Vadinamojo bavarų geografo „Bruzi“ ir prūsai

Straipsniai / Articles 15 DIEGO ARDOINO The University of Vilnius Research areas include Prussian language, Old Belarusian script, italų ir lotynų kalbų (istorinė) gramatika, filologija, kalbotyra, dialectology, textual studies, codicology, paleography, and comparative linguistics. VADINAMOJO BAVAR[…] This is a list of airports in Brazil, sorted by location. GEOGRAPHY BROWN and the PRESS The So-Called Bavarian Geographer's Bruzi and Old Prussians This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. It is widely believed that the name "Prussian ethnic group" first appeared in the form of a short Latin text in a 9th-century manuscript traditionally attributed to the so-called Bavarian geographer. A careful coding and paleographic examination of the manuscript suggests that the text was inserted into the manuscript at a much later date, and a thorough philological examination of it suggests a new hypothesis about the region in which the Bruzi were settled. These words are: geographer of Bavaria, Bruzi, Prussians, description of civilisation and region, philology of the Baltics. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. It is a widespread opinion in literature that the ethnonym Prussians is first encountered as Bruzi in a short Latin text kept in a manuscript dating back to the 9th century and traditionally attributed to the so-called Bavarian geographer. An accurate codicological and palaeographical study of the manuscript shows that the text was definitely inserted at a later date, and its thorough philological examination allows us to propose a new hypothesis about the region in which the Bruzi settled. KEYWORDS: Bavarian geographer, Bruzi, Old Prussians, Descriptio civitatum et regionum, Baltic philology. He is also the author of a number of books on the history of the Baltic states. DIEGO ARDOINO 16 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV, containing the following sections: The term "Bavarian geographer" is used in the specialized literature of Baltic žinomas visų pirma dėl to, kad manoma, jog jis užfiksavo pirmąjį šiandien žiphilology to refer to the ethnic group of the Bavarian geographers called the Prussian nomads, who have been consistently called Prussians since the 13th century. Here is what some important scholars have written about it: 1) "The first time the Prussian word (Bruzi) was used in the Bavarian geographical writings of the ninth century (Skat. Łovmjańska Studja nad pocz. społ. i państwa lit. I 47 un II 151.) " (Endzelīns, 1945: 39). 2) "Prussia" was first mentioned by this name in the 9th century: the so-called Bavarian Geographer Bruzi "Prussia". Later (around 965), the Spanish traveler Ibrahim-ibn-Jokūbas (Mažiulis 1966: 1314) became famous as Burūs mini. 3) […]From the 9th century the name Prussian replaces the name Aestian last mentioned by Wulfstan (and perhaps transferred to the Estonians). The name Bruzi […]Prussians[…] is mentioned by the Bavarian geographer for the first time in the middle of the ninth century[…] (Schmalstieg 1976: 3). 4) The name Bruzi is mentioned among many other names in the "Bavarian geographer's description of cities and regions in the northern Danube region". [...] This is the first known mention of the Prussian name (ninth century) […] (Kabelka 1982: 40). 5) From the 9th century onwards, the name of the Prussians appears in historical sources to refer to the same night-time whites. It was first mentioned in the 9th century by the so-called Bavarian geographer Bruzi (Zinkevičius 1984: 279). 6) The designation of the bearers of P.ya. The root * was first noted in the 9th century. […] Bruzi (Bavarian geographer), i.e. in the same century, when the last ний раз население этик мест названо «айстиями» (Вулфстан), ср. I went to Tatsita for the first time (Toporov 2006: 50). 7) The Prussian name (form Bruzi) is first mentioned in the 9th century. In the writings of the Bavarian Geographer (LKE 2008: 439). 8) […]The name of the Prussians is first encountered as the form Bruzi in the 9th century in The Bavarian Geographer (Zakrzewski 1917), and as the form Burūs (roughly in the year 965) in the Arabic works by Ibrāhīm ibn Jaķūb (Kowalski p. 147) […] (Dini 2014: 327). In his argument, he drew attention to the oldest historical source fixations of this surname, with roots at the beginning of b-: Bavarian Geographer (ninth century) Bruzi (Karaliūnas 2015: 232). One Scylla. Leszek Bednarczuk, also known as This Decision shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Straipsniai / Articles 17 Vadinamojo bavarų geografo Bruzi ir prūsai All of these scholars emphasize two facts that are considered certain, reliable, and unquestionable: The ethnonym Bruzi was first mentioned in the 9th century. • it is the first known Prussian fixation of the ethnonym to date. So the Bavarian geographer's testimony is essentially important for two reasons: • because of the similarity between the formal ethnonym Bruzi (recorded by the Bavarian geographer) and the newer Prussian (mostly recorded since the 13th century), which has encouraged many scholars to identify the Bruzi with the Prussians; • due to the age of the fixation (ninth century). If the text attributed to the so-called Bavarian geographer were, say, the 13th century, it would not be so important, because in many other 13th-century sources the ethnonym Prussia is mentioned as well as the prussian choron. However, a few (obvious) things need to be clarified. As we have just seen, the aforementioned publications state that the ethnonym Bruzi was first mentioned in the 9th century. In fact, it would be more accurate to say that the document in which the Bruzi form is recorded is dated to the ninth century. More precisely, the document containing the Bruzi form is usually dated to the 9th century and was written by an unknown author, conventionally called the Bavarian geographer. Now you might ask: • on what basis is it claimed that the document containing the Bruzi form dates back to the ninth century? Also: • Are we absolutely certain that the ethnic group Bruzi can be identified with the same peoples that have been called the Prussian ethnic group since the 13th century? These are questions that are difficult (or impossible) to answer based on purely linguistic considerations. To answer these questions properly, there is only one way: a philological (i.e. critical) analysis of the original document containing the ethnonym Bruzi. When I use the term philological analysis, I mean the critical study of a document using the instruments provided by philology: paleography, codicology, textual analysis, in other words, ekdotics. When studying a more or less isolated, isolated gloss or testimony, linguists tend to concentrate immediately (and often only) on etymological comparative research and therefore often do not include other considerations. The same thing happened with the ethnic group Bruzi. 2 And the most recent Prussian handbook makes the same statements: […]The Prussian name is also attested in the 9th century sources (e.g. Bavarian Geographer Bruzi 9th century, Ibrahim-ibn-Jokubo Burus 10th century, Adomo Brėmeniecius Pruzzi 11th century, Nestor Metro Prussian 11th-12th century, etc.) […] (Rinkevičius) 2015: 14). DIEGO ARDOINO 18 The Lithuanian Language Act LXXV As Simas Karaliūnas (Karaliūnas 2015: 226237) well points out, Belarusian philologists who have studied the Bavarian geographical evidence have not hesitated to check the document's date and the validity of the Bruzi ~ Prussian identification, focusing mainly on the etymological and linguistic analysis of the Bruzi form. However, in such cases as the one under consideration, at least initially, it is necessary to resist the attraction of etymological analysis and, after rejecting it, to take a thorough look at the document containing the word under consideration from a philological, codicological and paleographic point of view. Such a modus operandi would provide a stronger basis for further linguistic research and help to avoid the dissemination of inaccurate (or, worse, completely unfounded) information. As it moves from one publication to another, such information becomes uncontrollable and, after a few citations, is accepted in court as true, doing great damage to current scientific achievements and future research. Now let's move on to the description of the document attributed to the Bavarian geographer. The Bruzi ethnic group is mentioned in a short (two-page) document known as: Descriptio civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam danubii (description of the fortresses and countryside on the northern side of the Danube) (see Fig. 1). 1 PAV. Other The beginning of the document. This is the first word of the document, which the Polish writer Jan Potocki called the Bavarian Geographer, because the text was discovered in Munich, Bavaria, in the Bavarian State Library (Bavarian Staatsbibliothek), now known as the Regia Bibliothek Monarchica. The Descriptio civitatum et regionum is a Codex unicus (the only surviving and known copy of this document) discovered in 1772 by the French historian and playwright Louis-Gabriel Du-Nançay in a parchment folio of various geometrical and astronomical writings (safe at the Staatsbibliothek München, C. 560m. cipher) on the last two pages (149v and 150r). 3 About the geography of Bavaria see Zakrzewski 1917; Von Keltsch 1886: 505[…]560; Fritze 1952: 326[…]341; Billig 1995: 27[…]67; Rossignol 2011: 305[…]316. This is a list of people who were born in, residents of, or are otherwise closely associated with the city of Zakrzewski. Articles 19 and 2 of the PAV. Descriptio civitatum et Vadinamojo bavarų geografo Bruzi ir prūsai regionum page 149v. This is the first time that the European Parliament has been consulted on this matter. DIEGO ARDOINO 20 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV 3 PAV. Other Descriptio civitatum et regionum page 150r. This is the first time I have seen this. Articles of the Treaty Vadinamojo bavarų geografo Bruzi ir prūsai The codex can be distinguished into four codicological units of different ages, which the famous paleographer Bernhard Bischoff4 assigned to the end of the ninth century (the last two) and the beginning of the eleventh century (the first two). Descriptio civitatum et regionum neabejotinai is a later appendix, dated to the 10th century (or somewhat later), which Bischoff believes was written by a transcriber from southwestern Germany. Descriptio civitatum et regionum (see Figures 2 and 3) […] trumpas6 and in many respects a problematic document7 […] is a list of fifty-eight nations established in the northern Danube region, which has become quite important mainly for researchers of Slavic history due to its antiquity. Most ethnonyms are usually accompanied by the corresponding number of civitates (the term civitas should probably be understood as referring to fortresses, not cities or territories), and sometimes additional information is provided. The Descriptio civitatum et regionum has a clear two-part structure. After the incipit, 13 nations are listed, followed by two corrections: They are regions, ending in finibus nostris (fig. 4) They are, which iuxta historum fines resident (fig. 5). 4 PAV. Descriptio civitatum et regionum 149v, page 15 and 16 of the series. 5th PAV. Descriptio civitatum et regionum, page 149v, 16 lines. This is a list of the municipalities of the Czech Republic. The document is then edited to the end, usually ending abruptly with fifty-eighth nation (Golensizi civitates V), without adding any additional information or explicit. There are not many nations listed in the second part. Bischoff 1981: 187 to 211; Bischoff 2004: 221 to 222. 5 Bischoff 1960: 262, 3 from 6 Descriptio sudaro 26 eilutės 149v puslapyje ir 12 eilučių 150r puslapyje. Bruzi etnonimas užfikwith page 150r in rows 56. Franz Brunhölz (1996: 502 […] 503) does not give it any literary importance. DIEGO ARDOINO 22 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV are known from nowhere else and it is often difficult (or impossible) to determine which nation is being referred to. For some of these peoples, the number of civitates is not indicated, while for others […] their number is enormous, sometimes with speculative knowledge. Because of this inconsistency, it was said that the second part of the Descriptio civitatum et regionum was originally a separate text by another author. In the absence of a possible multiple-edition hypothesis, it can be argued that the way the second part of the text is laid out often betrays a certain inaccuracy of the writer (or the possible source he used). In addition, it seems that most nations are not named according to their adjacent territorial location, so it is very risky to consider them (even roughly) as geographical reference points. Without going into the document and the many uncertainties it contains (especially those related to the sources and purposes of the document), I would like to focus on the ethnonym Bruzi, which, as has been repeated many times, for many years in the literature of Belarusian and Slavic philology is considered the oldest known prussian fixation of the ethnonym. Descriptio civitatum et regionum tekste Bruzi is the thirty-eighth smallest nation (see figure 6): Bruzi · plus ē undiq· quādeenisa ad rhenū· t. y. This is the first time I've seen this. Bruzi plus est undique quam de enisa ad rhenum. What are you doing here? 6 PAV. Other Descriptio civitatum et regionum 150r page, 56 lines. This is a list of the municipalities of the Czech Republic. Based on the descriptions mentioned by the geographer of all the Bavarian peoples, it is possible to translate, or more precisely to interpret, the commentary on the Bruzi ethnic group as follows: the region inhabited by the Bruzi is entirely larger than the region stretching from the Enso to the Rhine. Once again, while emphasizing that all the hypotheses raised on this subject, due to the lack of data and evidence, must in any case be regarded as (more or less well-founded) conjectures, based on the translation I have just given, I will continue to try to understand (i.e. interpret) the Bavarian geographer's statement about Bruz. When the word rhenum refers to the Rhine River (Latin k. Rhenus; German k. Rhein), it seems unlikely. Since the Rhine is a river, it is likely that the word enisa could also refer to a river, a lake, a mountain, or another significant and easily identifiable element of the landscape. Articles by Articles 23 Vadinamojo bavarų geografo Bruzi ir prūsai Iš tikrųjų enisa galima gana įtikinamai susieti su dabartine Enso upe (Enns the southern entrance to the Danube, which flows approximately 250 km into Austrian territory (see Figure 7). 7 PAV. Other The region stretching from the Rhine to the Enso. The name of the river Enns in Latin is recorded variously: Anasus, Anisus, Anesus (Forcellini 1828: 960); Anesus, Enesus, Enasa, Anasus, Enesis, Anisus, Anisa (Graesse 1909: 17). This is the first time that the term has been used in this way. Descriptio civitatum et regionum Graesse 1909: 17 Forcellini 1828: 960 This is a list of the municipalities of the region of Graesse. This is Enisa Anasus Anasus Anesus Anesus, what are you doing? The Anisus Fresh or chilled The Ensa The Enesis The Enesus The exact correspondence has not yet been found, but the phonetic difference between the name recorded by the Bavarian geographer Enisa and the variants found in other sources of Enisa, Enisa is so subtle that when recalling the graphic variations of medieval scribes (the names of other languages whose sounds are pronounced in Latin)