Asmenų pavadinimai šiaurės panevėžiškių patarmėje

AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Research areas: lexicology and lexicography. PERSONAL NAMES IN THE NORTHERN PANEVĖŽIŠKIAI SUBDIALECT Personal Names in the Northern Panevėžiškiai Subdialect ANNOTATION The subject of the article is a large and hitherto little-studied semantic group: personal names recorded in the Northern Panevėžiškiai subdialect. A total of 280 personal names based on a person’s physical characteristics, age, activities, and social relationships were selected for this study. The study aims to demonstrate the abundance and diversity of such names, discuss their formation and origin, and attempt to determine which of them informants still use actively and which are disappearing or have entirely fallen out of active use. KEYWORDS: subdialect, lexicon, nomination, lexical meaning, word-formation analysis, personal name ANNOTATION The object of the article is a large semantic group lacking thorough studies – personal names recorded in the Northern Panevėžiškiai Subdialect. 280 personal names reflecting the person’s physical properties, age, occupation and social relations were selected for the study. The study intends to show the abundance and diversity of such names, to discuss their formation and origin and to try to identify which of them are still actively used by informants and which are gradually going out from the active usage or are abandoned altogether. KEYWORDS: subdialect, lexis, nomination, lexical meaning, derivational analysis, personal name. 224 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Asmenų pavadinimai šiaurės panevėžiškių patarmėje 1. INTRODUCTION A considerable amount of research in Lithuanian linguistics has been devoted to various personal designations. Lithuanian terms for marital kinship have been widely studied (their origin, development, distribution, meaning, and relations with other languages have been described) (Buivydienė 1997). Zoomorphisms have been described comprehensively from various perspectives (Rosinienė 1987: 41–51; 1982: 78–87; 1989: 384–387). Personal designations in the traditional Dounininkai Samogitian dialect have been investigated (Babickienė 2015). Negative descriptions of people in the Endriejavas subdialect have been analyzed in particular detail (Jasiūnaitė 1999: 300–325). The vocabulary and phraseology of the Endriejavas subdialect describing a person’s appearance and character traits have been described (Ruškys 2010). The semantics and stylistic features of Lithuanian phraseologisms that pejoratively describe a person’s character have been investigated (Ruškys 1982: 88–95). Personal designations in the standard language expressed by verbal mobile nouns have been analyzed (Dzežulskienė 2001: 55–69). Personal designations containing the element bendr- and their formation features in administrative language have been discussed (Pečkuvienė 2014: 648 – 660). Undergraduate theses have described the synonymy and usage of nouns denoting people (Klimavičiūtė 2012), and analyzed Lithuanian similes describing people (Zlatkutė 2011). One conclusion is evident in the works of all authors who have studied dialectal vocabulary: people are most often described negatively through zoomorphisms, somatic or other phraseologisms, and the figurative vocabulary of dialects. In general, in Lithuanian, as in many other languages, words expressing negative emotional evaluation are incomparably more numerous than those expressing positive evaluation1. This fact can be explained by psychological and social causes: everything good is generally considered normal, and no one expresses any particular emotions about normal things (Jakaitienė 1988: 51; 2010: 162). In rural culture, people strove not to depart from traditional moral norms and to observe the so-called “golden mean”; therefore, “everything that was unquestionably good, virtuous, and clearly understood by all seemed to cause the least concern” (Ruškys 2010: 4). In the Northern Panevėžys subdialect, 280 lexemes have been recorded that designate people according to physical characteristics, age, activities, and social relationships. It is no coincidence that folk wisdom says that you are received according to your clothes and seen off according to your intelligence. A person’s appearance has mattered at all times, from ancient times to our own era of the cult of eternal youth. In assessing a person, their age and social relationships have likewise always been important—what they do, their material circumstances, and their affiliation with a particular social group. Individual lexemes from these semantic groups are mentioned in separate studies by researchers of the Northern Panevėžys subdialect, 1 Among words denoting a markedly positive evaluation, one can mention only the abundant Lithuanian diminutives and an occasional word with a pathetic coloring (Jakaitienė 2010: 162). Straipsniai / Articles 225 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ but to date we have no more detailed description of this vocabulary. Such studies are highly relevant at a time when dialects are becoming leveled. Spoken language changes and will continue to change, so it is particularly important to “investigate this process, collect data that enrich Lithuanian studies and contribute to knowledge of our nation’s past” (Zinkevičius 2006: 255). Accordingly, the aim of this article is to discuss in greater detail the lexemes that Northern Panevėžys speakers use to designate people according to their physical appearance, age, activities, and social relationships. To achieve this aim, the following tasks were set: to classify the designations by lexical meaning into appropriate semantic groups and subgroups, to discuss their formation and origin, and to try to determine which of these designations are still in use and which are disappearing or have entirely fallen out of active use. Material recorded by the author during field expeditions and newer data found in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language supplement card index (LKŽP) are compared with older data from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽe). If a word is included in the dictionary but the author has been unable to record it during field expeditions over the past 20 years, and it is also not recorded in LKŽP, there is a strong likelihood that it is gradually disappearing from active use. The article employs descriptive, derivational-analysis, and structural methods. This study may be of interest and value not only to specialists in lexicology and dialectology, but also to ethnolinguists. It was observed long ago that “a designation tells us more about the person doing the designating (the subject) than about the object being designated. This is all the more convincing because the person doing the designating conveys not so much their own personal impression as, willingly or unwillingly, their worldview—again, not so much their individual worldview as that of the group to which they belong” (Civjan 1990: 54; cited from Gudavičius 2000: 17). Thus, as already noted, 280 lexical units were collected for this study. Material from the Northern Panevėžys subdialect (mainly from the dialects of the Pasvalys district—Daujėnai, Grūžiai, Joniškėlis, Krinčinas, Kriklinai, Pumpėnai, Pasvalys, Pušalotas, Skrebotiškis, Saločiai, and Vaškai parishes) was collected during field expeditions (since 1998) and from LKŽP and LKŽe, which can be viewed as a hypertext: a data source that makes it possible to study not only the “naive” but also the “scientific” worldview represented by the vocabulary of the national language (Kravcova 2013: 5). The article discusses only so-called regional (differential) vocabulary—a lexical stratum unknown to the standard language or differing from it in some respect (root, meaning, or word formation) (cf. Jakaitienė 2010: 176–177). These words are found neither in the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (DŽe) nor in the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian (BŽe). The article analyzes designations that are both non-connotative and negatively or positively connoted. Several groups of designations are distinguished according to lexical meaning. Within each group, the lexemes are further divided into smaller categories; in the relevant subsections, in order to provide as comprehensive a picture as possible of the vocabulary under discussion, 226 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Asmenų pavadinimai šiaurės panevėžiškių patarmėje a fuller picture, phraseologisms and similes recorded in the subdialect or found in dictionaries2 are additionally presented. 2. DESIGNATIONS FOR VARIOUS PHYSICAL DEFECTS As noted above, when describing a person’s appearance, negative-meaning lexemes (derogatory and mocking ones) are used in all our dialects far more often than positively connoted vocabulary3. In the subdialect, people of ordinary build and appearance seem to go unnoticed; they attract no particular attention, and no special lexemes are needed to designate them. Figurative vocabulary is used when discussing visible personal characteristics, that is, an unusual appearance (being fat or thin, hairy or bald, having some unusually large body part, and so on) and motor behavior (the dynamic aspect of a person’s appearance—their gait and movements, for example limping, walking pigeon-toed, and so on). A total of 111 designations associated with various physical defects have been recorded in the dialect. A large semantic group consists of lexemes describing a person’s body build. Eighteen have been recorded. Most words designate people who weigh more than usual. These include derivatives with various suffixes and endings that remain fairly widely used to this day: apskrituõlis, -ė “a person of stocky, rounded build” (Všk)4, deriūgà “a very sturdy person” (Grž), driùčkis, -ė “a fat person” (Grž), išpūtelis, -ė “someone swollen, a fat person, a person with a large belly” (Grž), riebùckis, -ė “a fat person” (Grž). Only LKŽe records the suffixal designations dùmza “a fat, clumsy, ungainly person” (Ps) and sudùbėlis, -ė “someone hunched, slumped, or flabby” (Grž). To this day, people of heavy build are also called by compounds such as keraplėšas “a small, rather stout person” (Slč), mėšpilvis, -ė “a person with a large belly” (Všk). Fat, heavy-set 2 Some examples are taken from the Dictionary of Phraseology (FŽ) and the Dictionary of Similes (PlgŽ). Available online: http://lkiis.lki.lt. 3 Very few differential lexemes, phraseologisms, and similes denoting people of attractive appearance, physical appeal, or strength have been recorded in the subdialect. For example: baltveidis, -ė “a person with a fair face” (Grž), skaidravėidis, -ė “someone with a clear, fair face” (Grž), žėlvys, -ė “someone sturdy, strong” (Įnšk), kaip iš pieno plaukęs “very beautiful, healthy, radiant” (Įnšk), kaip iš paveiksliūko “very beautiful” (Grž), and so on. 4 The place where the word was recorded is given in parentheses. The abbreviations are the same as in LKŽe. All material recorded by the author during field expeditions has been incorporated into LKŽP; therefore, examples taken from the author’s personal card index are not distinguished in the article from data found in LKŽP or LKŽe. Dictionary material and the author’s own data are more clearly differentiated in the article when discussing the disappearance of designations from active use. Straipsniai / Articles 227 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ A person with a face [like a mask] is called marmūžu (Grž), while the vulgarism subinius, -ė (Grž) is used to refer to a person with a large backside. Seven words used figuratively are also recorded in the subdialect: arbūzas, moliūgas ‘about an obese, clumsy, lazy person’ (Grž), penuikšlis, -ė ‘about an obese, fat person’ (Grž), pumpūrė ‘about a short, stout girl or woman’ (Jnšk), pūžlys ‘a short, fat, weak child’ (Ps), kalādė, špinta ‘about a fat, clumsy woman’ (Všk). This is a metaphorical transfer of meaning, understood in cognitive linguistics not as a mode of naming but as an evocative understanding of a situation or event, a hidden comparison, and one of the essential ways of knowing the world (Gudavičius 2000: 88). Zoomorphisms are also used in the Northern Panevėžiškiai subdialect to refer to a fat person5. Seven were recorded during the expeditions: kiaūlė, pāršas 1. ‘about an impolite, poorly informed person’; 2. ‘about a sturdy, obese person’ (Ps, Všk), kārve, ku-mėlė ‘about a clumsy, large, fat woman’ (Grž), jāutis, veršis ‘about a large, burly man’ (Všk), meškā ‘about a large, heavily built person’ (Krč)6. As can be seen, sturdiness, fatness, and clumsiness in the subdialect are most often described using the names of large, bulky, usually domestic animals. This tendency is characteristic of more than one dialect (cf. Jasiūnaitė 1999: 306). Such names point to the human ability to perceive similarities between a person and the corresponding animal. Since the human being is an immensely complex creature and the center of everything, most metaphors are ‘centripetal’, directed toward human beings (Pikčilingis 1975: 279). In general, metaphors are created in order to ‘speak more vividly and effectively, so as to make a greater impact on the listener, enabling them to grasp the information conveyed not only intellectually but also emotionally’ (Gudavičius 2000: 90). To refer to corpulent people, Northern Panevėžiškiai speakers still use loanwords: pampuškà (Bel. пампушка7, Pol. pampuszka, the latter ultimately deriving from Ger. Pfannkuchen) ‘about a fat woman or girl’ (Krč), verbliūdas, verliūgas (Rus. верблюд) ‘about a strong, fat, clumsy person or animal’ (Krč, Pmp). Zoomorphisms are characteristic of many languages, perhaps even all of them, but their realization varies across languages and can be highly significant for understanding a people’s culture. In the languages of our area, such metaphors often coincide and generally carry negative connotations. The fact that animal names are highly productive in this usage attests to the essentially negative Lithuanian attitude toward the animal world (Gudavičius 2000: 92, 94).5 Especially vivid and rich are comparisons of large, corpulent people with large household objects (a loom, an oven, a tub, a drum) or with corresponding animals: The girl is like a loom (large, burly) (Grž). Look at you, my dear, how fat you’ve grown—you’re like an oven! (Jnšk). The priest’s bulk is like a little tub! (Jnšk). His belly sticks out like a drum (Jnšk). As stout as a bear (Pmp). As fat as a badger (Pšl). As big as a mare, as stupid as a hen (Ps).6 Equivalents in other languages are drawn from electronic and printed dictionaries. Their bibliographic details are provided in the general bibliography.7 228 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Asmenų pavadinimai šiaurės panevėžiškių patarmėje When referring to a person, the subdialect often singles out some unusually large, thick, or long body part. In such cases, compounds are used most often. Eleven were recorded during the expeditions: didžidadantis, -ė ‘someone with large teeth’ (Grž), didžiakaktis, -ė ‘someone with a large forehead’ (Grž), drūtablaūzdis, -ė ‘thick-legged’ (Jnšk), gervakaklis, -ė ‘someone with a long neck’ (Jnšk), išvirštapilvis, -ė ‘someone with a protruding, large belly’ (Grž), nudribtapilvis, -ė ‘someone with a large, sagging belly’ (Grž), pakabintgurklis, -ė ‘someone with a hanging wattle’ (Grž), puodyngalvis, -ė ‘a person with a large head’ (Grž), sausablaūzdis, -ė ‘someone with long, thin legs’ (Jnšk), smailasubinis, -ė ‘someone with a narrow, pointed backside’ (Grž), plačiasubinis, -ė ‘someone with a large, broad backside’ (Všk)8. An unusual gait is also immediately noticeable in dialects. A person who limps, stumbles, or drags a foot is promptly given an appropriate name: kabálda ‘someone who walks slowly, limping; a limper’ (Jnšk), klývis, -ė ‘someone bow-legged, bandy-legged, or splay-footed’ (Grž), krãpas ‘someone who shuffles along, walking unsteadily with short steps, slowly and bent over’ (Grž), kreivūklis, -ė ‘someone who walks in a zigzag’ (Grž), krìpis, -ė ‘someone who waddles when walking’ (Grž), štapìėtas ‘a person with an ungainly gait’ (Jnšk). As can be seen, people with an awkward, ungainly gait are most often named by suffixal or ending derivatives formed from expressive verbs. LKŽe shows that derivatives with the suffix -ãlis, -ė are especially popular in the subdialect: knapãlis, -ė ‘someone who nods, stumbles, and falls while walking’ (Grž), krapãlis, -ė ‘someone who walks with difficulty, shuffling along’ (Jnšk), kripãlis, -ė ‘someone who walks with a waddle’ (Grž), štapãlis, -ė ‘someone who shuffles and trudges along’. Compounds are used to refer to people with crooked, twisted legs: išklyptkõjis, -ė ‘someone with twisted legs, bow-legged’ (Grž), klyptakõjis, -ė ‘someone with twisted legs’ (Jnšk), klišakõjis, -ė ‘someone with crooked, bandy legs’ (Ps). Unfortunately, the names in this semantic group are rapidly falling out of active use. Of the 13 names in this semantic group mentioned here, 9 are recorded in LKŽe and only 6 (išklyptkõjis, kabálda, klišakõjis, klývis, krãpas, krapãlis) were recorded during the expeditions. In general, in our language ‘many expressive nouns and verbs acquire the status of archaisms’ (Zabarskaitė 2006: 170). Another group of names consists of lexemes denoting unusual hairiness. The most common are compound names whose principal nominal element indicates which part of the person’s body is hairy, while the first element is associated with the verb to become overgrown. The author recorded five such compounds: apžėltkõjis, -ė ‘someone with overgrown legs’ (Grž), apžėltkrūtìnis, -ė ‘someone An unusually large body part may also be described through comparisons. Human body parts are most often compared with household objects, tools, and birds familiar to informants from their own village environment: His face is spread out like a bast shoe (Jnšk). Your fingers are like harrow teeth (large, thickened) (Pšl). Legs like scythe handles (long and thin) (Jnšk). Your eyes are like pitchforks (cross-eyed) (Všk). Eyes like pitchforks, teeth like an organ. Why are you staring with your eyes bulging like a starling?! (Jnšk).8 Straipsniai / Articles 229 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ “with a hairy chest” (Grž), apž eltnugāris, -ė “someone with a hairy back” (Všk), apžėltrañkis, -ė “someone with hairy hands” (Grž), apžėltveidis, -ė “someone with a hairy face” (Grž). Even today, a moustached or bearded person is referred to in the subdialect by the derivatives with the suffix -otis, -ė ūsótis, -ė (Krč) and barzdótis, -ė. Much less often, a person is designated by a separate name because of scant hair growth. Only two compounds in this semantic group have been recorded in the subdialect: skustagal̃vis, -ė “someone with a shaved head” (Ps) and retabar̃zdis, -ė “someone with a sparse beard” (Grž)9. Folk wisdom says that health is more precious than gold (PPr223), so a strong, healthy person was needed, respected, and important in the traditional rural community. Many traditional rites, the entire complex of customs, and a rich oral folk tradition were intended to ensure people’s health and survival (Trimakas 2008: 9). If a person is in good health, the subdialect describes them as healthy as a fish (PŠl), healthy as a radish (Ps)10. When health fails, a person collapses (Grž), prompting the ironic remark: Healthy as a radish with a hole in its middle (Jnšk). Thus, a sick, ailing person did not go unnoticed. Such people were most often called by a general name meaning a sick or unhealthy person in general. Six such names were found, but only three are still used in the dialect today: the suffixal derivatives ligāšņinkas, -ė “a person who is constantly ill, unhealthy” (Grž, Ps), sirgalỹnė “a person who is often ill, a patient” (Grž), and sirgūtis, -ė “a patient” (Ps). Recorded only in LKŽe are the suffixal derivatives pūkšlỹs, -ė “someone who is always wheezing, unwell” (Grž), sučiŕpėlis, -ė “someone who is unhealthy, sickly” (PŠl), and the ending-derived form stéipė “someone who is often ill, unwell” (Grž). Six names are associated with some specific illness or ailment. These are the suffixal derivatives recorded in LKŽe: krunklỹs, -ė̃ “someone who is always coughing, coughing” (Slč), spréngilas “someone who coughs with a rattling sound” (Grž), šniaukšlỹs, -ė̃ “someone who snuffles while breathing” (PŠl); the suffixal derivative núomarninkas, -ė “an epileptic” (Jnšk) and the compounds vištātupis, -ė, vištakis, -ė “someone who cannot see when it gets dark, who suffers from night blindness” (Jnšk, Ps) are still used in the subdialect. The subdialect records 17 lexemes denoting a generally weak, wasted person, one of less than usual strength or short stature. Worth mentioning are the derivatives with the suffixes -ėlis, -ė, -la, -lė, -lys, -ė, -uoklis, -ė found in LKŽe: čyplỹs, -ė̃ “a wretch” (Grž), čirplỹs, -ė̃ “someone who has withered away, wasted” (Grž), kliùrkla “a feeble, weak person” (Grž), kniáuklė “a very emaciated, exhausted person” (Všk), mauklỹs, -ė̃ “a poor,”},{ 9 When talking about balding, dishevelled, long-haired men or women with scant, weak hair, informants use various comparisons and idioms: A head like a stump (bald) (Grž). The moon shines on her little head (a balding head) (Grž). Her little braid is ragged like a cat’s tail (Jnšk). A little braid like a mouse’s tail (Všk). Dishevelled as if chased a wolf (Krč). Hairy as a tree stump (Jnšk). Moustache like a mare’s tail (long) (Ps). 10 In the Lithuanian worldview, the color red and sturdiness are understood as signs of health (Paparėlytė-Klovienė 2007: 91). 230 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Asmenų pavadinimai šiaurės panevėžiškių patarmėje “a hunched, cramped person” (Jnšk), nučūpėlis, –ė “a shrivelled, dried-up person” (Grž), pagybelis, –ė “someone in poor health, weak” (Grž), pašūšelis, –ė “someone who is wasted, unkempt, rather feeble” (Grž), pašpogelis, –ė “someone who is sickly” (Grž), pūtuoklis, –ė “someone who quickly becomes tired, fatigued” (Grž). The author recorded the following suffixal derivatives in the subdialect: apnykelis, –ė “a wasted, feeble, sickly person” (Grž), apsilpėlis, –ė “someone who has grown weak, weak” (Jnšk), kvōksla “someone who is always groaning and wheezing” (Grž), nukārėlis, –ė “an emaciated, exhausted person” (Grž), nusisukėlis, –ė “someone wasted, tired, in poor health, a weakling” (Grž), pėrkritėlis, –ė “someone collapsed, exhausted” (Grž), sunýkėlis, –ė “someone wasted, weakened, exhausted” (Jnšk). The ending-derived forms recorded in LKŽe are: keriaūžis “a person who does not grow, wasted and bent” (Grž), kėžis “someone who does not grow” (Ps), nykà “a wasted, sickly person” (Grž); the following ending-derived forms were recorded during field expeditions: išdvasa “someone very dried up, in poor health, a dying wretch” (Grž), núodvasa, núogara, núogaras, núogaiša “a weak, wasted, unhealthy person, a weakling, a wasted person” (Grž, Všk). Words and idioms used figuratively also remain in use today: kukūrbezdalis “someone small who does not grow” (Grž, Pšl, Všk), dvėseliena “an emaciated, wasted person” (Ps) (cf. sprōgėliena “an emaciated person” (Grž)), spirgūtis “a small, slight-built person” (Všk), žiaužėrė “someone feeble, dried up, shrunken” (Všk), gone from the face “emaciated, wasted” (Grž), blown through by the wind “weak, feeble, thin” (Skrb), without oneself “seriously ill” (Jnšk). Four zoomorphic terms are also recorded in the subdialect with this meaning: čiovylis “a small, weak little person” (Dj), kėkštas “a small, light, dried-up, weak person” (Všk), kirstūkas “a small, shrivelled man” (Jnšk), sikė “a thin, dried-up, wasted woman” (Všk). A twisted, crooked, clumsy, unhealthy person is also described in the subdialect by various comparisons: Twisted like the Big Dipper (Pšl). Crooked like the Big Dipper (splayed out in every direction) (Grž, Jnšk). Hunched and curled up like a kukūrbezdalis (Jnšk). One-boned (immobile, clumsy) – like a wolf (Pšl). Strength none – like a cricket (Grž). What little health I have is like a chick’s! (Jnšk). A limp [person] like cow dung (Jnšk). Of a thin, dried-up, wrinkled person, it is said: The woman dried up like that broom handle (Ps). Dried up like hay (Pšl). Dried up like a frog (Ps). She is wasting away, does not eat, and walks about as if beaten (Grž). Flattened like an ant (very thin) (Krč). Thin as a gnat’s gut (Jnšk). A wrinkled little face, tiny as a spoon (Všk). A sick, ill person loses a healthy complexion. They are then compared with earth, canvas, a dead person, and so on: My brother drinks liquor and is black as if from beneath the earth (Slč). Pale as a corncrake’s shit (Všk). That pallor of the face is like a dead person’s (Grž). Pale as canvas (Jnšk). The girl is brown as if steeped in flax retting water, and her hair is reddish-brown like a sable’s (Ps). Interestingly, several names belong to a rather narrow semantic group, used to denote a person who is bluish, shivering, and cold. Those found in LKŽe are: styrà “a stiffened person” (Grž), sukembrėlis, –ė “someone stiff and rigid” (Pšl), šiūršis, –ė Straipsniai / Articles 231 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ “someone who is all shivery, a shivery person” (Všk); in fieldwork, the author recorded šaltakõjis, -ė “someone whose feet are always cold, someone whose feet get cold quickly” (Grž). 3. NAMES ACCORDING TO THE ACTIVITY PERFORMED BY A PERSON This is one of the largest semantic groups. It comprises 109 lexemes. In the subdialect, suffixal derivatives naming a person's occupation or profession11 were recorded most often. These are among the most dynamic names, most clearly reflecting changes in dialectal vocabulary driven by non-linguistic factors (Babickienė 2015: 379). The most productive suffixes should be mentioned first: derivatives with -ininkas, -ė (and its variant -(n)inkas, -ė). Fourteen have been recorded; of these, only amatnīinkas, -ė “craftsperson” (Grž) is still used spontaneously in the dialect. The remaining names are recorded in LKŽe: akmeni-niñkas, -ė “stone hauler, collector” (Grž), cukrėlninkas, -ė “seller of cukrelis (saccharin)” (Jnšk), dieniniñkas, -ė “day laborer” (Grž), óbuol-ninkas, -ė “someone who trades in apples” (Grž), pyrāgininkas, -ė “baker and seller of pies” (Grž), rýkštininkas, -ė “cutter of switches” (Jnšk), ruoš tininkas, -ė “someone who does household chores” (Grž), siekėlninkas, -ė “someone who pulls flax bundles” (Grž), skliutinīinkas “a person who works with a skliutas, a hewer, carpenter” (Pšl), škurlī-ninkas, -ė “dealer in rags, rag merchant” (Jnšk), úogininkas, -ė “someone who picks berries, berry picker” (Pmp), viršininkas, -ė “head shepherd, herdsman” (Všk), žuvėlninkas, -ė 1. “someone who catches fish, fisherman,” 2. “someone who makes a living from trading fish, fishmonger” (Grž, Jnšk, Ps). Thirteen derivatives with the suffix -ėjas, -a were recorded: arėjas, -a “someone who ploughs, ploughman” (Grž), bedėjas, -a “someone who digs, digs up vegetables” (Grž), išdavėjas, -a 1. “someone who serves or distributes food”; 2. “someone who unloads a cart” (Jnšk), kirtėjas, -a “someone who cuts down trees” (Ps), liuobėjas, -a “someone who feeds livestock, feeder” (Grž), metėjas, -a “someone who lays the warp threads in a piece of cloth” (Grž), pasekėjas, -a “attendant at a traditional wedding” (Ps), plūkėjas, -a “someone who beats and scutches flax” (Jnšk), privežėjas, -a “someone who brings in fodder” (Všk), 11 Some of the suffixally derived personal names recorded in the subdialect are formed from verbs. They designate the agent of the action expressed by the base word, but have a generalized, more abstract meaning and are therefore excluded from the overall list of lexemes analyzed; examples include baigėjas, -a “someone who finishes” (Jnšk), pabaigėjas, -a “someone who brings something to an end” (Jnšk, Pšl), bjaurintojas, -a “someone who makes something ugly, spoils it” (Grž), čiulpėjas, -a “someone who sucks” (Grž), čiupikas, -ė “someone who grabs, catches, seizes” (Grž), daužytojas, -a “someone who hits” (Jnšk), dilintojas, -a “someone who wears something down” (Grž), ėjikas, -ė “someone who walks, someone able to walk far or fast” (Grž), gadintojas, -a “someone who spoils something” (Jnšk), išdaužėjas, -a “someone who breaks something out” (Jnšk), išdav inėtojas, -a “someone who betrays, informs on someone” (Grž), parodytojas, -a “someone who presents something for viewing or inspection” (Pšl), and so on. 232 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Names for Persons in the Northern Panevėžys Subdialect ravėjas, –a “someone who weeds, weeder” (Grž), rietėjas, –a “someone who rolls up cloth” (Grž), užstojėjas, –a “advocate, defender, protector” (Jṅšk), verkėja “woman who honors the dead, reciter of laments” (Grž). Many derivatives with the suffix -ėjas are still used in the dialect today; only ravėjas, rietėjas, metėjas, pasekėjas and plukėjas are falling into disuse. Derivatives with the suffix –ojas, –a are also widely used. Fourteen have been recorded: aṙtintojas, –a “reconciler” (Grž), brūžuotojas, –a “someone who rubs cloth” (Jṅšk), davinėtojas, –a “someone who passes on news,” destinėtojas, –a “someone who arranges things, arranger” (Grž), ganýtojas, –a “someone who herds livestock, shepherd” (Jṅšk), kirstójas, –a “someone who cuts down trees” (Slč, Všk), lākintojas, –a “someone who gives animals water to lap” (Grž), mitintojas, –a “someone who feeds someone or something” (Grž), nešiotojas, –a “someone who looks after, carries, and rocks a small child; nanny” (Krč), šaukin-tojas, –a “someone who calls out, announces” (Grž), ūgintojas, –a “someone who raises or rears, cultivator” (Jṅšk), vaŕdytojas, –a “someone who names, casts spells, charms; enchanter” (Grž, Pšl), višteliáutojas, –a “someone who, during traditional weddings, visits neighbors and ‘steals’ chickens and various objects for the bride” (Grž), žárdytojas, –a “someone who stacks sheaves” (Všk). Of these derivatives, the following have fallen into passive use: vaŕdytojas, višteliáutojas and žárdytojas. Less productive derivational formatives include the suffixes –ieris, –ė, –inis, –ė, –ikas, –ė, –oklis and their derivatives: arikas, –ė “ploughman, plougher” (Grž), braukýtinė “female masseuse” (Krč), brukikas, –ė “someone who scutches retted flax, flax beater” (Grž), drėbikas, –ė “someone who throws on, applies plaster” (Jṅšk), žūklieris, –ė “fisher” (Krč, Slč), žuvōklis, –ė “fish dealer, fisher” (Všk). All these suffixal personal names are found in LKŽe; in the subdialect, only the following were recorded: panaktinis, –ė “night watchman, guard” (Jṅšk) and pakaitinis, –ė “someone who substitutes for another at work” (Krč). Compound personal names are less frequent than suffixal derivatives only. Nineteen have been recorded. Some of these names are found only in LKŽe: ãkmenvertis, –ė “someone who weighs stones” (Grž), arkliãpjovis, –ė “someone who slaughters horses” (Dj), aštúond uonis, –ė “someone who in former times made a living by going from yard to yard” (Grž), diẽnganis, –ė “someone who grazes livestock only during the day, an inferior shepherd” (Grž), keliavedýs, –ė “guide, person who shows the way” (Ps), kraujalaidis, –ė “bloodletter” (Ps), kūliãdaris, –ė “someone who makes kūliai” (Grž), laũksargis “guard of a manor or village’s fields and crops, who ensures that no one grazes livestock there or causes damage” (Jṅšk, Ps), medžiadárbis, –ė “someone who makes things out of wood” (Grž), séng želežis, –ė “someone who deals in old iron” (Ps), titilvežis “carriage driver for bridesmaids and the matchmaker” (Krč, Skrb), žirgvaikis “horseman” (Grž). During field expeditions, informants recalled some compounds while talking about their youth: kálkde gis, –ė “someone who burns lime” (Všk), kraičkrovýs “someone who loads the bride’s dowry into a cart for transport to the groom’s home” (Grž), krai čvežýs “at traditional weddings, a person who carried the bride’s dowry to the groom’s home” (Grž), linbraukis, –ė “someone who scutches (beats) retted flax” (Grž), milavėlys, –ė “someone who fulls woolen cloth” (Všk), šulniakasýs, –ė “well digger” (Grž), šunadvokatis “a person who practices law without being a lawyer” (Skrb). Straipsniai / Articles 233 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ Žvelgiant į asmenų pavadinimus dar siauresniu semantiniu aspektu matyti, kad čia išsiskiria keli pogrupiai. Pirmiausia minėtini pavadinimai, susiję su žmogaus darbu prie gyvulių (įvairių piemenų, gyvulių skerdėjų, gydytojų ir pan. pavadinimai): arkliāpjois, -ė, diēnganis, -ė, gānas, -ė, ganýtojas, -a, liobėjas, -a, vīršininkas, -ė. Kitas pogrupis – įvairių prekiautojų pavadinimai: cukrėlinkas, -ė, pyrāgininkas, -ė, óbuolninkas, -ė, škūrlininkas, -ė, žuvēlninkas, -ė. Pluoštelis su lino, audimo ir rugiapjūtės darbais susijusių asmenų pavadinimų: brukikas, -ė, bružuotojas, -a, kūliā daris, -ė, līnbraukis, -ė, plūkėjas, -a, rietėjas, -a, siekēlninkas, -ė, žārd ytojas, -a. Tam tikrą darbo pobūdį nurodo bendresnės reikšmės leksemos: amatniñkas, -ė, aštúond uonis, -ė, dieniniñkas, -ė, padiēnis, -ė, pakaitinis, -ė, pradienis, -ė. About 30 hybrid-formation lexemes and loanwords denoting people according to the activity they perform or their participation in something have been recorded in the subdialect. Quite a few loanwords and hybrids are still used in the subdialect: aptiēkorka (Belarusian аптэкарка) ‘female pharmacist’ (Jnšk), čeraūnykas, -ė (Polish czarownik, Belarusian чараўнік) ‘sorcerer’ (Krč), gaspadinė (Russian господыня) ‘cook, food preparer’ (Grž), kriaučius, kriaučkà (Polish krawiec) ‘tailor’ (Grž, Všk), kùpčius (Polish kupiec, Belarusian купец) ‘merchant, buyer-up’ (Krč, Ps), pačtaliōnas (Polish pocztvlion) ‘postman’ (Ps), pėrkùpčius (Polish przekupiec) ‘reseller’ (Ps), razbāinykas, rubauñykas (Belarusian разбойник, Russian разбойник, Polish razbojnik) ‘robber’ (Dj), šiāučius (Polish szewc) ‘shoemaker, cobbler’ (Krč), sliēsorius (Polish ślusarz, Belarusian слесар) ‘locksmith’ (Všk), istrebītėlis, strības, skrēbas (Russian истребитель) ‘so-called people’s defender, collaborator with the Soviet occupiers’ (Ps, Všk), šōferis (Polish szofer) ‘driver’ (Krč, Ps), vesēlninkas, -ė (Polish weselnik) ‘wedding guest, wedding participant’ (Skrb, Všk), zēlnius (Latvian zellīs) ‘apprentice, assistant’ (Skrb), žūlikas (Belarusian жулік, Russian жулиk) ‘thief, robber’ (Dj). Most of these loanwords belong to the old common-dialect¹² vocabulary, that is, they are found in both Aukštaitian and Samogitian dialects. Some of these loanwords are gradually giving way to Lithuanian equivalents: vaistininkė ‘female pharmacist’ is now much more popular than aptiēkorką, and paštininkas ‘postman’ than pačtaliōną, and so on. The abundance of Slavicisms may be associated with the popularity of Slavic languages (quite a number of older-generation informants still speak Russian fairly well; they understand not only the meaning of the designation itself but also that of its borrowed root). Only the following designations of people of foreign origin according to their activity are recorded in LKŽe: cigēlninkas, -ė (Belarusian цагельнік) ‘brickmaker’ (Jnšk), desetnīkas, desētninkas (Belarusian дзясятнік, Russian десятник) ‘assistant to the village elder, tithe collector’ (Grž, Jnšk), pakajāuka (Polish pokojowa) ‘chambermaid’ (Ps), pīsorius (Belarusian писар) ‘scribe’, pisorkà (Belarusian писарыха) ‘female scribe’ (Dj), prajōvas, -ė (Belarusian правадыр) ‘prophet, seer, announcer’ (Skrb), razviēstis (Russian разведчик) ‘scout’ (Dj), spēkorka ‘female fortune-teller, prophetess’ (Ps), špiēgas (Polish spieg) ‘spy, scout’ (Slč), tùlkininkas, -ė (Russian толковать) ‘matchmaker’s messenger’ (Ps). 12 Plačiau apie tai žr. Kardelis 2003: 27. 234 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Asmenų pavadinimai šiaurės panevėžiškių patarmėje A separate group consists of new lexemes used in the dialect under the influence of the standard language. Words adopted from the standard language have been phonologically adapted to the dialect system: bugálteris, –ė ‘accountant’ (Ps), kirúrgas, –ė ‘surgeon’ (Všk), špikuliántas, –ė ‘one who engages in the speculation of goods’ (Krč, Ps), veterinórius, –ė ‘veterinarian’ (Krč), žurnalistas, –ė ‘journalist’ (Skrb). A dozen or so designations associated with a person’s interests and devotion to something are related to this semantic subsection. Most of the forms recorded in the subdialect are derivatives with the suffixes –ėjas, –a, –eklis, –ė, –ojas, –a, –ininkas, –ė, –(n)inkas, –ė, –išius, –lys, –ė: baliuáníñkas, –ė, baliùšnykas, –ė ‘someone who likes parties’ (Krš, Jnšk), išdirbinėtojas, –a ‘someone who plays (jokes, pranks)’ (Grž), išgalvótojas, –a ‘someone who invents or makes things up’ (Jnšk), merginíñkas, mergìšius ‘a man who is constantly hanging around girls, a womanizer’ (Jnšk, Všk). The following are found in LKŽe: birbėjas, –a, birbėklis, –ė ‘someone who often plays the birbynė’ (Grž, Všk), šniaukšlỹs, –ė ‘someone who likes snuffing tobacco’ (Grž), vakarėlininkas, –ė ‘someone who goes to parties’ (Všk). Also recorded there are ending derivatives formed on the basis of favorite foods or a propensity for a harmful habit: bulìavis, –ė ‘someone who likes eating potatoes’ (Pšl), tabõkius, –ė ‘someone who sniffs or smokes tobacco, a tobacco user’ (Grž). The dictionary contains several loanwords and hybrid-formation words denoting people according to their favorite food or inclination toward a particular pastime or harmful habit: cukierkininkas, –ė ‘someone fond of sweets’ (Jnšk), dainùškinis, –ė ‘someone who likes singing dainùškas, a singer’ (Grž), rūkėščis ‘smoker’ (Ps), vakarùškininkas, –ė ‘someone who attends parties’ (Krč). 4. DESIGNATIONS ACCORDING TO A PERSON’S SOCIAL STATUS An important criterion defining a social group of people is the material resources of its members (Vosylūtė, Kasparavičienė, Maniukaitė, Kocai 2004: 5). The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language encompasses “language in both space and time” (Nepokupnas 2002: 1421). Dialect examples have been collected for this dictionary for more than 100 years. They were recorded in more than 500 settlements (Naktinienė 2015: 496–497). Most dialect vocabulary was recorded in the 20th century, so the dictionary also offers a fairly vivid picture of the social relations of people in the 19th and 20th centuries. Data from the 1897 census show that in the second half of the 19th century, peasants accounted for 93.2 percent of all Lithuanians, townspeople for 3.9 percent, noblemen for 2.5 percent, and other estates for 0.3 percent. Even before the abolition of serfdom, the peasantry had split into social strata. At that time, state peasants were in the best position. Next came the činšas peasants belonging to landowners, and finally the corvée peasants, who were in the worst position (Vėbra 1990: 94–95). People have known hardship and troubles since time immemorial; in earlier communities (for example, agrarian Straipsniai / Articles 235 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ (type) peasants often suffered from crop failures and illnesses; in old age, those left alone had no social guarantees apart from help from family or the community, so it is natural that works of historical and social research, journalism, and fiction devote considerable attention to the lives of the poor (Vosyliūtė, Kasparavičienė, Maniukaitė, Kocai 2004: 10)13. It is understandable that several dozen personal designations associated with a person’s property status were also used in everyday speech. Most of the personal designations in this group are lexemes referring to people who were struggling, poor, and had little land14. About 30 designations in this semantic group have been recorded in the subdialect. Economic relations (the lack of certain property) are denoted by derivatives with the prefix be-: designations close to litotes are still used today: bekelnis, -ė ‘a poor, impoverished, destitute person’ (Grž), beskatikis, -ė ‘someone who does not have even a penny, penniless’ (Grž), betriōbis, -ė ‘someone who does not have their own house’ (Grž). Even today, the poor are also called by words and idioms used figuratively: sùšlamos ‘impoverished people’ (Jnšk), šãšas ‘of a feeble, weak, poverty-stricken person’ (Jnšk), plikas núogas ‘poor’ (Ps), plikas bãsas ‘poor’ (Krč), kaip tilvikas ‘of a poor person’ (Všk). LKŽe shows that more than one compound was used to refer to people in hardship: kiškiãponis ‘a minor lord, a peasant nobleman’ (Všk), pùšžemis, -ė ‘a farmer with little land, a sharecropper’ (Ps), utėlgrau̇žis, -ė ‘a pauper, a ragged person’ (Grž); only juodnãgis, -ė ‘someone with black nails, a manual laborer’ (Grž) is still used today. Suffixal derivatives are also falling out of active use: šliùdris, -ė ‘a shabby, ragged person’ (Ps), trãknis, -ė ‘a careless, impoverished farmer’ (Pšl). Some borrowings and words formed by hybrid derivation in this semantic group have already fallen out of active use: čiėlininkas, -ė, čiėlãžemis, -ė ‘a valakas holder, a person with undivided land’ (Jnšk), susiedas, -ė (Bel. сусед, сосед) ‘a landless person, tenant, cottager’ (Pmp), trijākas, -ė ‘a peasant holding a third of a valakas’ (Grž, Skrb). Borrowings and hybrid formations with broader meanings are still actively used by informants today: kiauraklỹnis, -ė ‘someone with a hole in, or a torn crotch, a pauper, a ragged person’ (Grž, Jnšk), plikarūris, -ė ‘someone bald, penniless’ (Jnšk), ùbagas, -ė (Bel. убог, Pol. ubogi) 1. ‘beggar’, 2. ‘destitute person, poor person, pauper’ (Jnšk, Ps, Všk). The subdialect has a considerable number of lexemes referring to a person in service, belonging to someone. Suffixal derivatives are still used by informants of the older generation: mergėse, mergiōtė ‘maid, female hired hand’ (Grž, Ps, Všk), tarnáutojas, -a ‘hired hand’ (Všk), vaikėsas, vaikėzas ‘hired hand, farmhand’ (Grž, Jnšk). Only LKŽe 13 For an account of the understanding of the poorest social group—beggars and outcasts—as it has developed in ethnographic and literary works and in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, see Vosyliūtė, Kasparavičienė, Maniukaitė, Kocai 2004: 12–16, 25–30. 14 In 1905, the land of smallholding peasants accounted for 51.7 percent of all farms; medium-sized peasants accounted for 23.8 percent, and larger farms made up 24.4 percent of all farms (Vėbra 1990: 11). 236 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Asmenų pavadinimai šiaurės panevėžiškių patarmėje we find the suffixal derivative tarnė ‘maid’ (Ps) and the determinative compound žydmergė ‘a Jew’s maid’ (Skrb). A few borrowings from Latvian and Slavic languages were recorded during field expeditions: andanárščikas, -ė, andinárčikas, -ė (Bel. андынарнік) ‘estate worker’ (Dj), paslūgóčius (Bel. паслугач) ‘servant’ (Pšl), žėnas (Latv. zēns) ‘young man, hired hand, farmhand’ (Jnšk), žeñkis (Latv. zeņķis) ‘hired hand, young man, farmhand’ (Dj). LKŽe shows that a hired hand who worked three days a week was called by a word formed through hybrid derivation, trijākas, -ė (Grž). The nobility and the well-to-do were designated by compound words. Informants still remember such terms for well-to-do people today: didžbajoris, -ė ‘a prominent nobleman’ (Grž), didžturtis, -ė ‘a rich person, a wealthy person’ (Grž), dvìžemis, -ė ‘someone who owns two plots of land, two farms’ (Jnšk), savižemis, -ė ‘someone who owns land, a landowner’ (Jnšk). An unmarried daughter of a landowner or lord was called by the suffixal derivative panėlė (Grž). The well-to-do were also referred to by idioms: nuõ súolo ‘from a good farm, from a wealthy family’ (Všk), pilnomis kišėnėmis ‘rich’ (Krč). The compound mėšpilvis, -ė ‘wealthy person’ is recorded only in LKŽe (Všk). Several personal designations recorded in LKŽe according to clothing and footwear are also associated with this semantic group. Some of these designations indirectly reflect a person’s social status: atlapkėklis, -ė ‘someone who walks with their neck unbuttoned’ (Grž), striūmbis, -ė ‘someone dressed in short clothes’ (Všk), pūrakelnis, -ė ‘someone who wears wide trousers’ (Krč), vyžākōjis, -ė ‘someone who wears bast shoes, wearing bast shoes’ (Ps), vyžiúotis, -ė ‘someone in bast shoes, a wearer of bast shoes’ (Pšl); compare also the hybrid formation pūrāklynis (Pol. klin) ‘someone who wears wide, sagging trousers, a person in baggy trousers’ (Jnšk, Všk). The designations čielāžemis, dvìžemis, pūšžemis, savìžemis show that the principal indicator of wealth or poverty in the Lithuanian countryside was land and its size. 5. NAMES ACCORDING TO AGE More than 30 names for people according to age have been recorded in the subdialect. The lexemes in this semantic group can be further divided into several subgroups. Names for a small, young, immature person. Several compound words have been recorded in the subdialect: aštuntamėtis, -ė “someone who is eight years old” (Grž), dešimtmetinis, -ė “someone who is ten years old” (Grž), papžindỹs, -ė “a young, inexperienced person, a greenhorn, a suckling” (Jnšk). The LKŽe records: glìtlaižis, -ė “someone who licks mucus, a snotty-nosed person; a young lad, a suckling” (Pmp), šeškabandis, -ė “someone not yet mature, a young shepherd” (Grž), žaliaglitìs, -ė, žaliapū̃vis, -ė “a suckling” (Jnšk). Of the six derivatives formed with endings and suffixes, the following were recorded during expeditions: mergė̃sė, mergiõtė “a grown girl, a young woman” (Grž, Jnšk), paaugùolis, -ė “an adolescent” (Grž); the LKŽe records: bambõkas, -ė “a lad,” glìčas, -ė “a snotty-nosed person, an immature person, a young shepherd” (Pmp), šnabždūkas “of a small child” (Ps). Straipsniai / Articles 237 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ Young, immature people are still referred to using figurative words and idioms: mažas “a baby” (Jnšk), snarglýs, -ė, snerglys, -ė “an immature person, a young shepherd” (Grž, Pšl), šnāpo nekākēlia nuo žẽrnės “of someone young and immature” (Ps), tik iš kiaušinio išsirītęs “inexperienced, young” (Jnšk), kūmelio šūdo neiššikęs vulgar “of someone immature” (Jnšk), pienas nenudžiūvo nuo lūpų “of someone young and immature” (Ps), panosė šlapia “of someone very young, a suckling” (Ps). Borrowings and hybrid formations are also used: mergáička, mergaička “an adolescent girl, a young woman” (Ps, Všk), smalapilvis, -ė “an immature person, a greenhorn” (Grž), žėkis, žeṅkis (Latvian zeṅkis) 1. “a young man, a youth” (Dj, Ps, Skrb, Slč), 2. “a boy, an adolescent” (Krč, Všk). Names for an elderly, old person. The subdialect has mostly recorded suffixal derivatives and derivatives formed with endings: bobulýtė “an old woman” (Ps, Všk), bobuliùkas “of a withered, dried-up woman” (Jnšk), senýlis, -ė “an old person” (Grž), seniõkas “an old man” (Krč), seniūgas “an old man” (Pšl); the LKŽe records dùmza “an awkward, old person” (Ps). Several compound words were recorded in the subdialect during expeditions: bóbapalakė “an old, feeble woman” (Jnšk), diẽngalis, -ė “near the end of one’s life, old, decrepit” (Dj), sénbizda “an extremely old person, a withered old person” (Grž). Describing an old person also draws on various similes and idioms: sėnas dáiktas “an old man” (Ps). Žmogus senatvėj kaip koks drėbalas (can no longer control oneself) (Jnšk). Suvaikėji, suvaikėji [senatvėj], kaip mažas palieki (Jnšk). Kvakšia, pukši kaip perēkšlė višta (of an old woman) (Grž). Jaunas kaip kvietkelis, senas kaip šaknelė (shrunken) (Ps). 6. SUMMARY The personal names discussed in the article show that the dialect makes especially extensive use of compound words (more than 80 are discussed in this article) and suffixal derivatives (about 120 were recorded) when naming people according to a salient external feature, age, activity, or social relationships. Suffixal derivatives are generally formed from the corresponding verbs or adjectives. The largest and less rapidly changing semantic group consists of names describing various physical shortcomings. Personal names arising through metaphorization are quite widespread in the subdialect. Zoomorphisms are used extensively, and ornithomorphic descriptions of people are common. Most such figurative names remain in active use in the subdialect to this day. It was observed that expressive verbs used to describe a person’s gait (limping, swaying from side to side, and so on) are used less often. As these verbs fall out of use, the personal names derived from them also become increasingly rare kripãlis, klỹvis, štapietas, and others. 238 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Asmenų pavadinimai šiaurės panevėžiškių patarmėje Names associated with a person’s activity, interests, and social status change most rapidly. As the activity in a particular field disappears or ceases altogether, the names of people associated with that activity fall out of use or are recalled only when speaking about the past: akmenininkas, arkliapjovis, ašūnduonįs, birbėjas, gānas, dienininkas, kālkdegis, kraujalaidis, kūliādaris, laūksargis, siekėlninkas and others. Older-generation informants use quite a few names for people according to their activity only when speaking about work done in the past, for example, recalling flax harvesting, rye harvesting, and the like. As old wedding and funeral customs disappear, the corresponding names for people also fall out of use: kraiĉkeroūys, kraiĉvežys, palȳdas, pasekėjas, titilvežis, verkėja, višteliáutojas. Some lexemes are disappearing from the system along with realities that have vanished or become less popular—for example, since bast shoes are no longer worn, the names vyžakōjo ir vyžiuōčio are becoming irrelevant; since no one sells saccharin, rags, or old scrap iron separately anymore, cukrėlninkai, sėngeležiai ir škūrļininkai are beginning to be forgotten. Especially many names denoting social status have fallen out of active use. Most of the names in this semantic group analyzed in the article were collected from LKŽe; only a few were recorded from informants when asking them about their childhood or youth. Lexemes with more general meanings in this group remain in active use to this day (bekėlnis, juodnagis, kiauraklėynis, plikaruūris, ūbagas). Names for people according to age have been preserved relatively well in the subdialect. It has been observed that compounds naming people according to age whose lexical meaning differs from their derivational meaning are falling out of use more rapidly, for example, glītlaīžis, šeškabандis, žaliaglītis, žaliapūūvis. Regarding loanwords, a tendency has been observed for some Slavicisms still to be used fairly actively by older-generation informants. Slavicisms that are no longer relevant to speakers are falling out of use more rapidly: cigēlninkas, desetnininkas, desētninkas, pakajūūka, špiegas, tūlkininkas, žēlnius and the like. LITERATURE AND SOURCES Babickienė Zofija 2015: Asmenų pavadinimai tradicinėje žemaičių (dounininkų) tarmėje. – Tarmės – Europos tautų kultūros paveldas. Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio universitetas, 370–393. Prieiga internete: http://ebooks.mruni.eu/pdfreader/tarms-europos-taut-kultros-paveldas-dialects-cultural-heritage-european-nations. Buivydienė Rūta 1997: Lietuvių kalbos ved ybų giminystės pavadinimai. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. BŽe – the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian, in preparation. Editorial board: D. Liutkevičienė (editor-in-chief), G. Naktinienė, R. Petrokienė, D. Svetikienė, K. Vosilytė, J. Straipsniai / Articles 239 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ Zabarskaitė. Programuotojas V. Satkevičius. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2012–2016. Prieiga internete: http://bkzd.lki.lt; BŽe rankraštis. Civjan Tatjana 1990: Цивян Т. В. Лингвистические основы балканской картины мира. Москва: Наука. Dzežulskienė Judita 2001: Asmenų pavadinimai, reiškiami veiksmažodiniais mobiliaisiais daiktavardžiais (substantiva mobilia). – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 44, 55–69. DŽe – Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian: sixth (third electronic) edition, editor-in-chief Stasys Keinys. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2006; online version, 2011. Available online: http://lkiis.lki.lt. FzŽ – Dictionary of Phraseology. Compiled by Irena Ermanytė, Ona Kažukauskaitė, Gertrūda Naktinienė, Jonas Paulauskas (ed.), Zita Šimėnaitė, Angelė Vilutytė. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2001. Available online: http://lkiis.lki.lt/ Gudavičius Aloyzas 2000: Etnolingvistika. Šiauliai: Šiaulių universitetas. Jakaitienė Evalda 2010: Leksikologija. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. Jakaitienė Evalda 1988: Leksinė semantika. Vilnius: Mokslas. Jasiūnaitė Birutė 1999: Endriejaviškių pejoratyvinė leksika (neigiamieji žmogaus apibūdinimai). – Lietuvių dialektologijos skaitiniai 1. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas, 300–325. Kardelis Vytautas: 2003: Rytų aukštaičių šnektų slavizmų fonologijos bruožai. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. Klimavičiūtė Rūta 2012: Asmenis įvardijantys daiktavardžiai: sinonimija ir vartosena. Bakalauro darbas. Vilniaus universitetas. Kravcova Liudmila: 2013: Šiuolaikinės rusų kalbos asmenis įvardijantys daiktavardžiai kaip pasaulėvaizdžio atspindis (pagal „XXI amžiaus aiškinamąjį rusų kalbos žodyną. Aktualı leksika“). Daktaro disertacijos santrauka. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. LKŽe – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 1–20, 1941–2002, electronic version, editorial board: Gertrūda Naktinienė (editor-in-chief), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2005 (updated version, 2008). Available online: www.lkz.lt. LKŽP – “Card index of Supplements to the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. Available online: http://lkiis.lki.lt. Naktinienė Gertrūda 2015: Tarmių faktų pateikimas akademiniame Lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Tarmės – Europos tautų kultūros paveldas. Vilnius: Mykolo 240 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Asmenų pavadinimai šiaurės panevėžiškių patarmėje Romero University, 494–515. Available online: http://ebooks.mruni.eu/pdfreader/tarms-europos-taut-kultros-paveldas-dialects-cultural-heritage-european-nations. Papaūrėlytė-Klovienė Silvija 2007: Lingvistinės kultūrologijos bruožai. Šiauliai: VšĮ Šiaulių universiteto leidykla. Pečkuvienė Laima 2014: Demenį bendr- turintys asmenų pavadinimai ir jų darybos ypatumai administracinėje kalboje. – Socialinių mokslų studijos 6(3), 648–660. Prieiga internete: file:///C:/Users/vartotojas/Downloads/4059-8713-1-SM.pdf. Pikčilingis Juozas 1975: Lietuvių kalbos stilistika 2. Vilnius: Mokslas. PPr – Proverbs and Sayings. Edited by K. Grigas and A. Jonynas. Vilnius: State Publishing House of Fiction, 1958. Rosinėnė Gražina 1978: Žmogaus sudėjimo, jėgos, sveikatos, amžiaus, veiklumo ir darbštumo apibūdinimas zoomorfizmais. – Kalbotyra 29(1), 41–51. Rosinėnė Gražina 1982: Zoomorfinis žmogaus apibūdinimas lietuvių kalboje (psicholingvistinio eksperimento duomenimis). – Kalbotyra 33(1), 78–87. Rosinėnė Gražina 1989: Lietuvių kalbos zoomorfizmų semantinės struktūros sistemiškumas. – Baltistica 3(2), Priedas, 384–387. Ruškys Algirdas 1982: Lietuvių kalbos frazeologizmų, pejoratyviškai apibūdinančių žmogaus charakterio bruožus, semantika ir stilistinės ypatybės. – Kalbotyra 33(1), 88–95. Ruškys Algirdas 2010: Žmogaus pasaulio atspindžiai endriejaviškių šnektoje. – Lietuvos lokaliniai tyrimai. Kalba. Prieiga internete: http://www.llt.lt/pdf/endriejavas/endriejavas_kalba.pdf. Vėbra Rimantas 1990: Lietuvių visuomenė XIX a. antrojoje pusėje. Socialinės struktūros bruožai. Vilnius: Mokslas. PlgŽ – Vosylytė Klementina. Dictionary of Comparisons. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2014. Available online: http://lkiis.lki.lt/ Vosyliūtė Anelė, Kasparavičienė Vida, Maniukaitė Gražina, Kocai Elena 2004: Varguomenė: gyvensena ir vertybės. Vilnius: Socialinių tyrimų institutas. Zabarskaitė Jolanta 2006: Ekspresyvioji lietuvių kalbos leksika ir vartosenos žodynai. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 1: Aiškinamųjų bendrinės kalbos žodynų aktualijos. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 170–180. Zinkevičius Zigmas 2006: Lietuvių tarmių kilmė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Zlatkutė Eglė 2011: Žmogų apibūdinantys palyginimai lietuvių kalboje. Bakalauro darbas. Vilniaus universitetas. Straipsniai / Articles 241 AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ ONLINE RESOURCES: Russian-Belarusian Dictionary. Available online: http://www.skarnik.by. Dictionaries of the Russian Language. Available online: http://www.gramota.ru/slovari. Dictionary of the Polish Language. Available online: http://sjp.pwn.pl/ http://sjp.pwn.pl. Great Dictionary of the Polish Language. Available online: http://www.wsjp.pl. Personal Names in the Northern Panevėžiškiai Subdialect SUMMARY The article discusses 280 personal names from the Northern Panevėžiškiai Subdialect and Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language which reflect the person’s physical properties, age, occupation, and social relations. The material collected for the study shows that compound words (more than 80 of them are discussed in the present article) and suffixal derivatives (about 120 of them were recorded) are frequently employed for naming people in the traditional dialect. If the base word of a derivative or a compound word is still used in the subdialect, personal names formed from them tend to remain in use as well. Names denoting various external defects constitute the largest semantic group which is not prone to rapid changes. Personal names formed through metaphorisation are rather widely spread in the subdialect. Zoomorphisms are frequently used; personal ornitomorphic descriptions are also common. Age-denoting personal names are rather well preserved in the subdialect. The names linked to an occupation, hobby and social status are subject to most rapid changes. As the occupations of a certain sphere gradually disappear, the names related to those occupations are no longer used or are only remembered with reference to the past. A part of lexemes withdraw from the system together with the realia which are either defunct or no longer popular. Received on 14 July 2016. AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language Petro Vileišio g. 5, Vilnius LT-10308, Lietuva [email protected] 242 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV