dictionary of Matas Slančiauskas The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 to the public for the first time. The dictionary is stored in the department of History of Šiauliai museum “Aušra”. The structure of the manuscript is discussed as well as the loanwords from various languages (Latin, Greek, German, English, French, Sanskrit) are presented. The transcription of 1910 of the dictionary with postscript to K. Barauske is compared to a dictionary of 1903. The differences of both dictionaries are emphasised. The material from manuscript of The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 is presented in the annexes of the article. KEYWORDS: history of lexicography, loanwords, biographies, sayings, copy of the dictionary. KEYWORDS: history of lexicography, loanwords, personalia, expressions, a transcript of the dictionary. 64 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis Žodynėlis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903 INTRODUCTION Folklorist Norbertas Vėlius mentions in the collection Tales of Northern Lithuania that in 1903 Matas Slančiauskas had compiled a small dictionary of international words and personal names1. It was found in the History Department of the Šiauliai “Aušra” Museum. The cover of the stitched notebook bears the inscription: “Small dictionary = from an encyclopedia. 1903. A B C D E F M.”2. On the first page there is what might be called an addition to the title – A little dictionary of this and that3. The manuscript’s call number is ŠAM GEK 15819; the collection call number and inventory number are I–R 1964. One copy of the dictionary was also found in Slančiauskas’s manuscript folder, marked with the date 1910. The copy’s cover has no title, only a surname written at the top on the right-hand side: K. Barauskis, while the first page reads K. Barauskė5. The words “A little dictionary of this and that” are underlined on the first page and are presumably the title. At the end of the dictionary, Slančiauskas wrote: “Copied in 1910.” The copy’s call number is ŠAM GEK 15814; the collection call number and inventory number are I–R 1306. The aim of this article is to discuss in greater detail Slančiauskas’s handwritten 1903 dictionary of foreign words and personal names and to compare it with the 1910 copy7. The following objectives were set to achieve this aim: a) to analyze and describe the structure of Slančiauskas’s manuscript Small Dictionary =from an encyclopedia. 1903 (hereafter Dictionary or Ž), also considering the structure of contemporary dictionaries of international words; b) to discuss foreign words according to the languages from which they entered the dictionary; c) to describe the methods used to explain foreign words; d) to compare the 1903 Dictionary =from an encyclopedia with the 1910 copy A little dictionary of this and that (hereafter Copy or P); e) to discuss the features of the Western Aukštaitian Šiauliai subdialect reflected in both manuscripts. 1 “In 1903 he himself compiled a small (28-page) dictionary of international words and personal names (prominent scientists, writers, etc. from around the world), which he later copied out several times” (Vėlius 1974: 27). 2 The year 1903 mentioned in the title is the year the Dictionary was prepared, since the same date is also given on the last page of the Dictionary. The title Small Dictionary =from an encyclopedia may not actually be a title but rather a reference to some publication from which the material (lexicon) was collected. Identifying which encyclopedia (or encyclopedias) this might be remains a subject for the author’s further research. 3 It might be supposed that A little dictionary of this and that and A little dictionary of this and that are the actual titles of both the Dictionary and its Copy, since this is the only title written on the first page of each manuscript. 4 Because of the article’s excessive length, the author does not discuss possible extralinguistic data related to the origins of the Dictionary. 5 Slančiauskas probably made the Dictionary copy for the folklore informant Barauskis, who lived in the Bijeikiai bambalyne (now in Skaistgirys eldership), from whom Slančiauskas recorded beliefs, spells, superstitions, and other material in 1901–1910. 6 For now, the author has not set out to determine how these two (separate) manuscripts came to be held by the Šiauliai “Aušra” Museum, as she intends to examine other folders of Slančiauskas’s manuscripts kept at the museum and then establish how they all came to the museum. 7 So far, only this one copy has been found; therefore, it alone is compared with the Dictionary. Straipsniai / Articles 65 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ The publication of another early-20th-century manuscript and its transcription should be relevant not only to research on the history of language and dialectology, but also to problems in lexicology and lexicography. The article employs descriptive, contrastive, comparative, and material-structuring methods. OVERVIEW OF THE MANUSCRIPT GLOSSARY =FROM THE ENCYCLOPEDIA. 1903 Structure of the glossary. The words in the glossary are arranged alphabetically. The letters of the alphabet are set apart, for example: A., B., C., and so on. The letter Š is neither set apart nor marked separately at all. It appears under the letter S, after a longer dash. A total of 422 foreign words from various languages are listed in the glossary: Latin, Greek, French, German, English, Italian, Spanish, and Sanskrit8. Along with the words, it also includes word combinations and various sayings, and mentions certain people with references (their occupations and dates of life). Each page of the glossary contains between 11 and 15 words with explanations (the longer the explanation, the fewer words are listed on the page). After the words under each letter, a short or longer wavy line is drawn, or a longer dash is added, to separate the letters and the vocabulary listed under them. Words, word combinations, sayings, and personal names are underlined. Their origins are indicated in parentheses, either with abbreviations or in full, for example: (in Sanskrit), (in Italian), (Gr.) or (Greek), (Lat.), (Eng.), and so on. When the same origin is repeated, a comma and dash are used without parentheses:, –. The equals sign (=) is used to indicate word divisions and explanations. The abbreviation itt. has a dual function: it denotes both the abbreviation (in Italian) and the abbreviation meaning “and so on.” At the end of p. 26, the numbers 2–3 are written in pencil in someone else’s hand. On p. 27, four numbered words are set apart after three asterisks (*), arranged in a triangular shape. The numbering is more prominent than the text. On p. 28, the date, place, and author are given (23, X. 1903, in Reibenen), followed on the next line by “M. Slančiauskas,” and then by a traditional sentence characteristic of Slančiauskas alone. The glossary consists of 28 pages (30 with the binding). On the reverse of the cover are 19 German words—terms for measuring a garment. Some of them have barely legible numbers written in pencil beside them, for example: Taille 27, Vorderlänge 204, Brust-falten 1, Achselbreite 54, and so on9. The first page bears the inscription: A little something 8 “A loanword is understood as the imitation (reproduction) of a linguistic model in another language on two levels: external form and semantic content” (Lanza 2009: 15), cf.: “il prestito consiste nella riproduzione di un elemento linguistico alloglotto nel dupline, aspetto del significante e del significato” (Gusmani 1987: 94). 9 Slančiauskas was a tailor. He used scrap paper for the cover, on which he had written down the measurements of a garment sewn for someone. 66 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis Žodynelis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903 glossary. Only then are the foreign words, word combinations, sayings, or personal names under the letter A presented. The glossary is 9.5 cm wide and 17.3 cm high. Glossary lexicon. Latin words. As many as 172 of the 422 words already mentioned are cited by Slančiauskas in parentheses as a word (in Latin) or abbreviation (Latin), and when several Latin words are given, a dash and comma (–) are used,¹⁰. Appendix 1 to the article lists 62 adapted words and 110 unadapted Latin words, word combinations, and sayings. The adapted forms, for example: Agitation, which Slančiauskas explains as “movement, stirring” (1); Egoism, “self-love” (7); Humanist, “humane, learned in every way—a perceptive person” (11); Opponent, “contradictor, objector” (15); Risk, “at the mercy of fortune, life or death” (21), and so on, are still used in Lithuanian standard language. Of the unadapted words, for example: Ego, “I” (6); Gaudium, “merriment, joy” (10); Licet, “it is permitted, allowed” (14); Pars, “part” (17); Scientia, “science, knowledge” (22); Studio, “learning, education” (23); Ultimus, “last, latter” (26); Vivat!, “long may it live!” (27)—about 40 are presented.¹¹ Most of the unadapted word combinations and sayings widely used in many languages of the world occur in the Glossary, for example: Amicus Plato sed magis amica veritas, “Plato is dear to me, but truth is dearer” (2); Errare humanum est, “to err is human” (7); Nolens volens, “willingly or unwillingly” (15); O tempora! O mores! “O times! O customs!” (15); P. s. = post scriptum, “an addition after any kind of writing” (19); Volens nolens, “whether one wants to or not” (27), and so on.¹² Foreign words name various life situations (social exclusion, unity, interpersonal relations, distinction according to a particular characteristic, and so on); historical realities of the Roman people (Rome); terms relating to writing, science, and art; and various instructive sayings. Greek words. The glossary under discussion contains many foreign words marked in parentheses as (in Greek), (Greek), (Gr.), or (Gr. myth.), while, when an abbreviation beside a word is to be repeated, a comma and dash are used (–). There are 69 such words with the indicated labels (see Appendix 2). It is worth noting that no sayings or Greek word combinations are included in the glossary. Examples of unadapted forms include: Kosmos “Earth, world, universe” (14), Panegirik “a speech, writing, or poem of praise” (16), Panoptikon “a collection of many things worth seeing” (16), Polypkon “many-voiced” (18), Pseudo “false, deceptive” (20), Zeus (= Dzeus) “the Greek god, father of gods and men, supreme ruler of all Creation; among the Romans worshipped under the name Jupiter; and also among the Lithuanians, Perunas, progenitor of the heavens, Earth, and so on” (28). 10 References to the origin of foreign words are also provided in contemporary dictionaries, cf.: Dictionary of International Words 2001: 6–7. 11 The author does not address in the article whether the foreign word was transcribed authentically. 12 Cf.: in the Dictionary of International Words, published in 1985, authentic sayings are listed separately, on pp. 522–527. As many as 17 of them coincide with sayings included in Slančiauskas’s glossary. Straipsniai / Articles 67 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ All the other words are adapted; cf.: Epilogas ‘completion of a speech, poem, tale, etc.’ (7), Gramatika ‘the science of language’ (10), Kosmopolitas ‘one who considers the whole world his homeland’ (14), Pseudonimas ‘a signature using an invented, false name’ (20), Tyronas ‘cruel rulers—wicked among the ancient Greeks’ (25). These are mainly terms from science, religion, art, and music. It is worth recalling that most foreign words in standard Lithuanian usually derive from Greek and Latin, or from combinations of words from both languages; accordingly, they are also the most numerous in Slančiauskas’s manuscript13. French words. Slančiauskas marked the 26 words and expressions listed in the Glossary with the abbreviations: (franc.), (fran.), (fr.), (—,). Appendix 4 to the article includes the unadapted words Pardon ‘my beloved, forgiveness, please’ (17), Vis à vis ‘opposite, facing’ (27), and the adapted Charakteris ‘one’s own temperament’ (5), Šarlatanas ‘a charlatan, deceiver, impostor’ (24). Several word combinations and expressions are also included, for example: Qui vive? ‘who goes there? Who is that?’ (20), Qui vivra verra ‘whoever lives will see’ (20). The French words are terms relating to trade and construction, words denoting human qualities, and one swearword14. English, German, Italian, Spanish, and Sanskrit words. Fourteen words from other languages in the Glossary are labeled: (angl.) or (ang.), (vok.) or (vokiš.), (itališkai) or (itt.), and (sanskritiškai), (išpaniškai). Of the seven marked (angl.) or (ang.), two are personal names (Darvinas Erazmas ‘a learned zoologist, 1731–1802’ (5), and Darvinas Karalius Robertas ‘a naturalist and traveler, 1809–1882’ (5)); several individual words (Draperis ‘writer, 1811–1882’ (6), Flaga ‘flag, banner’ (9), Snob ‘one who does not know friendship’ (23)); and two expressions (God – dam ‘may God punish me’ (10), Tobe ar not to be ‘to be or not to be (Shakespeare, from Hamlet)’ (25) (see Appendix 5). Three German words are defined: Cypelis ‘a rocky promontory jutting into the sea’ (5), Feleris ‘mistake, error’ (9), Frei ‘for nothing, free of charge, free’ (9) (see Appendix 3). The abbreviation for a word combination and an expression are identified as originating in Italian: Etc (et ceter) ‘and so on’ (7), Se non è vero è ben trovato ‘if it is not true, it is at least well invented’ (22) (see Appendix 6). For one word Slančiauskas noted: (Spanish)—Uraga-nas, Orkanas ‘a terrible whirlwind’ (26); another is labeled: (Sanskrit)—Tri-murti ‘the Trinity, three deities: Brahma, Vishnu, and Giva’ (25) (see Appendix 7). The examples show that some individual foreign words are adapted and others are not, whereas word combinations and expressions are given in unadapted form. Words from the languages mentioned denote household objects and natural phenomena, identify deities and scholars, and provide abbreviations and quotations from literature. Scholars have observed that German loanwords in the Lithuanian lan- 13 See: LKE 1999: 641. 14 Lietuvių bk esama internacionalizmų iš prancūzų kalbos. Žr.: LKE 1999: 641. 68 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Mato S lančiausko rankraštinis Žodynelis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903 guage account for only about 0.5%15. Researchers tend to think that Anglicisms did not come directly from English, but entered via intermediary languages16. It has been noted that standard Lithuanian also contains internationalisms from Spanish17. Words without indications of origin. Most words in the Glossary have no indication of language of origin. There are 116 in all, including not only words but also word combinations and expressions (see Appendix 8). Some are adapted, and we could confidently mark them with the abbreviation ‘Lat.’; cf.: Specialista ‘someone best educated in and knowledgeable about a particular science’ (23), Projektas ‘an attempt’ (19), Patrijotas ‘a lover of one’s homeland’ (17), Filologas ‘a lover of learning’ (9), Autobiografija ‘an account of the course of one’s own life’ (3). Others are unadapted words from various languages (Latin, Greek, French, German), for example: Aceront ‘the underworld’ (1), Centrum ‘the central point’ (5), Novelle ‘a prose tale’ (15), Scurra ‘a poor inhabitant of Rome’ (22). Expressions and word combinations are listed in unadapted form; cf.: Capite censi ‘the poorest class of inhabitants in Rome’ (5), Panem et circenses! ‘bread and games (a cry of the Romans during the decline of humanity)’ (16), Per aspera ad astra ‘through thorns to the stars’ (17). The vocabulary is predominantly from the social, domestic, and literary spheres. There are 95 individual words and 21 word combinations and expressions in all. Why Slančiauskas did not mark any indication of origin for them can only be speculated: perhaps the words were more frequently used and familiar, perhaps Slančiauskas simply forgot to indicate their origin, or perhaps there were other reasons for leaving a word’s origin unmarked. These foreign words are terms relating to war, music, theater, psychology, literature, history, and painting; parts of the universe; names of pioneers in medical science, inventors, and inventions; and various expressions. 1 T A B L E. Foreign words with origin indicated (or not indicated) by Slančiauskas Latin | Greek | French | English | German | Italian | Spanish | Sanskrit | Origin not indicated 172 | 69 | 26 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 116 Personal names. Glossary Slančiauskas mentions 30 notable figures (see Appendix 9)—writers, poets, travelers, philosophers, naturalists, and inventors. Among them are the following historians and philosophers of the East and West: Aristoteles ‘Greek philosopher and pupil of Plato, 384–322 BC’ (3), Bruno Giordoni ‘philosopher, 1550–1600; burned in Rome’ (4), Herodotas ‘father of history, the first Greek historian, 484–424 BC’ (10), Konfucas, Kong=Fu=Tse ‘that is, Chinese philosopher, 551–479 BC’ (13), Pytagoras ‘Greek philosopher, 540–500 BC’ (20), Xanthus of Lydia, ‘a famous Greek historian— 15 Plačiau žr.: Sabaliauskas 1990: 259. 16 See: LKE 1999: 214. 17 See LKE 1999: 641. Straipsniai / Articles 69 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ who lived in the fifth and sixth centuries BC” (27). The most consistently described is Sokrates: “the most famous Greek philosopher, born in 470 BC; at the age of 69, while serving the state, was accused of impiety and corrupting the youth by the poet Meletus, the orator Lycon, and the tanner Anytus, and died after being poisoned. Sokrates is the creator of scientific dialectic and its scholarly method” (23). Among the writers, poets, and scribes mentioned are: Dante Alighieri “poet, 1265–1321” (5), Draperis “writer, 1811–1882” (6), Gibbons “English scribe, 1737–1794” (10), Homeras “great Greek poet of the ninth century BC” (11), Rousseau (Žan Žak Ruso) “man of letters, philosopher, 1712–1778” (21), Shakespeare “(Šekspiras Vilis), 1564–1616” (22), Tindalius “Anglican scribe, 1657–1738” (25), Volney “French writer, 1757–1820” (27), Voltaire “French writer, 1694–1778” (27), Vergilius “scribe, born in 1470” (27), Virgilius (Maro Publius), “Roman poet, 70–19 BC” (27). The following travelers and naturalists are mentioned in Slančiauskas’s Žodynėlyje: Darvinas Erazmas, “a learned zoologist, 1731–1802” (5); Darvinas Karalius Robertas, “naturalist and traveler, 1809–1882” (5); Humboldtas Frid. Henr. Alek., “traveler and naturalist, 1769–1859” (11); Huxley “English zoologist, born 1825” (11); Pytheas (Putejus) of Massilia, “at the beginning of the third century BC. He traveled around Europe; his writings and Lithuania reach [back to this period]” (20). Slančiauskas listed the most notable researchers and inventors: Galilejus, Galileo “physicist, 1564–1642. He was the first to understand the movement of the world. His words, ‘è pursi muove = and yet it moves’” (9); Gutenbergis Jonas “inventor of the printing press, 1397–1468” (10); Hippokrates “father of medicine of all time, 460–364 BC” (11). The Žodynėlį also includes scholars who were theologians: Husas or Gusas Jons, “1369–1415. Burned at the ‘holy Inquisition’” (11); Straussas Dovidas Fridr. “theologian; he wrote ‘The Life of Jesus,’ 1804–1874” (23). The personalities presented show that Slančiauskas was more interested in writers, philosophers, and travelers, and only then in inventors and religious leaders (see Table 2). TABLE 2. Personalities by fields of activity and countries Personalities Number Country affiliation Scribes, writers, poets 11 Greeks, English, French, Romans Philosophers 5 Greeks, Chinese, Romans Naturalists, travelers 3 Not specified Zoologists 2 English Inventors 2 Americans Historians 2 Greeks Theologians 2 No reference Physicist 1 No reference Founder of medical science 1 No reference Without identification 1 No reference 70 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis Žodynelis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903 Expressions. In the Glossary there are as many as 64 expressions (see Appendix 10). Latin expressions predominate; there is one Italian and one English example, e.g.: Tobe ar not to be “(pronounced: tu bi or not tu bi), but ar nebut (Shakespeare, from Hamlet)” (25), Se non è vero è ben trovato “if it is not true, it is at least well invented” (22). The expressions vary in length, from two words to longer sentences; cf.: Sapienti satis “a word is enough for a wise head—a word suffices for the wise” (22), Vita brevis, ars langa “life is short, art is long” (27), Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamus in illis “times change, and we change with them” (25). Two abbreviations can also be classed as expressions, e.g.: A. a. u. c. Anno ab urbe condita “in the years since the founding of the city (Rome)” (1), P. U. C. = post urbem conditam “after the founding of the city (Rome). 753 BC—Romans counted the years from that date” (20). Slančiauskas singled out quotations from Horace and Shakespeare as expressions and selected expressions that convey attitudes toward enslavement, the homeland, changes in customs and life, and the transmission of experience to others; cf. the expression: Verba volent, scripta manent “the spoken word flies away, the written word remains” (26). Word combinations. Among word combinations are the 27 two-word combinations or abbreviations listed in the Glossary (see Appendix 11). Slančiauskas gives two of them in adapted form, e.g.: Absolutiška monarchija “unrestricted power of a monarch” (1), Ariškos kalbos “Indo-European languages” (2). All the others are listed in their original language; cf.: Nefasti dies “unlucky days” (15), Poste restante “an instruction written on a letter or parcel: for the addressee to come and collect it” (18), Sua sponta “of one’s own free will” (24). Four abbreviations can also be classified as word combinations, such as: P. s. = post scriptum “a note added after any kind of writing” (19), U. C. (urbis conditos, Latin) “date: from the founding of the city (Rome)” (25), U. i. (ut infra) “as below” (26), U. s. (ut supra) “as above” (26). Expressions reflect the enrichment of a person’s lived and spoken environment. Structure of word explanations. It is worth discussing separately the explanation of the words given in the Glossary, to which Slančiauskas, as we can see from the examples presented above, devoted much attention so that a learner or user could understand one word or another (methods of explaining words are shown in Table 3). Foreign words are usually explained with one word, cf.: Anonymous, nameless. (2), Errata –, error. (7), Pars (Latin), part. (17), Sui generis –, peculiar (24)18. Such an explanation is uncommon. Slančiauskas favors a more detailed, synonym-based method of explanation, cf.: Apage, retreat, go away (2), Licet (Latin), it is permitted, allowed. (14), Qui vive? (French), who goes there? Who is there? (20), Vulgo (Latin), generally, together. (27). Most often, explanations are more detailed: using not only synonyms, but also phrases, cf.: Data or datum, the marking of the day=, month and year. (5), Improvisation, singing or chanting from memory without preparation. (12), 18 A loanword’s meaning may be retained wholly or in part, or may change, that is, it may be narrowed, broadened, or moved entirely away from the original. For more, see Lanza 2009: 74–80. Straipsniai / Articles 71 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Psychologija (gr.), dalis filosofijos, patyrimas ape dušę. (20), Vacat (lot.), trukst, laisvi vieta neužimta. (26). Aiškinimuose nevengiama išsakyti ir savo pažiūrų, pvz.: Pangermanizmas (gr.), susivienijimas visų vokiškų tautų skiličiu (– Panlietyvz=mas! Kada bus?) (16). Slančiausko mėgstama svetimžodį paaiškinti ir nusakomuojų būdu, pvz.: Autoritetas, pripažinimas sav aukšto mokslo. (3), Fonografas, išradimas Edisono dėl suturėjimo balso skambėjimo itt. (9), Kosmopolitas –, gyventojus laikas visą pasaulę už savo tėvynę. (14), Teka (lot.), tarba dėl poperiu ir knygu (25). Prie personalijų Slančiauskas pateikia daugiau informacijos: laiką, profesiją, asmenybės vertinimą, kartais nurodydamas ir sąsajas su Lietuva, plg.: Galilejus, Galileo, fizikas 1564 – 1642. Jis pirmasis suprato krutėjimą pasaules. Jo žodžiai „ė pursi muove=o bet gi ji kruta“. (9), Pytheas (Putejus) iš Massylijos pradžioj III. šimtmečio pr. Kristų. Jis apvažiavo Europą, jo raštai ir Lietuva siekias. (20), Zeus (=Dzeus, Dievas) (gr.), Dievas graikiškas, tevas dievu ir žmoniu, augščiausis valdy=tojus viso Sutverimo; pas romenus garbintas po vardu Jovišo; – ogi ir pas Lietuvius Perunas išperėjas dangu, Že=me itt. (28). Slančiauskas, aiškindamas svetimų kalbų žodžių junginius ir posakius, vengia plataus aiškinimo, stengiasi tiksliai atspindėti prasmę, tik ten, kur ji gali būti nesuprantama, aiškinimas būna kiek platesnis, pvz.: Per aspera ad astra, par erškėčius pas žvaizdes. (17), P. U. C. = post urbem conditam, Po už=dejimo miesto (Romo). 753 pr. Kristu, – nuo tos datos romenai skaite metus. (20); Si vis pacem parabellum –, jei nori ra=mybes, taisykis į kova (muši). (23) (žr. 3 lentelę). 3 TABLE. Methods of defining foreign words Definition in one word | Definition by synonym(s) | Definition in a descriptive sentence | Definition mentioning profession, date, etc. | Mixed definition (in one word and a sentence, by a word, synonym and supplementary sentence, etc.) | 72 | 119 | 196 | 26 | 9 Word and expression definitions are given after abbreviations and a comma, or after a comma alone; the comma is used almost consistently everywhere, except on pp. 2, 6, 9, 10, and 15, where there is no comma after the abbreviation, and p. 27, where there is no comma after the word. Slančiauskas uses the equals sign = in two cases: as a word-division mark (e.g.: vargin=giau­se (5), ami=ca (2), apšvies=ta (12), pa=skirta (21)); and as a sign introducing a word explanation in parentheses, e.g.: hello! (=hello, alive) (26), Zeus (=Dzeus, God) (28). No word-division marks appear on pp. 10, 14, 15, and 17 for the words: pirmiau (this, carried over to the next line), nesupu (ves, carried over), tamsu (nas, carried over), už (auginima, carried over). The Glossary contains words whose letters are not all joined, that is, there are spaces between letters, e.g.: Problema tas (19), Pro paganda (19). There are corrections (21), deleted words 72 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis Žodynėlis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903 (15), words written above the explanations (18, 21), added by Slančiauskas himself. The plus (+) sign (26) and the numbers 2–3 entered in pencil (26) may have been added not by the author, but by the user of the Žodynėlio (or a museum curator?). After an explanation, Slančiauskas puts a period, but periods are absent on pages 1–4, 6, 7, 13, 14, 20, 22, and 25–27. It can be said that the methods used to explain headwords are traditional and do not differ greatly from present-day explanations of international words. DICTIONARY = FROM AN ENCYCLOPEDIA. 1903 AND THE 1910 COPY ŠIOKS, TOKS ŽODYNELIS: A COMPARATIVE SURVEY The two manuscripts differ in size: the cover and inner pages of the 1903 Žodynėlio measure 17.3 cm in height and 9.4 cm in width, whereas the inner pages of the 1910 copy (hereafter Perrašas) are the same height—17.3 cm—but somewhat wider, at 11.6 cm. The cover is 17.4 cm high and 12 cm wide. The 1903 Žodynėlio has 28 pages, while the 1910 Perrašo has 24 pages. The cover of the 1903 Žodynėlio is pale yellowish gray, while that of the 1910 Perrašo is pale greenish. Slančiauskas stitched both dictionaries from paper. At the top right of the front cover of the 1910 Perrašo is only the surname K. Barauskis.; there is no title. On the first page of the Perrašo, before the words beginning with A, is the title Šioks, toks žodynelis (cf. the 1903 manuscript, where the first page of the dictionary also contains the entry Šioks – toks žodynėlis). The copy omits five words (word combinations): Aut – aut, either—or. (3), Inkl iuzija, joining, annexation. (12), Qui vive? (French), who goes there? Who is there? (20), Socius ama-ris—friend in love. (23), Socius doloris—sharing another’s pain. (23). In several places, two words are separated in the Perraše, whereas in the Žodynėlyje they are written together; cf.: Vide—look. Vidi, I saw. (27)—Vide—look. (22), Vidi (1.), I saw. (22). In some places the explanations differ: instead of the 1903 entry Aceront, underground world, the 1910 version has underworld (1); Ad exemplum (Latin), as an illustration—in the manner of an example (1). In the Perraše, word explanations are supplemented with synonyms; cf.: Apage, get back, go away—Apage, get back, go away, leave. (2). Such additions occur on pages 7 and 8. The Perraše often corrects spelling and punctuation errors in the Žodynėlio; cf.: Altruizmas, a feeling opposed to egoism, kindness to one's neighbor (2)—Altruizmas, a feeling opposed to egoism, kindness to one's neighbor (1); aut Caesar, aut nihil, either Caesar or nothing (3)—aut Caesar, aut nihil, either Caesar or nothing (2); Bacterium, fungi, seed of disease (4)—Bacterijos, fungi, seeds of disease. (3). Such corrections occur on pages 3, 5–9, and 11–23 of the Perrašo. In the Perraše, the Lithuanian rendering of explanatory words is noticeable; cf.: Darvinas Karalius Robertas, English naturalist and traveler, 1809–1882 (5)—Darvinas Karalius Ro- Str aipsniai / Articles 73 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ bertas, an English naturalist and traveller, 1809–1882 (4). Such cases of Lithuanization of words are noted on pp. 12, 16, 17, 19, 22. The order of the explanatory words Transcribed is changed—some words are omitted altogether; cf.: Aristoteles, Greek philosopher, student of Plato, 384–322 before Kristu. (3) – Aristoteles, Greek philosopher, student of Plato, 384–322 before Kristu. (2). Such changes (reordering) of words occur on pp. 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16–19, 23. Abbreviated words Transcribed are no longer abbreviated; cf.: Dante Alighieri, poet. 1265–1321. (5) – Dante Alighieri, poet 1265–1321. (4). This was noted on pp. 9 and 18. Transcribed the explanation of a word is refined; cf.: Autobiografija, a description of the course of one’s life (3) – Autobiografija, a description of one’s life (2), Centrum, a central point (5) – Centras, a point, the middle. (4), Frantas, filintas, elegantas (9) – Frantas, filintas, elegantas. (pluš̌kis). (8). Such refinements of explanations occur on pp. Transcribed 4, 8, 9, 12, 14–16, 18, 21. Kartais Perrašė yra ir aiškinimo papildymų, plg.: Edisonas, gimes 1847. Amerikojo. (6) – Edisonas, visų žinomas amerikietis gim. 1847. (5). Pastebėta 12 ir 19 psl. Transcribed a more suitable form of explanatory words is sought; cf.: Egoista –, self-lover. (6) – Egoista, selfish person. (5). This was noted on pp. 9, 10, 15. The abbreviation (1.) appears where Slančiauskas wrote –, instead of the repeated (Lat.), cf.: Agitacija –, movement, agitation – Agitacija (1.), movement, agitation (1). In other instances Transcribed the (Lat.) itself is abbreviated, e.g.: Aksiomatas (Lat.), true proof, truth (2) – Aksiomatas (1.), true proof, truth (1). Noted on pp. 18, 19, 21. Sometimes the abbreviation is expanded; cf.: Cypelis (German), a sharp point of a rock in the sea. (5) – Cypelis (German), a sharp point of a rock in the sea. (4). This was noted on pp. 14 and 20. Transcribed abbreviations are often omitted, leaving only the definition; cf.: Egoizmas (Lat.), self-love. (7) – Egoizmas, self-love. (6). This was noted on p. 13. Where the Glossary had a dash and a definition (or just a definition), Transcribed abbreviations appear; cf.: Kompas –, sundial and magnetic needle. (13) – Kompas (French), sundial and magnetic needle. (11). This was noted on pp. 12–15, 17, 18, 20, 21–23. Pastebėta, kad Perrašė yra trumpinami kai kurie žodžiai, Kristų – Kr., augštu-mo – augšt., plg.: Hippokrates, tevas medicinos vi=sų laikų 460–364 prieš Kristų. (11) – Hippokrates, tevas medicinos visu laikų 460–364 prieš Kr. (9). Pastebėta 16, 21, 23 psl. In some places Transcribed punctuation marks are added; cf.: Dictum factum, said, done, finished (6) – Dictum factum, said, done, finished (5). Transcribed the dash and definition are absent, only the definition remains; cf.: Egoista –, self-lover. (6) – Egoista, selfish person. (5). Such cases were noted on pp. 6, 7, 9, 11–14. The dash in the explanations is replaced by a definition, or omitted altogether; cf.: Epizoda (Greek), a diversion in speech, in a poem – in writings. (7) – Epizoda (Greek), a diversion in speech, in a poem, in writings. (6). Such a change was noted on pp. 14, 16, 18. 74 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis Žodynelis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903 The copy has no explanation inserted in parentheses, cf.: Pangermanism (Greek), the unification of all Germanic peoples (– Panlietyvz=mas! When will it happen?) (16) – Pangermanism, the unification of all Germanic peoples. (13). Instead of the “=” mark the copy uses a colon, cf.: Radical (Latin), firmly=steadfastly adhering to one’s undertaking. (21) – Radical (Latin), firmly, steadfastly adhering to one’s undertaking. (17). The copy uses a colon where the Glossary had a colon, cf.: Risk (Latin), at the mercy of fortune, life or death. (21) – Risk (Latin), at the mercy of fortune: life or death. (17). The dash Rewrote is used where there was a typo, cf.: Trimurti (in Sanskrit), Trinity, three deities: Brahma, Vishnu, and Giva. (25) – Trimurti (in Sanskrit), Trinity – three deities: Brahma, Vishnu, and Giva. (21). The copy gives the date and author, as does the Glossary: 23 Oct. 1903. On the next line: Reibeniai, M. Slančiauskas. A little lower, below a wavy line, it states: Copied in 1910. Below the wavy line is an inscription: I have received everything from you, “Gar.” And I received it yesterday. Further research is needed to determine to whom this inscription is addressed and what its purpose is. Perhaps this information is related to the folklore material received from Barauskis. The copy is not in Slančiauskas’s handwriting. The copy was probably made by Slančiauskas himself, but it may also have been done by someone else, since the copy’s handwriting is smaller, though very similar to Slančiauskas’s. The Glossary did not distinguish the letter Š; only a space and a wavy stroke separated the words from the letter S, whereas in the copy it is already marked (20). At the beginning of the copy, an attempt was made to fit in as many words as possible, so the text is very compressed up to the third page. From the third page onward, an effort is made to write so that the text on a Glossary page fits onto a copy page. After each letter, the copy has a wavy stroke, as in the Glossary, and the asterisks separating the text have also been retained. In both glossaries, the headwords are underlined. RANKRAŠČIŲ ŽODYNĖLIS = IŠ ENCIKLOPEDIJOS. 1903 IR ŠIOKS, TOKS ŽODYNĖLIS 1910 M. RAŠYBA, TARMĖS ATSPINDŽIAI Spelling. The spelling in both manuscripts is phonetic, cf.: labjausei (Ž 5, P 4), šviesas uždegjotas (Ž 12), šviesos uždegjotos (P 10), beprisitaisima (Ž 12), beprisitaisimo (P 10), knygas (Ž 14), knygos (P 12), aristokracijai (ponu valdžei) (Ž 6), aristokratijai (ponų valdziai) (P 5), and so on.19. A suitable example for illustrating phonetic spelling is the word ¹⁹ The abbreviation Ž and a number indicate an example from the 1903 Glossary and the page on which it appears; the abbreviation P and a number indicate an example from the 1910 copy and its page. Straipsniai / Articles 75 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ word-final spelling, cf.: nežine (Ž 2, P 1), eik sav (Ž (2, 3), P 2), mažiause dalelė (Ž 3, P 2), vargingiause (Ž 5, P 4), linije (Ž 7, P 6), protingos dvases (Ž 9, P 8), vale (Ž 14, P 12), kodidžiausei (Ž 14), ko didžiausei (P 12), pagirenti (Ž 16, P 13), lyge (Ž 17, P 14), giara (Ž 17, P 15), Plebejei (Ž 18, P 15), Patricijeis (Ž 18, P 15), gudrei (Ž 22, P 18), panašei (Ž 23, P 18), taikei (Ž 23), geriausei (Ž 23, P 19), su jeis (Ž 25, P 20), priešpriešeis (Ž 27, P 22), bet taikiai (P 19). The examples show that there are more cases of morphological spelling in the 1910 Perrašė20. The manuscripts use all the letters of the Lithuanian alphabet except the vowel e and the voiceless fricative consonant ch. Admittedly, in the Žodynėlyje and Perrašė there are two words with a macron written above e—ē—for example: pasiėmimo, užsiėmimo (Ž 21, P 17), užsiėmimas (Ž 8), presumably marking a long vowel. In the manuscripts, ė is not written in the roots of nominal words, cf.: menesio (Ž 5, P 4), melynuojas (Ž 7, P 6), užsiėmimas (P 7), šešpedes (Ž 10, P 9), tevas (Ž 10, 28; P 9, 23), Ideja (Ž 12, P 10), tevynę, tevyne (Ž 14, 17, 25; P 12, 14, 21), gerimas (Ž 15, P 13), pesčias (Ž 18, P 15), nuemimas (Ž 18, P 15), meginimas (Ž 19, P 15), uždejimo (Ž 20, 25; P 16, 21), Jezaus (Ž 23, P 19), susidejimas (Ž 24, P 19), suredimas (Ž 25, P 21), spekais (Ž 26, P 21), beda (Ž 26, P 22), Sutverimo (Ž 28, P 23), ištremimas (Ž 4, P 3), susedimas (Ž 22, P 18). Ė is also omitted in the suffixes of nominal words, for example: atsiskyrėlis (Ž, P 2), rašėjas, rašėjis (Ž 4, 27; P 3, 23), užžymėjimas (Ž 5, 15; P 4, 13), kalbėjimas (Ž 6, P 5), del suturėjimo balso skambėjimo (Ž 9, P 8), krutejimą (Ž 9, P 8), išradejis (Ž 10, P 9), netikelis (Ž 12, P 10), užmetinetojis (Ž 15, P 13), mokejimas (Ž 16, P 13), susikalbėjimas (Ž 16, P 14), judejimas (Ž 18, P 15), romenu, romenus, romenai (Ž 20, 22, 28; P 16, 18, 23), pasikalbėjimas (Ž 22, P 18), pardavinėjimas (Ž 24, P 20), tverejų (Ž 23, P 19), paveikslėlis (Ž 24, P 20), išperėjas (Ž 28, P 23), primokejimas (Ž 24, P 19), myletojis (Ž 17, P 14), iškentejimas (Ž 25, P 21). In the singular nominative, genitive and locative, and the plural nominative endings of nominal words, ė is usually not written, for example: laime, ant laimes (Ž 8, 21; P 7, 17), teisybe (Ž 2, P 1), senoves (Ž 2, 10, 13 14; P 3,), žemes, Žeme (Ž 7, 14, 18, 19; P 6, 12, 15), linksmybe (Ž 9, P 8), spaustuves (Ž 10, P 9), garbe (Ž 11, P 10), teisudarysteje (Ž 12, P 10), teisybe (Ž 12, P 10), senoveje (Ž 13, P 11), draugyste, draugystes, bendrove (Ž 13, 23; P 11, 19), saules (Ž 13, P 11), magnasine (Ž 13, P 11), pasaulė (Ž 14, P 12), raides (Ž 14, P 12), pavardes (Ž 14, P 12), žymes, žyme (Ž 15, 16; P 12, 13 14), nelaimes (Ž 15, P 13), eiles (Ž 16, 21; P 13, 17), gudryste (Ž 16, P 14), tobul ybe (Ž 17, P 15), puses (Ž 18, P 15), del laisves (Ž 18, P 15), šventes (Ž 19, P 15), malone (Ž 19, P 15), vertybe (Ž 21, P 17), degtines (Ž 21, P 17), tikrybe (Ž 21, P 17), neteisybe (Ž 22, P 18), ramybes (Ž 23, P 18), meiles, meile (Ž 23, 20 In the manuscripts, individual lexical items are recorded in semi-phonetic spelling. Perrašė contains quite a few such cases. 76 Acta Linguistica Lituanica LXXI Mato S lančiausko rankraštinis Žodynėlis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903 24; P 19, 20), giesmes (Ž 25, P 20), kantrybe (Ž 25, P 21), dievystes (Ž 25, P 21), iš tos puses (Ž 26, P 21), drauge (Ž 27, P 23), veisles (Ž 27, P 23), nuomone (Ž 12, P 10), žyme (Ž 22, P 18). In verbs, their forms, and adverbs, ė is likewise not written, for example: padare, pabaige (Ž 8, P 7), skaite (Ž 20, P 16), puole, prapuole (Ž 15, P 12), ner (Ž 15, P 13), derekimes, lažinkimes (Ž 17, P 14), girdetis (Ž 20, P 16), žiurek (Ž 21, 27; P 17, 22), numire (Ž 23, P 19), aprase (Ž 23, P 19), tylek (Ž 24, P 20), atejau, pargalejau (Ž 26, P 22), daturetas (Ž 26, P 22), sudetos (Ž 14, P 12), apmoketas (Ž 9, P 8), apseta (Ž 18, P 15), pasivelines (Ž 19, P 15), netiketai (Ž 8, P 7). Del (Ž 19, 25; P 15, 20) is also written without ė. Among the consonants, noteworthy is the spelling of the letter d as ∂ (in the Žodynėlyje), whereas in Perrašė d is already written consistently. The word filozofas is used consistently (Ž 3, 20, 21, 23; P 2, 16, 17, 19), as is filozofija (Ž 8, 20; P 7, 16). The manuscripts do not use the letter ch; k is used instead (epoka (Ž 17, P 15)), but the letter f is present (francuzu (Ž 27, P 23)). The spelling of separate words together or separately differs between the Žodynėlyje and Perrašė, cf.: del to (Ž 7), delto (P 6); išnejučiu (Ž 8), iš nejučiu (P 7). Dialectal features. Phonetics. Slančiauskas lived in the area of the northwestern Highlanders of Šiauliai, so his language is characterized by all the principal (and not only principal) features of the Šiauliai subdialect. First to be noted are the shortening of all unstressed long vowels, hardening of l before sounds of the e, ę, ei, ė type, use of an intrusive j between vowel clusters, šlėkiavimas, variation in grammatical genders and stems, and so on21. The long vowel ė has already been discussed. A distinguishing feature of the Šiauliai subdialect—the retention of the diphthongs an, am, en em—is characteristic of both manuscripts, for example: amžino (Ž 1, P 1), brangesne (Ž 2, P 1), gyvenymo (Ž 3, P 2). Among other dialectal features, noteworthy is the spelling of the vowels e and a in the roots of nominal words and words that substitute for them, for example: in the Žodynėlyje pavaizdan (1), and in Perrašė pavaizdan (1), aigiptenu (Ž 10, P 9), jai and jei (Ž 22, P 18). In the Šiauliai subdialect, unstressed a in nominal endings is entirely dropped and therefore not written; cf.: budams (Ž 23, P 19), pasirodims, apsireikškins (Ž 24, P 19), Dievs (Ž 10, P 9), sveiks gyvs (Ž 26, P 22), pasirodims (Ž 24, P 20). The singular accusative endings ą, ę, į of nouns are shortened, e.g.: į figura (Ž 14, P 12), gudra galvi (Ž 14), į viena dieva (Ž 14, P 12), Lietuva (Ž 20), viska (P 18), kova (Ž 23), poeta (Ž 23, P 19), Žemė (Ž 28), buvi (Ž 8). PerrašėThere are more instances in which long endings have been restored, cf.: gudragalvį (P 12), Lietuvą (P 16), viską (Ž 22), kovą (P 18), Žemę (P 23). 21 For a fuller account of the features of the Šiauliai subdialect of Western Aukštaitian, see: LLTCH, 2004; JŠPT, 2001, CD – 2005. Straipsniai / Articles 77 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ In the manuscripts, e is sometimes diphthongized, e.g.: abiejoją (Ž 22), abiejojas (P 18), jaun­uomenies (Ž 23, P 19)22. The reverse process is also observed—the monophthongization of the diphthong ie, e.g.: ape (Ž 8, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22; P 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18), pre (Ž 16, 19, 21; P 14, 16, 17), poperiu (Ž 25, P 20), vesulas (Ž 26, P 22)23. The spelling of the singular accusative and genitive endings of the pronoun aš varies, indicating shortening and lengthening of the endings, e.g.: manę (Ž 10, P 9), savę (Ž 14, 24; P 20), but nuo savęs (Ž 19, P 15), save (P 12). In the manuscripts, the long y varies in derivatives formed with the suffix -ymas, cf.: sustatimo (Ž, P 1), išrodimas (Ž 2), aprašimas (Ž 4, P 3, 15), pastatimas (Ž 12, P 10), išmainimas (Ž 15, P 13), padarimas (Ž 15, P 13), matimo (Ž 16, P 14), pataisimas (Ž 14, P 12), išrodimas (Ž 23, P 19), sustatimas (Ž 25, P 20), suredimas (Ž 25, P 21), nurodimas (Ž 18, P 15), pasirodimas (Ž 24, P 20), but in isolated words the form also occurs as follows: aprašymas (Ž 18), išrodymas (P 1). The short i also varies: in derivatives with the suffix -imas, it is lengthened, cf.: egoizmas (Ž 2), artymo (Ž 2, P 1), gyvenymo (Ž 3), Panlietyvymas (Ž 16), patrijotyzmas (Ž 24, P 20), but Perrašė such lengthenings are sometimes corrected (cf.: egoizmas (1), gyvenimo (P 2)). The vowels y, i vary in verb forms or nouns, derivatives from verbs, adverbs, and nouns when y, i are stressed, cf.: mait­ynas “feeds itself” (Ž 16, P 14), apginimas (Ž 19), apgynimas (P 15), dykai (Ž 9), dikai (P 8), Idyjota (Ž 12), Kynu (Ž 13, P 11), suvienitomis (Ž 26, P 22). The long y is represented by nasal į, whereas where į would be expected, long y is written, cf.: mokįtojai (Ž 10, P 9), Sudegitas (Ž 11, P 3), mysla (Ž 19, P 15). The diphthong in is sometimes replaced by nasal į, e.g.: Sudegitas (Ž 11, P 3, 10), mokįtas (Ž 5, P 4, 10), mokįtinis (Ž 6, P 5), but inconsistently, cf.: sudegintas (P 9), mokintas (Ž 12). i is lengthened in endings, e.g.: laikrodys (Ž 13, P 11), trukys (Ž 17, P 15), but kraujažindis (Ž 27, P 23). In the manuscripts, the long root vowel ū is shortened in both inherited vocabulary and loanwords, e.g.: parlužis (Ž 12, P 10), budams (Ž 23, P 19), buvi (Ž 8, P 7), butis (Ž 8), kuno (Ž 14, 16; P 12, 14), skurinis (Ž 17, P 14), trukys (Ž 17, P 15), žiurek (Ž 21, 27; P 17, 22), žut but (Ž 21), žut, but (P 17), rukštadaris (Ž 25, P 21), but ar nebut (Ž 25, P 21), žutis (Ž 25, P 21), trukst (Ž 26, P 22), turbut (Ž 26, P 22), trusas (Ž 27, P 23), naturalista (Ž 5), but būtis (P 7). 22 It may be that writing e for ie is a Polish convention of using the letter i to soften a consonant. 23 These words should be transposed: apė, pre, popėriu, vėsulas. 78 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis Žodynelis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903 The long vowel in the suffixes –(i)ūnas, –ūras, –ūra is shortened, e.g.: gyvūnas, gyvūnai (Ž 4, 16; P 3, 14), tamsunas (Ž 4, 15; P 3, 13), atskalunas (Ž 12, P 10), Karikatura (Ž 12, P 10), literaturas (Ž 21, P 17), į figura (Ž 14, P 12), galiuno (Ž 25, P 21). Ū, ų are shortened in stressed and unstressed nominal endings, especially in the singular genitive and plural nominative and accusative, e.g.: baisus valdininkai (Ž 25, P 21), Kristu (Ž 3, 13, 18, 20, 23, 27; P 16, 19, 23), ligu (Ž 4), knygu (Ž 4, 10, 14, 25), miesčionu (Ž 4), turčiu (P 3), gyventoju (Ž 5, P 4), žmoniu (Ž 6, 7, 8, 15, 18, 19, 25, 28), poema-tu, pasaku (Ž 7), užsivedimu (Ž 7), menciu (Ž 10, P 9), anglu (Ž 10, P 9), aigip-tenu (Ž 10, P 9), visu (Ž 16; P 9, 13), graiku (Ž 11, 13; P 9), juoku (Ž 12, P 10), valdininku (Ž 13, P 11), padavimu (Ž 14), dievu (Ž 15, 28), vardu (Ž 15), rank-raščiu, ju (Ž 16), senu (Ž 16, P 13), žaislu (Ž 16), žaisliu (P 13), romiečiu (Ž 16), tautu skilčiu (Ž 16, P 13), vertu (Ž 16, P 14), daliu (Ž 16, P 14), pasiuntiniu (Ž 17, P 14), deputatu (Ž 17, P 14), namu (Ž 17, P 14), kokiu žiniu (Ž 19), ro-menu (Ž 22, P 18), metu (Ž 23, P 19), dvasišku uredysčiu (Ž 24), poperiu (Ž 25), francuzu (Ž 27, P 23), šikšnosparniu (Ž 27, P 23). Full endings, which are much more common, are marked in Perrašė; compare: Kristu (P 2), ligu (P 3), knygu (P 3, 9), žmoniu (P 5, 6, 7, 15, 21,), pasaku (P 6), užsivedimu (P 6), buvi (P 7), graiku (Ž 10), visu laiku (Ž 10), knygu (P 12), padavimu (P 12), dievu (P 13), vardu (P 13), rankraščių, jų (P 13), romiečių (P 13), kokių žinių (P 16), dvasiškų uredysčių (P 19), poperių ir knygų (P 20), dievų ir žmonių (P 23), laikų (P 9), turčių (Ž 4), mies-čionų (P 3), vokiškų (Ž 16, P 13), laikų (P 9). The endings of the third-person subjunctive and the singular nominative forms of verbs (participles) are also shortened; compare: ateitu (Ž 18, P 15), gimes (Ž 6), prabeges (Ž 7, P 6), buves (Ž 8, P 7), išsigimes (Ž 9, P 8), apsigimes (Ž 12, P 10), išnešiojas ir parduodas (Ž 13, P 11), laikas (Ž 14), skaitas (Ž 14, P 12), nesupuves (Ž 14, P 12), pasivelines (Ž 19, P 15), abiejojas (P 18), gimes (Ž 23, P 19), išsi-lavines (Ž 23, P 19), išperejas (Ž 28, P 23). There is no consistency here, since in some places nasal letters are written; compare: sergąs (Ž 16, P 13), laikąs (P 12), abiejojąs (Ž 22). The long vowel ų also varies: in the Glossary it is shortened (apskustas (Ž 23)), whereas in Perrašė it is retained (apskūstas (P 19)). The Šiauliai dialect feature of hardening l before vowels of the e, ei, ė, ę type is also reflected in the manuscripts; compare: nelaista (Ž 15), atlaidimo (Ž 17), mysla (Ž 19, 21; P 15, 17), nulaidimas (Ž 21), atlaidimu (Ž 22, P 18), but neleista (P 13), atleidimo (P 14), nuleidimas (P 17). Another feature is also noticeable—palatalization of l (meliodija (Ž, P 2), žaisliu (P 13)). The manuscripts show the insertion of j before ie, e.g.: ieškinys (Ž 15, P 13), apjieškotojus (Ž 24), apjieškotojis (P 20), patriotyzmas (Ž 24, P 20), la-biausiai (Ž 5, P 4). Shortened infinitive forms are most commonly used, e.g.: skaityt (Ž 2, 4, 10; P 1, 3, 9), rašyt (Ž 2, 10; P 1, 9), parskaityt (Ž 16), but parskaityti (P 13). Straipsniai / Articles 79 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Morphological features. The manuscripts contain unreduced dialectal adverb forms, e.g.: geriaus (Ž 15, P 13), žemiaus (Ž 26, P 21), aukščiaus (Ž 26, P 22), niekuom (Ž 3, P 2), teip toliaus (Ž 7), but Transcribed teip toliau (P 6)24. Both the Glossary and the Transcription reflect variation in nominal stems; compare: rašytojus (Ž 3), rašytojis (P 2), valnas (Ž 9), valnus (P 8), išradejis (Ž 10, P 9), gyventojus (Ž 14, 22; P 18), gyventojis (P 12), užmetinėtojis (Ž 15, P 13), poperis (Ž 17, P 14), myletojis (Ž 17, P 14), žmonys (Ž 19, P 16), lengvi (Ž 23, P 18), suvedžiotojis (Ž 24, P 19), apieškotojus (Ž 24), apieškotojis (P 20), valdytojus (Ž 28), valdytojis (P 23). Superlative nominal forms consistently have the suffix –iausis, e.g.: pirmiausis (Ž 10, P 9), žinomiausis (Ž 23, P 20), aukščiausis (Ž 28, P 23). The sources under study reflect not only variation in stems but also variation in the grammatical gender of words: miesto Romo (“Rome, masculine form” Ž, P 1), deviza (“deviza, masculine form” Ž 7, P 6), pasaules, pasaulė, pasaulę (“pasaulė, pasaulis” Ž 9, 14; P 8), poeta (“poeta, masculine form” Ž 11, 27; P 9, 23), Jurista (“jurista, masculine form” Ž 12, P 10), luoma (“luoma, masculine form” Ž 23, P 19), spekais, “spėkas, strength” (Ž 26, P 21), spekomis “spėka, strength” (Ž 26, P 21), smailuma (Ž 5), smailumas (P 4), klasa (“class” Ž 5, P 4). The manuscripts also show variation in verb and adverb stems, e.g.: tures “turiasi, turisi” (Ž 15, P 13), tyle “tylia, tyli” (Ž 20, P 16), prigule “prigulia, priguli” (Ž 24, P 19), norent nenorent “noriant nenoriant, norint nenorint” (Ž 27, P 23). An athematic verb form was also found (pasiliekta (Ž 26, P 22)). Older nominal forms occur: žvaizdes (Ž 17, P 15), daugiesa “rule, dominion” (Ž 18, P 15). The prefix (and preposition) par is used consistently in place of per, e.g.: par (Ž 11, P 10), parstatimas (Ž 12, P 10), parlūžis (Ž 12, P 10), parskaityt (Ž 16), parskaityti (P 13), parprašau (Ž 17, P 14), parvarta (Ž 21, P 17), parvertimas (Ž 21, P 17), parsimaino (Ž 25, P 20), pargalejau (Ž 26, P 22), partrauka (Ž 17, P 14). Other dialectal forms worth noting include: suerzdinimas (Ž 13), suersdinimas (P 11), žengsniu (Ž 17, P 14), troba (Ž 17, P 14), teip (Ž 18, 19, 20, 22, 24; P 15, 16, 18, 20,), bele kokio (Ž 19), belekokio (P 16), kietai=tvirtai (Ž 21), kietai, tvirtai (P 17), tikras, gruntautnas (Ž 21, P 17), tarba (Ž 25, P 20), and so on. The manuscripts also contain instances of assimilation, e.g.: uzbaigimas (Ž 7), aprasymas (P 6), sąryšis (Ž 9) P zmonijos 8), aprasas (Ž 11, P 10), grazus (Ž 18, P 15), išpaniškai (Ž 26, P 22), aukščiaus (Ž 26, P 22), but užbaigimas (P 6), aprašymas (Ž 7), sąryšis (P 7), Žmonijos (Ž 9). 24 Plačiau žr.: JŠPT 2001. 80 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903 Individual words augštas, daigtas are written with g, for example: augšto (Ž 3, P 2), daigtus (Ž 5, P 4), daigtas (Ž 7, P 6), augštumo (Ž 11, P 9), daigtu (Ž 16), daigtų (P 14), while the spelling of the word forms vienog (Ž 7) and vienok (P 6) varies. The corrections in both the Glossary and the Copy also vary, for example: apaštolas (Ž 18), apostolas (P 15), Kas nauja (Ž 20), Kas naujo (P 16). Word formation. Compounds in the Glossary and the Copy are formed without a linking vowel; compare: šešpedes eiles (Ž 10, P 9), dauggalvis (Ž 18, P 15), daugbalsis (Ž 18, P 15), saukalbis (Ž 6, P 5), saumyl yste (Ž 5), savmyl yste (P 5). Derivatives with suffixes differing from those of present-day standard Lithuanian have also been noted, for example: gudryste ‘cleverness’ (Ž 16, P 14), keliauninkas ‘traveler’ (Ž 11, P 10), vargužis ‘pauper, needy person’ (Ž 17, P 14), savimylis ‘self-love’ (Ž 6), savimeilis (P 5). Lexicon. The manuscripts show a process of neologism formation, for example: Dyskursas, saukalbis. (Ž 6, P 5), Egoizmas (Latin), saumyl yste (Ž 5), savmyl yste (P 5), laikmetas ‘period’ (P 6, 15), Fantazija (Greek), vaidintuvė. (Ž 8, P 7), netikšas (Ž 8), netišas (P 7), mokslamylis (Ž 9), moksla mylys (P 8), regratis ‘sight’ (Ž 11, P 10), apsakas ‘narrative’ (Ž 11, P 10), įturio, įturys ‘content’ (Ž 11, 25; P 10, 20,), išjuoka ‘irony’ (Ž 12, P 10), teisdarystėje ‘jurist, in jurisprudence’ (Ž 12, P 10), the word ‘exchange’ is explained by Notacija (Ž 15, P 13), ‘opposition’ is explained by Oponentas (Ž 15, P 13), ‘section’ is explained by Paragrafas (Ž 16, P 14), ‘preface’ is explained by Pole mika (Ž 18, P 15), ‘outcome’ is explained by Rezultatas (Ž 21, P 17), rašikas ‘one who writes, clerk’ (Ž 22, P 18), ‘herbalist’ is explained by Tlenas (Ž 25, P 20), rašė jis ‘writer’ (Ž 27, P 23), romiskas ‘Roman, of the Romans’ (Ž 27, P 23), ‘mushrooms, seed of disease’ are explained by Bacterium (P 4), Bacterijos (Ž 3). There are also words that are difficult to explain, for example: ‘prydelis’ is explained by Paragramas (Ž 16, P 14). Syntactic features. The manuscripts show the expression of the desiderative mood characteristic of the Šiauliai dialect, with lai and a present-tense verb form, for example: lai mane Dievs baudžia ‘may God punish me’ (Ž 10, P 9). There are constructions with the preposition ant and others, still popular in Joniškis speech today, for example: žodynas ant daug kalbų (Ž 16, P 14), ant laimes (Ž 21, P 17), ant sveikatos (Ž 23, P 18). To indicate a temporal limit, a construction with the preposition lig and others is used, for example: lig paskirtai dienai (Ž, P 1). Constructions with the preposition par followed by the genitive predominate, for example: par erškėčius pas žvaizdes (Ž 17, P 15), par poeta Militozą (Ž 23, P 19). The use of the preposition pas with the genitive also differs from standard Lithuanian, for example: par erškėčius pas žvaizdes (Ž 17, P 15), pas romenus garbintas po vardu Jovimo (Ž 28, P 23). The use of the dialectal preposition po with the instrumental is also found, for example: pasidavimas po bauda (Ž 24, P 19), pas romenus garbintas po vardu Jovimo (Ž 28, P 23). Straipsniai / Articles 81 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ CONCLUSIONS Slančiauskas’s manuscript glossaries—Glossary = from the encyclopedia (1903) and its transcription, A Little Glossary (1910)—belong to the lexicographic history of foreign words in Lithuania, that is, to the lexicographic history of dictionaries of international words. Glossary= from the encyclopedia (1903) contains 422 words. The transcription, A Little Glossary (1910), contains five fewer words (word combinations)—417—than the 1903 Glossary. For 172 entries, it is indicated that they are Latin words; for 69, Greek; for 26, French; and for 14, English, German, Italian, Spanish, or Sanskrit. 116 words have no indication of origin. The Glossary contains 30 biographical entries, 64 sayings, and 27 word combinations and abbreviations. The structure of Slančiauskas’s Glossary = from the encyclopedia (1903) and its transcription, A Little Glossary (1910), resembles that of present-day dictionaries of international words: the lexicon is presented in alphabetical order, and the selected words are explained in various ways (with a single word, synonyms, a word combination, a more detailed explanation, or associations with Lithuanian words); most entries include indications of word origin (abbreviations such as Lat., Gr., Engl., Ital., Ger., etc.). The manuscripts also include prominent researchers from various fields of science (philosophers, literary figures [prose writers and poets], historians, theologians, travelers, inventors, and so on). They also contain abbreviations, word combinations, and literary sayings widely used among nations. The manuscripts preserve features characteristic of the Western Aukštaitian Šiauliai subdialect: an, am, en, em remain unchanged; the consonant l is hardened (before e, ę, ė, ei) and softened; unstressed word endings are shortened; the consonant j is added before e, ie, and so on. There are also various morphological features (nominal suffixes, athematic verb forms, adverb forms that have not been shortened, etc.) and a few syntactic features (especially the use of prepositional constructions). It is noteworthy that in the 1910 transcription, more words are written using morphological rather than phonetic or semi-phonetic spelling. Slančiauskas’s Glossary = from the encyclopedia (1903) and its transcription, A Little Glossary (1910), show that conditions had emerged for the creation of a glossary of foreign words. The 1903 Glossary was probably transcribed for educational purposes (the author believes that there may have been more such transcriptions). These manuscripts reveal the need for systematic treatment of foreign words and paved the way for the Glossary of Foreign and Unintelligible Words, compiled by Jurgis Šlapelis in 1907. Thus, we could move the beginning of the early period in the history of foreign-word lexicography back by as much as four years and date it not from Šlapelis’s glossary, but from 1903 (up to 1936). 82 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis Žodynelis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903 APPENDICES 1 APPENDIX. Foreign words (word combinations and sayings) marked (Lat.) or (−), or given in Latin International words (from Latin) Explanation A. a..u. c. Year from the founding of the city In the years since the founding of the city (Rome) Absolute monarchy unlimited power of the monarch Accuratio appeal Ad exemplum depicting Ad feliciora tempera for better times Ad futuram memoriam for eternal remembrance Ad diem dictum until the appointed day Agitacija movement, motion Aksiomatas a true proof, truth Amicus Plato sed magis amica veritas Plato is dear to me, but truth is dearer Arija an opera melody, a hymn, a song Concordia res parve crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur Harmony makes small things grow; discord causes the greatest things to fall apart. Denationalization denationalization Informer spy, little spy Ego aš Egoist self-lover Egoism self-love Element element Eo ipso only, because of that Ergo in this way, one way Errare humanum est To err is human Errata error Est modus in rebus there is a measure in everything Ex former, formerly, some time ago Ex abrupto without preparation, suddenly, unexpectedly Ex capite from memory; from the beginning Extra quickly, very, separately Fabula a tale of nonsense Facet a funny person Fachas occupation, craft Straipsniai / Articles 83 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ International words (from Latin) Explanation Factas the truth, existence Fanatikas hypocrite Fecit made, finished Federation union, association of countries Finis end Form shape, form Frater brother Gaudium merriment, joy Gratis for nothing, free of charge Homo human being Honoras good name, honor Humanist humane, learned in many fields, an alert person Humorist a story or account of something amusing In vino veritas truth in wine. Irony mockery, reprimand You truth exclamations exclamation, voice Collection gathering Complete set complete collection Communion unity, union Conflagration burning Conflict dispute Confusion confusion, irritation Congress gathering, assembly of officials Counterfeiting counterfeit books Contusion bodily injury Correction correction of errors in printed books Licet permitted, allowed Maximum, – minimum as much as possible, as little as possible Nec locus ubi Troja fuit there is no trace of where Troy stood. – Whoever fell, perished. Nec plus ultra nothing beyond that Nefas untruth, falsehood Nefasti dies unlucky days Nequam worthless 84 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Mato Slančiauskas’s manuscript Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903 International words (from Latin) Explanation Nolens volens willingly or unwillingly Nomenklatura a claim to a name Nomina sunt odiosa changing one’s name is improper Non licet not permitted Non plus ultra nothing better Nosce te ipsum know yourself Note mark, notation Notation exchange Obscurant enemy of enlightenment, obscurantist Opinion rumor among people. Opponent adversary, faultfinder. Original first creation O tempora! O mores! O times! O customs! Patient one falls ill, depending on which pharmacist one will have Pari possu with equal steps, in equal measure Pars part Patrija homeland Pauper poor man, pauper Perpetuum mobile perpetual motion Persona quality, person Planas removal: an indication of how it ought to be Plantacijė cultivated land, a field, and sown or planted Popular human Post festum after the festivities, after everything, one who has fallen behind Prima caritas ab ego first love of oneself Proclamation an appeal to all people Proletariat people without property, without shelter, the poor Pro memorija for remembrance Prose as one speaks, so one writes P. S. = post scriptum an addition after any kind of writing Publication announcement, narration Quantum satis to satisfaction Quod scripsi, scripsi what I have written, I have written Racija true cause, certainty, allotted share, food Radical firmly=steadfastly holding to one's own undertaking Straipsniai / Articles 85 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ International words (from Latin) Explanation Redde quod debes give back what you owe Referencia assignment, recommendation Reformacija religious upheaval Recreacija refreshment, rest from an activity Respice finem look to the end Risum tenentis amici Do not laugh, friends. (From Horace’s poetry) Rizika at stake, come what may With indulgence with forbearance Sapieti satis a clever head needs but few words; a wise person needs but one word Science learning, knowledge Writer; writing writer; writing Always the same always the same Session meeting, conversation Thus! so! — a mark of astonishment in critical writings Thus the fates decreed so fate wished Sic volo, sic jube I want it so; so it appears Si deis placet if the gods allow Si fibula vera if this is true Signum sign Simplex simple, straightforward Simplex servus Dei a simple, unenlightened person Similija similibus curantur like cures like; one like heals another Sit saluti to your health Sit tibi terra levis May the earth lie lightly upon you Si vis pacem parabellum If you want peace, prepare for war (fighting) Socius friend, companion Socius amaris friend of love Socius doloris companion in sorrow Status rank, position Studio learning, education Sua sponta good will Sub divo under the open sky Subjekcija hardships, sufferings 86 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903 International words (from Latin) Explanation Submisije submission under penalty Subskripcija signing, subscription, additional payment Sui generis peculiar Suum cuique give each person what is due to them Tace! Be quiet! Keep silent! Taliter – quoliter like – so Tantum – quantum as much – as Tarde venientibus ossa Whoever is late harms himself. Folder a bag for papers and books Text the whole arrangement or content of a song, hymn, or other written work Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamus in illis times change, and we change with them Tendency aim, purpose Oxygen acid-forming — air — element Tolerance patience, endurance Tradition traditions Treatise scientific arrangement of people Ubi bene ibi patria where it is good, there is one's homeland U. C. (urbis conditos lot.) date: from the founding of the city (of Rome) Ultimus last, latest Ultra indirect, from that side Unquibus et rostro defending oneself with all one’s strength (with claws and beaks) Unitis viribus with united strength U. s. (ut supra) as above Usque ad finem to the end Vacat missing; the space is unoccupied Vae! woe Vae victis! woe to the vanquished Vale! farewell! (=farewell alive) Or or, whether Veni, vidi, vici I came, I saw, I conquered Verba volent, scripta manent the spoken word flies away, the written word remains Verbum nobile, debet essestabile a promise made must be kept Veritabilis truthful Straipsniai / Articles 87 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ International words (from Latin) Explanation Vide look Vidi I saw Vita brevis, ars longa life is short, art is long Volens nolens willingly or unwillingly Vulgo commonly, together Vivat! long live! 2 APPENDIX. Foreign words with references: (in Greek), (Greek), (Gr.), (Greek mythology), (–,) International words (from Greek) Explanation Asceta truly devout Bibliopolis bookseller Dyalogas speech, conversation among several people Entuziazmas ardor, fervor Epigrafas inscription, motto Epilogas conclusion of a speech, poem, tale, etc. Epizoda digression in a speech or poem—in writing Epoka a period of time elapsed in historical events Epic poem, Epos a gigantic poem Era a reckoning of an era Aether air, the blue sky Ethnology the science of human existence Ethics the science and philosophy of humanity Etymology the study of the origins and explanations of words Fantasy imagined things Physics science of nature Geography science and description of the earth Geology science about the earth’s crust Geonomy science about the earth’s surface Grammarians the first teachers of reading and writing Grammar linguistics Hexameter six-foot lines in poetry Hieroglyphs ancient Egyptian writings in symbols and pictures Hyppokryta deceiver 88 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Mato Slančiauskas’s manuscript Glossary = From an encyclopedia. 1903 International words (from Greek) Explanation Hippsometrija science of measuring altitude Horizontas regret {the covering of the sky Hygiena science of preserving health Hypnotyzmas sleep induced by magnetism Idyjota one born with an incomplete mind Katastrofa an unfortunate attack, a dramatic paralysis Categories section, division Cosmos Earth, world, universe Cosmography description of the world Cosmopolitan regards all the world’s inhabitants as their homeland Mythology the study of ancient gods and deities in legends Molecule atoms joined together in a solid or liquid body Monogram letters from a first and last name arranged into a figure Monologue talking to oneself – theatrically, etc. Monosophist one who considers only himself a clever fellow Monotheism belief in one god Nectar drink of the gods Panegyric praising speech, writing, or verse Pan-Germanism Union of all German-speaking peoples (– Pan-Lithuanianism! When will it come?) Panlexicon dictionary in many languages Panopticon collection of many things worth seeing Pantheology science about all the gods Pantomime communication without a voice, by movements of body parts (in theatres) Pansophy everyone’s wisdom Paragraph the sign § in writings, separating Paragram an addition, or an explanation Parasite an animal that feeds on another Period epoch, duration in time, years Poetry a complete, beautiful, true description, both in dramas and in verse Polycracy polyarchy many-headed many-headed many-voiced many voices Problemata riddle solved Straipsniai / Articles 89 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ International words (from Greek) Explanation Program plan, disclosure Pseudo false, untrue Pseudonym signature of an assumed name – false Psychology a branch of philosophy, experience concerning the soul Rhapsodes a larger collection of hymns Skeptic A person who doubts everything Simony sacred commerce: selling spiritual offices, etc. Sympathy affection, love, fondness Symptom appearance, manifestation Tragedy theatrical invention—the death of a hero Tyrant fearsome officials—tyrannical in ancient Greece Zeus (=D Zeus) The Greek God, father of gods and men, the highest ruler of all Creation; among the Romans worshipped under the name of Jupiter; and among the Lithuanians, Perun, who emerged from the sky, the Earth, etc. 3 APPENDIX. Foreign words marked (German) or (in German). International words (from German) Explanation Cypelis a rocky point projecting into the sea Feleris deception, error Frei in vain, for nothing, free 4 APPENDIX. Foreign words (word combinations and expressions) with labels: (French), (French), (Fr.), (–,) International words (from French) Explanation Brigant murderer Charakteris one’s own enthusiasm Commercija farming, trade strong spirit freethinking fashion fool, simpleton Fixe quick (fixed) book peddler carries books around and sells them companion friend, partner company friendship, company 90 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Matas Slančiauskas’s handwritten Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903 International words (from French) | Explanation | Compass: a sundial and a magnetic needle | Complement: praise | To compare: to compose, to put into verse | Parblen!: to the devil, to the executioner | Pardon: my beloved, forgive me, I beg your pardon | Par exemple: for example | Passenger: traveller | Pavilion: a side wing of a house | Qui vive? Who goes there? Who is there? | Qui vivra verra: whoever lives will see | Rank, degree, value | Report: announcement | Result: ruin, final attack | Charlatan: quack, deceiver, seeker | Chauvinism: the opposite of patriotism | Tourist: a curious traveller | Vis-à-vis: opposite, face to face 5 A P P E N D I X. Foreign words (word combinations, expressions, personal names) with the reference (English) or (Eng.) International words | Explanation | Darwin Erasmus, a learned zoologist, 1731–1802 | Darwin | King Robert, a naturalist and traveller, 1809–1882 | Draper, writer, 1811–1882 | Flag: a pennant, a fern | God-dam: may God punish me | Snob: one unfamiliar with friendship | To be or not to be (pronounced: too bee or not too bee), to be or not to be (from Shakespeare’s Hamlet) 6 A P P E N D I X. Foreign-word combinations and expressions with the reference (Italian) or (It.) International words | Explanation | Etc. (et cetera): and so on | Se non è vero è ben trovato: if it is not true, at least it is well invented. Straipsniai / Articles 91 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ 7 APPENDIX. Foreign words with references (Sanskrit) and (Spanish) International words Explanation Trimurti Trinity, three deities: Brahma, Vishnu, and Giva. Hurricane, whirlwind terrible storm 8 APPENDIX. Foreign words (word combinations, expressions) without an indication of origin International words Explanation Aceront underworld Altruism a feeling opposite to egoism, the desire to do good Analfabet an ignoramus who cannot read or write Anarchija disorder Anonimas anonymous Antagonista opponent Antropofagas mankind Apage withdraw, go away Apostata hermit Ariškos kalbos Indo-European languages Attack assault Atmosphere air above the earth Atom indivisible, smallest particle Audiatur et altera pars let the other side also be heard Auguries scholars in ancient Rome Aut Caesar, aut nihil either Caesar or nothing Aut – aut either – or Autobiografija an account of the course of one’s own life Autorius creator, writer Autoritetas Recognition of one’s high learning Nitrogen gases, suffocating air Bacterium fungi, source of disease Bacilli microscopic animals Banishment exile, expulsion Barbarian among the Greeks: an enemy, a dark-minded person Fiction writer writer of tales Bibliophile one who loves to read books Library collection of books 92 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903 International words Explanation Biography description of a life Buffon scoundrel Bourgeoisie the estate of townspeople and the wealthy Capite censi the poorest class of inhabitants in Rome Centrum central point Date or datum notation of the day, month, and year Delegate dependent, envoy Democracy rule by the people, opposed to aristocracy (rule by the nobility) Despotism harsh, painful rule Dictum factum said and done, finished Discipulus student Diet food during illness Disharmony discord Discourse conversation Equator the line of the earth beneath the sun Epic a branch of poetry Ethnography or Anthropology a description of people's customs Farmazonas (Freemason) a mason, an unbeliever Fate fate, fortune Fatyga exhaustion Philanthropist a friend of humanity Philologist a lover of learning Philosopher first in the row Physiography description of nature Phonograph Edison's invention for preserving the sound of the voice, etc. Frank free, paid Frant polished, elegant Genius abnormal, of an intelligent spirit Hypothesis unverified truth Idea opinion Illumination a lamp that gives light Illustrations illustrated Improvisation singing or chanting from memory, without preparation Inclusion joining in Straipsniai / Articles 93 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ International words Explanation Intelligentsia humanity enlightened by learning Jurist trained in jurisprudence Heretic apostate, unbeliever Caricature depiction in a humorous manner Clepsydra, or water clock an ancient clock using sand or water Classics the most authentic writers of ancient Greece Mummy an embalmed, unrotted corpse Novella a prose tale Paleography knowledge of old manuscripts and the ability to read them Bread and circuses! bread and games (this was the cry of the Romans during the decline of humanity) Parchment parchment paper Bet! let us bet, let us wager Parliament assembly of the sovereign state's representatives, a parliament, a gathering of deputies Patricians Roman aristocrats, nobles Patriot lover of the fatherland Pause a break in music Paidagogija the science of the proper upbringing of humanity Per aspera ad astra through thorns to the stars Perfection perfection Perpedes apostolorum on foot, (like an apostle) Planiglobus a drawing of both hemispheres of the earth or sky Plebejei the lower class of people in Rome; in 494 BC they fought for freedom against the patricians Pneumatology the science of spirits Polemics prefatory note, dispute Polytheism belief in many gods Poste restante an inscription on letters or parcels: for the addressee to come and collect them in person Practice any kind of attempt Pro domo sua self-defense Pro forma for fashion’s sake Progress; regression movement forward, backward 94 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript Glossary = From an encyclopedia. 1903 International words Explanation Project attempt Pro paganda dissemination of some news Pro publico bono for the public good Prostitution giving oneself over to promiscuity for profit—whoredom Private domestic, neither governmental nor public P. U. C. = after the founding of the city After the founding of the city (Rome). 753 BC, from which date the Romans counted the years Quid novi? What news is there? Qui tacet concentire videtur Who is silent agrees. Quod capita tot sensus As many heads, so many minds. How long, then, will you abuse our patience? How long will this go on? How long will it last? Discount a reduction in the price of purchased goods Ratafia a type of sweet liquor Realnas real, substantial Rebus a picture puzzle Revolution overturning Rhythm a metrical line Scurra the poor inhabitants of Rome In solidarity peacefully, agreeably Specialist someone who is best educated in and understands a particular field of study Performance the presentation of a play Sketch an unfinished picture; a plan indicated; a marked point U. i. (ut infra) as below Vampire bloodsucker, species of bat. (mythical) APPENDIX 9. Biographical entries Name of the biographical entry Explanation Aristoteles Greek philosopher, Plato’s pupil, 384–322 BC Bruno Giordoni fil. 1550–1600. sudegintas Romoje Dante Alighieri poet, 1265–1321 Darvinas Erazmas learned zoologist, 1731–1802 Darvinas Karalius Robertas naturalist and traveler, 1809–1882 Str aipsniai / Articles 95 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Name of personality Explanation Draperis writer, 1811–1882 Edisonas gimęs 1847. Amerikoji Galilejus, Galileo physicist 1564 – d. 1642. He was the first to understand the motion of the world. His words: “e pur si muove= and yet it moves” Gibbons English writer, 1737–1794 Gutenbergis Jonas inventor of the printing press, 1397–1468 Herodotas father of history, the first Greek historian, 484–424 BC Hippokrates father of medicine of all time, 460–364 BC Homeras great Greek poet of the 9th century BC Humboldt Friedrich Heinrich Alexander traveler and naturalist, 1769–1859 Hus or Gus Jan 1369–1415. Burned at the “holy Inquisition” Huxley English zoologist, born 1825 Confucius, Kong=Fu=Tse he was a philosopher of China, 551–479 BC Wilhelm Liebknecht born 1826 Pythagoras Greek philosopher, 540–500 BC Pytheas (Puteus) of Massilia at the beginning of the 3rd century BC. He circumnavigated Europe; his writings also mention Lithuania Rousseau (Jean-Jacques Rousseau) literary figure, philosopher 1712–1778 Shakespeare (William Shakespeare) 1564–1616 Sokrates The most famous Greek philosopher, born in 470 BC, at the age of 69 was accused before the authorities of impiety and corrupting the youth by the poet Meletus, the orator Lycon, and the tanner Anytus, and died after being poisoned. Socrates is the founder of scientific dialectic and its scholarly method. Straussas Dovidas Fridr. theologian; he wrote “The Life of Jesus” 1804–1874 Tindalius Anglican writer 1657–1738 Volney French writer 1757–1820 Voltaire French writer 1694–1778 Vergilius writer, born 1470 Virgilius (Maro Publius) Roman poet, 70–19 BC Xanthus of Lydia A famous Greek historian who lived in the 5th and 6th centuries BC 96 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis Žodynelis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903 APPENDIX 10. Sayings Saying Explanation A. a. u. c. Anno ab urbe condita In the years after the founding of the city (Rome) To happier times toward better times Ad futuram memoriam for eternal remembrance Ad diem dictum until the appointed day Plato is my friend, but truth is a greater friend Plato is dear to me, but truth is dearer Concordija res parve crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur Concord grows small things, discord brings down the greatest. Errare humanum est To err is human. Est modus in rebus There is a measure in everything. In vino veritas Truth is in wine. Audiatur et altera pars Let the other side also be heard. Aut Caesar, aut nihil Either Caesar or nothing. Aut – aut Either – or. Dictum factum Said and done; finished. Nec locus ubi Troja fuit There is no trace of where Troy stood. – Whoever attacked perished. Nec plus ultra nothing beyond that Nolens volens willingly or unwillingly Nomina sunt odiosa changing one’s name is inauspicious Non plus ultra nothing better Nosce te ipsum know yourself O tempora! O mores! O the times! O the customs! Panem et circenses! bread and games (this was the cry in Roman times of humanity’s decline) Pari possu with equal steps, in equal measure Per aspera ad astra through thorns to the stars Perpedes apostolorum on foot, (like an apostle) Perpetuum mobile perpetual motion Prima caritas ab ego the first kindness is toward oneself Pro domo sua self-defense Pro publico bono for the public good P. U. C. = after the founding of the city After the founding of the city (Rome). 753 BC, — from that date the Romans counted the years Qui tacet concentire videtur Silence gives consent Straipsniai / Articles 97 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Saying Explanation Quod scripsi, scripsi What I have written, I have written Quod capita tot sensus As many heads, so many minds Quo usque tandem, abutere patientia nostra? How long will this last? How long will you endure? Qui vivra verra Those who live will see Redde quod debes Give back what you owe Respice finem Look to the end Risum tenentis amici Do not laugh, friends. (From Horace’s poetry) Salva venia with pardon Sapienti satis a word is enough for a wise mind – for the wise, a word suffices Semper idem always the same If it is not true, it is at least well invented if that is not true, at least it is well made up Sic fata tulere thus fate willed Sic volo, sic jube thus I will, thus I command Si deis placet if the gods allow Si fibula vera if this is true Simplex servus Dei an ordinary, uneducated person Similija similibus curantur like cures like; one like cures another Sit tibi terra levis may the earth lie lightly upon you Si vis pacem parabellum if you want peace, prepare for war (fight) Taliter – quoliter as – so Tantum – quantum as much – as much Tarde venientibus ossa whoever is late harms himself Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamus in illis times change, and we change with them Tobe ar not to be (pronounced: tu bi or not tu bi), but whether to be or not (from Shakespeare's Hamlet) Ubi bene ibi patria where it is good, there is one's homeland Unquibus et rostro defend oneself with all one's strength (with claws and beak) Unitis viribus with united forces Usque ad finem to the end Vae victis! woe to the conquered Veni, vidi, vici I came, I saw, I conquered Words fly away, writings remain the spoken word flies away, the written word remains 98 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903 Expression Explanation A noble word ought to be steadfast a promise given is surely rarely broken Life is short, art is long life is short, the work is long Whether willing or unwilling whether willing or unwilling 11 APPENDIX. Word combinations Word combinations Explanation Absolute monarchy unlimited power of the monarch Ad exemplum illustrating Ex abrupto unprepared, suddenly, unexpectedly Ex capite from memory; from the beginning Masculine languages Indo-European languages Capite censi the poorest class of inhabitants in Rome Nefasti dies days of misfortune Non licet not permitted Poste restante an inscription on letters or a parcel: so that the addressee comes to collect it in person Post festum after the festivities, after everything, belatedly Pro formo for fashion’s sake Pro memorijai for remembrance P. S. = postscript an addition after some piece of writing Quantum satis to one’s fill Quid novi? What news is there? Qui vive? What is being said? What’s going on there? Sit saluti to your health Socius amaris friend in love Socius doloris sharing in sorrows Sua spontā of one’s own free will Sub divo under the open sky Sui generis unique Suum cuique give back to whom what is due U. C. (ab urbe condita, Latin) date: from the founding of the city (Rome) U. i. (ut infra) as below U. s. (ut supra) as above Vis à vis opposite, facing Straipsniai / Articles 99 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ LITERATŪRA DLKG – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, red. Vytautas Ambrazas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1994. Gusmani Roberto 1987: Interlinquistica. – Linguistica storica. Roma: NIS., 87–114. JŠPT – Joniškio šnektų pratimai ir tekstai, ats. red. Janina Švambarytė, Šiauliai: K. J. Vasiliausko įmonė, 2001. CD – Šiauliai: Dipolis, 2005. Križinauskas Juozas, Smagurauskas Stasys: Vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas 1–2. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1992. Lanza Stefano: Italų kilmės žodžiai (italizmai) ir jų adaptacija Lietuvių kalboje. Daktaro disertacija. Kaunas, 2009. LKE – Lietuvių kalbos enciklopedija, par. Kazys Morkūnas, red. Vytautas Ambrazas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1999. LKTCH – Lietuvių kalbos tarmių chrestomatija, sud. Rima Bacevičiūtė, Audra Ivanauskienė, Asta Leskauskaitė, Edmundas Trumpa, mokslinė red. Laima Grumadienė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2004. Sabaliauskas Algirdas: Lietuvių kalbos leksika. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1990. Svetimų ir nesuprantamų žodžių žodynėlis. Skaitytojams palengvinimas, sudarė Jurgis Šlapelis. Tilžė: E. Jagomasto spaustuvė, 1907. Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, ats. red. V. Kvietkauskas. Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija, 1985. Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, ats. red. Algimantas Kinderys. Vilnius: Alma Littera, 2001. Vėlius Norbertas 1974: M. Slančiauskas – folkloro rinkėjas. – Šiaurės Lietuvos pasakos. Surinko Matas Slančiauskas. Vilnius: Vaga, 22–30. The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 – The Manuscript Dictionary of Matas Slančiauskas SUMMARY The manuscript heritage of linguistic subjects by Matas Slančiauskas (21/02/1850 – 11/03/1924) devoted to scientific community and society is not yet known to its full extent. The article presents the manuscript The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 and its transcript Šioks, toks žodynėlis [Some Dictionary] 1910 which are both stored in the department of History of Šiauliai museum “Aušra”. The code of the dictionary is ŠAM GEK 15819, the code of 100 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis Žodynėlis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903 the collection and inventory number is I–R 196. The code of the transcript Šioks, toks žodynėlis is ŠAM GEK 15814, the code of the collection and inventory number is I–R 130. 422 words are presented in The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 The transcript Šioks, toks žodynėlis 1910 contains five words (word combinations) less (417 words in total). In the Dictionary of 1903 the following references are made: 172 words are referred to be of Latin origin, 69 words are referred to be of Greek origin, 26 words are referred to be of French origin and 14 words are referred to be of English, German, Italian and Sanskrit origin; 116 words have no reference to the origin. 30 personalia, 64 expressions and 27 word combinations and abbreviations are provided in the dictionary. The composition of The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 and its transcript Šioks, toks žodynėlis 1910 by Slančiauskas stands the same as the one of the contemporary international word dictionaries: the words are presented in alphabetical order, emphasised words are defined in different ways (by one word, synonym pairs, word collocations, relations to Lithuanian associations); the majority of words contain an origin reference (abbreviations: lot., gr., angl., itt., vok. and etc.). The manuscripts contain names of famous researchers of various scientific areas (philosophers, writers (prose and poetry), historians, theologists, travellers, inventors, and etc.); the abbreviations of widely used words, collocations and sayings are also present in the dictionary. The manuscripts maintain the features typical to subdialect of West highlanders around Šiauliai (immutable an, am, en, em; hardening of consonant l (in front of e, ę, ė, ei) and palatalization; shortening of unstressed ending; adding j in front of e, ie and etc.; various morphological instances (suffixes, athematic verb forms, full adverbial forms, and etc.) and some syntactic subjects (especially concerning the use of prepositional constructions). The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 and its transcript Šioks, toks žodynėlis 1910 can be attributed to the lexicographic history of loanwords in Lithuania i.e. to the lexicographic history of international word dictionaries. The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 and its transcript Šioks, toks žodynėlis 1910 demonstrate the conditions for the occurrence of the dictionary of loanwords. The transcription of the Dictionary of 1903 could have served as the aim of learning (the author presupposes that there might be more transcripts). The manuscripts reveal the necessity to systematically arrange the loanwords and the instigation to compile Svetimų ir nesuprantamų žodžių žodynėlis 1907 by Jurgis Šlapelis [the Dictionary of Loanwords and Unknown Words]. Thus, the early period of the lexicographic history of loanwords could be dated earlier in four years and start not with a Dictionary by Šlapelis, but with the Dictionary of 1903 (from 1903 to 1936). Įteikta 2014 m. rugsėjo 4 d. JANINA ŠVAMBAR YTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5., LT-10308 Vilnius, Lietuva [email protected] Straipsniai / Articles 101