Nauji dvikamieniai asmenvardžiai 1991–2010 m. Lietuvos vardyne

DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ Vilnius University Field of research: onomastics. NEW BISTEM NAMES IN THE LITHUANIAN NAMING SYSTEM, 1991–2010 New Compound Proper Names of the Period 1991–2010 in the Lithuanian Onomasticon ANNOTATION In presenting new two-stem personal names given to citizens of the Republic of Lithuania born in 1991–2010, this article discusses one way in which the Lithuanian naming system has been renewed in recent decades. The study found that, in forming two-stem names, new elements are combined with familiar stems; these new elements derive from common nouns (or names of common-noun origin), shortened forms of two-stem personal names, or names of foreign origin, which are the most frequent bases. This shows that the meaning of the base word is not important when a name stem is formed. Names formed from two new stems also occurred, confirming the tendencies in creating personal names with one new stem. The names studied revealed that the main reason for the emergence of a new name element is the familiarity or frequency of the personal name containing it; this also underpinned the selection of familiar stems for new names. The most common basis for stems is the first syllable and the first consonant of the second syllable, indicating that when a part of a word becomes a stem, its most important semantic part is the beginning, which usually extends beyond the syllable boundary. KEYWORDS: personal name, new two-stem name, common noun, shortened form, name of foreign origin. ANNOTATION By presenting new compound personal names given to Lithuanian citizens born in the period 1991–2010, the article discusses one of the ways used to update the Lithuanian stock of proper names in the recent decades. The study revealed that compound proper names are created by combining commonplace stems with new components which mostly originate from appellatives (or names of appellative origin), hypocoristic compound personal names or foreign names which are the most common base words. They show that the 82 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII Nauji dvikamieniai asmenvardžiai 1991–2010 m. Lietuvos vardyne meaning of the base word is not important in the formation of the stem of a proper name. There are also proper names composed of two new stems, which testify the tendency to create personal names with a single new stem. The proper names under analysis make it clear that the main reason behind the creation of a new name component is the popularity or frequency of the personal name which has it; it was also supported by the selection of traditional stems for the creation of new proper names. The most common base of stems is the first syllable and the first consonant of the second syllable, which shows that as the part of the word is turning into a stem, the beginning, being its most important meaningful part, usually surpasses the limits of the syllable. KEYWORDS: Personal name, new compound proper name, appellative, hypocoristic, foreign origin name. 1. 1. INTRODUCTION Studies of personal names show that the Lithuanian name stock has been undergoing intensive renewal since 1991 (Maciejauskienė 1998; Sinkevičiūtė 2011; Sinkevičiūtė, Griniūtė 2014). As in other countries, changes are also taking place in Lithuania: new names are being created, personal names of foreign origin and their variants are being adopted from other languages, and familiar names are being adapted; in recent years these have been given to Lithuanian children more often than before (Sinkevičiūtė, Griniūtė 2014). Another group of new names consists of rare products of individual creativity, so determining how and why they were created requires finding their creators, which is difficult to achieve in practice. Some of the names created in this way are new compound personal names whose constituents are lexemes of different origins (Maciejauskienė 1998; Sinkevičiūtė 2011). Although Vitalija Maciejauskienė (1998: 39–40), because of their hybrid formation, evaluates negatively names made by combining native and foreign-origin constituents, she nevertheless discusses the origins of the constituents she identifies as abbreviations or parts of foreign-origin names. This confirms that new compound names existed in Lithuania in the final decade of the 20th century, and that their inventory is not closed. The new names that began to be given to children in 2007–2010 show that compound personal names are formed not only by combining familiar stems with parts or abbreviations of foreign-origin names: appellatives, as well as initial and final parts of names from which they derive, also become new constituents (Sinkevičiūtė 2011: 219–220). Thus, the creation of new compound personal names is not only part of the ongoing renewal of the name stock in recent years; the universality of the process is also evident: appellative and proper-name vocabulary continually becomes new name constituents. The new compound names from 2007–2010 show that their constituents often include Straipsniai / Articles 83 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ parts of names that are popular in Lithuania or recur in several different personal names. On this basis, the aim was to identify new compound names that began to be used during the first two decades of independent Lithuania and to discuss their constituents. In pursuing this aim, the study sought to: use the onomastic literature to highlight how new Lithuanian compound names were created in earlier centuries; distinguish groups of compound names according to their new stems and describe the patterns in their development; and determine how and which familiar stems are used in new compound names. For classifying personal names, the study used Kazys Kuzavinis and Bronys Savukynas’s Dictionary of the Origins of Lithuanian Names (2003, hereafter LVKŽ), Aleksandras Vanagas’s Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames (1985–1989, hereafter LPŽ), and the inventory of compound-name stems compiled by Zigmas Zinkevičius (2008: 73–169) was consulted. A name was included in the study if it was not recorded in these sources and at least one of its constituents was absent from the compound onomastic items in LVKŽ and LPŽ and from Z. Zinkevičius’s stem inventory. Such personal names were considered new compound names. The www.vardai.vlkk.lt website was also checked to determine whether a combination of a new stem with a familiar one had already formed a name in earlier years; thus, a personal name is discussed only after establishing that it was first given in 1991–2010. Stems found among the compound onomastic items in the LVKŽ and LPŽ inventories are called familiar, as are the compound names formed from them, since they are of native origin and already function in the Lithuanian name stock. Stems not recorded in the sources to date that formed new names with familiar constituents are provisionally called new, since they may also have occurred in compound names given before 1991. Distorted variants of stems are not classified as new constituents, because they are not authentic but arose from terminological features or spelling errors. Identifying new constituents raised a problem concerning the age of stems, since some constituents considered new coincided with stems in Z. Zinkevičius’s inventory, which the researcher regarded as familiar. Therefore, when a stem in that inventory appeared to have been identified without sufficient justification—most often because the presumed origin of personal names containing those stems was different (Sinkevičiūtė 2010: 147–148)—an alternative explanation of the name’s origin was offered, and the stem was considered new. Personal names are divided into groups according to their new stems, and both constituents are identified. For a stem considered familiar, a compound onomastic item containing it is cited from LVKŽ, LPŽ, or Z. Zinkevičius’s inventory. The origins of new constituents are explained by indicating their base appellatives or names recorded in LVKŽ. Where the origin of a new constituent could not be substantiated by personal names in LVKŽ, names from other sources were also cited, with those sources indicated in the text. When the same stem recurs in other personal names, a reference with an arrow is provided to the name first mentioned in its group, in order to highlight recurring stems. New 84 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII Nauji dvikamieniai asmenvardžiai 1991–2010 m. Lietuvos vardyne The names have been accented on the basis of the accentuation tendencies of structurally similar Lithuanian personal names; in individual cases, alternative accentuations are given. The research material was obtained in 2006 from the Population Register Service under the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter, the Register), through the mediation of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language, and was supplemented with names from subsequent years. Treating multi-member designations as separate items, more than 23,000 names were reviewed, of which 100 personal names were selected as separate units for study—new compound personal names given to citizens of the Republic of Lithuania born in 1991–2010. When presenting names, the number written after each new single-member personal name obtained from the Register indicates how many children were given that name during the period under study. The members of compound designations were also presented as single-member names. All statistics on the names under study and their bases are available at www.vardai.vlkk.lt. 2. NEW LITHUANIAN COMPOUND PERSONAL NAMES FROM EARLIER CENTURIES Onomastic literature states that many Lithuanian compound names date back to the period of Baltic unity, and their antiquity is supported by correspondences between personal names and their stems in the anthroponymy of other Baltic peoples (Zinkevičius 1977: 228; 2008: 71–72). In addition to these personal names, there are compound names with stems of newly formed native origin, whose elements arose through the modification of existing stems or when appellatives became new elements (Zinkevičius 2008: 181–190). Thus, Lithuanian personal names are no different from those of other peoples: similar changes also occurred in names in other languages; it should be added that abbreviations also became new name stems in other languages (cf. Bach 1952: 131; Superanskaja 1988: 8). Remdamasis lietuvių pavardėmis Z. Zinkevičius (2005: 46–47; 2008: 484–486) nustatė, kad Lietuvoje yra svetimkilmius kamienus turinčių dvikamienių asmenvardžių, kurie atsirado krikščioniškiems vardams ėmus brautis į senąją savos kilmės kamienų sistemą. Taigi dvikamienių vardų kamienų atnaujinimas svetimos kilmės elementais yra senas reiškinys, vykęs dar prieš pradedant rastis lietuvių pavardėms. V. Maciejauskienės (1973: 177–179) atlikta istorinių onimų analizė patvirtino, kad ir formuojantis pavardėms Lietuvoje radosi naujų dūrinių su krikščioniškų vardų, jų trumpinių ir apeliatyvų kilmės kamienais bei asmenvardžių, turinčių abu krikštavardinius dėmenis. Šių vardų kamienais tapdavo įvairūs svetimkil­miai asmenvardžiai, o dūriniai, kurių kamienai – krikštavardžiai, dažni ir vokiečių vardyne (Maciejauskienė 1973: 177–178, su literatūra). Tai remia visuotinai žinomą faktą, kad naujų dėmenų įtraukimas į vardus yra Straipsniai / Articles 85 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ a universal phenomenon, also characteristic of other languages, that evidently occurred during the formation of Lithuanian surnames. Thus, the creation of new compound names, evident in the name pool of children born in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, continues the renewal of compound personal names that took place in earlier centuries. The newly created personal names are compounds that expand the name pool. It seems that new names were being created throughout the twentieth century, but for now they cannot be presented because of insufficient research. 3. PERSONAL NAMES WITH STEMS OF APPELLATIVE ORIGIN Some of the new names are personal names containing elements of appellative origin, based on Lithuanian appellatives, as well as Lithuanian names of appellative origin or the beginnings of such words. Since the basis of names of appellative origin is the same common vocabulary, names containing these elements are presented together, because it is usually difficult to distinguish whether the basis of a new element is an appellative or a name of appellative origin. When distinguishing the elements, it was checked whether the stem considered new coincided with an appellative base, while a familiar stem was attested in the other part of a name containing it. When a stem coinciding with an appellative base differed from a familiar element by one or two sounds, it was considered new, since it was assumed that the reason for changing the familiar stem was its similarity to an appellative or to a name derived from one. Z. Zinkevičius lists some appellative stems among new elements (2008: 181–190). Personal names containing these elements were included in the study when the combination of an appellative stem with a familiar one did not recur among the names in Z. Zinkevičius’s list. Thus, the following new compound personal names with stems of appellative origin were found in the name pool of children born in 1991–2010: Aūkšvaidė 1: auks- (< gold, Aūkšė) and vaid- (cf. Dóvaidė), Aušmantė 1: aus- (< to dawn, Austėja)¹ and mant- (cf. Daũmantė), Aušvydė 1: aus- (see Aušmantė†)² and vyd- (cf. Ar̃vydė), Diẽvilas 1: die- < god- (< god) and vil- (cf. Dóvilas), 1 Zigmas Zinkevičius (2008: 75) skiria kamieną aus-, remdamasis avd. Aušmanas, kuris greičiausiai nėra lietuvių dvikamienis vardas, kaip jis mano, bet iš vokiečių kalbos skolintas asmenvardis, fiksuotas lietuvių pavardėje, dėl jo struktūros ir formos panašumo į kitus vokiškos kilmės asmenvardžius (LPŽ I 140). Todėl dėmuo aus- nelaikytas įprastu asmenvardžių kamienu. 2 The stem aus- in this name may be a distortion of auš-; cf. Aušvydė. 86 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII Nauji dvikamieniai asmenvardžiai 1991–2010 m. Lietuvos vardyne Dóveidė 1: do- (cf. Dóvilė) and veid- (< véidas3, Dóuildas 2: do- (cf. Dómantas) and vild- (< vildėti ‘to languish’, vìldyti ‘to cool, chill’, vildúoti ‘to sway, to wobble’; also English wild- ‘wild’)⁴, Džiaugsmìnà 1: džiaugs- < džiaugsm- (< džiaũgsmas) and min- (cf. Eidminà), Džiãvaldas 1: džia- (< džiãžas)⁵ and vald- (cf. Dóvaldas), Džìgimantas 1: džig- (< džìgitas) and mant- (cf. Daũmantas)⁶, Gaũtvidas 1: gaut- (< gáuti)⁷ and vid- (cf. Vidmantas)⁸, Giedvilė 1: gied- (< giẽdras, Giẽdrė, and also giedóti)⁹ and vil- (cf. Dóvilė), Jausmilė 1: jaus- (< jaũsti) and mil- (cf. Dómilė), Jausminà 1: jaus- (see Jausmilė↑) and min- (see Džiaugsmìnà↑), Jūmantė 1: jū- (< jūra, Jūratė) and mant- (see Aũsmantė↑), Jūrmantė 1: jur- < jūr- (< jūra, Jūratė)¹⁰ and mant- (see Aũsmantė↑), Litvidas 1: lit- (< litas) and vid- (see Gaũtvidas↑), Lokimantas 1: lok- (< lokỹs) and mant- (see Džìgimantas↑), Ráivildas 1: rai- (cf. personal name Ráivydas) and vild- (see Dóvildas↑), Rãsivildas 2: ras- (cf. (?) personal name Rãstautas, see Zinkevičius 2008: 129) and vild- (see Dóvildas↑), Rùtautė 1: ru- < rū- < rūt- (< rūta, Rùtā) and taut- (cf. Gytautė), Rùtvydas 1: rut- < rūt- (< rūta, Rùtā, also Rūtėnis) and vyd- (cf. Arvydas), 3 Z. Zinkevičiaus (2008: 158) išskirtas kamienas veid- nelaikytas įprastu, nes tyrėjo pateikti asmenvardžiai su veid- greičiausiai perimti iš vokiečių ir vėliau perdirbti (Sinkevičiūtė 2014: 164). Dėl to avd. Dóveidė panašumas su lie. véidas nėra antrinis. Šio vardo kamienas veid- gali būti iškreiptas ir iš vaid-, plg. Dóvaidė. 4 The stem vild- in this name may be a distortion of vilt-, cf. Dóviltas. 5 The element džia- may also have been borrowed from R. Banionis’s film Vaikai iš Amerikos viešbučio, made in 1990 and shown during Lithuania’s national revival, from the nickname Džãgeris of the main character. 6 This name may perhaps be explained as the result of euphemization, in which /ž/ was replaced by /dž/, cf. the name Žìgimantas, under the influence of the name Džeisonas, common in English-speaking countries. Nevertheless, this position is questionable, since Džeisonas is a rare name in Lithuania, while the “remade” name Žìgimantas is a less common variant of the universally used and popular name Žygimantas and is considerably rarer than Žygimantas. 7 Antrojo dėmens pozicijoje Z. Zinkevičiaus (2008: 90) išskirtas gaut- nelaikytas įprastu kamienu, nes yra grafinis kamieno gaud- variantas (Sinkevičiūtė 2013: 121–123). Šio vardo kamienas gaut- gali būti iškreiptas ir iš gaud-, plg. Gaũdvydas. 8 Although LVKŽ contains no compound names with vid- as the second stem, it is most likely that vid- and vyd- alternate in the second stem as well, just as they do in the first stem. 9 Z. Zinkevičiaus (2008: 93) išskirtas kamienas gied- nelaikytas įprastu, nes yra grafinis ged- variantas (Sinkevičiūtė 2009: 348–349), nors tyrėjas ir spėja, kad gied- galėjo atsirasi iš ged- dėl lenkų kalbos įtakos. Šio vardo kamienas gied- gali būti iškreiptas ir iš ged-, plg. Gėdvilė. 10 It is more reliable to derive the stem jur- from jūr-, rather than associate it with the shortened form Jūras, given the popularity of the name Jūratė. Straipsniai / Articles 87 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ Teismantas 1: teis- (< teisùs, Teisùtis) and mant- (see Džigimantas↑), Ugmilė 1: ug- (< ugnìs, Ùgnė) and mil- (see Jausmilė↑), Váitvildas 1: vait- (cf. Váitkantas) and vild- (see Dóvildas↑), Žaismintà 1: žais- (< žaisti) and mint- (cf. Armintà)11. Some appellative stems are attested in names only once, while others formed components of several different names and created recurring combinations with conventional stems. Such stems are aus-, jaus-, ras-, rut- and vild-. Their recurrence suggests that these elements are already becoming permanent components of new names. Appellative elements are most often the first stems; thus, new names in this group more often begin with appellative stems. All appellative stems originated at the beginning of words. The most common base is the first syllable, which is open (see Aùsmantė, Aùsuvydė, Diẽvilas, Dóveidė, Džigimantas, Gaũtvidas, Giedùilė, Jausmilė, Jausmindà, Jùrmantė, Litvidas, Lokimantas, Rùtautė, Rùtydas, Teismantas, Ugmilė, Žaismintà) or closed (see Aùksvaidė, Dóvildas, Džiaugsmindà, Ráivildas, Rãs vildas, Váitvildas), together with the first consonant of the second syllable. This shows that, in forming appellative stems, the meaningful segment extends beyond the first syllable and does not depend on whether the syllable is closed. Cases where the stem is the beginning of a word but does not coincide with the meaningful part of the base—the root (see Džiãvaldas, Džigimantas, Giedùilė, Ugmilė)—suggest that the initial and medial sounds of the first syllable are the most important factors when appellatives become stems. There were cases in which a conventional second stem was added to a new first appellative stem, with its initial consonant matching the last consonant of the first stem’s final syllable (cf. Diẽvilas, Džiaugsmindà, Rùtautė). Thus, when forming new names, conventional second stems are sometimes selected according to their initial consonant. The personal names of appellative origin whose beginnings coincided with those of the new stems are widely used; these are the names Aùksė, Austėja, Giẽdrė, Jūratė, Rūtà, Ùgnė. This shows that the popularity of names containing them is an important factor in the emergence of new stems. The appellative elements suggest that their bases are more often associated with emotions (džiaugs-, jaus-), animals and plants (lok-, ru-, rut-), natural objects and phenomena (jū-, jur-, ug-), or human activities (aus-, gaut-, žais-). 11 It may be surmised that this name, borne by a Lithuanian woman born in Lithuania, may have originated through an associative reshaping of the common foreign name Jasmine (DFN 173; see also note 23), whose equivalents in the Register of Names of Citizens of the Republic of Lithuania are Džasminà, Jasminà, Žasminà, among others. However, because the aforementioned equivalents of the name Jasmine in the Register of Names of Citizens of the Republic of Lithuania share a common feature—some are personal names of children who are non-Lithuanian (often Roma) or whose ethnicity is unspecified—this possibility was rejected, since such associations are generally avoided when naming Lithuanians born in Lithuania. For this reason, the name Žaismintà was also not associated with the stage name of the Russian pop singer Žasmin. 88 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII Nauji dvikamieniai asmenvardžiai 1991–2010 m. Lietuvos vardyne related lexicon. The other stems are of various semantic types, reflecting the individual circumstances in which the names were created. 4. NEW PERSONAL NAMES WITH STEMS DERIVED FROM ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations derived from Lithuanian two-stem names with conventional stems also become new components. Stems of this origin can be identified when a new component does not coincide with a stem boundary: its base consists of the first stem and the beginning of the second, as well as a portion of the beginning (initial and medial) or end (medial and final) of a stem. The bases of the abbreviation-derived components in the personal names studied consist of the first stem and the beginning of the second; no names based on other stem combinations occurred in the 1991–2010 name register. Many personal names with the above-mentioned base are Lithuanian given names and surnames. Therefore, when presenting the personal names in this group and discussing the origin of their components, the abbreviation is given first, followed by its base—the two-stem name—from LVKŽ. Thus, the following new two-stem personal names with abbreviation-derived stems were found in the 1991–2010 children’s name register: Armingas 1: ar- (cf. Arvydas) and ming- (< Mingas, M ingaudas)¹², Eikvilė 1: eik- (< Eikė, Eikantė) and vil- (cf. Dovilė), Ermindas 2: er- (cf. surname Ervydas)¹³ and mind- (< Mindas, Mindaugas), Geitvilė 1: geit- (< Geitė, Geitautė) and vil- (see Eikvilė↑), Jóvaigė 1: jo- (cf. Jómantė) and vaig- (< Vaigė, Vaigailė), Kęstgailė 1: kęst- (< Kęstė, Kęstautė, also Kęstūtis, Kęstas) and gail- (cf. Jógailė), Kęstminė 1: kęst- < kęst- (see Kęstgailė↑) and min- (cf. Eidminą), Mindvidas (1): mind- (see Ermindas↑) and vid- (cf. Vidmantas)¹⁴, Minduydė 1: mind- (see Ermindas↑) and vyd- (cf. Arvydė), Va imindas 1: vai- (cf. Vaigaudas) and mind- (see Ermindas↑). Two-stem personal names with abbreviation-derived stems are rare, probably because abbreviations had not previously been distinguished as a separate base. ¹² The stem ming- may be associated with the given name Domingas (especially because of its positional correspondence with that name’s ending), but this name is rare in the Lithuanian name register and began to be used in the late 20th century; alternatively, it may be associated with the surname Mingas, known from the surname of the Chinese basketball player Yao Ming, who played successfully in the NBA. ¹³ Nors Z. Zinkevičius (2008: 86) kamieną er- laiko savarankišku, tačiau dėl pozicijos jį patikimiau laikyti kamieno ar- variantu (LPŽ I 581). Taip pat kamienas er- galėjo atsirasti ir iš v. Ernėstas, Ėrvinas pradžios. ¹⁴ For the stem vid-, see footnote 8. Straipsniai / Articles 89 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ The components of the discussed names that derive from abbreviations occur somewhat more often in the first-stem position; thus, there is a greater tendency to use them to begin new compound names. The components kęst–, mind– recurred in names, indicating that they are becoming permanent components of personal names. The components kęst–, mind– most likely spread into new names because of the popularity of the personal names Kęstūtis, Mindaugas. Thus, the use of names containing stems from which the abbreviated components derive influences the formation and spread of new names with such stems. All new stems derived from abbreviations originated at the beginning of compound names and extended beyond the boundary of the first syllable (and stem) of the underlying compound names. Thus, the sound sequence up to the vocalic part of the next syllable is important in the formation of stems derived from abbreviations. 5. PERSONAL NAMES WITH NEW STEMS OF FOREIGN-ORIGIN NAMES Still other new names have stems originating from personal names of foreign origin. These stems are based on names of foreign origin, their abbreviations, or the beginnings of these words. There were also personal names with components formed from the endings of names of foreign origin. When explaining the origin of components formed from the beginnings of names, their base forms—official names and their abbreviations—are indicated. Where stems of foreign origin coincided with abbreviations listed in LVKŽ that are widespread in Lithuania and have become independent names, their official names were not given if they were rare. For new components, only the official names were indicated when it was assumed that their abbreviations were not widespread or did not structurally correspond to the new stem. When explaining the origin of components formed from the ends of names, foreign-origin names containing the ending in question are indicated. Where a component can be linked both to the ending of a foreign-origin name and to the beginning, or abbreviation, of a foreign-origin personal name containing the same component, both base forms are given. Thus, the following new compound personal names with stems from foreign-origin names were found in the 1991–2010 children’s name register: Adimantė 1: ad– (< Adà, Adėlė) and mant– (cf. Daūmantė), Agmilė 2: ag– (< Ágnė, also Agà, Ágė) and mil– (cf. Dómilė), 90 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII Nauji dvikamieniai asmenvardžiai 1991–2010 m. Lietuvos vardyne Aimándas 2: ai- (cf. Aigùstė) and -mandas (< Amándas, Armándas) or mand- (< Mándas, Armándas)¹⁵, Akmìlė 3: ak- (< Akvilė)¹⁶ and mil- (see Agmilė↑), Almándė 1: al- (cf. Algìnà) and mand- (< Mánda, Amánda)¹⁷, Brigimantas 1: brig- (< Brigė, Brigità) and mant- (cf. Daùmantas), Deĩminas 1: dein- (< Deĩnas (GVL 112)) and min- (cf. Ar̃minas), Džèivydà 1: džèi- (< Džèidė (GVL 228), Džèinė (GVL 228)) and vyd- (cf. Ar̃vydė), Èdmantė 3 (1): ed- (< Edà, Edità, also Èdas, Èdmundas, Èdvardas) or ed- < edm- (< Èdmundas) and mant- (see Adìmantė↑), Edmintà 1: ed- or edm- (see Èdmantė↑) and mint- (cf. Armintà), Egvìlija 1: eg- (< Ègė, Egìdija) and vil- (cf. Dóvilė), Eilándas 1: ei- (cf. Eĩmantas) and -landas (< Erlándas, Rolándas), Eisùità 2: eis- (cf. Eismìnà) and -vita (< Jovità, Rosvità) or vit- (< Vità)¹⁸, Eitlándas 1: eit- (cf. Eĩtminas) and -landas (see Eilándas↑), Elìnantas 1 (1): el- (< Èlas, Èlis, Elìgijus) and mant- (see Brigimantas↑), Èlmantė 1: el- (< Elà, Èlė, Elenà, Elvyrà)¹⁹ and mant- (see Adìmantė↑), Ìgmantas 1: ig- (< Ìgnas, Ìgnius) and mant- (see Brigimantas↑), Ìngvidė 1: ing- (< Ìnga, also Ingridà, Ingebòrga) and vid- (cf. Vìdmantė)²⁰, Ìnvidas 1: in- (< Ìnas, Ìngvaras, Inocẽntas, as well as Inà, Ìnga, Inesà) and vid- (cf. Vìdmantas)²¹, 15 Z. Zinkevičius (2008: 111) skiria įprastą kamieną mand-, bet įvertinti jo pagrįstumą trūksta duomenų. Dėl svetimos kilmės vardų su mand- populiarumo Lietuvoje manytina, kad su jais sietinas ir naujųjų vardų dėmuo. 16 This name might perhaps be regarded as a derivative formed with the suffix -ilė, derived from the place name Åkme with the base akm- (?). One reason for giving a name with akm- may have been the frequent advertising of the company ACME Film, one of the largest film distributors in the Baltic countries, shown during screenings of these films. Another possible reason is a perhaps associative connection between the name and Lithuanian akmuõ ‘nut’ (?). Akmìlė could also have been remodeled directly from Akvìlė through euphemization. 17 For the origin of mand-, see footnote 15. The English word almond ‘nut’ may also have influenced the emergence of this name. 18 Z. Zinkevičius (2008: 164) skiria įprastą kamieną vit-, bet atrodo, kad jį turintys tyrėjo minimi vardai yra skirtingos kilmės: vieni kilo iš pavardžių, kurios skolintos iš vokiečių kalbos (LPŽ II 1242), kiti yra dvikamienių asmenvardžių su vyd- ar vid- grafiniai variantai (Sinkevičiūtė, Račickaja 2014: 314), o trečių vardų patikimumui įvertinti trūksta duomenų, nors atrodo, kad daugelyje nereikia skirti dėmens vit-, o matyti priesagą -it, užrašytą -yt dėl tarminių ypatybių, grafinio perteikimo. Kadangi svetimkilmiai vardai su baigmeniu -vita dažni Lietuvoje, tai šis jų baigmuo galėjo išplisti ir į naujus vardus. Garsinis panašumas su vit- turinčiomis lietuvių pavardėmis taip pat galėjo paskatinti susidaryti naujus dvikamienius vardus su vit-. 19 The stem el- of this name may be a distortion of al-, cf. Àlmantė. 20 For the stem vid-, see footnote 8. 21 For the stem vid-, see footnote 8. Straipsniai / Articles 91 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ Josuvìtė 1: jos- (cf. Jóštautė) and -vita or vit- (see Eisvità↑), Jusminà 1: jus- (< Jùstė, Justinà)²² and min- (see Eidminà), Jùstautė 1: jus- < just- (< Jùstė, Justinà)²³ and taut- (cf. Gýtautė), Krìsmantas 2: kris- (< Kristijōnas, Kristupas, Kristis, as well as Krìsas (GVL 254)) and mant- (see Brìgimantas↑), Kristmantas 1: krist- (< Kristijōnas, Kristupas, Kristis) and mant- (see Brìgimantas↑), Kristautas 1: kris- < krist- (see Kristmantas↑) and taut- (cf. Výtautas), Lāvìltė 1: la- (< Latója (GVL 259), Latišà (GVL 259))²⁴ and vilt- (cf. Dóvilte), Leodángas 1: leo- (< Lèò (GVL 263), Lė̀onas) and dang- (cf. Aũdangas), Mãtautas 1: ma- < mat- (< Mãtas) and taut- (see Kristautas↑), Mãtuydas 1: mat- (< Mãtas) and vyd- (cf. Ãrūydas), Mingrìdas 1: min- (cf. Mìntautas) and -gridas (< Ingrìdas, Sigrìdas), Minrėntas 1: min- (see Mingrìdas↑) and -rentas (< Florėntas, Laurėntas), Nėd̀mantė 1: ned- (< Nė̀das (GVL 311), Nedà)²⁵ and mant- (see Adìmantė↑), Neilìmantas 1: neil- (< Neìlas (GVL 311)) and mant- (see Brìgimantas↑), Neimándas 1: nei- (cf. Neĩmantas) and -mandas (see Aimándas↑), Òmantas 1: o- (< Òškaras, Òsvaldas) and mant- (see Brìgimantas↑), 22 The stem jus- may also be regarded as a native element, associated with Lithuanian jùsti. A base of foreign origin was chosen as primary because of the popularity of the names Jùstė, Justinà; there is also the name Jùstautė (see) with an assimilated just- at the end of the stem. 23 A jus- stem associated with the names Jùstė, Justinà, and also with Lithuanian jùsti, may also be distinguished. The analysis as just- was chosen because the stem coincides with the initial of the second element. On the other hand, Jusminà, and perhaps also Jausminà (see), could be interpreted as personal names created associatively or rearranged on the model of the common foreign name Jasmine (cf. its variants Jasmin, Yasmin, DFN 173; see also footnote 11), since these names were given to girls born in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, the elements jus-, jaus- have been consistently associated with appellatives, since these elements recur in other names classified as newly formed two-stem names, which demonstrates their independence. 24 It has been suggested that the element la- may have arisen under the influence of the name Lāvija, which was known in 2005–2008 because of journalist Lavija Šurnaitė’s work (Sinkevičiūtė 2011: 219). The name Lāvijos mentioned in the media may have influenced the creation of the name Lāvìltė, but it should be added that the initial element la- is common in the formation of new names in other languages as well (GVL 259); therefore, the name Lāvìltė may also have arisen under the influence of foreign naming fashions. The stem la- identified by Z. Zinkevičius (2008: 105) does not seem reliable, since the personal names he cites, reconstructed from surnames, are not two-stem names: some are borrowed from other languages, others arose from appellatives, and still others are variants of other Lithuanian personal names (LPŽ II 9–40). 25 ned- has been classified among stems of foreign origin because the name Nėdas, used in Lithuania, and the feminine name Nedà, probably derived from it, spread owing to the abbreviation Nėdas, which arose in English and is used in many languages (for its origin, see GVL 311). The explanation in LVKŽ 248 that Nedà (the name Nėdas is not listed at all) is a shortening of Nedėjòs is unconvincing, since Nedėjà is an unused name (according to the data on the website vardai.vlkk.lt, it has not been given to a single girl); it is therefore likely that its shortening did not become widespread either. 92 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII Nauji dvikamieniai asmenvardžiai 1991–2010 m. Lietuvos vardyne Raigridas 1: rai- (cf. surname Ráivydas) and -gridas (see Mingrìdas↑), Raksùilė 1: raks- < roks- (< Ròkšė (GVL 356), Roksanà (GVL 356)) and vil- (see Egùlija↑), Ramùita 1: ram- (cf. Ramùyda) and -vita or vit- (see Eisùita↑), Rèdminas 1: red- (< Rėdas) and min- (see Deĩnminas↑), Rèdyydas 1: red- (see Rèdminas↑) and vyd- (see Mãtyydas↑), Redvilė 1: red- (< Redà) and vil- (see Egùlija↑), Rìdmantė 1: rid- (< Ridà, also Rìdas) and mant- (see Adìmantė↑), Rikvidà 1: rik- (< Rikárda, also Rìkas, Rikárdas) and vid- (see Ìngvidė↑), Rìsmantė 1: ris- (< Risà (GVL 344), also Rìsas (GVL 344)) and mant- (see Adìmantė↑), Rìtmantas 1: rit- (< Rità)²⁶ and mant- (see Brigìmantas↑), Sáivydas 1: sai- (< Sáimonas)²⁷ and vyd- (see Mãtyydas↑), Sangridas 1: san- (cf. Sángirdas) and -gridas (see Mingrìdas↑), Simantà 1: si- < sim- (< Simà, Simonà)²⁸ and mant- (see Adìmantė↑), Simintà 2: si- < sim- (see Simantà↑) and mint- (cf. Armintà), Titvydas 1: tit- (< Tìtas) and vyd- (see Mãtyydas↑), Tòmantė 1: to- < tom- (< Tomà, also Tòmas) and mant- (see Adìmantė↑), Tùmantas 1: tu- < tum- (< Tùmas)²⁹ and mant- (see Brigìmantas↑), Visáldas 1: vis- (cf. V ìsmantas) and -aldas (< Romuáldas, Renáldas) or ald- (< Áldas, Romuáldas)³⁰, Vytárdas (or Výtardas) 1: vyt- (< Výtas, Výtautas) and -ardas (< Eduárdas, Leonárdas or Èdvardas, Rìcardas)³¹, Vìtgardas 1: vit- (< Vìtas) and gard- (cf. Aĩgardas). ²⁶ The stem rit- may also be of appellative origin—remodeled from Lithuanian rytàs, cf. Rýtis. The choice of a foreign-origin rit- origin is explained by the popularity of the name Rità. ²⁷ Sáimonas is the form of the English name Sìmonas adapted into Lithuanian. Drawing on the personal name Saĩmantas, Z. Zinkevičius (2008: 131) identifies the stem sai-, but due to a lack of data it was not possible to identify this personal name; if it is a new name, it is likely that it too may have arisen through remodeling the name Sáimonas. ²⁸ The stem si- in this name may be considered a distorted form of sy-, cf. Sýmantė. ²⁹ Nors Z. Zinkevičius (2008: 152) ir skiria kamieną tum-, tačiau prie šio kamieno teikiamas asmenvardis yra kilęs iš pavardės, kurios pamatas, atrodo, yra apeliatyvas (LPŽ II 1082) ir todėl nelaikytinas įprastu. ³⁰ The stem ald- may also be associated with Lithuanian Áldas, cf. Aldõnas, but because ald- occurs in the second-stem position in the new name, an association with personal names of foreign origin seems more convincing. ³¹ The connection of -ard- with the second-stem elements gard- and vard- (cf. Eĩgardas, Gẽdvardas) seems doubtful, since Lithuanian personal names with these stems are much less common than names of foreign origin (see www.vardai.vlkk.lt). Straipsniai / Articles 93 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ New two-stem personal names containing stems of foreign origin are the most frequent of all the names. This shows that the meaning of stems is not important when creating new names. Since new elements were associated with widely known names of foreign origin, one reason for a new element to emerge is the renown of the person named with it. The foreign-origin elements ag-, ak-, ed-, el-, kris-, krist-, mat-, red- and sim- recurred in the names, suggesting that they are becoming regular elements of new personal names. Most elements of foreign origin occur as the first stems of new names (42 out of 55). Thus, names in this group most often begin with new elements of foreign origin. Many first stems arose from the first open syllable (see Adà, Brigità, Deĩnas, Edità, Egìdija, Èlas, Ìnas, Mãtas, Nèdas, Neĩlas, Rèdas, Redà, Ridà, Rikárda, Risà, Rità, Simà, Tìtas, Tòma, Tùmas, Vìtas) or closed syllable (see Ĩnga, Ròksė) of names of foreign origin and the initial consonant of the second syllable. This stem structure appears to have been determined by the base: most often, the second syllable of the base name has a single-consonant onset. However, this base pattern is also found when the onset of the second syllable consists of two consonants (see Ãgnė, Akvilė, Ĩgnas, Jùstė, Kristijõnas). Thus, when a foreign-origin name becomes a stem, its base is most often the first syllable and the initial consonant of the next syllable, regardless of the structure of the second syllable and whether the first syllable is open. The first stems just- and krist- also support this claim, since in the names Jùstautė, Kristautas (except Kristmantas), the final consonant of the first stem assimilated to the initial consonant of the second syllable. On the other hand, the second common stem of the names Jùstautė, Kristautas may also have been adjusted to the initial consonant of the first stem. The bases of other first stems consist of the first open syllable (cf. džei-, la-, o-, sai-) or the first two syllables (cf. leo-) of names of foreign origin. This shows that, when part of a base is incorporated into a new personal name, its first syllable’s onset and medial are the most important elements. The less frequent elements in the second-stem position derive from name endings. Their recurrence in various names and the existence of several combinations with the same common stems suggest that the endings -gridas, -landas, -mandas and -vita32 are becoming regular parts of names. Other final elements, -aldas, -rentas, are rare, but they show that new elements usually emerge due to the renown of several personal names containing them (see Floreñtas, Laureĩtas and Romuáldas, Renáldas). Thus, changes are taking place in the second-element position of two-stem names: new elements occur here too, the most frequent being the endings of names of foreign origin. 32 This probably also includes the name Almándė. 94 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII Nauji dvikamieniai asmenvardžiai 1991–2010 m. Lietuvos vardyne 6. COMPOUND PERSONAL NAMES WITH TWO NEW STEMS The Lithuanian children's name corpus also contains personal names formed from two new stems. Both components derive from common nouns, diminutives, or names of foreign origin and are not recorded as stems in the compound names listed in LVKŽ or LPŽ, or in Z. Zinkevičius's inventory of common stems (2008: 73–169); nor did they form this combination of stems in a single name up to and including 1990. Thus, the following compound personal names formed from two new stems were found in the children's name corpus for 1991–2010: Egvitas 1: eg- (< Ėgis, Egidijus) and -vitas (< Jovitas) or vit- (< Vitas), Deisvinà 1: deis- (< (?) Deižė (GVL 110)) and -vina (< Malvinà, Alvinà)33, Gaivándas 1: gaiv- (< gaivùs, also Gaivỹs, Gaĩvilas) and -andas (< Armándas, Rolándas), Jolovìtà 1: jol- (< Jòlė, Jolánta, Jolità) and -vita (< Jovità, Rosovità) or vit- (< Vitá)34, Jorėstas 5: jor- (< Jõris) and -estas (< Ernėstas, Orėstas), Jormándas 1: jor- (see Jorėstas↑) and -mandas (< Amándas, Armándas) or mand- (< Mándas, Armándas)35, Jùstvitas 1: just- (< Jùstas, Justìnas) and -vitas or vit- (see Egvitas↑), Jusuvità 1: jus- (< Jùstė, Justinà)36 and -vita or vit- (see Jolovità↑), Regvitas 2: reg- (< Rėgis, Regimantas) and -vitas or vit- (see Egvitas↑), Sõdautas 1: sod- (< sõdas) and -autas (< Gýtautas, Výtautas)37. The first stems of these names are common-noun-derived (gaiv-, jor-, sod-) or derived from foreign names (eg-, deis-, jol-, jus-, just-, reg-). The greater frequency of the latter components confirms that new names tend most often to begin with components of foreign origin. The components eg-, jor-, jus- and just- recur in these names and in names containing one new stem, indicating that they are also becoming regular components of new names. 33 The component vin- may also be regarded as a stem in Lithuanian compound names (cf. Eisvinà, Eivinà), but the links with names of foreign origin are more convincing, since such names are more frequent in the Lithuanian name corpus. 34 For the stem vit-, see footnote 18. 35 For the stem mand-, see footnote 15. 36 For the stem jus-, see footnote 22. 37 The authors of LVKŽ call the element -autas in the names Gedáutas, Výtautas a suffix, probably following Pranas Skardžius (1996: 365), although in new Lithuanian names the element -autas may have arisen from the part of the frequent second stem of compound names taut- that was interpreted as an ending. Straipsniai / Articles 95 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ Except for just-, all the stems were formed from the first syllable and the first consonant of the second syllable. This confirmed the idea already expressed that the beginning of a name that becomes a new element usually comprises the first syllable and the beginning of the next. The second element of names in this group is most often derived from endings of foreign origin (see -andas, -estas, -mandas, -vina, -vita, -vitas), and an ending from a native compound name also occurred (see -autas). Because of their recurrence, the elements -estas, -mandas, -vita and -vitas can be considered regular components of new names, which also supports the earlier idea that endings of foreign origin most often extend into the position of the second stem. 7. TENDENCIES IN THE USE OF REGULAR STEMS IN NEW COMPOUND NAMES When names are formed with new stems, the end of the personal name remains more traditional, since regular stems are usually second elements. They are three- or four-part structures, but names with new elements from all three groups are generally formed only with regular three-part stems as the second element. This demonstrates the versatility of regular three-part stems. The second stem mant- recurred most often, dominating other stems in male and female names (in 12 and 11 different personal names, respectively). The prevalence of mant- can be explained by the frequency of compound names containing it—Eimantas, Deimantė, Dōrmantas, Žygimantas—during the period under discussion³⁸ and by the popularity of the short form Mantas, the second most frequent Lithuanian personal name in 1991–2010³⁹. Thus, the frequency of regular stems in base names is also important when they become components of new names. Other second stems are less common: 8 names were formed with vyd-, 7 with vil-, 6 each with min- and vid-, 4 each with mil- and taut-, and 3 distinct new compound names with mint-. The stems vil- and min- are more often used to form female names, vyd- and vid- occur in somewhat more male names, while mil- and mint- are characteristic only of female names. It is likely that this distribution of stems in names also depends on the frequency of male and female compound names containing these stems. There are fewer regular first-name stems, and they often do not recur in new personal names: the stems al-, do- occur twice each in different names, 38 Mononymous names containing this stem rank among the hundred most frequent names in 1991–2010 (3357 boys were named Eimantu, 2961 Dōmantu, and 2205 Žygimantu; 4773 girls were named Deimante). 39 More than 10,100 boys were given this mononymous name. 96 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII Nauji dvikamieniai asmenvardžiai 1991–2010 m. Lietuvos vardyne min- and rai-, while the others occurred only once. This is most likely explained by the fact that these first stems recur less frequently than the second stems in customary two-stem names as well. The first stems in customary names may have binary, ternary, or quaternary structures, the latter being rare. The more frequent binary and ternary stems show that new second elements beginning with consonants are joined to both open and closed first stems; thus, when a customary stem is transferred into new names, it is important to preserve its integrity. 8. SUMMARY The names given to children in Lithuania in 1991–2010 exhibit the incursion of new elements into Lithuanian two-stem names, a phenomenon observed in historical personal names; the creation of these new names should be regarded as a continuation of the renewal of two-stem names from earlier centuries. The new elements are most often names of foreign origin and, less frequently, common nouns or shortened forms of two-stem personal names. The frequency of such foreign-origin bases indicates that the meaning of their elements is not important when creating names. Some elements recurred in different names and were combined several times with the same customary stems. It is therefore assumed that these elements became permanent components of new two-stem names. These stems are derived from common nouns (aus-, jaus-, jor-, ras-, rut-, vild-), from shortened forms (kėst-, mind-), and are of foreign origin (ag-, ak-, ed-, eg-, el-, jus-, just-, kris-, krist-, mat-, red-, sim- and -estas, -gridas, -landas, -mandas, -vita(s)). These examples show that the principal condition for the formation of a new stem is the familiarity of the personal names containing it, with the exception of jaus-, vild-, which appear to have spread because of the semantics of the common nouns. New elements are more often the first stems of two-stem names. Their most typical base consists of the first syllable, whether open or closed, and the first consonant of the second syllable. Thus, the initial elements of new names are generally formed from those parts of the base that extend beyond the first syllable, while the structure of the new element does not depend on whether the first syllable of the base word is closed. Open first new stems show that, when the beginning of a base is transferred into a two-stem personal name, its most important parts are the initial and medial segments of the first syllable. The less frequent new second elements are of two types: those derived from word beginnings and those derived from the endings of other names. Second elements formed from word beginnings generally come from the same base as the first elements. Elements derived from the endings of other names occur only in the position of the second element and are most often endings of names of foreign origin. Nevertheless, the two-stem name element -autas, which became such a base, confirms that the familiarity of the personal names containing a new element is important to its emergence, whereas the origin of the names and the meaning of their bases are not. Straipsniai / Articles 97 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ In the formation of personal names, customary stems—more often found as second elements—were sometimes combined with new first elements, as shown by the final segment of the new first element coinciding with the initial segment of the customary element. Customary second stems are ternary and quaternary, but most names whose new stems belong to all the origin groups discussed are formed with ternary stems, demonstrating their versatility. Given the popularity of mant- in new names, it may be assumed that the frequency of customary elements in new names also depends on the popularity of their base—two-stem names. Customary first stems were less frequent and did not recur in new names as often as second stems. This indicates that they are also uncommon in the two-stem names from which they were taken. LITERATŪRA Bach Adolf 1952: Die deutschen Personennamen I(1). Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer. DFN – Hanks Patrick, Hodges Flavia 1995: A Dictionary of First Names. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. GVL – Kohlheim Rosa, Kohlheim Volker 2007: Das große Vornamenlexikon. Mannheim, Leipzig, Wien, Zürich: Dudenverlag. LPŽ: Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas 1–2, red. Aleksandras Vanagas. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985–1989. LVKŽ – Kuzavinis Kazys, Savukynas Bronys 2003: Lietuvių vardų kilmės žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Maciejauskienė Vitalija 1973: Naujosios dvikamienės lietuvių pavardės su asmenvardinių sandu. – Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos darbai, A serija, 1(42), 177–181. Maciejauskienė Vitalija 1998: Lietuvių vardyno raidos polinkiai. – Kalbos kultūra 71, 33–42. Piliečių vardų sąvadas. Prieiga internete: www.vardai.vlkk.lt (žiūrėta 2015 04 20). Sinkevičiūtė Daiva 2009: Pastabos dėl žemaičių trumpinių kilmės pavardžių, kilusių iš avd. Gedrimas. – Baltistica 44(2), 347–353. Sinkevičiūtė Daiva 2010: (rec.) Zigmas Zinkevičius, Lietuvių asmenvardžiai, Vilnius: LKI leidykla, 2008. – Baltistica 45(1), 145–151. Sinkevičiūtė Daiva 2011: Nauji 2007–2010 m. lietuviškos kilmės vaikų vardai ir jų davimo polinkiai. – Kalbos kultūra 84, 214–229. Sinkevičiūtė Daiva 2013: Dėl nesutrumpėjusių dvikamienių asmenvardžių kamieno gaud- variantų lietuvių kalboje. – Baltistica 48(1), 119–128. 98 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII Nauji dvikamieniai asmenvardžiai 1991–2010 m. Lietuvos vardyne Sinkevičiūtė Daiva 2014: Dvikamienių vardų su kamienu vaid- bruožai lietuvių kalboje. – Baltistica 48(1), 163–175. Sinkevičiūtė Daiva, Griniūtė Vaida 2014: Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. – Bendrinė kalba 87, 1–17. Prieiga internete: http://www.bendrinekalba.lt/index.php?skiltis=naujausias (žiūrėta 2015 04 20). Sinkevičiūtė Daiva, Račickaja Veslava 2014: Lietuvių dvikamienių vardų kilmes asmenvardžiai ir jų kamienų užrašymo ypatybės Vilniaus naujųjų miestiečių ir laiduotojų 1661–1795 m. sąraše. – Archivum Lithuanicum 16, 295–322. Skardžius Pranas 1996: Rinktiniai raštai 1. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Superanskaja 1988: Суперанская Александра Васильевна, К проблеме типологии антропонимических основ. – Ономастика. Типология. Стратиграфия. Москва: Наука, 44–52. Zinkevičius Zigmas 1977: Lietuvių antroponimika. Vilniaus lietuvių asmenvardžiai XVII a. pradžioje. Vilnius: Mokslas. Zinkevičius Zigmas 2005: Krikščionybės ištakos Lietuvoje: Rytų krikščionybė vardyno duomenimis. Vilnius: Katalikų akademija. Zinkevičiaus Zigmas 2008: Lietuvių asmenvardžiai. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. New Compound Proper Names of the Period 1991–2010 in the Lithuanian Onomasticon SUMMARY The names given to children during the period 1991–2010 make it clear that new compound proper names are being constantly created in Lithuania. Most new members are of foreign origin, whereas those originating from appellatives or from hypocoristic names are rarer. This fact shows that the main factor at work is the popularity of a given name rather than the meaning of lexemes. The stems aus-, jaus-, jor-, ras-, rut-, vild- (of appellative origin), kest-, mind- (of hypocoristic origin), ag-, ak-, ed-, eg-, el-, jus-, just-, kris-, krist-, mat-, red-, sim- bei -estas, -gridas, -landas, -mandas, -vita(s) (of foreign origin) have become stable members of the Lithuanian stock of proper names. New members usually occur as the first member of compound names which implies that a higher number of compound names begin with new components. The most common base of the new first components Straipsniai / Articles 99 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ is the first syllable and the first consonant of the second syllable, which shows that in the creation of new components its meaningful part surpasses the limits of the syllable. As the second member we have two possibilities: the beginning or the end of a proper name. In this case new members also originated as a consequence of the popularity of a given proper name. Traditional components are usually found as the second member of compound names. They can consist of either three or four phonemes, but compound names whose first member belongs to any of the above mentioned three possible origins are found only with second members consisting of three phonemes. The high frequency of the member mant- shows that the success of traditional components is also dependent on the popularity of a given compound proper name. Įteikta 2015 m. liepos 15 d. DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ Baltistikos katedra, Vilniaus universitetas Universiteto g. 5, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lietuva [email protected] 100 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII