Kėdainiečių (lietuvių, lenkų) pavardžių formavimosi tendencijos XVII–XVIII amžiuje

ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language Research areas: historical anthroponymy, historical toponymy. TENDENCIES IN THE FORMATION OF SURNAMES AMONG KĖDAINIAI RESIDENTS (LITHUANIANS, POLES) IN THE 17TH–18TH CENTURIES Tendencies in the Formation of Surnames among Residents of Kėdainiai (Lithuanians, Poles) in the 17th–18thth Century ABSTRACT Approximately 2,500 designations of Kėdainiai residents were selected for analysis from 24 seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Kėdainiai court books, the 1604, 1624, and 1666 Kėdainiai inventories, the 1622 inventory of the Kėdainiai rectory’s činš, and other old city manuscripts (not only anthroponyms of different individuals were counted, but also various variants of the forms of their personal names). Examination of these yielded the principal tendencies in the formation and recording of surnames among Kėdainiai residents (Lithuanians and Poles) in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By the second half of the seventeenth century, virtually all Kėdainiai residents belonging to the ethnic groups mentioned above had surnames; surnames emerged more slowly only among members of the lower strata (servants and others). In the eighteenth century, the final stabilization of the forms of their surnames continued. These findings were also compared with the results of studies of residents of Lithuania’s larger cities (Kaunas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and Vilnius in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries). KEYWORDS: Kėdainiai, seventeenth–eighteenth centuries, court books, surname formation. ANNOTATION Around 2,500 cases of naming (both the anthroponyms of different people and various versions of their personal name forms) were collected for the analysis from 24 Kėdainiai registry books of the 17–18th century, Kėdainiai inventories of 1604, 1624 and 1666, Kėdainiai rectory land rent inventory of 1622 and other old city manuscripts. Their analysis led to the distinction of the major tendencies in the formation and spelling of surnames Str aipsniai / Articles 53 ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ designating Kėdainiai residents (Lithuanians, Poles) in the 17th–18th century. In fact, in the second half of the 17th century all residents of Kėdainiai belong to the abovementioned ethnic groups had surnames. It only took longer for the surnames of lower social classes (servants, etc.) to originate. The forms of their surnames finally settled in the 18th century. The conclusions are compared with the findings of the research on residents in larger Lithuanian cities (16th–18th century Kaunas, 16th–17th century Vilnius). KEYWORDS: Kėdainiai, 17th–18th century, registry books, formation of surnames. 0. INTRODUCTION The process of surname formation among Lithuania’s urban estate has already begun to be studied. The personal names recorded in the marriage registers of Vilnius’s Church of St John from 1602–1615 and the baptismal registers from 1611–1616 were examined in detail by Zigmas Zinkevičius (Zinkevičius 1973: 17–19; 1974: 78–85; 1976: 125–131; 1977: 197a: 93–101; 1977b: 151–156; Zinkevičius 1974: 136–143; 1980: 151–156). In his monograph Lithuanian Anthroponymy: Personal Names of Lithuanians in Vilnius at the Beginning of the 16th Century, he stressed that the beginning of the 17th century is a very important period for understanding the process of Lithuanian surname formation. It is therefore essential to examine carefully the use of inherited personal names of that time in sources written in the areas most affected by the process of Polonization, at the time when that process began and intensified (Zinkevičius 1977: 4). To this end, in the final chapter of the monograph, The Process of Surname Formation (op. cit., 64–65), the author observes that, on the basis of church register books, “it is difficult to determine precisely which bynames in the records were no longer temporary, valid only once, but permanent and passed down from generation to generation—that is, which performed the function of a surname. Direct evidence indicating the family relationships between the persons recorded, from which one might judge whether a byname was temporary or permanent, appears in only a few records” (op. cit., 64). Nevertheless, he goes on to suggest that, at that time, surnames were probably already held by the families of privileged people, who took care to preserve their high status of origin and genealogy (op. cit., 65). Drawing on the names of Šiauliai residents recorded in the city’s tax lists for 1662–1663 and in the Šiauliai manor court book for 1636–1738, Zigmantas Kiaupa attempted to characterize the tendencies in the formation of their surnames. He concluded that the emergence of surnames among the residents of Šiauliai can already be observed in the first half of the 17th century (Kiaupa 1991: 3–4). The author of this article investigated the formation of surnames among the residents of Kaunas, one of the largest cities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th–18th centuries. She devoted a chapter of her monograph Personal Names of Kaunas Residents in the 16th–18th Centuries to this purpose 54 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVI Kėdainičių (lietuvių, lenkų) pavardžių formavimosi tendencijos XVII–XVIII amžiuje “Surname Formation” and several publications (Ragauskaitė 2001: 123–143; 2001a: 40–41; 2002: 31–40; 2005: 75–96; 2009: 226–232). Analysis of documents from Kaunas municipal institutions spanning three centuries made it possible to present preliminary conclusions about the development of urban surnames and its course (Ragauskaitė 2005: 76–96). It was established that surnames first formed among the urban elite. Already in the first half of the 16th century, local residents of Kaunas (Lithuanians, Poles, Ruthenians) who held high social positions gradually acquired inherited personal names. Members of the German Lutheran community living in Kaunas also had surnames at that time. In the second half of that century and the first half of the 17th century, some members of the middle and lower strata of the urban estate were recorded with a single, common anthroponym. Records from the second half of the 16th century show that, by then, virtually all Kaunas residents had surnames. The surnames of representatives of Kaunas’s marginal strata apparently formed more slowly (Ragauskaitė 2001: 140). In the 17th–18th centuries, the forms of Kaunas residents’ surnames reached their final stabilization. This is evidenced by the many surname variants (Ragauskaitė 2002: 38; 2005: 91–95). The general developmental patterns of surnames among the residents of 16th–17th-century Vilnius, 17th-century Kėdainiai, and 17th-century Joniškis have been surveyed on the basis of more than 4,000 personal-name records gathered from historical documents of these cities. Surnames first began to form among the urban upper classes; representatives of the middle and lower strata acquired them later. The surviving books of records from Joniškis, a small town in northern Lithuania, date only from 1722. Even so, this evidence clearly shows that inherited personal names were held not only by Joniškis residents belonging to the urban elite (burgomasters, the town reeve, and the like), but also by people from the lower strata. The forms of surnames among residents of these cities continued to stabilize in the 18th century (Ragauskaitė 2008: 36). The people of Scottish origin who arrived in Kėdainiai around 1628–1629 already had surnames, but the recording—or omission—of their inherited anthroponyms in the city manuscripts varied. This was due to the absence of a uniform, universally obligatory naming system, the scribal traditions of the time, and other factors. Nevertheless, evidence has been identified from the 17th–18th centuries that clearly demonstrates the use of inherited personal names (surnames) of Scottish residents of Kėdainiai in historical sources concerning the city. In different entries in magistrate case records, the surnames of these people, written in Latin or Slavic forms, could be modified in various ways. As a result, graphic variants arose in the surnames of Scottish men living in Kėdainiai (Ragauskaitė 2007: 63–64; 2016: 56–57). The surnames of Germans who moved to Kėdainiai from the end of the third decade of the 17th century onward had already been formed, but the ways they were written in historical sources had not yet become standardized. This is especially evident when members of the same family (husband and wife, etc.) are listed together. It has been shown that the woman’s given name and maiden surname were omitted. Sometimes magistrate case records indicate only the common Straipsniai / Articles 55 ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ the surname of the spouses engaged in litigation. The nature of the record books examined and the context of the entries influenced this phenomenon. A person mentioned in one document (a plaintiff, defendant, or the like) might be recorded briefly, more simply, or simply differently in another hearing record in the same case. This was presumably related both to spoken language and to the informal description of townspeople. These surnames of people of other ethnic backgrounds sounded unfamiliar to the scribes; consequently, historical documents preserve variants in the spelling of the Germanic surnames of Kėdainiai residents. This phenomenon was diverse and inconsistent (Ragauskaitė 2016a: 111–128). As can be seen, the different ethnic groups living in Kėdainiai (Scots, Germans, etc.) had distinctive systems for naming people and particular features in the recording and formation of surnames, among other things; therefore, research into the historical anthroponymy of Kėdainiai in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries continues below. The aim of this article is to discuss the tendencies in the recording of surnames among the local communities of Kėdainiai (Lithuanians and Poles) in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and to provide a more detailed analysis of the formation of surnames among the town’s distinct social strata. In addition, the chronology of surname formation among Kėdainiai residents will be compared with the findings of research on surname formation among the inhabitants of Lithuania’s major cities (Kaunas in the sixteenth–eighteenth centuries and Vilnius in the sixteenth–seventeenth centuries). The material for this article was collected mainly from 24 record books of Kėdainiai, written in Latin and Polish. These are among the most valuable sources for the historical anthroponymy of Kėdainiai (Ragauskaitė 2008: 29; 2014a: 23). Entries from the last decade of the seventeenth century are found in the magistrate’s book for 1690–1775. Most of the record books contain documents concerning the acknowledgment, recording, and mortgaging of townspeople’s property, debt documents, court decisions, and minutes of magistrate sessions. Books of minutes of magistrate sessions or meetings, and of the assessors’ court, survive from 1759 onward. The minutes in question date from 1759–1763, 1767–1773, and 177–1792 (Tyla 2000: 65; KN 27). The books examined cover the period from the seventeenth to the beginning of the nineteenth century (1623–18061, 1690–1775, 1704–1720, 1721–1725, 1732–1740, 1732–1743, 1744–1750, 1750–1752, 1750–1761, 1750–1766, 1753–1755, 1756–1758, 1762–1763, 1763–1770, 1767–1770, 1771–1773, 1774–1777, 1777–1779, 1777–1780, 1779–1782, 1782–1791, 1783–1792, 1791–1806, and 1794–1798). These documents vary in length. The 1756–1758 book is probably the largest, comprising 627 folios, while the smallest is an 84-folio book whose entries cover 1732–1740. At least 17 scribes who wrote these books have been counted (Tyla 2000: 73–75). It is claimed that scribes who kept municipal record books had prepared collections of formulas for various acts, which they used when recording different people, 1 In fact, this is not a magistrate’s book dating from 1623–1806, as stated in the description of the Lithuanian State Historical Archives, but individual documents from a period of a couple of centuries bound together in a single collection. 56 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVI Kėdainių (lietuvių, lenkų) pavardžių formavimosi tendencijos XVII–XVIII amžiuje teismų bylų nutartis ir pan. (Jablonskis 1979: 222). Stengiantis kompensuoti XVII a. Kėdainių aktų knygų pirmosios pusės įrašų stygių, dar remiamasi kitais surastais šio šimtmečio istorijos dokumentais. Tai 1604 m., 1624 m., 1666 m. Kėdainių inventoriai, 1622 m. Kėdainių klebonijos činčo inventorius ir kt., daugiausia rašyti lenkų kalba. Iš minėtų XVII–XVIII a. istorijos šaltinių šio straipsnio analizei buvo atrinkta apie 2 500 (2 000 vyrų ir 500 moterų) įvardijimų. Skaičiuoti ne tik skirtingi, bet ir pasikartojantys tų pačių asmenų užrašymai (jų antroponimų lyčių variantai). 1. ON THE ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS COMPOSITION OF KĖDAINIAI IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES XVII–XVIII a. Kėdainiai buvo daugiar eliginis ir daugiatautis miestas (Žirgulis 2005: 179; 2005b: 35). Norėdamas pagyvinti prekybą, amatus ir aktyviai remdamas reformaciją, Kristupas Radvila siekė, kad Kėdainiuose įsikurtų kuo daugiau šios religijos šalininkų (Tworek 1966: 193; Žirgulis 2005a: 226). Tuo metu Kėdainių mieste daugiausiai gyveno lietuvių, lenkų, škotų, vokiečių, žydų (dar žr. Šinkūnas 1928: 21, 36; KN 18; Žirgulis 2005: 179). Šiame mieste buvo įsikūrusių katalikų, evangelikų reformatų, evangelikų liuteronų, judėjų ir šiek tiek stačiatikių (Šinkūnas 1928: 21–22; KN 18; Žirgulis 2005: 179; 2005a: 225–247; 2006: 234–235). Manoma, kad apie 1624 m. Kėdainiuose ekonominė veikla pradėjo žydai, o 1629 m. buvo pakviesti vokiečiai evangelikai liuteronai (Žirgulis 2005a: 227). Teigiama, kad Kristupas Radvila palaikė ryšius su Ebingo reformų bažnyčia, kuriai priklausė ir škotai. Nors nėra žinoma, ar jie buvo oficialiai pakviesti, tačiau apie 1628–1629 m. Kėdainiuose pasirodė ir škotai reformatų (Žirgulis 2002: 236). Per 1590–1795 m. (per visą miesto savivaldos laikotarpį) iš įvairių miesto dokumentų (taip pat ir iš tiriamų XVII–XVIII a. Kėdainių aktų knygų) buvo surinktos 225 magistrato pareigūnų pavardės (Tyla 2000: 73–75). Paaiškėjo, kad iš 225 miesto pareigūnų per kalbamąjį laikotarpį net 72,9% tokias aukštas pareigas užimantys buvo vietiniai gyventojai lietuviai bei lenkai (Žirgulis 2002: 25). In the context of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Orthodox Christians of Kėdainiai are also referred to in this article as “Ruthenians.” This is a broader term, reflecting the fact that the national identity of these people was not clearly defined at the time (Ragauskas 2002: 284). The small Orthodox community in Kėdainiai began to take shape in earnest in the mid-seventeenth century, when Jonušas Radvila married the Moldavian princess Maria Lupul. Around 1652, the Church of St Andrew was built in her honor and a monastery was established near Knyva Square (Пашкевич 1908: 17–18; Laukaitė 2001: 33; Žirgulis 2002a: 137). Several monks invited by Jonušas Radvila from the Monastery of the Holy Spirit in Vilnius lived in this monastery. Thus Straipsniai / Articles 57 ALMA RAGUSKAITĖ In the second half of the sixteenth century, a small community of believers formed near the church and monastery. The 1666 inventory of Kėdainiai mentions an Orthodox monastery—Monstyr Ruski KI₃ 6v (see Fig. 1). It is thought that Jonušas Radvila also invited Russian townspeople (craftsmen, merchants, etc.) from Polotsk to come and settle in Kėdainiai (Пашкевич 1908: 21). Prince Jonušas Radvila died in 1656, and in 1660, in Slutsk, Marija Radvienė, who had cared for Kėdainiai’s Orthodox Christians, died (Пашкевич 1908: 23). By the second half of the seventeenth century, the parish’s residents were already complaining about financial difficulties. In 1661, a monk living in the Orthodox monastery in Kėdainiai, identified in historical sources as Феофан Елиашевич, appealed to the new owner of Kėdainiai, Boguslav Radvila, asking him to support the monastery. At that time, the monastery was headed by a person recorded as Иллинаръ Ленкевичъ. In 166 m., the Vilnius Monastery of the Holy Spirit was represented in court by a deacon mentioned as Данилъ Дорофеевичъ (Пашкевич 1908: 23, 25, 29). By 1682, the number of Russians in Kėdainiai had dwindled to just two monks. Karolina Liudvika, the new owner of Kėdainiai, supported the Orthodox church from 1687, and a few believers came to the town. However, Jesuits appeared in the town around 1704 (Пашкевич 1908: 27). With the arrival of the Jesuits, persecution of Orthodox Christians and Protestants began. Most of them simply left the town. A later magistrate’s book of Kėdainiai for 1750–1766 mentions a church that was still in operation: in 1761 Xiądz Nikanor Liniewicz Zahon [...] Bazilano Rytus Graci Rezidency Kieydanskiej swiadczył się w Kancelaryi Magdebry [...] Iz plac pusty swoim Sumptem nabyty na Ulicy Łasowskiey leżący boiem do Funduszowego Placu Cerkwi [...] KAK₁₀ 37. In 1718 and 1771, the monastery suffered fire damage; in 1798, the monks returned to the Vilnius Monastery of the Holy Spirit. With the Orthodox community gone, the monastery was closed, and the church was closed in 1820 (Пашкевич 1908: 30–31; Laukaitė 2001: 33; Žirgulis 2002a: 137–138). Thus, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Ruthenian community was something of a distinctive “foreign body” in the town of Kėdainiai. Because of these historical circumstances, the surname-formation process of this tiny community, which had little influence on public life in Kėdainiai, was not reflected in historical documents of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Therefore, the surname formation of other ethnic groups in Kėdainiai (Lithuanians and Poles), as represented in the sources examined here, will be presented and discussed. 2 All anthroponyms presented in the article are dated. Each is accompanied by the year in which the personal name was recorded, the abbreviation of the historical source, and the folio (page) number. 58 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVI Kėdainičių (lietuvių, lenkų) pavardžių formavimosi tendencijos XVII–XVIII amžiuje 2. PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTING THE PERSONAL NAMES OF KĖDAINIAI RESIDENTS (LITHUANIANS, POLES) Istorinio antroponimo kilmė ne visuomet parodyta jo turėtojo tautybe (Breza 2000: 18–45; Górny 2004: 18–27; Kowalik-Kaleta 2007: 25–56; Lipowski 2008: 24; Zinkevičius 2009: 12–50; Mytnik 2010: 14–55; Sarnowska-Giefing 2011: 14–33; Sudakiewicz 2011: 18–44; Woliński 2011: 14–34; Kucińska 2015: 33–40; Ragauskaitė 2016: 115). To ir nesiekiama šiame tyrime. XVII–XVIII a. kėdainičių (lietuvių, lenkų) įvardijimų buvo užfiksuota minėtose Kėdainių istorijos dokumentuose (magistrato protokoluose) ir kt. Apie miestiečių asmenvardžių išskyrimo kriterijus jau yra rašyta (Ragauskaitė 1999: 146; 2000: 94; 2003: 82; 2004: 8–9; 2005: 18–23; 2006: 81–82; 2014: 9; 2015: 59–61; 2016: 48–49; 2016a: 115–116; Paraycaitė 2012: 214). Kėdainių vietinės bendruomenės nariai (lietuviai, lenkai) tiriamuose šaltiniuose pažymėti nuorodomis le, mieszczanin, obywatel, pvz.: 1622 mieszczanie [...] Filip Bownowicz KKĊ 3, 1622 mieszczanie [...] Maciej Girnius KKĊ 3, 1624 Vrban Jomantyski Mieszczanin K₁₃, 1624 Mieszczanin Kieydanski Adam Juchnowicz K₁₀v, 1622 mieszczanie [...] Mikołay Kalinski KKĊ 3, 1622 mieszczanie [...] Tomaj Katinjśkis KKĊ 3, 1622 mieszczanie [...] Piotr Klimowicz KKĊ 3, 1624 Wojciech Kotlarz Mieszczanin Kieydanski K₁₀v, 1624 Abram Lubenowicz Mieszczanin K₁₃, 1622 mieszczanie [...] Ions Mikolunas KKĊ 2v, 1622 mieszczanie [...] Mikolay Paśkiewicz KKĊ, 1622 mieszczanie [...] Stas Raynatis KKĊ 2v, 1691 Ja Adam Ziłowicz Mieszczanin Miasta Kieydan(skiego)³ KAK₂ 45v, 1720 Jan Bałdziewicz Obywatel Miasta Kieydanskiego KAK₃ 98, 1761 Uczciwy Jerzy Chodawicz Oby(watel) Kied(anski) KAK₁₀ 61, 1770 Macieja Grygaluna Obywatela Kieydanskiego gen. KAK₁₅ 110, 1765 z uczuwem Szymonem Iłwiczem obyw(atelem) Kiedan(skim) [...] abl. KAK₁₀ 139, 1770 Stanisława Jankowskiego Obywatela Kieydanskiego gen. KAK₁₅ 110, 1770 Pan Jan Łukafiewicz tudzież Marcin Jawiczew Obywatele Kieydanski KAK₁₅ 100, 1762 Stanisława Mutonia Obyw(atel) Kieydan(skiego) gen. KAK₁₀ 70, 1722 Utiwego Jana Mingły obywatela Kieydanskiego gen. KAK₄ 29v, 1777 Symona Rudzińskiego Mieszczanina Kieydanskiego gen. KAK₁₈ 26, 1798 Jerzy Stankiewicz Obyw(atel) Kiedan(ski) KAK₂₃ 103, 1761 Uczciwemu Janowi Szumskiemu Obywatelowi Kieydan(skiemu) dat. KAK₁₀ 102, 1762 Pan Symon Witkowski Ob(ywatel) Kied(anski) KAK₁₀ 64, 1770 [...] Marcin Ziemkiewicz Obywatele Kieydanscy KAK₁₅ 99 ir t. t. 3 Abbreviations recorded in historical documents are given in full. The adversative is indicated in parentheses. When presenting personal names, an effort is made to preserve the original forms recorded in the manuscripts. Straipsniai / Articles 59 ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ Some residents of Kėdainiai were identified by references denoting various high offices (including mayors, members of the magistrate, treasurers, and the like), for example: 1794 Sław(ęt)ny Bartłomiej Bacinowski Ławnik M(iasta) K(ieydanskiego) KAK₂₄ 3, 1795 Jan Bartłowicz Radny Magistratu Miasta Kiedan(skiego) KAK₂₄ 17v, 1779 Szlachetn(ego) Pana Jerzego Dombrow(skiego) Radcy Maydebury Kiedan(skiey) gen. BKS 1, 1758 Adem Gradowskim Burmistrzem Madebury Kiedańskiey ab. KAK₇ 606, 1714 Stephana Janota Ławnika Kiedan(skiego) gen. KAK₃ 38, 1704 Stephan Kozłowski Rayca Miasta Kiedanskiego KAK₃ 3v, 1770 P(ana) Michała Kwerowicza Łantwolta Miasta Kiedan(skiego) gen. KAK₁₅ 101, 1704 Daniel Pacewicz Ławnik KAK₃ 13, 1767 Za Podsarbich obrali [...] P(ana) Jana Skirgaily [...] gen. KAK₁₅14, 1767 Sławen(ego) Pana Macieja Tomkiewicza Ławnika gen. KAK₁₅ 31. In the records of some Kėdainiai residents, the designation lo. decemvir has been noted. The Kėdainiai magistrate had a fairly strong connection with the town community, so decemvirs, that is, representatives, took part in its meetings. They were also confirmed by the magistrate. To oversee the activities of the Kėdainiai magistrate, a body of representatives elected by the townspeople’s community was formed, known as the Tertio ordo communitatis, or the decemvirate (Tyla 2000: 65, 68). They supervised the magistrate’s resolutions and decisions, its revenues and expenditures, and were responsible for the military preparedness of Kėdainiai (Tyla 2000: 64–76). Designations for these representatives of the town’s local community are also recorded in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century sources, for example: 1666 Kazimierz Augiewicz Decemvir KĮ₃ 7v, 1666 Dawid Jan Macaitis Decemvir KĮ₃ 12, 1666 Stefan Mackiewicz Decemvir KĮ₃ 3, 1666 Stanisław Palecki Decemvir KĮ₃ 16v, 1666 Jan Wysocki Decemvir KĮ₃ 14v; 176 Panowie Dicieworowy To jest [...] Pan Jan Bacinowski [...] Pan Jozef Jankowski KAK₁₀ 89, 1759 Sławeny [...] Pan Kazimierz Jasułowicz Decemvir KAK₁₀ 1, and others. A considerable number of seventeenth-century residents of Kėdainiai are identified by designations indicating artisans or merchants, for example: 1762 Sław(ętny) P(an) Symon Augutowicz Cechmistrz Szewiecki KAK₁₀ 81, 1795 Szlachetnemu Janowi Dąbrowskiemu kupcowi y Obywatelowi Kiedan(skiemu) dat. KAK₂₄ 16, 1765 Uczciwego Adama Januszkiewicza Maystra Kowalskiego z uczciwym Stefanem Romanowiczem Maystrem Kunftu Gancarskiego KAK₁₀ 137, 1762 Emelianowi Iłufkiewiczowi Maystrowi Kunftu Szews(kiego) Obyw(atelowi) Miasta Kiedan(skiego) dat. KAK₁₀ 78, 1767 Jan Karafewicz Cechmistrz [...] Garbarskiego KAK₁₅ 6, 1794 Tomasz Macianski Starszy Tkacki KAK₂₄ 142, 1768 Uczciwego Tomasza Michalowskiego maystra Kunftu Szewskiego gen. KAK₁₅ 46, 1764 Uczciwy Szymon Rynszewicz Mayster Zarembacki KAK₁₀ 89, 1767 [...] Stefan Symanowicz Maystrowie Kunftu Tkarskiego KAK₁₅ 30, 1767 Uczciwy Jozef Stankiewicz Mayster Kunftu Ciesielskiego KAK₁₅ 13, 1768 Panu Antoniemu Sachniewiczowi Cechmistrzowi Szewieckiemu dat. KAK₁₅ 43, 1769 Iozefa Szyszkiewicza Maystra Kunsztu Mularskiego gen. KAK₁₅ 61. 60 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVI Kėdainičių (lietuvių, lenkų) pavardžių formavimosi tendencijos XVII–XVIII amžiuje According to the stated identification principles, designations of baptized local residents of the city of Kėdainiai (Lithuanians, Poles) in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were selected. This provisional classification was determined by the aims of this article, the information provided by sources on Kėdainiai’s history, and research into the ethnic composition of the Kėdainiai community. 3. TENDENCIES IN THE FORMATION OF THE SURNAMES OF KĖDAINIAI RESIDENTS (LITHUANIANS, POLES) IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES Every researcher of historical anthroponymy, pursuing a specific analytical objective, applies a chosen research methodology (Cito 2001: 11–45; Skowronek 2001: 13–32; Szulowska 2004: 15–25; AP I–II; Kowalik-Kaleta, Dacewicz, Raszewska-Żurek 2007: 27–40; Wolnicz-Pawłowska 2010: 269–278; SNP 10). Investigating the process of surname formation requires historical documents covering a longer period and listing members of the same families, or even several generations of them. Examining such records makes it possible to establish whether the personal names used to designate these individuals had acquired the principal characteristics of surnames. It is specifically the hereditary nature of a personal name and its association with members of one family that attest to its becoming a surname (Dubisz 1956: 97–107; Bubak 1986: 217; Maciejauskienė 1991: 51; Jaracz 2001: 496; Ragauskaitė 2001: 125; 2005: 75; 2008: 29–33; 2016: 57–60; 2016a: 113–116; Rudnicka-Fira 2004: 15; Pihan-Kijasowa 2011: 75–76; Pasterska 2013: 11–14; 2015: 179–185). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Kėdainiai was one of the few privately owned towns in Lithuania. By virtue of a privilege granted by King Sigismund Vasa on 15 April 1590, it received Magdeburg rights, and it had multicultural traditions that were protected and fostered. It was the town of the Kiszka family and, later, with an interruption, of representatives of the Biržai–Dubingiai branch of the Radvila family (Tyla 2000: 66). Most of the seventeenth-century books of the Kėdainiai magistrate were burned. These earlier records would have been an important part of the historical anthroponymic material (Žirgulis 2002: 24; 2005a: 229). Only the series of books of acts of Kaunas municipal self-government institutions has survived from the third decade of the sixteenth century. Original sources of this kind from other Lithuanian towns survive from the seventeenth century (Kiupa 2000: 69; 2010: 24). Thus, for these objective extralinguistic reasons, the early sixteenth-century records needed to establish the chronology of the appearance of the first surnames among Kėdainiai townspeople are sorely lacking. In other sixteenth-century historical sources (for example, in the sixteenth-century Kaunas books of acts, records of one or another member of the same Kėdainiai family occur only very sporadically), for example: 1559 Bartholomeus Nauniskis Kyedaynenis conservat in vigore testamentum uxoris suae demortue KNAC 63v – 1562 honesta Ursula, quondam Simonis Birutiskis, nunc vero Baltromel Naunis Straipsniai / Articles 61 ALMA RAGUSKAITĖ Kedanenesis uore legitima KNAK 132 – 162 Brytuskowa [...] per maritum suum [...] Brytuskowam KNAK 132v. However, even such isolated instances attest to the intensive process of development of inherited personal names among Kėdainiai residents in the 16th century. Some data on the formation of surnames among Kėdainiai townspeople are recorded in early 17th-century Kėdainiai inventories written in Polish. It is stated that Lithuanian surnames predominated in the town inventories of 1604 and 1624, with only an occasional Polish or German one (Žirgulis 2005: 180). In some cases, these historical sources from the first half of the 17th century do not provide a shared anthroponym when members of one family (spouses, mother and son, father and daughter or son, brothers) are listed together, e.g.: 1604 Maciey od Brata Mikołai K1 12v, 1624 Jan Benkun z Mikołai bratem K1 7, 1624 Mikołay Andrzejewicz Dubowicz z bracią K1 6, 1604 Hanny Gelezowey syn gen. K1 4, 1604 Jusa jakowizkia Zona K1 13v, 1624 Matys Janowicz na Zacharyasza Syna swe(go) K2 2v, 1604 Macieia Januszewicza Corka K1 5, 1624 Jan Walentynowicz Krawiec z bratem Maciem K2 4 – 1624 Jan Walentynowicz Maciem bratem K2 10, 1624 Pawel Pafzkiewicz z Bracią K2 8, 1624 Adam Powesis z Mikołaiem bratem K2 8, 1624 Jarof Koncza Szwiec z Stanisławem Synem K2 6, 1604 Adam wergelowey syn K1 14. However, numerous cases of inherited personal names shared by members of the same family were noted, e.g.: 1624 Jerzy y Mikołay Abdulowie K2 3v – 1624 Mikołay a Jerzy Abdulaciowie K2 10, 1624 Woyciech y Grÿ Gabrowie K2 10, 1624 Maciey a Abram Girnewiczowie K2 7, 1624 Stanislaw Baltromey Mikołay Lawrnkiewiczowie y potomkowie Niebożczyka brata K2 4, 1624 Maciey a Mikołay Miresaycie K2 8 – 1624 Maciey a Mikołay Miresewiczowie K2 11v, 1624 Jan a Matys Piklewiczę K2 6v, 1624 Andrey y Jan Szaulewiczowie K2 2, 1624 Wolczowe K2 8v. Data from records of the second half of the 17th century attest to two shared personal names in the designation of spouses, e.g.: 167[...] Macieowi Buzewiczowi dat. RLDMK 1v, his wife – 167 [...] Macieowey Buzewiczowey gen. RLDMK 1v, 1690 Ja Piotr Grudzina y Ja Mariana Jawleya Piotra Grudzinowa Malzonkowie Mieśczanie Miasta Kiedan(skiego) KAK2 10, 1691 Ja Baltromey Jusewicz y Ja Barbara Adamowna Baiorowiczowna Bartlomieia Jusewiczowa Malzonkowie Mieśczanie Miasta Kiedan(skiego) KAK2 36v, 1691 Panu Woyciechowi Mławiłowiczowi y Paniey Zofey Woyciechowey Mławiłowiczowey Malzom Obywatelom Miasta Kiedan(skiego) dat. KAK2 46v, 1690 P(an) Piotr Mardziewicz y Pani Zofia Plawżkaya Piotrowa Mardżewiczowa Malzonkowie Mieśczanie Miasta Kiedan(skiego) KAK2 13, 1690 Jan Pawłowicz y Ja Ewa Butkiewiczowna Janowa Pawłowiczowa Malzonkowie Mieśczanie Miasta Kiedan(skiego) KAK2 21, 1698 Ja Stephan Rakiewicz y ia Rozalia Wiszniewska Stephanowa Rakiewiczowa Malzonkowie obywatele Miasta Kiedanskiego KAK1 87, 1691 Ja Stanislaw Staginski y Ja Zophia Kurlinska Stanisławowa Staginska Malzonkowie Mieśczanie Miasta Kiedan(skiego) KAK2 26, 62 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVI Kėdainiečių (lietuvių, lenkų) pavardžių formavimosi tendencijos XVII–XVIII amžiuje 168 Ja Bartłomiej Stephanowicz a Ja Elżbieta Grzegorzowa Bartłomiejowa Stepanowiczowa Małzonkowie Mieszczenie Miasta KAK₁ 67 and others. Two identical anthroponyms are recorded in entries for a mother and her descendants, e.g.: 1691 Ja Anna Kitizkowna Mikołajowa Adajowa y Ja Mikołaj Adajatis Matka z synem Mieszczenie Miasta Kiedan(skiego) KAK₂ 43v, 1690 Ja Ewa Krzyżtofowa Dziadowiczowa y Ja Wawrzniec Krzystofowicz Dziadowicz Matka z synem Mieszczenie Miasta Kiedan(skiego) KAK₂ 29. The data from 17th-century sources clearly show that essentially all Kėdainiai residents had surnames. This is particularly evident when a husband and wife are listed side by side, e.g.: 1798 Uczciwa Helena Giedeykowa wdowa Obywat(elka) [...] Bartłomieja Giedeyki Męża KAK₂₃ 78, 1732 Uczciwemu Adamowi Narmunskiemu Kunftu Szewskiego y samey Marynie Egirdownie Narmunskiey Małżkom Obywatelom Kied(an)skim dat. KAK₅ 1, 1714 Uczciwy Andrzej Pałukaytis y Magdalena Kiełczuowna Pałukayciowa Małzonkowie Obywatele Miasta Kiedan(skiego) KAK₃ 35, 1714 Kazimierzowi Rudzińskiemu Garbarzowi y Paniej Judtye Adajowie Rudzińskiey Małzkom Obywatelom Miasta Kiedan(skiego) dat. KAK₃ 36v, 1761 Uczciwy Jerzy Treys z Małzonką swą Heleną Tregową Obywat(ele) Kied(an)scy KAK₁₀ 50, 1736 Z Uciw(ym) Wawrzyncem Uscinwskim y Małzonką onego Barbarą Dyłacowną Uscinowską Obywatelami Kiedansk(iemi) abl. KAK₅ 64. When spouses are designated, the record sometimes indicates the family or lineage from which the wife originated, e.g.: 1768 [...] Agaty z Gawdziewiczow Buywidową Józefowi Buywidowi mężowi Maystrowi Kunftu Szewieckiego KAK₁₅ 45, 1795 Ja Jan Skgayło Obywat Miasta Kiedan(skiego) [...] Zonie moje Panie Maryannie z Sajewiczow Skgayłowej KAK₄ 51. In addition to designations used to record men and women separately, numerous entries also list spouses together and indicate their shared surname, e.g.: 1768 Sławetni [...] Pano(wie) Michał y rozalia Borkiewiczowie Małżkowie Ławnicy KAK₁₅ 45, 1762 Uczciwy Maciey y Ana Cegiełowowie Małz(onko)wie Ob(ywatele) Kied(anscy) KAK₁₀ 69, 1760 Panom Antoniemu y Zoffiy Ciołkowiczom Małz(onk)om Obyw(atelom) Kied(anskim) dat. KAK₁₀ 14, 1761 Uczciwym Jakubowi y Katarzynie Dąmbrowskim Małz(onk)om Obyw(atelom) Kied(anskim) dat. KAK₄ 51, 1768 z uczciwei Antoni y Mariane Giedeykami małżkami [...] obyw(atelami) abl. KAK₁₅ 50, 1768 Uczciwych Franciszka y Doroty Karpowskich Małżków Maystrow Kunftu Zarębackiego y Obywatelow Kiedan(sk ich) gen. KAK₁₅ 47, 1762 Sławetnym Franciszkowi y Magdalenie Kupczynskim Małz(onk)om dat. KAK₄ 71, 1768 Uczciwych Antoniego y Felicyany Lewanowiczom Obyw(ate-lom) Kied(anskim) dat. KAK₁₅ 56, 1762 Uczciwym Bartłomiejowi y Ewie Lidakewiczom Małzon(kom) Ob(ywatelom) Kied(anskim) dat. KAK₁₀ 123, 1768 Uczciwych Michała y Katarzyny Pawłowskich Małżkom Maystrów Kunftu Ciesielskiego Obywa(telom) gen. KAK₁₅ 51, 1765 Uczciwym Jerzemu y Magdalenie Razulewiczom Str pains / Articles 63 ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ Spouses, citizens of Kėdainiai (dative). KAK₁₀ 142, 1762. The honorable Antoni and Anna Rymowicz, spouses, citizens of Kėdainiai. KAK₁₀ 68, 1762. To the honorable Stefan and Magdalena Romanowicz, spouses, citizens of Kėdainiai (dative). KAK₁₀ 81, 1796. Of Kazimierz and Anna Rutkowski, spouses, citizens of Kėdainiai (genitive). KAK₂₄ 93, 1762. To the honorable Stefan and Dorota Synowicz, spouses, citizens of Kėdainiai (dative). KAK₁₀ 123, 1770. The honorable Jan and Magdalena Saczkowski [...] citizens of Kėdainiai. KAK₁₅ 99, 1762. To the honorable Jan and Barbara Srandowski, spouses, citizens of Kėdainiai (dative). KAK₁₀ 69, 1762. To the honorable Jakub and Anna Stankiewicz, spouses, citizens of Kėdainiai (dative). KAK₁₀ 73, 1762. To the honorable Antoni and Katarzyna Stafzewski, spouses, citizens of Kėdainiai (dative). KAK₁₀ 72, 1800. Tomasz and Magdalena Sachniewicz, master craftsmen of the shoemaking craft, citizens of Kėdainiai. KAK₂₃ 110, 1798. The gentlemen Michał and Maryanna Wabzdowski, spouses [...] aldermen and merchants of the town of Kėdainiai. KAK₂₃ 85, 1791. We, Ian Krzysztof and Dorota Zacharz, spouses, master craftsmen of the locksmithing craft and citizens of the town of Kėdainiai. KAK₂₃ 8. Sometimes designations of wives are further elaborated by specifying the family or kin group from which the woman came, for example: 1800 The honorable Andrzej and Marianna née Rymowicz Borysowicz, spouses, masters of the locksmithing craft, citizens of Kėdainiai. KAK₂₃ 121, 1795 We, Jozef and Krystyna née Úscinowkich Borkiewicz, spouses, citizens of the town of Kėdainiai. KAK₂₄ 17, 1796 The honorable Jozef and Katarzyna née Mikszton Gudziewicz, citizens of Kėdainiai. KAK₂₄ 76v, 1800 Jerzy and Marianna née Apanowicz Gulbin, spouses, merchants and citizens of the town of Kėdainiai. KAK₂₃ 122, 1800 The honorable Tomasz and Magdalena née Garszewski Kowalewcy, spouses, citizens of Kėdainiai. KAK₂₃ 114, 1767 To the eminent gentlemen Francisz and Magdalena née Mackiewicz Kupczyski (dative). KAK₁₅ 6, 1765 The honorable Maciey and Konstancya Matukiewicz, spouses, citizens of Kėdainiai. KAK₁₀ 117, 1797 To the honorable Wawrńc and Katarzyna née Rymfewicz Matusewicz, spouses, citizens of the town of Kėdainiai (dative). KAK₂₄ 131, 1798 To the honorable Wawrńc and Konstancy née Astasowicz Sajewicz, spouses, citizens of the town of Kėdainiai (dative). KAK₂₃ 87, 1800 To Piotr and Marianna née Karpowski Sawicki, spouses, citizens of Kėdainiai (dative). KAK₂₃ 109, 1798 We, Jakub and Anna née Lubnowi Stankiewicz, spouses, citizens of the town of Kėdainiai. KAK₂₃ 103, 1796 Of Tomasz and Magdalena née Rozysłowicz Szachniewicz, spouses, citizens of Kėdainiai (genitive). KAK₂₄ 86v, 1796 To Maciej and Maryanna née Januszkiewicz Uscinowski, spouses, citizens of Kėdainiai (dative). KAK₂₄ 76v. In some cases the woman’s first name and maiden surname are omitted, leaving only the word sama, that is, herself, wife, for example: 1762 To the gentleman lan Dąbrowski, the burgomaster [...] and to his wife (dative). KAK₁₀ 76, 1759 The honorable 64 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVI Kėdainičių (lietuvių, lenkų) pavardžių formavimosi tendencijos XVII–XVIII amžiuje Franciška Karpoškiego y Samey Małzonkow Cechmistrow Rzeznickich (genitive). KAK₁₀ 7, 1762 Uczciwy Michał y Sama Nawikowie Obyw(atele) Kieydanscy KAK₁₀ 121, 1768 Panow Michałowi y Samey [...] Rufweskin Małżkom Ławnikom (dative). KAK₁₅ 48, 1770 Maciey y Sama Stefanowiczowie Mał(żon)kowie Obyw(atele) Kiey(danscy) KAK₁₅ 85, 1762 Uczciwy Stanisław y Sama Wabzdowscy Małż(onkowie) Obywat(ele) Miasta Kieydan(skiego) KAK₁₀ 75, 1762 Uczciwy Andrzej y Sama Woyciechowiczowie Małż(onkowie) Obyw(atele) Kieyd(anscy) KAK₁₀ 76. This indicates that in the 17th century women were recorded inconsistently, with their names incompletely stated. Perhaps this was a particular clerical tradition. Such cases of recording have also been noted in 17th-century sources on the history of Kaunas (Ragauskaitė 2005: 53). There are also other forms of designation that confirm that after marriage (or after several marriages) a woman acquired her husband’s surname, for example: 1760 S(ławetna) P(ani) Anna z Łuraszewiczow primi viri Narnuska post modum Wabzdowska KAK₁₀ 23, 1760 Sławetna P(ani) Magdalena primi viri Iurafewiczowa ad praesens Lubenowa KAK₁₀ 23 – 1760 Magdaleny primi viri Iurafewiczowey ad praesens Lubenowey Ławnikowey (genitive). KAK₁₀ 23, 1770 Szlachetna Pani Zofia byws(a) Ciołkiewiczowa ad presens Szarlowska KAK₁₅ 99 – – 1770 Sławetnej Zofii Primi Voti Ciołkiewiczowey ad presens Michałowey Szarlowskiey (genitive). KAK₁₅ 99, 1764 Uczciwy Maciey Luben O(bywatel) Kieydan(ski) [...] Magdalenie primi {ori} Jarufowiczowey ad pres Lubenowey KAK₁₀ 97, 1770 Sławetna Krystyna z Wabzdowskich primi voti Michałowa Gaudzieiczowa in secundo thoro Kazimierzowa Skączkowska ad praesens Adamowa Szpakowska KAK₁₅ 113, 1784 Anna bywsza Mackiewiczowa, powtornie Giedekowa wdowa KAK₂₁ 17v, 1796 Ja Maryanna z Tomkiewiczow primo viri Kaspowska ad praesens Jackiewiczowa Obywatelka Miasta Kiedan(skiego) KAK₂₄ 94v, 1798 Pani Magdaleny Gaudzieiczowey ad praesens Rymowiczowey Obyw(atelki) Miasta Kiedan(skiego) (genitive). KAK₂₃ 62. In 17th-century records, two general patterns of personal-name assignment can be observed, for example: 1716 Uczciwemu Janowi Augutowiczowi y Małżonce onego Uczciwey Jadwidze Dilewiczownie Janowey Augutowiczowey obywatelom tuteyszym (dative). KAK₃ 76v, 1761 w Sprawie Uczciwego Wawrzynca Jasułowicza Obywat(ela) Kiedan(skiego) z Zona iego Heleny Wawrzyn(cowey) Jasułowiczowey KAK₁₀ 56, 1704 Ja Kazimierz Juchnie- wicz y ia Anna Waskiewiczowna Kazimierzowa Juchniewiczowa Małzonkowie KAK₃ 5, 1708 Ja Jakub Karposki [...] y Ja Katharzyna Kontona Jakuba Karposka Obywatele Miasta Kiedan(skiego) KAK₁₀ 14v, 1714 Ja Jerzy Mackiewicz y Ja Zofia Gieniona Jerzyna Mackiewiczowa Małzonowie y obywatele Miasta Kiedan(skiego) KAK₃ 30, 1720 Ja Jan Rymdeyko y Ja Regina Tylkinowiczowna Janowa Rymdeyowa Małzonkowie y Obywatele Miasta Kiedanskiego KAK₃ 99v, 1720 Panu Piotrowi Skirgale y Małżonce onego Pani Elizabiecie Dulcywnie Piotrowey Skirgaliney Małżonkom y Obywatelom Miasta Kiedanskiego dat. KAK₃ 109, 1704 Ja- kub Szymaitis ia Zofia Kordaszewiczowna Jakubowa Szymaicia Małzonkowie Straipsniai / Articles 65 ALMA RAGUSKAITĖ Residence in the Town of Kiedan(ski) KAK₃ 4, 1714 To the honorable Gerzy Walentynowicz, citizen of the Town of Kiedan, and the honorable Katharzyna Woszkiewiczowna, wife of Gerzy Walentynowicz, dat. KAK₃ 58, 1705 I, Piotr Wandziewski, and I, Magdalena Piotrowa Wandziweska, spouses and residents of Kiedarsci KAK₃ 8v, 1716 To the honorable Kazimierz Wencewicz and his wife, the honorable Marianna Lubeynowa, wife of Kazimierz Wencewicz, spouses and citizens of the Town of Kiedan, dat. KAK₃ 80v. The same personal names are borne by parents and children recorded together, e.g.: 1760 The honorable Agata Symonowa Amelewiczowa Maka, and Jakub Amelewicz, son [...] KAK10 19, 1762 Barbara Maka and her son Jerzy Ambrozewicz, citizens of Kiedan KAK10 123, 1796 I, Szymon Bacelunas, citizen of Kiedan [...] to my children Michal Bacelunas KAK24 58v, 1765 Lady Zofia Ciołkiewiczowa Maka Franciszek, Adam, Jozef, Jerzy, Macie, Daniel, Ignacy, sons; Teresa Anna, daughters; the Ciołkiewicz family, citizens of Kiedan KAK10 115–168 [...] Mr Jerzy Ciołkiewicz, patrician of the Town of Kiedan [...] to Lady Zofi Ciołkiewiczowa's Macie KAK15 53, 1767 through the deceased Antoni Ciołkiewicz [...] Jozef Ciołkiewicz, son of the deceased KAK15 8, 1767 The case of the honorable Anna Grygalunowa, widow and mother, with the honorable Matęufz Grygal, son KAK15 32, 1768 The noble Lady Katarzyna Gulbinowa, widow, citizen of Kiedan [...] Maka, and also Kazimierz and Jerzy, sons of the Gulbin family, citizens of Kiedan KAK15 43, 1765 Parents and Michał, their son, Karowski, citizens of Kiedan, dat. KAK10 143, 1761 The honorable Anna Kurolowiczowa, widow [...] to her son Kazimierz Kurolowicz KAK10 52, 1767 To the honorable lords Stanisław, son, Katarzyna, Macę, and Mąfendowicz, councilors, dat. KAK15 29, 1796 Lords Jozefi Mikstasz, father-in-law, Szymon and Maryanna née Mikst, the Sznurewicz couple [...] son-in-law and daughter, citizens of Kiedan KAK24 80, 1768 with the noble ladies, Jozef Ruszewski, councilor and father, Michał Ruszewski, juror and son, etc. KAK15 47, 1762 With the honorable Jakub and Jozef, natural brothers, and their wife Ewa Stankiewicz, citizens of the Town of Kiedan KAK10 80, 1765 The honorable Barbarę Ucinowskiey, Maka, and also Jozef and Kazimierz Ucinowski, natural brothers, citizens of Kiedan, dat. KAK10140. Other members of the same family (brothers and sisters) also bore the hereditary anthroponym, e.g.: 1798 We, Kazimierz and Jerzy Gulbinowie, natural brothers, citizens of the Town of Kiedan23 104, 1761 To the honorable Bartłomiej Lidukiewicz [...] to his natural brother Jakub Lidukiewicz, gen. KAK10 42, 1800 To the honorable Bartłomiej and Jozef Markiewicz, natural brothers and citizens, dat. KAK23 114, 1762 To the honorable Magdalene, Elżbieta, Anna and Maryanna, natural sisters Rudkowskie, dat. KAK10 69, 1723 The honorable Kazimierz Rudziński defends his brother Piotr Rudziński KAK4 68, 1767 The honorable Macie Sielicki solemnly declared himself on behalf of his brother Jan Sielicki [...] KAK15 9, 1762 The honorable Stanisław Wabdoswski, citizen of the Town of Kiedan [...] his natural brother Jerzy Wabdoswski KAK10 65. 66 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVI Kėdainių (lietuvių, lenkų) pavardžių formavimosi tendencijos XVII–XVIII amžiuje Sometimes the same persons are recorded differently—with and without common personal names, e.g.: 1704 D(ominus) Francisco Matulaytys et D(omina) Mariana Szylinska Coniugibus et incolis Cajudensis KAK₃ 3v – 1704 To Mr Franciszkowi Matulatysowi and his wife [...] Mariannie Szyliszczence Franciszkowej Matulatysowej, dat. KAK₃ 3v. Only isolated records without a shared personal name have been found, e.g.: 1760 Agata Dziewa, wife of Morkiela, citizen of the local town KAK₁₀ 16, 1770 To the noble Katarzynie Mate and also Stanisław, son of Masandowicz, councilor, dat. KAK₁₅ 100, 1762 Jozef Bosek and his wife, citizens of the Town of Kiedan KAK₁₀ 67. These examples clearly show that not only members of the lower strata (for example, a maidservant and the like), but also people of higher social standing were recorded without surnames. This circumstance suggests that, in the instances cited of recording townspeople of higher rank, hereditary personal names were most likely simply not entered. This was apparently due to the specific nature of those documents, inconsistencies in naming, the context of the sources (the persons mentioned earlier are simply named more briefly and simply on another page of the document), and so on. The data presented show that historical documents from the first half of the seventeenth century contain many examples attesting to the use of hereditary personal names among the people of Kėdainiai (Lithuanians and Poles). In the second half of the seventeenth century, virtually all Kėdainiai residents were recorded with surnames. The surnames of members of the lower strata (servants, hired workers, and others) appear to have developed more slowly. There are enough records from the eighteenth century to show that not all residents of the town of Kėdainiai necessarily had surnames. By contrast, entries in the Kaunas town court books from the first half of the sixteenth century already made it possible to speak of the beginnings of hereditary anthroponyms among the urban elite. In the second half of the sixteenth century, surnames began to appear among members of the middle stratum of the burgher estate (craftsmen and others), and these developed intensively in the first half of the seventeenth century. In the second half of the seventeenth century, virtually all Kaunas residents were recorded with surnames. By the eighteenth century, servants and hired workers living in the town had probably also acquired surnames (Ragauskaitė 2005: 85–86). The tendencies in surname formation among sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Vilnius residents have been described similarly (Ragauskaitė 2008: 35–37). In the context of historical anthroponymy of the second half of the seventeenth century, it is noted that Vilnius residents were identified by first names and surnames (Pihan-Kijasowa 2011: 75–86; Sinkevičiūtė, Račka 2014: 295–322; 2014a: 331–34; Sinkevičiūtė 2016: 221–254). Surnames among the inhabitants of these towns continued to stabilize in the seventeenth century (Ragauskaitė 2008: 36). Many people lived within the small area of the town, free citizens who possessed greater property (Ragauskaitė 2005: 86). However, the urban factor was not decisive for the chronology of surname formation. Comparing data on the formation and stabilization of surnames among Lithuanian nobles and peasants with the period when townspeople's surnames formed, it can be seen that the surnames of townspeople Straipsniai / Articles 67 ALMA RAGUSKAITĖ [Surnames] emerged earlier than those of peasants, but later than those of nobles. The latter’s surnames, it is claimed, already existed in the 15th century; they then formed intensively in the 16th century and thereafter. Peasants’ surnames began to appear sporadically only at the very end of the 16th century, continued to form very rapidly in the 17th century, and finished taking shape in the 18th century (Maciejauskienė 1991: 112). The Lithuanian Statutes and the constitutions of the Sejms of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth protected only noble surnames. The nobility defended their own surnames so that other people would not appropriate or distort them. They possessed particularly extensive property, and thus it was important for them to have a uniform, hereditary surname and to take care of their family and lineage genealogy. In terms of property status, townspeople were less well-off than nobles. The status of their surnames was usually established by the documents of a particular town. Townspeople had no civil rights until the Constitution of 3 May 1791. This constitution was an exceptional event in the history of towns, since the new laws created a universal right for towns (Glemža 1998: 43–69; 2000: 211–214). This merely shows that the historical circumstances favorable to the noble estate’s having stable, hereditary surnames had arisen much earlier. The claims presented regarding the formation and development of the surnames of 17th–18th-century Kėdainiai townspeople supplement research conducted to date on the surname-formation process among inhabitants of other towns (Vilnius, Kaunas, Joniškis). As discussed above, by the second half of the 17th century all members of Kėdainiai’s local community already had surnames. This does not mean, however, that they had by then become fully established. This was chiefly due to the fact that Lithuanians’ hereditary personal names were recorded in non-Lithuanian texts, often by scribes of other ethnic backgrounds. From the 16th to the early 18th century, the personal names of Kėdainiai Lithuanians were Polonized, so a surname that had emerged could be modified in various ways in different entries in the magistrate’s books. It is therefore necessary to discuss systematically the stabilization of Kėdainiai surnames (variation in surname forms, etc.). 4. CONCLUSIONS 1. An examination of entries in 17th–17th-century historical documents from Kėdainiai established that surnames arose at different times in all groups of the local townspeople’s community. 2. In the first half of the 17th century, Kėdainiai residents (Lithuanians, Poles) occupying high positions in society were recorded with hereditary personal names. In the second half of that century, people from the middle and lower strata of the townspeople’s estate acquired hereditary anthroponyms. In essence, entries from the second half of the 17th century show members of Kėdainiai’s townspeople’s estate bearing surnames. Only the surnames of Kėdainiai’s lower strata (servants, hired workers, etc.) remained to emerge. In the town’s record books of the 18th century, all Kėdainiai residents are recorded with surnames. 68 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVI Kėdainių (lietuvių, lenkų) pavardžių formavimosi tendencijos XVII–XVIII amžiuje 3. In the local communities of Lithuania’s major towns (Kaunas, Vilnius), elite surnames were already forming in the first half of the 16th century, while in the second half of the 17th century representatives of the middle strata of these towns also joined them in bearing surnames. In the 17th century, all residents of Kaunas, Vilnius, and Kėdainiai were undoubtedly recorded with surnames. APPENDIX Fig. 1. Fragment from the 1666 Kėdainiai inventory (f. 6v) Straipsniai / Articles 69 ALMA RAGUSKAITĖ SOURCES4 Kaunas book of acts, 155–164. Manuscript Department of the Vilnius University Library (hereafter – VUBS). F. 7. B. 1383. (KNAK). Kėdainiai inventory of 1604. VUBS. F. 4. A1723. B. 3430a. (KĮ1). Kėdainiai inventory of the rectory rent in kind, 1622. VUBS. F. 4. A20. B. 1692. (KKČ). Kėdainiai book of acts, 1623–1806. Lithuanian State Historical Archives (hereafter – LVIA). F. SA. B. 1530. (KAK1). Kėdainiai inventory of 1624 [Inventar spifanẏ ẏmenia K̃eydankiego [...]. VUBS. F. 4. A1724. B. 3430b. (KĮ2) Kėdainiai inventory of 166 [Inventar miasta K̃eydanskiego 166]. VUBS. F. 4. A215. B. 1689. (KĮ3) [Regestr Liquidatiey długow Miasta K̃eydanskiego. 167...]. VUBS. F. 4. A216. B. 1701. (RLDK) Kėdainiai book of acts, 1690–1775. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1537. (KAK2) Kėdainiai book of acts, 1704–1720. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1538. (KAK3) Kėdainiai book of acts, 1721–1725. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1539. (KAK4) Kėdainiai book of acts, 1732–1740. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1561. (KAK5) Kėdainiai book of acts, 1732–1743. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1562. (KAK6) Kėdainiai book of acts, 1744–1750. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1563. (KAK7) Kėdainiai book of acts, 1750–1752. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1564. (KAK8) Kėdainiai book of acts, 1750–1761. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1567. (KAK9) The 1750–1766 book of Kėdainiai records. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1568. (KAK10) The 1753–1755 book of Kėdainiai records. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1565. (KAK11) The 1756–1758 book of Kėdainiai records. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1566. (KAK12) The 1762–1763 book of Kėdainiai records. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1569. (KAK13) The 1763–1770 book of Kėdainiai records. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1570. (KAK14) The 1767–1770 book of Kėdainiai records. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1571. (KAK15) The 1771–1773 book of Kėdainiai records. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1572. (KAK16) The 1774–1777 book of Kėdainiai records. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1573. (KAK17) 4 The list of historical sources is arranged chronologically. 70 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVI Kėdainičių (lietuvių, lenkų) pavardžių formavimosi tendencijos XVII–XVIII amžiuje Book of Kėdainiai acts, 1777–1779. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1534. (KAK18) Book of Kėdainiai acts, 1777–1780. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1535. (KAK19) [Case concerning the assault of a Kėdainiai bench judge. 179]. VUBRS. F. 4. A224. B. 17667, 17669, 17670, 17671, 17674. (BKSS) Book of Kėdainiai acts, 1779–1782. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1536. (KAK20) Book of Kėdainiai acts, 1782–1791. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1537. (KAK21) Book of Kėdainiai acts, 1783–1792. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1538. (KAK22) Book of Kėdainiai acts, 1791–1806. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1539. (KAK23) Book of Kėdainiai acts, 1794–1798. LVIA. F. SA. B. 1530. (KAK24) LITERATŪRA AP I – Antroponimia Polski od XVI do końca XVIII wieku: wybór artykułów hasłowych oraz wykazy nazwisk wraz z chronologią i geografią 1. A–G, red. Aleksandra Cieślikowa. Kraków: Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN, 2007. AP II – Antroponimia Polski od XVI do końca XVIII wieku: wybór artykułów hasłowych oraz wykazy nazwisk wraz z chronologią i geografią 2. H–Mą, red. Aleksandra Cieślikowa, Katarzyna Skowronek. Kraków: Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN, 2009. 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Параускайте Алма 2012: О литовско-польских языковых контактах по данным фамилий жителей города Кедайняй в XVII–XVIII веках. – Студії з ономастики та етимології. 2011–2012. Київ: Інститут української мови НАН України, 213–221. Tendencies of Formation of Surnames among Kėdainiai Residents (Lithuanians, Poles) in the 17th–18th Century SUMMARY The article discuses the tendencies of formation of surnames of Kėdainiai residents in the 17th–18th century with a focus on the personal names of Kėdainiai residents collected from 24 unique Kėdainiai registry books of the 17th–18th century. Kėdainiai inventories of 76 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVI Kėdainių (lietuvių, lenkų) pavardžių formavimosi tendencijos XVII–XVIII amžiuje the 17th century as well as other historical documents are also mentioned in the article as auxiliary historical documents. Around 2,500 cases of naming Kėdainiai residents (both anthroponyms of different people and various versions of their personal name forms) were collected from the abovementioned old city manuscripts. The analysis of these cases of naming made it clear that surnames originated in all the groups of the local community of city residents at different times. The surnames of the dominant and most influential residents of Kėdainiai were first to originate. In the first half of the 17th century the residents of Kėdainiai (Lithuanians, Poles) taking up a higher social position were recorded using hereditary personal names. In the second half of the century the individuals belonging to the middle and lower class of the townspeople acquired uniform, common anthroponyms. The records of the second half of the 17th century show that the townspeople of Kėdainiai had surnames. Apparently, it took longer for the surnames of the city’s lower social classes to form. The stabilization of the surnames of Kėdainiai residents occurred during a later period, i.e. in the 18th century. Meanwhile, in the case of local communities of large cities, such as Kaunas and Vilnius, the surnames of the city elite first originated in the first half of the 16th century. The residents of Kaunas, Vilnius and Kėdainiai already had surnames in the second half of the 17th century. The final formation of the surnames of Kaunas, Vilnius, Kėdainiai, Joniškis residents took place in the 18th century. When comparing the chronology of the origin and final formation of surnames of the social classes of Lithuanian nobles and peasants and the time of formation of surnames of the townspeople, it turned out that it took longer for the surnames of the townspeople to form compared to the nobility but they formed earlier than those of peasants. The available research of Lithuanian historical anthroponomy testifies that the phenomenon of formation of surnames of the nobility can already be observed in the 15th century; the process gained momentum in the 16th century and during a later period. The surnames of peasants gradually originated at the end of the 16th century only, gathered pace in the 17th century and finally formed in the 18th century. Įteikta 2017 m. rugpjūčio 10 d. ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lietuva [email protected] Straipsniai / Articles 77