Senoji baltų leksikografija Hanzos pirklių tarnyboje. Rankraštinių žodynų paskirtis bei sudarymo laikas

Straipsniai / Articles 9 ILJA LEMEŠKIN Lietuvių kalbos institutas Mokslinių tyrimų kryptys: senoji baltų literatūra ir raštija, lyginamoji folkloristika, leksikografija, baltistikos istorija. SENOJI BALT[…] This is a list of airports in Estonia, sorted by location. LECTICOGRAPHY by the Hans Purchase at the service. English words The following table is inserted in Annex I to this Regulation: The law Old Baltic Lexicography in the Service of Hansa Merchants. Purpose of Manuscript Vocabularies and the Time of Compiling This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. The article forms a new approach to the oldest lexicological monuments of the Baltic languages: the Elbing dictionary and the so-called Simon Grunavo dictionary. Both manuscript sources are linked to the utilitarian bilingual tradition of Hanseatic lexicography and are more closely related to the so-called "Russian books", i.e. the German-language dictionaries and business conversations written by the leaders of practical language learning and summarized in the Hanseatic sprakelerere of the new age. It can be concluded that the vocabulary and dialects of the German-Prussian languages became relevant and were created shortly after the granting of the rights of Lübeck to Elbing and the arrival of German merchants and colonists to profit from the new market. Elbing is also closely associated with the Elbing dictionary and the S. Grūnava dictionary; The influence of Hanseatic lexicography can also be seen in the "Lenkic" Yotvingian vocabulary. Vertical reading of the S. Grunavo dictionary allows the reconstruction of the conversations of the pirates, i.e. the functional styles of the pirate sociolect of the second half of the 13th century, which have not yet been understood in the text of the Belarusian languages. The lexicon of corresponding assumptions was not formed on the basis of the Lithuanian language in the 13th century (due to the limited geography of the Hanseatic League's spread). The following words are included: Hanson's lexicography, Elbing's dictionary, Simon Grunow's dictionary, speech guides, the sociolect of German-speaking peoples. ILJA LEMEŠKIN 10 The Lithuanian Language Act LXXVIII This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. The article shapes a new approach towards the oldest lexicographic monuments of the Baltic languages: Elbing vocabulary and the so-called Simon Grunau's vocabulary. Both manuscript sources are associated with Hanseatic utilitarian bilingual lexicographic tradition and are thoroughly compared with the so-called "Russian books", i.e. transcripts of Low German-Russian vocabularies and phrase-books compiled by young Hansa men, the so-called sprakelerere, for practical language learning and business purposes. A conclusion is compiled, made that German-Prussian vocabularies and phrase-books became relevant, i.e. they were soon after Elbing was granted Lübeck law and German merchants and colonists the arrived at the new market to make profit. The Elbing vocabulary and Grunau’s vocabulary are closely linked with Elbing; the influence of the Hanseatic lexicography is also seen in Polish-Yotvingian vocabulary. The vertical reading of Grunau's vocabulary enables us to reconstruct the mercantile phrase-book, i.e. the functional style which has not yet been grasped in the Baltic corpus […] the German-Prussian mercantile sociolect of the second half of the 13th century. There were no respective preconditions for the formation of lexicography on the basis of the Lithuanian language in the thirteenth century. phy of the spread of Hansa merchants). KEYWORDS: Hanseatic lexicography, Elbing vocabulary, Grunau's vocabulary, only phrase-book, German-Prussian mercantile sociolect. Lyginamasis žvilgsnis į senus rašytinius šaltinius parodo vieną skirtumą: vipart of the lexical monuments of the durams are available in the Baltic […] Prussia and […] Jötvingia[…]1. Kyla's question: why aren't they witnessed among other whites? The Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo Couldn't the same educated people have contributed to the dictionaries? In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to define the purpose of lexicographic monuments, i.e. to determine what causes determined the emergence of dictionaries and to whom, where and for whom they were useful. 1.1. The oldest and largest dictionary of German-Prussian languages, the so-called The Elbinger Vokabular (short for EŽ) […] has survived as part of the Codex Neumannianus, which was kept in the Elbing City Library (sign Q 84) until World War II. The word, the fourth part in a row of the code, was the last; It and the entire book were crowned with a colophon, which, after the writing of 1 Zhodyno Pogańske gwary z Narewu (Zinkevičius 1985), tends to rise to the times of the Crusaders. His jotvingianism is questioned (Schmid 1986; see also Dini 2014: 304307). A mixed language is seen in the word, in which the influence of the Yiddish language is noticed, a compilation of the lexical resources of the Baltic and Prussian languages. Articles of the 11th Senoji baltų leksikografija Hanzos pirklių tarnyboje. Rankraštinių žodynų paskirtis bei sudarymo laikas The text of the manuscript and the author of the entire codex: Explicit per manus Holc ǁ weʃcher De maienburg (185 p.). Skriptoriaus antroponimas ir nurašymo Petri mistakes, which occur in the Prussian part of the dictionary, indicate that Peter Holbein, who came from Mayenburg, was probably a German. Until now, the widely accepted statement that the word itself, i.e. The transcribed prototype of P. Holcwescher was created by a monk of the German order. The question of nuo leksikografinio paminklo rūšies resp. žodyno paskirties problemos, kuri iki šiol lieka neišspręsta. Be šios problemos išsamaus aptarimo kalbos apie vienuolį authorship directly depends on whether another person with social status is too early. It is believed that the manuscript of the book P. Holtzinger in Heinrich wescheris nurašė XIV a. pabaigoje ar XV a. pradžioje. Tiksliau datuoti ateityje bus paranku atNiebuhr's 1912 watermark, whose dating is still uncertain. It is characterized by a specific feature […] the rounded flatness of the lower part of the nose (the nasal cavity), which makes it difficult to attribute it to the currently known precisely dated variants and types of watermarks. In the part of the collection of Gerhard Piccardo […]Ochsenkopf […] Ohne Gesichtsmerkmale […] Über Stange […] Über Kreuz […] Einkonturiges Kreuz[…] there are a couple of images that are not included in the collection. iš tolo ir tik sąlygiškai galima lyginti su Elbingo kodekse buvusiu vandens ženklu. Jie (Nr. 56698– 56769, dated July 14, 1437 and March 14, 1435 respectively. In the year 1464. A slightly similar watermark, the našia zalenktých horns, dated to 1434, is depicted in (su tam tikru jaučio nasrų apvalaus išplatinimo požymiu, tačiau ir su akimis bei žvaigžde tarp pathe shop of Nikolai Lichachev […] No. 511 (see also 1427 watermark No. 541: Lichachev I 43, 46; III LXXXVIII). Given the gradual development of the type of watermark in question, it would make sense to "rejuvenate" the paper production of the Elbing codex. The Codex could have been written in the second quarter of the fifteenth century or even in the middle of the fifteenth century. 1.2. P. Holcwescher wrote a collection dominated by legal writings. At first, he copied the "Liubek law" granted to Elbing […] Lübisches 2 Interpreting the word "Marienburg" is done with a completely unreasonable and unnecessary conjecture: Marienburg. 3 The 1912 census of H. Niewöhner is available in the Handschriftencensus database at http: sisches Recht (100 < 120 p.) 5. Then the Polish law […] Polnisches Recht (120[…]168 pages)6 and finally the German […] Prussian language dictionary (169[…]185 www.bbaw.de/forschung/dtm/HSA/Elbing_700330290000.html. ILJA LEMEŠKIN 12 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVIII Recht für Elbing (1–100 p.)4. Antrąjį skriptorius nurašė prūsų teisyną – Preuspages). The plainly visible sheet was inscribed with the common title Buch darihn der Lübeschen Rechte beschriben [...], as well as the eloquent sentence Fiat justicia & pereat mud[us] ([…]telaimi teisėtumas polinkis į teisinius dalykus buvo pastebėtas XVI a. Tada raudonu rašalu priešand težūna [nors and žūtų] all the world[…]). A combination of written sources gave the first researchers of the code reason to believe that the civil law concept was used by the high governor of the order residing in Elbinge […] komtur, who was subordinate to the Elbinge towns and all the localities, i.e. the provinces of that komturia. In fact, the alleged legal function is poorly compatible with the vocabulary of the concepts of the Germanic-Prussian languages. On the one hand, it lacks a "specialized" lexicon, i.e. of a legal nature, and on the other hand, it contains many words (and entire vokiečiai bei lenkai. Šios nuomonės laikėsi Ferdinandas Neumannas ir Edwinas Volckmannas (Volckmann 1869: 4). Vėliau praktinę teisinę paskirtį (für den practischen rechtsgebrauch) svarstė Adalbertas Bezzenbergeris bei Reinholdas Trautmannas (Bezzenberger 1874: 1225; Trautmann 1910: XXIV–XXV). sections) that are semantically difficult to associate with legal subjects (pirtys, vabal, a decision suggested by Wolfram Euler, according to which the dictionary corresponds in function to the books of tourist conversations (Euler 1988: 9). Friedrich Benninghoven also interpreted the word as a "quick speech guide" (kurzer Sprachführer) to facilitate communication with the Prussians on various domestic topics: "A German has the opportunity to give himself to the Prussian land population quickly žvaigždynas ir pan.). Šiuolaikišką, t. y. žiūrėdamas per moderniųjų laikų prizmę, over the concepts of daily life" (Benninghoven 1990: 106). In 2003 Ralf Päsler published a comprehensive study entitled "Deutschsprachige Sachliteratur im Preußenland bis 1500" (German language literature in Prussia before 1500). Investigation of their delivery, in which several 4 Before the main source text, the transcriber submitted a detailed register with the red headline: […]Das ist das lubichs recht vnd der sack[…] (1 p.). The beginning of the register here, on page 1, was distinguished by the initiation: […]Das erste ist von echtischaft I [...][…]. The excipit of the register is page 11: "Der von sinnen ist Komen CCXXXIIX". The Latin term is given after the register 1113 p. The source itself began on page 13: "From the Echteschaft. Wo eyn man sinen son adir sine tchtvs gebet [...]; It ended with the words: […] dij[...] en mogen Keyn gut weg gebin daz ist stete sie vnd daz is ymant gewere sie amen[…]. 5 The colored headline and the beginning of the text "From the wound to the proof". The capital is m1. Eyn man der do gewundt wirt sal syne wunden bewisen dem Kemerer [...][…] (100 p.) and the end of the text: […][...] wer dy sune bricht der ist des geldes bestandn[…] 120 p. 6 At the beginning of this source, 120[…]123 p., an eiliated speech was given. Articles of the 13th Senoji baltų leksikografija Hanzos pirklių tarnyboje. Rankraštinių žodynų paskirtis bei sudarymo laikas dėmesio skyrė Elbingo kodeksui. Remdamasis gausia Centrinės ir Vakarų Europos bibliotekose, archyvuose bei muziejuose saugoma medžiaga, tyrėjas pasiūlė interesting new insights. Disagreeing with the declared legal nature of the code, R. Päsler opts for a different function of the manuscript. The lexicographic work, in his opinion, met the educational needs: "It is unlikely that a German would lead himself, if he had the help of a native Prussian, to understand". The Zielsprache is not Prussian, but German. The Prussians have learned the German language and with it they have learned the Christian-inspired worldview of the colonial masters. Letzteres opens up to the student, also to a student, but first by explaining the additions of a teacher. chen, also in the Umkreis von Ausbildung und Schule[…] (Päsler Die Funktion des Vokabulars ist somit im Umkreis des Sprachunterrichts zu su2003: 307). in lexicographic works of East Prussian origin (in the form of a Savo mintis mokslininkas bando pagrįsti tipologiniu gretinimu su kitais ži15th-century loan. The latter are listed in a separate table in the Wortgruppen des tynų–vokiečių kalbų žodynu, kurį jis žymi santrumpa Königsberg, SUB: 901 – Päsler 2003: 213, 304, 306) bei išsamesne žodyną sudarančių teminių skyrių ‚Elbinger The vocabulary (Päsler 2003: 305306) is as follows: Lfd. Nr. 1. Wort d. Gruppe VokabelNr. Anzahl ders. Charakteristik der Gruppe 1Got 1–11 11 Himmel(sgewölbe) 2Jor 12–23 12 Jahreszeiten und Wochentage 3Erde 24 […] 32 9 Die vier Elemente (The four elements of the earth) 4Vüer 33 to 44 12 5Lvft 45 to 58 14 6Wasser 59[…]66 and 8 7168 102 der Mensch vom Scheitel bis zur Sohle 8Vater 169192 24 Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen (Family relationships) This is a list of people who are related by blood or descent. 9Hüs 193[…]235 43 House and The Hof 10 Ackerman and 236 […] 293 58 11 Wayn 294 to 315 22 Wagen 12 Möle 316 […] 328 9Mühle and its subsidiaries 13 Becker 329 […] 346 18 Bäcker This is a list of people who were born in, residents of, or are otherwise closely associated with Becker. 14 Garbreter 347 […] 381 35 Garkoch This is a list of airports in Germany, grouped by type and sorted by location. 15 Kreczem 382 […] 403 22 Schankwirtschaft (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) (Schankwirtschaft) is also known as 16 Herre 404 […] 428 25 Ranking of the free worlds; The Kriegswessen 17 Ros 429-439 11 Pferde (Spanish pronunciation) 18 Seteler 440[…]453 14 Satterhandwerk (Satterhandwerk) is located in the district of Seteler. 19 Weber 454 […] 472 19 Weberhandwerk (Weber handicrafts) 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 19 Weber handicrafts 20 Schreter 473 […] 495 23 Schneiderhandwerk and its subsidiaries ILJA LEMEŠKIN 14 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVIII Lfd. Nr. 1. Wort d. Gruppe VokabelNr. Anzahl ders. Charakteristik der Gruppe 21 Schuwert 496–512 17 Schuhmacherhandwerk 22 Smyt 513-549 37 Manufacture from materials of any heading 23 Beder 550[…]559 10 Bederhandwerk (Bederhandwerk) is the name of a company in Germany. 24 Vysch 560[…]585 26 Fische (French pronunciation (help·info)) is a Swedish television series. 25 Walt 586 […] 646 61 Wald This is a list of people who were born in, residents of, or are otherwise closely associated with Walt. 26 Tyer 647[…]670 24 Animals of the genus Tyer 27 Varre 671 […] 686 16 Vieh also known as 28 Milk 687[…]695 9 Milk and its products 29 Joger 696 […] 705 10 Jagd He is a member of the Swedish national team. 30 Vogel 706 […] 773 68 Vogelnamen (French pronunciation (help·info)) is a Swedish television series 31 Slange 774 […] 791 18 Schlangen, Würmer and Insekten This is a list of the municipalities of Schlangen, Würmer and Insekten in Germany. 32 Werld 792 […] 802 11 […]Die Welt, in which we live[…] Tyr is inclined to see a certain subtlety in the presentation of the thematic groups […] Schema […] (einzelnen Gruppen einem bestimmten Schema folgen): […]Die Sachgruppen geben ein Abbild des Kosmos, in dessen himmlischer, zeitlicher und weltlicher Einteilung, also eine grobe Skizze des Lebenswelt der christlichen Einwanderer, whose Schwerpunkt auf den Bezeichnungen für die direkte liegt (Gruppe 7[…] 31); The groups 1 to 6 offer the cosmological overhaul, supplemented by Group 32, in which the concepts of the world, Lant, Christianity, Heidenschaft, State and village are collectively referred to as forms of coexistence in the abstaining sequence. If the Land, State and Village do not further bring the right into connection, because they have a constitution, they are legally defined. We also know the concepts of Christianity and Heidenschaft in a legal-canonical connotation. And 16 shows with the vocabulary of the King, Ritter, Leman (Lehensmann), Vrier, Gebuer a social ranking on which the legal durchaus of Belang is […] (Päsler 2003: 237). common resp. a non-specialised (i.e. not strictly legal) lexical work may have originated in Heilsberge or Frauenburge. In the Bishop's residence at Heilsberg, the Prussian school had been in operation since the middle of the fourteenth century, and the sixteen cathedrals of Frauenburg (Ecclesia Warmiensis) were to be maintained and educated in the house of the canon. R. Päsleris also noted that such a 7 Tyréas Päsleris (2003: 237) Žodyno funkcionavimą susiejęs su „mokykline sfera“ tyrėjas teigia, kad toks quotes Klaus Neitmann: "Auch jeder der sechzehn Domherren des ermländischen Domkapitels zu Frauenburg hatte einen Jungen prußischer Zunge in seinem Hause zu unterhalten und ihn für die spätere Seelsorge unter seinem Volke zu erziehen. Unzhodyn may have been needed in Marienburg, where, according to him, he also studied Prussian. terricht erhielten die Jungen an der dortigen Kathedralschule. Einige Stammprußen sind im 14. Articles of the 15th Senoji baltų leksikografija Hanzos pirklių tarnyboje. Rankraštinių žodynų paskirtis bei sudarymo laikas The local researcher hesitated because of the creation of the Elbing Code. P. Holcwescher was able to do his work at the Elbinge […] for the Elbinger Deutschordenskonvent. On the other hand, the author does not rule out the possibility that the compilation of "privileged" sources in them votiškas archyvavimas įvyko Marienburge: „Die Handschrift würde sich dann is part of the efforts for administrative reform and order and as an art come" (Päsler 2003: 237). „Belegexemplar“ verschiedener Texte in der Marienburg „gelagert“ worden sein; nach Elbing wäre die Handschrift womöglich nach Aufgabe der Marienburg geBut in which case the examiner, in accordance with a long-standing tradition, firmly links the drawing up of the code to the administrative purposes of the Vokiech order: "In both cases, however, the Handschrift for the administrative purposes of the German orders would have been restored" (Päsler 2003: 237). The latter widely accepted statement seems too categorical and limiting. Is it really possible to justify the functioning of the collection solely on the basis of the official administration of the German order? Is there really no way to reconcile the content of the manuscript with the vocabulary? It seems to us that such a possibility exists. It should be borne in mind that all three concepts of rights included in the Elbing Code regulated economic relations in depth and paid particular attention to trade issues. In essence, these are the commercial laws that over time - especially the Lübeck law - ensured the dynamic enrichment and development of the cities of the Baltic region. Thus, judges assigned to different administrative units (Pamedę, Elbingą, […]Lenkų teise[…] controlled territory) were needed not only by the commanders, prosecutors and a few other […]administrators[…], but also by the powerful mercenaries representing the Hanseatic League. Without such sources, they could hardly successfully engage in their activities. However, other written sources were also needed for the merchants' business, including auxiliary ones from local residents who were not yet speaking. the testimony of commercial needs constituted the work of lexicography. The most interesting and closest collection of such linguistic sources is the so-called "Russian Book" (Einn Russisch lingvistinių priemonių, palengvinančių komunikaciją resp. derybas su nobiliais, amatininkais, valstiečiais, turgininkais, palydovais ir kitais vokiškai menkai ar Buch; Ein Rusch Boeck; acc. sg. r8sk8jo knigjo rusche boek). Dictionaries and conversations of Svarbu pabrėžti, kad tai nėra vien teorinė galimybė. Hanzos regione yra paRussian-German languages, sometimes Naugardo und 15. The century in their successful Laufbahn bis auf die Bischofsstühle von Samland und Pomesanien gelangt[…] (see also Neitmann 1996: 64). faktorijoje realizuojami „Hanzos vokiečių žemaičių kalba“ (apie sąvokas Hansesprache arba Lübecker Ausgleichssprache žr. Sanders 1982; Peters 1973), yra ILJA LEMEŠKIN 16 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVIII will be important in the examination of the corresponding "Prussian book", i.e. Elbing's dictionary, because it explains the origin of this lexicographic work, its nature and purpose (i.e. the typological connection) from a genre point of view. We will come back to our concerns about Russian books, but first we will look at the source from which the Elbing dictionary has been and is still derived. 1.4. Elbingo's vocabulary of German-Prussian languages is traditionally associated with the medieval vocabulary of German-Latin languages (Mažiulis 1966: 28), but no such vocabulary of language patterns has been found in Prussia or elsewhere. There are well-known dictionary records of Latin-Germanic languages (Päsler 2003: 213), but their purpose is quite different. It was used to learn Latin vocabulary. It's called mokiniai sėkmingai įžengdavo per „atviras duris kalboms ir visiems mokslams“ (J. A. Comenius: Janua linguarum reserata sive Seminarium linguarum et scientia- "Dwére Jayků odewřené To aet Krátký a nadný půob kteréhokoli Gaykaspolu y s ačatky wech vměnj / wobodných pochopenj". It's also known as "Dwére Jayků orientuoti (iš vokiečių į lotynų kalbą) žodynai aptariamuoju laikotarpiu neturėjo prasmės (vartotojų), dėl to jų hipotetinis egzistavimas, apie kurį savo laiku odewřené To aet Krátký a nadný půob kteréhokoli Gaykaspolu y s ačatky wech wech vměnj". On the contrary, the consideration of Waltheris Ziesemer (Ziesemer 1920: 139[…]140) raises many doubts. It is theoretically possible to consider an alternative model, that the compiler of the vocabulary of the German-Prussian languages removed the Latin-language registers from the school vocabulary and used the ⇩ German equivalents […] dvik instead. dictionary of Greek-Latin languages dictionary of Latin-German languages dictionary of German-Prussian languages The schematic of the interrelationship of the given vocabulary is followed by Rolando Ferri, who became the first researcher to take the declared relation to 2018). Elbingo žodyną jis nuodugniai gretina su XIV a. pabaigos lotynų–vokiečių žemaičių Liber ordinis rerum, kurį spaudai parengė ir 1983 m. Tübingene išleido Peteris Schmittas. Italų mokslininkas įžvelgia „didelį artumą“ (significant closeness) tarp teminių skyrių ir pamatinių žodžių, kurie tampa pavienių be based textually (Ferri thematic field identifiers (Ferri 2018: 129[…]130). The grating gave him this result: Liber ordinis rerum Elbing vocabulary 1. De Deo et Sanctis 1. What is the meaning of life? (1) Got the Dewis 2. De mundo celo and the stars 2. This is Jor Mettan 3. (12) De tempore (year of the year) 3. (24) The same earth 4. De igne (=EV4) 4. The following table shows: (33) The Vüer Panno 5. De aere (=EV5) 5. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. (45) Luft Wins Articles 17 and 7. De Senoji baltų leksikografija Hanzos pirklių tarnyboje. Rankraštinių žodynų paskirtis bei sudarymo laikas Liber ordinis rerum Elbing vocabulary 6. De aquis (=EV6) 6. (59) Wasser Wundan terra is equal to EV3. De montibus (=EV26) is the name of the bus. (67) The Mensch Smonenawi(n)s 8. De distinccione et locis nemorum (Distinction and location not known) Water of Towis (169) 9. De uiis inter De aedificiis (=EV9) is the name of the building. terra. 9. What is the name of the island? (193) Hüs Buttan (also known as Hüs Buttan) 10. De cognationibus hominis 10. (236) Ackerman Artoys 11. The official bus (=EV16)11. (294). The Way of the Abbasid 12. De his qui presunt victu 12. (316) jeger) 13. The Mole Malunis (agressus The Mole Malunis (agressus ackerman, venator ackerman, venator jeger) is a species of the panium preparatoribus 13. This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication. (329) Becker Peccore (mola mol; fornarius becker) This species is endemic to the United States. This is the case for the following products: genus Mole in the family Molluscaceae. De 14 The preparation of the (cough cough) ciborium (347) Garbreter and Aubirgo 15. De diuersis generibus ciborum 15. (lac milch) What is the meaning of the name Ciborum? (382) Kretzem Karczemo (384 malcz) is located in the southern part of the country. Piwamaltan (also known as 16. De diversis generibus potuum 16. diversis generibus potuum? This What is the meaning of the name De Regulation shall enter into force on (written by weber) the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. De artificibus pro vestitu is the name of the game. (429) The Ros Russis 18. De praeparatoribus (sartor schrader) What are you doing? uestium 18. This is the first time that the European Parliament has been consulted on this matter. (440) The Balgninix settler 19 of the preparatoribus (sutor schowort) What are you doing? corei. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. De Artibus pro Edificio is located in the heart of the city. (473) Schroter and Scrutele 21. De instrumentis ad on the twentieth day following that of its publication. (496) Schuwert Schuwikis rerum necessariis (= EV 11, 17, 18) This Decision is addressed to the Member States. (sellator satlär) commutationes 21. This Regulation shall enter into force 22. De emundatoribus (balneator, bader)22. (513) Smyt Wutris 23. De brutis et eorum generibus (=EV26) 23. (550) Beder Stubonikis 24. De incomestibilibus (=EV17) and domesticis 24. This is the first time that the European Parliament has been consulted on this matter. (560) High Suckis 25. De feris is equal to EV26. (586) The Walt Median is 26. De speciebus avium (=30)EV26. This species is endemic to the United States. (647) Tyer Alue 27. The Commission considers that the aid is compatible with the internal market within the meaning of Article 107 (3) (c) of the Treaty. De piscibus is equal to EV24)27. (671) Varre Lonix is 28. De vermibus venenosis (EV31) is the name of the disease. (687) Milk Dadan is 29. This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. (696) Trees of the Jager (b) the following table is inserted: 31. (774) Slange Angis (792) The World of Swetan 32. ILJA LEMEŠKIN 24 The Lithuanian Language Act LXXVIII Einn Russisch Buch (1546 m. žodyno redakcija) Ein Rusch Boeck... (XVI a. vidurys) Tönies Fenne (1607 m., Pskovas) Vonn Rustungenn zu Van The Pferdenn Seüden Gezeüg Van allerley flesch (also known as Vonn Rustungenn zu Van Seüden Gezeüg) is a Swedish football club based in Germany. Vonn Kriege Vnd Seiner Zubehorunnge Van wandtt lacken Van allerley gedrenke Vonn Tantzen Singenn Vnnd Springen Van Allerleie verwenn Van menschen ledttmaten Vonn Rauch Wahr as This is a list of Van motten vnnde airports in Germany, grouped by type and sorted by location. Allerlei kaufmanes war (also known as Allerlei kaufmanes war) Lasten Van bekledinge This is the first time I've seen this. Vonn allerleÿ wahren schriffwahrenn hernach vollftt This is a list of airports in Germany, grouped by type and sorted by location. as Van Vonn Allerleÿ Kreude Van huszgerade Vonn Edlenn gesteinenn Vonn fuer Vonn golde vnndt goltwerck Van handttwerkes reschop This is the first time I've seen this kind of thing in my life. Of a kind used in The Muntze the manufacture of semiconductor devices Vonn Seÿdenn gewandt Van allerley pelterienn Vonn allerley colour Van allerley ledder vnd skin which is used in the manufacture of leather goods Vonn Allerleÿ Lackenn Van allerley is Dutch Of a thickness not exceeding 0,2 mm Van wasze and tallige Van flasze vnd hemp, not further worked than hot-rolled Of a thickness not exceeding 0,2 mm Van goldtt vnd suluer (also known as Van goldtt) Van der ruschen muntte, also known as Van der ruschen muntte Of a thickness not exceeding 0,2 mm Van on the side wall Van linen wande Van allerley farue and Van allerley lakenn, also known as Van allerley lakenn The differences between the monuments in question indicate that more similar inscriptions must have existed in the 14th and 15th centuries, which already at that time formed a network of inscriptions in terms of texture. This indicates a high demand and distribution of "Russian books". It will hardly be possible to determine the exact ratio of the three manuscripts currently available (unless on the basis of a comparative analysis of Elbing's dictionary). The reconstruction of the common prototype is complicated by the fact that the titles of the same thematic sections are different. Now we will indicate the titles of the chapters one next to the other regardless of their place in the vocabulary: Einn Russisch Buch (1546 m. žodyno redakcija) Ein Rusch Boeck... (XVI a. vidurys) Tönies Fenne (1607 m., Pskovas) Vonn gott vnd It's all right, Himlischenn Van Gott vnnd This is a list of airports in Germany, grouped by type and sorted by location. it's all right Straipsniai / Articles 25 Senoji baltų leksikografija Hanzos pirklių tarnyboje. Rankraštinių žodynų paskirtis bei sudarymo laikas Einn Russisch Buch (1546 m. žodyno redakcija) Ein Rusch Boeck... (XVI a. vidurys) Tönies Fenne (1607 m., Pskovas) Vonn Zeitenn Des Jahrs Van tüden des dagen werme Auch tunden iahres Vonn Jars vnnd Van den veer tiden desz dem Geistlichenn Van Geüstlüchenn wesenn Van geistlichen standt vnd Stanndt This is the first time in the history of the world that a person has been awarded the title of Geistlichenn. regiment From the worldly stand to the The worldly stand to the worldly stand Oberkügheütt regiment Vonn freunnd vnnd Gesiebschafften van Hüer wül Ick schriuen Vader vnnd moder vnd Broder vnd This is a list of people who were born in, lived in, or are currently living in Germany. The Fründtschap Van frundttschop vnd thobehoringe Süster De quatuor. What are Van Allerlei you doing? The element of the Van den veer element Watter Van waterenn is located in the district of Van Allerlei. Van winde vnd der mane is the name of the river. Of a thickness not exceeding 0,2 mm For the bath Vonn Mannes Persohnenn Van personen vnd gestaltt der lude This is a list of people who have been featured on the television series Vonn Mannes Persohnenn. Van geschikeden luden guder artt. What are you doing here? Van vngeschickten luden boser artt. What are you doing here? Vonn Handwerckenn Van Allerlei craftsman by trade who works in the handicrafts industry. Ampten vnd Van Allerlei is a It's called the Van From Stedten to The Landtschafften Steden slot. It's Lande to Dorpen called the Van Lendern slot. Vom Gewichte Vonn gewichte Maß vnnd vnd kaufmanes war Vonn fischenn Van Van motten vnnde Lasten gewüchtenn vnnd Ellen Allerlei Allerlei füschcken Im Van fischen Von mahten vndtt wichtenn vnd ehrer artt watter I'm not sure if this is the case. sure if this is the case, but I'm not Vonnell Vognn Van Allerlei voegel Hemmel vnder Von allerley vögelln wiltt This is a list of the municipalities of the province of North Rhine-Westphalia. and tam This Regulation shall enter twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. bemen into force on the Vonn Viehe Van Vonn Wildwergk od(er) Wildwahren wülden türen vnd Anderen Viehe vnd perdenn Van wilden dertenn This is the name of the village in which the village is located. Van tamen derttenn Vonn pferdenn Van varwen der pferde Van perdenn Vonn getrencke Van Eten vnd drüncken vnd Van Van Schepenn Van schepenn Hefftt to Der nott Vonn allerley gedrenke Vonn Vÿtalÿenn bedarff Hefftt to allerley vitallie Vonn der Sehe Vnndt Van Schepenn Der nott Vonn allerley vitallie Vonn der Sehe vnndt Van Schepenn Hefftt to Der nott Vonn allerley vitallie Vonn der Sehe Vonn der Sehe Vnndt Van Schieffenn and Schepenn What is the name of the horse that is being played by the ILJA LEMEŠKIN 26 The Lithuanian Language Act LXXVIII Einn Russisch Buch (1546 m. žodyno redakcija) Ein Rusch Boeck... (XVI a. vidurys) Tönies Fenne (1607 m., Pskovas) Vonn Hausgeradt Derselben Vonn Haushaltunge vnd is located at: The Derselben Zubehorung is located in the southern part of the country. vnd Vann Hus vnnd Zubehorunnge Hus Van huszgerade is located in the district of Vonn Haltung Van handttwerkes reschop is located in the district of Derselben. Vonn Schreÿbwergk Van The Brüeffen Manufacture from materials of any heading schriuers vnnd Van schriffwahrenn This is a list of people who were born in, residents of, or are otherwise closely associated with Vonn Schreÿbwergk. From Mennschlichenn ledttmaten from Münschen dat gliedtmassenn lüff vnd sin wesen from the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head gantze from menschen Vonn Mannes Namen Van Allerlei münschen is the name of the city in which the city is located. Namen Der Van menschen namen Vonn Kleÿdunnge Van Kleidungen Van Bekledinge Vonn Kriege Vnd Seiner Van Krüges Lüdenn Van Other, of Kriege Vnd orlichs This is a list of people who were born in, residents of, or are otherwise closely associated with the city of Vienna. circular cross-section, of stainless steel Vonn golde vnndt goltwerck Van Goldtt. Copper and articles thereof What are you doing here? It's called sulfur. The Eüsern. Van goldtt vnd suluer (also known as Van goldtt) Vonn Allerleÿ Kreude Van Edelen Kreüteren Van Krudern vnd gewurtze Vonn Edlenn Steinenn Van Edel Gesteünen Van edelgesteinen Vonn Vonn Seÿdenn gewandt Van sidengewande Vonn allerleÿ farben Van Allerleie verwenn Van allerley farue Allerleÿ Lackenn Van wandtt lacken Van allerley lakenn It is also known as the "Lack of Aller" or "Lack of Aller". Vonn der Russischenn The Muntze Van Gelde Vnderschede Van der ruschen muntte The 12th Mensibus. mahnte vnd quatuor De Namen der Tempora auiui dage This is the first time I've seen this movie. Vonn Rustungenn zu Van Pferdenn rustingen thon perden is located in the district of Vonn Rustungenn. Van Allerlei Erdt Beren This is Abest Van fruchten der erdenn Van allerley awette. Vonn Eÿserwergk Van allerley is a Dutchman Vonn Tantzen Singenn Vnnd Springen Van allerley spellwark Of the thirty-two thematic chapters of the Elbing dictionary, only eight do not contain nominal correspondences: […]Ūkis and agricultural work[…] (in the Elbing dictionary it is the 10th), […]Ratai and horns[…] (11th), […]Malūnas[…] (13th), […]Batsiuvystė[…] (21th), […]Pirtis[…] (23rd), […]Pie, milk manufacturers[…] (28th), […]Medžioklė[…] (29th) and […]Orbis mundi[…] (32nd). The twenty-three sections of the Elbing dictionary have strong adjacencies in at least two editions of "Russian books". It is possible to choose the correspondence for one thematic section only in one of them: the Elbing dictionary […]Ropliai ir vabzdžiai[…] […] T. Fenne[…]ės […]Van allerley gewormte[…]. It may be that this section touched by T. Articles of the 27th Senoji baltų leksikografija Hanzos pirklių tarnyboje. Rankraštinių žodynų paskirtis bei sudarymo laikas Fenne's writing comes from the Russian-Germanic word protograph (close to the Elbing dictionary), but other unique sections may be of a secondary, innovative nature. Specifically, these are: Einn Russisch Buch (1546 m. žodyno redakcija) Ein Rusch Boeck... (XVI a. vidurys) Tönies Fenne (1607 m., Pskovas) Vonn Kornn Vonn Nehewergk Vonn Dreschenn Van Vonn Betten Vnnd Of a thickness Vonn Rauch Of a thickness not Vonn allerleÿ wahren tallige hernach vollft Schterbens Kranckheiten Allerley wüne vnd Ihrer Van Seüden Leüfften vnnd Van nationen der lude is located in the southern part of the country. Bredtt vndtt is located in Bier Van allerley flesch This is a list of people who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with the city of Dresden, Germany. Gezeüg Van allerley pelterienn is located in the southern part of the country. not exceeding 0,2 mm but not exceeding 0,2 mm Wahr as the skin exceeding 0,2 mm but not exceeding 0,2 mm as Van wasze vnd Van flasze vnd hemp also known as Van wasze vnd tallige hernach vollft Van linen wande 1.5.3. Gretimų antraščių įvairavimas leidžia manyti, jog rusų–vokiečių žodynų protografas neturėjo skyrių pavadinimų, t. y. kad jis šiuo atžvilgiu buvo panašus į Elbingo žodyną, kuriame atspirties tašku nusakant teminį bloką buvo the colour is a distinct base word. This partly explains the emergence of some "excess" thematic blocks. According to the basic (theme) words, the text is suteikdavo erdvę tam tikram leksiniam klodui atskirti ir „perprofiliuoti“ į atskiarranged in a semantic column. It was enough to additionally color the initiation and develop such a section. We could illustrate this process by looking at Elbing's dictionary. For example, let's look at the successive thematic chapters: "Human body, health" (EŽ 67 […]168), "Family, family" (EŽ 169 […]192), "Home, farm buildings" (EŽ 193 […]235). The concept of kinship forms the basis of the […]Sheima, family[…] section, but the section is completed by a few social and work-related nuances turintys žodžiai (EŽ 190–192): Son Wayklis Knecht Gewineis Jucvrowe Mergo The given lexemes form a semantic transition from one thematic field to another, because before the "Houses, farm buildings" section informs about the family close to or the household staff surrounding the family. In this word position (word dictionaries must also be read vertically, because when forming words, they were traded on a semantic associative basis) the words Wayklis, Gewineis, Mergo have the marking ‘servant, son (as ILJA LEMEŠKIN 28 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVIII woikello […]knecht […] sernas (bernas) […] GrG 79 […] PŽE IV 213), […]laborer, hired man[…] and, respectively, […]merga, tarnaitė[…]. This is the first time that the term has been used in this context. Thus, in the place in question, the dictionary concealed a certain potential for a new thematic block to emerge. In the Elbing dictionary, it remained unused, as both the enlarged and unenlarged dictionary itself (due to the withdrawal of the Prussian language from the dictionary) became an acligat of the lexical tradition. On the contrary, the vocabulary of the Russian-Germanic languages, which evolved from the monument of the same or similar tradition, remained relevant for a long time, i.e. it was improved and expanded (even in the 17th century). The aforementioned potency was noticed in them and was properly exploited, which is why the Von Mannesohn Persenn and Von Handwerckenn (T. Schroue's Einn Russisch Buch Redaktion) are under the umbrella of the […]Vonn freunnd vnnd Gesiebschafften[…]. The same, but under different names, sections are given anonymously in the 16th century in Ein Rusch Boeck... (Hüer wül Ick schriuen van Vader vnnd moder Süster vnnd Broder vnnd Fründtschap... Van Allerlei Ampten vnnd meisters) and in the T. Fenne's notebook (Van frundttschop vnnd thobehoringe... Van allerlei handwerkttenn). The second thematic grandis […]Ape occupations, work duties[…], which additionally excluded the sections […]Šeima, giminė[…] and […]Namai, farm buildings[…] in the neighborhood, could also reduce the fact that other semantically close thematic fields were attracted, prestige sumetimais prepositively, i.e. before the review of kinship: Vonn dem Geistlichenn Stanndt, Vom weltlichenn Stande (T. Schroues scope and Einn Russisch Buch); „Van Geüstlüchenn wesenn“, „Van weldttlücker Oberügkheütt“ (XVI a. Ein Rusch Boeck...); „Van geistlichen standt vnd regimentt“, „Van weltlichen stande vnd regimentt“ (T. Fenne). Susidaro įspūdis, kad „Rusiškų knygų“ protografas savo apipavidalinimu, contract were similar to those of the Elbing dictionary. A comparison of lexicographic works in some places reveals a closer relationship between the Elbing dictionary and the mid-16th-century Ein Rusch Boeck... (this can be said, for example, of the total number of thematic blocks and their sequence in the starting position of the manuscripts: […]Van Gott vnnd hemmelschen dingen […] EŽ 1; […]Van Geüstlüch wesennenn[…]; […]Van weldttlücker Oberügkheütt[…], which is located in the northern part of the country. […]Van tüden des Jars vnnd dagen werme Auch tunden[…] […] EŽ 2; […]Van Allerlei Watter[…], […]De quatuor. […] This is EŽ 7; „Van Krüges Lüdenn“ – EŽ 16; „Hüer wül Ick schriuen van Vader vnnd the first time I've seen this song in my life, and it's the first time I've seen it in my panašumo su kitais nuorašais. Atrodo, kad Elbingo žodynas bus naudingas relife. The element is […] EŽ 3[…]6; […]De 12 Mensibus. De quatuor Tempora auiui[…]; This Koks buvo Elbingo žodyno ir „Rusiškų knygų“ protografo ryšys, kol kas galima tik spėlioti. Viduramžių Hanzos leksikografija turėjo būti ribota, mat hanis the first time I've seen this. Van münschen dat gantze lüff vnd sin wesen moder Süster vnd Broder vnd Fründtschap EŽ 8 and so on), but elsewhere there is a Straipsniai / Articles 29 Senoji baltų leksikografija Hanzos pirklių tarnyboje. Rankraštinių žodynų paskirtis bei sudarymo laikas jiems nebuvo sunku dirbti savo darbą Nyderlanduose ir Skandinavijoje esanprototype of the vocabulary of the Russian-German languages being constructed. The islands in the North Sea and the western Baltic Sea coast did not face major communication problems. Because of language kinship and diglossia in these factors. The situation was more complicated in England, where mixed verbal communication (on the basis of German-speaking peoples) was more complicated due to the influence of French. In this space, one can potentially expect auxiliary manuscript dictionaries, which facilitated the orientation from a linguistic point of view for the beginners of the Hanzo dictionaries. As they moved to Eastern Europe, the need for bilingual vocabulary inevitably increased, as merchants increasingly encountered "foreign" languages. As a result, it is possible to predict different ages in the East of the works of the lexicography of the Germanic Low Slavic (in Russian or Polish), Germanic Low Baltic (in Prussian, Latvian), Germanic Low Fino-Ugric (in Estonian, Lithuanian) languages. Of course, this is only a theoretical possibility, which does not mean that all such dictionaries were actually written at that time. Taking into account the linguistic specificity of the Hanseatic region (broader: Skvairs, Ferdinand 2002: 78[…]80), it would be possible to hypothetically consider an example of a bilingual vocabulary that has not reached our time, for example, the German-English languages, which was later used to compile dictionaries of the German-Prussian and (or) German-Russian languages. On the other hand, Elbing's vocabulary may be derived from the vocabulary of the German-Russian languages, from which it has long since evolved into the greatly expanded vocabulary that exists today. Russian books. It could be the other way around: a 13th-century dictionary of German-Prussian languages could have helped lay the foundation for the emergence of "Russian books". Regardless of the direction of development, what is important to us is the cultural historical context and the practical functioning of related vocabularies, which determined their structure and content. 1.6. An analogy with the circumstances of the emergence of funkcionavimu padeda geriau suprasti Elbingo žodyno ištakas ir tipologiją. PrakRussian-Germanic vocabularies and their significance The Hanseatic approach to foreign languages was aptly described by Catherine Squires and Svetlana Ferdinand: партнера, ганзейцы осознали рано. Именно в источниках, касающихся Russians are mentioned in the spoken language […] studying Russian language merchants сыновья […]. Овладение иностранным языком являлось обязательным This is the case with the programme for the education of novice Hanseatic merchants [Bruchhäuser 1989, 99, 118]. And as far as the sources can tell, подход к обучению языку был сугубо практическим: ганзейские «ученики» приобретали знания в устном общении с русскими хозяевами во время пребывания на боярских дворах. Уже в проекте договора 1268–1269 гг. оговаривается возможность направлять немецких и готландских юношей на Russia for the mastery of the language: Hospites libere et sine contradictione pueros suos mittant ad descendum loquelam in terram quoqumque uolunt (Squires, Ferdinand 2002: 59). The household language payment model is particularly emphasized here. Both the prototype of the "Russian books" and the forerunner of the Elbing dictionary had to cover a wide range of everyday life: from God and divine nature to ILJA LEMEŠKIN 30 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVIII įvairius žmogiškus dalykus iki įvairiausių gyvūnų (o dėl vabzdžių ir iki pirties). Specializuotiems dalykams juose nebuvo vietos. Jų pirminė paskirtis – padėti bendrai orientuotis naujoje kalboje, parodyti, kas kaip vadinama naujoje vietoIt is. Among other things, this was to determine the "nomenclature" approach to language, i.e. the dominance of nouns. Nomenclature dictionaries can be combined with modern illustrated bilingual dictionaries for beginners (the dictionary of the vocabulary register corresponds here with the illustration). The absence of vocabulary for counting, measuring, exchanging, selling and buying is also understandable. This is another level of knowledge of language, which, because of its relevance (in the eyes of future buyers), may not have required special paper fixation, because such things were said in the head by heart and further developed in conversations. It can be assumed that the targeted user of the dictionary was a young man under the age of twenty: "Knowledge of the Russian language was considered very important и ценным качеством для купца, ведущего торговые дела с Русью. Руссконемецкие разговорники Шрове, Фенне и анонимный разговорник 1568 г., как показывает их анализ, скорее всего были не единичными трудами And they represented a whole tradition. Authors of these разговорников, как правило, бывали молодые купеческие сыновья, так как людям старше 20 лет считалось уже нецелесообразным начинать поприще, related to the study of such a complex language as Russian: […]Nen lerekint boven twintich jar olt scal de sprake in deme Naugardeschen richte noch to Nougarden enbinnen, he se we he si, de in des kopmannes rechte wesen wille[…] (Scvairs, Ferdinand 2002: 68). The Prussian language, without a doubt, belonged to the complex, therefore the Elbing-type vocabulary had to be oriented towards the younger generation of consumers. The same commercial strategy successfully applied by the Hanseatic League - based on a unique emphasis on the local language - was to be implemented in Prussia, and especially intensively when a port was established in the Elbe River valley after the military intervention (1237). Ten years later (1246), the settlement of Elbing was granted the rights of the city of Lübeck […] the order was privilegijų pirklių luomui10. Teisiniuose santykiuose pirkliai taip įgijo ypatingą loss-making, because it granted various benefits and status (legally secured by the courts), which promoted the expansion of unrestricted trade. Founded in the mid-13th century and controlled by Lübeck, the city soon became an important international trading center, where merchants belonging to the Hanseatic League (traveling through Elbing to Naugatuck and back) gained the opportunity for free trade. It is believed that the order was granted not particularly useful rights "in the order of exemption", i.e. as a thank you for the support of the Swabian Lubeck merchants in the conquest and colonization of Prussia. It's important to us that the city's exceptional accessibility 10 Later, in the Prussian-inhabited territory, these specific city rights were granted to Branev (1284 m.). Articles by Articles 31 Senoji baltų leksikografija Hanzos pirklių tarnyboje. Rankraštinių žodynų paskirtis bei sudarymo laikas Hanzo's purchases encouraged competition and therefore interest in the local language, which in turn led to the emergence of a separate category of people […] young people in the sprakeler. 1.7. The Hanseatic language policy […] the subjugation of all potential trading partners […] may suggest that the word originated from the distant arrival of pirkliai. Tai tiesa, tačiau negalima nuvertinti ir prekyba užsiimančių vietinių German colonists. They did not look at the language of the enslaved people in a nes jos nesuvokdavo kaip kliūties. Tam tikru laiku galėjo būti netgi atvirkščiai. Konkurencijos sąlygomis vietinės kalbos mokėjimas užtikrindavo monopolinę negative way, a situation that the wealthy merchants willingly used. From the same Naugard, we know of strict language restrictions. In order to eliminate competitors, a consistent "dialect blockade" was implemented here, when the secrets of the Russian language were forbidden to be given to the French, Dutch, Flemish, Walloons, English, Scots and other foreigners. For example, in the Lubeck convoy of 1423, a prohibition was adopted against Dutch youth: "dat man jennigen Hollandesschen jungen up de sprake bringe". Another restriction was introduced in the Hanseatic Council in Valmiera in 1434: […]Ok en sall man neynes Hollanders, Zeelanders, Campeers, Vlaminghe noch Engelsche jungen do noch do help up de sprake[…] (see also Squires 2009: 38; Ribina 2009: 228). In the case of the Prussian language, there is no documented connection between the Hanseatic and the Gentiles, but there may have been a certain internal tension in Prussian territory at that time between the Elbingi and all other representatives of the Hanseatic cities. This is understandable, since for some, the difficult or more difficult access to an exotic language became an important tool that prevented them from gaining a greater share of the profits in the local market and thus ensuring the long-term well-being of the buyers. Thus, both representatives of distant Hanseatic cities and local merchants (towns) of Elbing were interested in bystės įsigalėjimo suteikdavo konkurencinį pranašumą, dėl to būtų galima samprotauti net apie tai, kad jų platinimas ir plitimas buvo ribojami ar reguliuojami. donating their sons to the "prussian language sciences". The dictionary of sudėtyje, kurie likdavo pirklių nuosavybė. Šiuo atžvilgiu verta prisiminti ElbinGerman-Prussian languages and similar linguistic sources up to the twentieth century promoted the controlled writing of dictionaries in professionally specialized collections of the history of the Go code. Until 1823, it was owned by Abraham Grubnau (1740-1823). The first owner we know of was the influential Elbingo merchant, who was also known as a collector of fine books and various antiques. The Elbe Code was a collection of the same code that he had collected from his colleagues. jis, įsigyti iš kitų profesijų atstovų, tačiau labai gali būti, kad knyga ilgą laiką priklausė „šeimai“11. 11 The family of the Gibeonites descended from the king of Judah. It is believed that the ancestors of A. Griubnavo moved to Elbing in the seventeenth century, but this does not contradict our ILJA LEMEŠKIN 32 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVIII 1.8. It is worth emphasizing that the "Lübeck rights" granted to Elbing in 1246 constitute the sign of the code. Q 84 the basis. This codicological aspect, in our opinion, is significant because it supports the belonging of the vocabulary of the German-Prussian languages to the previously discussed utilitarian Hanseatic lexicography, supporting the validity of such an assignment. It seems that the specialised local composition of the code or its commercial nature has not yet been properly taken into account. There will probably be a close causal relationship between the legal basis given to Elbing and the vocabulary of the German-Prussian languages: without the firmly established Hanseatic languages in Elbing, Prussian lexicography would hardly or never have emerged. The situation would have been kitokių aiškinimų. Prūsų atžvilgiu yra pažymėtinos ir kitos kodeksą sudarančios dalys. Po pravery different if the Magdeburg or Kulm laws had been included in the code. Such a combination of sources would have required the essentially victorious Prussia of danam vellent eligere. vel que vellent secularia iudicia obseruare, habito inter se consilio pecierunt et elegerunt legem mundanam et secularia iudicia Polonothe 1242-1249 uprising, as indicated by the Treaty of Christburg, to agree to lead the Polish right: […]Postea dicti neophiti requisiti a nobis quam legem munrum vicinorum suorum. And predicti fratres eis concesserunt benigne[…] (Kregždys 2012: 45) This is the first time that this has happened. This would justify the inclusion of Polnisches Recht in the code. In the case of the Pamed law, close ties with the Prussians are also evident. Given the circumstances discussed, it can be hypothesized that the "Prussian" collection was compiled on the territory of Elbinge by merchants for its purpose and content. We find the most favorable conditions in the second controlled city of Lübeck, which motivate the combination of vocabulary and rights knyga iš turėtų šaltinių buvo sudaryta tik XIV a. viduryje, tačiau ir tokiu atveju ją sudarant turėta atsižvelgti (iš dalies retrospektyviai) į praktinius Hanzos pirklių interesus. 1.9. Elbingo žodyno suvokimas per Hanzos kalbos politikos prizmę bei hanreasoning. In the context of the city's old knowledge of lexicological production (dvikalbes and utilitarian), it helps to define the time when the prototype of the Elbing dictionary could have been ir sąlygos žodynui atsirasti susiformavo XIII a. viduryje. Abejotina, ar tai buvo compiled. Assumptions are possible before the emergence of the Elbing factor. The need for such a dictionary probably arose shortly after the granting of Lübeck's rights in 1246, when German merchants and colonists flooded into the new market. This situation continued until the merchant dynasties, which had withdrawn, left their place after profitably intermarrying with representatives of non-local families with the corresponding capital. Due to business marriages, the property of one family regularly passed into the hands of others (from the stepmother to the son-in-law). This could also be the case with Griubnav. It's important to us. priklausymas miesto valdžiai (Stadtrath) ir pirklių luomui. Straipsniai / Articles 33 Senoji baltų leksikografija Hanzos pirklių tarnyboje. Rankraštinių žodynų paskirtis bei sudarymo laikas associations under one umbrella. Initially, such a set could consist of the "Liubek law", the "Lenk law" and the dictionary. No earlier than 1340 the collection was supplemented by the "Pamedė law". Of course, it may be that the manuscript with suppliers and buyers of various goods could be negotiated only in Prussian. Compared to other Prussian lands in the Pamir, this period was not long. Soon the viršutinę ribą, t. y. laiką, iki kol sudaryti nomenklatorinį žodyną dar buvo prasmės. level of use of Polish and German languages increased dramatically here. From the beginning or middle of the 14th century, we can speak of the conditions of bilingualism, at least in the specific contact communication that included the Hanseatic League. So the conditional course of the Elbing Code can be represented in the following ways: a) Around 1237-1300, due to the needs of the Hanseatic sprakelerere, a dictionary of Germanic-Prussian or Prussian-Germanic languages was compiled, which may have differed considerably from the work of P. Holcwescher (it may have contained conversations, see below). (b) The "Liubek rights" constituting the sign of the code granted to Elbing. Q 84 represents the legal redaction that emerged no later than 1300 (the origins of the redaction are derived from the manuscript […]Liubeko teisių[…], which until World War II (signature E 135) was stored in the Elbing city archive […] Päsler 2003: 234). In the period from about 1300 to 1340 a parchment manuscript book may have appeared, which was composed of the "Laws of Lübeck" and the "Laws of Lenckes" and the dictionary given to Elbing at about the same age. c) The "Pamedė law" was added later, after 1340, to the Tokyo compilation of the second quarter of the 15th century or probably in the middle of the 15th century and was written (not composed) This is P. Holcwescheris. 2. The gradual composition of the reconstructed Elbing codex indicates that the vocabulary of the German-Prussian languages was rewritten several times at different times. It seems that at least two intermediate copies could have been made between the original of the second half of the middle of the thirteenth century and the manuscript of P. Holcwescher. Understandably, this leads to funkcionavo pagal savo pirminę paskirtį (XIII a. antroji pusė), jis, ko gero, buvo tobulinamas ir pildomas, tačiau vėliau, prekybai persiorientavus į vokiečių kalbą, sustabarėjusio žodyno nuorašai buvo mechaniškai kopijuojami bei tikrų tikriausiai ir redukuojami. Pastarąją galimybę remia lyginimas su kitu leksikoconsidering how the work of lexicography has changed over those centuries. the dictionary of writing memorial (jo sandara) […] a small-scale dictionary with conversations, which is traditionally closely associated with the name of Simon Grūnava (Simon Grunau, about 1470[…]1530 or 37 years old). It attracts our attention because of the Hanseatic lexicographic tradition found in the same Baltic region. 2.1. The description of Simon Grunow's dictionary in the Baltics is not very extensive, as it suggests the possibility that a monk from Tolkemit contributed to the creation of the dictionary. His real role will probably be much more humble and ILJA LEMEŠKIN 40 Act of Linguistic Lithuanian LXXVIII Hanzos eksporto prekė, ir tai lemia imperat. 2 a. sg. pr. plateys ‘mokėk’ vartojisuperficial. S. Grūnavas earnings can be compared to P. Holcweschers income. It's „sukirmijusių [raudonos spalvos ąžuolo] obuoliukų“ (vo. galöpfel = roter apffel, plg. vid. vo. aukšt. rōt ‘falsch, listig’; taisyklingesnis bus GrA žodžių junginys ours. Leather was transported from the Baltic region, and it needed a lot of dried warmun wabelcke, which had a marked substrate, to roast it. the genus warmun IV 263). Ši daug tanino turinti prekė (galai arba cecidijos, lo. galla), sprendžiant pagal žodynėlį, taip pat figūravo tuometinių pirklių pasiūloje: ‘tu neturi? – duosiu tau galus’. „Rusiškose knygose“ ją atitinka: skatn6y wráhi – gallen (Fenne 123.14). Kitaip suvokti warmun wabelcke netiktų, nes kas XIII a. pardavinėtų ar […]kirmėlių, vabzdžių[…] (substitute pronoun *varmas […]kirmėlė; vabzdys[…]); the following table is added: Before buying such a "goods" as a simple apple. One sentence reveals the godliness or (and) missionary role of the then merchants. It is given at the beginning of the chapter […]Bažnyčia[…]: Beichten Sunde […] honorable Greek […]kalbėk (know) sins[…] (GrG 28[…]29). We'd wait for a Greek instead of a Greek. the following table is added: * Greek (PEŽ I 408) The spelling Galūnė may reflect the influence of the Russian language (acc. pl. galūnė). From an unusual communicative perspective, sharp insults and vulgarities shine through: der arch leck […] peida pomeleis […]pasturgalis laizyk man[…] (GrA 76[…]77), Arch kuen […] pi[…]da pomeleis […]t. p is equal to (GrG 82[…]83) (plural: vo. küssen Sie meinen Arsch; lie. to kiss the ass, to kiss the ass; če. to kiss the ass, to kiss the ass, and so on) It is also known as the "GrA 8081" or "GrA 8081" or "GrA 8081". куметру; еть твою мать); GrG 86 to 87 Straipsniai / Articles 41 Senoji baltų leksikografija Hanzos pirklių tarnyboje. Rankraštinių žodynų paskirtis bei sudarymo laikas er iʃt ein dreck – ieʃt goʃen ‘(tai yra) šūdas’ (GrA 99–100) (plg.: vo. das ist scheiße). The examples given are interesting from the point of view of language interference and leveling of keys. The person who was consulting (selecting) the Prussian language data was probably oriented towards keiks, with which he had already encountered negotiating with representatives of other peoples. Well, it was the same naugardie. It can be hypothesized that some of the existing Russian-Germanic speech phrases were applied to the Prussian language, because the merchant-vocet saw a greater similarity between the East Slavic and Prussian languages and linguistic behavior. The widespread Slavic emoji * (to on) jest govjno was itself […]perguldytas[…] into Prussian, but due to carelessness the original, but written in Latin letters, verb […] ru remained. It is also known as the "Dam" or "Dam7" or "Dam7" or "Dam7" or "Dam7". also lytį aucm (le. bośiań, = ru. aist) […]gandras[…] in the so-called jotvingian vocabulary […] Zinkevičius 1985: 67). This method of work has led to the Prussian workmanship of the "attitudes", when, for example, the sentence "Ymays comatter imk kūma" can only be understood in the context of the obscene lexicon of the Russian language (a combination of the words "I'll take the kummu" first touched on the Naugard Russian monument in the so-called First Naugard subway: "I'll take the kumme seab" women, according to the law have to have sex with the kumma, according to the law cut off their noses and cut them off) (NPL 499). In the light of trade relations, the phrase is well understood: […]lo ein richter21 […] kyrteis tickers […]mušk tikras[…] (GrA 94[…]95). There will be a standard form for entering into agreements which, in the harmonised form, would look like a *kyrteis tickran […]kirsk tikrą[…], where acc. the following table is added: It's a female. tickran means thumb (rank) (plg. dat. the following table is added: It's a female. I 92 […] PEŽ IV 192[…]193; also known as: ru. the "thumb of the thumb", lie. It's all right. p. […] and so on. The promise of the *kyrteis tickran […]to fight with the right hand [in agreement][…] would correspond to: lie. (c) cutting off the hands, giving the right hand; of which: handshakes; What's that? The placnout si (rukama) = ruku na to, pravicu dáti ir t. t. Ar verta minėti, kad pirkimo-pardavimo situation is characterized by the handshake and the breaking of the […] sulygus, after agreeing on a transaction […] constantly appears in Russian-German conversations, where 20 On the other hand, the form ie[…]t (GrA 98) can potentially be read as inf. there […]valgyti[…]. Then the gender goen would be interpreted by the imam as sg. the acc. The name is derived from the Greek word "mosen", which is derived from the Greek word "moses". Coprophagia had a semantic connection (pl. dream interpretations) with the sudden acquisition of income, the seizure of trade, money, enrichment. 21 Because of gender richter see T. Fenne's sentence is in the form of a sentence in the form of a sentence in the form of a sentence in the form of a sentence in the form of a sentence in the form of a sentence in the form of a sentence in the form of a sentence in the form of a sentence. ILJA LEMEŠKIN 42 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVIII Bei: vdari sim porukam, da dai bog vam obemæ mums rūpima paralelė vartojama kaip obligatorinis terminus technicus? Kaip vieną iš daugelio pavyzdžių nurodysime T. Fenne‘ės užfiksuotą frazę: na prikub. This is the first time that the Lithuanian language has been translated into English. I don't know what I'm doing. I don't know what I'm doing. I don't know what I'm doing. (Fenne 394) Due to the unclear communication situation, the meaning of the phrase zum irten kom her first eykete ‘firmas eik ten (GrA 9798) remains controversial. Since the time of R. Trautmann, the gender of the eyket is read as a I 246). Kitos kalbos įtaka buvo anksčiau iliustruota keiksmų pagrindu, ir ji nelie. It is not surprising, then, that the Bible speaks of "the end of the world". In the susidurdavo įvairios tautos, dėl to kaimyninės lenkų ir lietuvių kalbos čia tikrai skambėjo. Kaip nurodyti žodžiai galėjo / turėjo funkcionuoti, sunku pasakyti. market area, where the Hanseatic merchants performed their "language practice", perhaps this was the way the Lithuanian greeting eik velniop was repeated. In this case, the numeral first would most likely be the lexical unit of the Lithuanian language, which would further expand the range of foreign words. Thus, the manuscript, whose writings in the sixteenth century found their way into the Prussian Chronicle by S. Grunow, can be correctly understood in the context of the Hanseatic utilitarian lexicography. The part that corresponds to the "Russian books" conversations represents eleven sentence formation schemes. These are the cases where the grammatical centre (veiksmažodžio) is accompanied by not always consistent additions: 1. honorable Greek: *herbais grēkans ‘know your sins (GrG 2829); 2 plates Sali: *plāteis sālis […]moke the salt[…] (GrG 38[…]39); and 3. peida pomeleis: *peizdan pa-mi-leis ‘let me have your ass (GrA 7677); 4. ymays comatter: *imais kumater (r. sl. kъmotrъ) […]pisk kūmą[…] (GrA 80[…]81) This is the name of the fish. 5. Ny thueri thu […] Dam thoi warmun wabelcke: *you don't have to […] dam (< dam[…]) you don't have to wear a veil? ♪ I'll give you worm apples ♪ 90, GrA 83); and 6. pipelko kayat thu: *pipelkā k(v)ait-tu ‘paukštės nori tu (GrG 9394); also known as pipelko kayat thu; also known as pipelko kayat thu 7. […]aydit [thi Dewes]: […]sudit ([…]sudiтъ) [ti(n) deivas] […][god to you] (te)teisia[…] This is the first time I've seen this. (Gr 95, GrA 86) and 8. Ny koyto [wiʃge] : *Ni k(v)ai-tu vizgis ‘nenori tu avižos’ (GrG 100, GrA 91–92); 9. kyrteis tickers: *kirtais tikran […](su)kirsk dešinę (ranką)[…] (GrA 94[…]95) 10. pirmas eykete : lie. *pirmas eiki ten (GrA 97–98); This is the first time that the tickers have been used in Kyrgyzstan. 11. iet goen: *jest (< is) gozes ‘(that) is a shell (GrA 99100). Also to be included here are lexical resources that facilitated communication with their trading partners and various Prussian tradesmen: Articles of the Treaty Senoji baltų leksikografija Hanzos pirklių tarnyboje. Rankraštinių žodynų paskirtis bei sudarymo laikas The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 26 to supplement this Regulation by laying down detailed rules for the kartu su: ʃaydit [thi Dewes] ‘(te)teisia [dievas tave]’ (GrG 95, GrA 86) ir Sanday ‘sudie’ (GrG 96). Taigi potencialių sintagminių santykių atžvilgiu įmanoma reapplication of this Regulation. It should be noted that these potential references are also presented to construct the following pairs: Sanday Dir[…]os gintos […]sudie, šaunus žmogau[…] (GrG 96[…]97); […]aydit [thi Dewes] Mangos Sones Maiters […](te)teisia [god you], kekšės sūnau šelmi[…] (GrG 95, GrA 86, GrG 98[…]99). This is the first time in the history of the world that the term has been used. 2.3. Most of the examples given are emoticons and phrases related to trade in one way or another, most of which have exact correspondences in the "Russian books" notes. Sara is identified by grammatical, semantic, lexical and ideomatic strangeness, and this is normal, given the possible influence of Russian-German dialects and the properties of the monuments of Hanseatic lexicography. The content of the vocabulary and conversations was dominated by the multi-language market space, where primitive trade in exchanges took place22. cija, kuri tekstui suteikia nepakartojamą turgavietės šnekos koloritą, negali būti atsitiktinė. Tuo galima lengvai įsitikinti. Daiktavardžius užtenka pastumti viena The sequence of GrG and GrA action words and surnames is given above or below. Then the sum of the semantic relationships indicated disappears instantly. After such an experiment, we get semantically inconsistent and from principo nesuderinamų leksemų rinkinį: ‘išpažink’ – ‘druska’, ‘mokėk’ – ‘pasturgalis’, ‘palaižyk man’ – ‘kūma’ ir t. t. Thus, it can be concluded that the lexicographic source in question is much older than the "Chronicle of Prussia", to which it was mechanically included much later. He may have been the forerunner of the Elbing dictionary, because this kind of work had to be done at a time when the trade in exchanges was still based on the Prussian language, i.e. there were buyers, representatives of the younger age of the German language, interested at least superficially in the language of the local market. The source that survived in some manuscripts in the sixteenth century was perceived as an example of "pure" Prussian. The legacy of the past attracted the attention of S. Grunow, 22 The nature of natural changes has led to the application of semantic pairs: […](not) wanting[…] […](not) hold[…] […] give[…]. Yellow dyne yra paliudyti ir piniginės prekybos elementai: plateys ‘mokėk’, kalte ‘markė’. Pažymėtina, kad žodynėlis atskleidžia vienpusišką prekybą – pardavimą (be prekių įsigijimo). Neturėdamas atitinkamų kompetencijų jaunas pirklys atlieka platintojo funkciją: parduoda, siūlo, ieško pirkėjo. ILJA LEMEŠKIN 44 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVIII but it is unlikely that he understood the purpose of the lexicographic source transmitted in the chronicle, the author of jo sudarymo priežastį bei aplinkybes. Niekuo nepagrįstą hipotezę, jog „Prūsiits chronicle adapted a certain guide to the conversations of the German-Latin languages (Rosenkranz 1957), which can be firmly rejected. Thus, the composition of the lexicographic source has nothing to do with the personality of S. Grūnavo, so it is not appropriate to call it Grūnavo's name. In our opinion, the term "Prussian bookstore" would be appropriate for him, which can be applied to the Elbing dictionary itself without a diminutive. 3. The so-called "Prussian (Elbingo) Book" and tė“ – grindžiami analogija su giminiškomis „Rusiškomis knygomis“, kuriose pasikalbėjimai pateikiami kartu su žodynu. Tai mus grąžina prie anksčiau paliestos problemos: koks yra galimas Elbingo žodyno ir „Rusiškų knygų“ resp. jų pirmtakų santykis? Aptartas Hanzos leksikografinės tradicijos kontekstas lei- "Prussian Bookstore" believe that the words "Elbingo", i.e. the 15th-century manuscript, probably only partially reflect the original of the second half of the 13th century. At some point, the source may have been significantly shortened by removing the important part of the "Book of Prussia" from the written text. In the 15th century, this can be understood because in the time of Holcwescher they jau seniai buvo perėjusi į vokiečių kalbą (taip pat smarkiai pakito prekybos powere no longer relevant and meaningful, since trade was: from natural exchanges to money. From the point of view of learning the Prussian language, i.e. from the perspective of the 13th century, this practical part is very lacking, because vocabulary and conversations used to form one whole (it is difficult to decide which part was the most important). The main one. Unfortunately, the relationship between the closely related "Prussian" and "Russian" books remains unclear. Their prototypes, as already noted, could have originated from a third source, i.e. from a hypothetical Germanic-language vocabulary (for example, perhaps Germanic-English with conversations). The Eastern Slavic elements seen in the "Prussian Book" used by S. Grunow reveal a very likely influence of the conversations of the Russian-Germanic languages, but they do not have decisive evidence for determining the direction of development between Russian and Prussian lexicography. It is necessary to take into account the close contacts between Naugard, Elbing and other Hanseatic cities in the 13th - 14th centuries. Merchants went to Naugard Rus through Elbing, through the same Elbing, carrying cargo, they drove home. So these are the same people who used to go through this trading town and trade here. Since, for business reasons, the same widely known language-learning practice was applied everywhere, it is not surprising that some of them, when translating and adapting, wrote a short Russian-German language-learning tool (perhaps not translated, but only freely transmitted). The effect of the latter source may have been secondary, since it may be that the Russian-Germanic lexicography itself emerged from the riantas, kuris tipologiškai, atrodo, yra senesnis negu visi dabar žinomi „Rusiškų Straipsniai / Articles 45 Senoji baltų leksikografija Hanzos pirklių tarnyboje. Rankraštinių žodynų paskirtis bei sudarymo laikas 13th-century Prussian book. The "Prussian book" is now represented by the Elbing dictionary, i.e. the abbreviated (without conversations) "Prussian book" envelopes. The relationship between the two can only be represented conditionally and roughly in the way shown in Figure 1. The service of the Elbing dictionary and the "Prussian dictionary" encourages the mention of the so-called "Lenk's Yotvingian dictionary" in a few words, which in its structure, content and scope resembles the tradition of Hanseatic lexicography. A comparative look at the oldest manuscript dictionaries of the Baltic languages leads us to a clear understanding that in the period under consideration the compilation, transcription, compilation of bilingual (regional papildymą lėmė grynai praktiniai tikslai. Žodynų sudarymas – sunkus darbas, meaning) lexicographic works and which should have provided a well-understood dėl abstrakčių „pažintinių“ sumetimų tokių dalykų tuomet niekas nerašė. Reipractical benefit, because it is a pleasure or a pity to think that the Pogańskie aptarti žodynai. Greičiausiai dėl tų pačių komercinių priežasčių buvo panaudota ta pati seniai išbandyta kalbos mokymosi metodika. Skirtis turėjo sudarymo gwary z Narewu functioned similarly as before and the target user […] Polish pirkliai. This explains the mixing of strong languages. The language of the metimais atsiradusį ir prekiautojų tarpe vartojamą pidžiną, kuris potencialiai x–vo. arba vo.–x kalbų žodynas ir (arba) pasikalbėjimai „Prūsiška knyga“: […]Jotvingian[…] dictionary reminds us of the specific nature of trade. […]pr. or pr.vo. language vocabulary and conversations the middle of the thirteenth century. half The Russian book: Russian. language vocabulary and conversations (may be older than XIIIXIV century) The Prussian book: Prototype of the Elbing dictionary The Prussian book: Glossary of terms The young man of P. Holcwescher. In the Russian Book (Editor's note: This is from 1494) Ein Rusch (French pronunciation) Boeck, what are you doing? (middle of the 16th century) Fennel mushrooms 7 years old, Pskov (160 years old) Prussian bookshops nuorašai (S. Grūnavo) GrA, GrG, GrC, GrF, GrH intermediate writing or writing Pogańske gwary from the Narew Polish ? […]jotvingi[…] kalbų žodynas 1 PAV. ILJA LEMEŠKIN 46 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVIII galėjo susiformuoti arti Elbingo – Tčeve, Torunėje arba Bydgoščiuje. Pastaroji lokalizacija mums atrodo įtikimesnė, nes paaiškina stiprų jidiš kalbos poveikį. Taigi, viduramžių baltų leksikografiją, kuriai atstovauja vokiečių–prūsų kalThe Elbing dictionary, also known as the S. Grunavo dictionary and probably the Lenck's Yotvingian dictionary, makes sense to explore through the prism of Hanzo's language policy and in the context of Hanzo's lexical production (two-word and utilitarian). Such a course reveals the similarity of the closely related vocabulary patterns of the study. A comparative analysis of the vocabularies of the Prussian, Prussian, and Russian languages shows that the 13thand 14th-century protograph of the Russian books (created in the Naugardo factor of the Germanic languages) was similar in its description, scope, and structure to the Elbing dictionary of the middle of the 13th century. This source will be useful in reconstructing the prototype of the vocabulary of Russian-Germanic languages. A comparison with the late 14th century Latin "Vocetic" landlords Liber ordinis rerum should be considered too far-fetched. By analogy with the related "Russian books", the Elbing dictionary (Elbinger Vokabular) and the so-called S. Grūnava dictionary, it makes sense to call it the "Prussian (Elbingo) book" and the "Prussian book". The belonging to the medieval Hanseatic lexicography is supported by the close division of thematic fields, regional bilingualism, utilitarian nature, compatibility of scope, but not only. No less important is the close connection of the dictionary with Elbing (which I acquired in the rights of Liubek in 1246) and the composition of the Elbing Code itself, where the main place is occupied by the Lübisches Recht für Elbing. The relative course of the composition of the Elbing Code is reconstructed in the following sections: 1. In the period from about 1237 to 1300, due to the needs of the Hanseatic sprakelerere, a dictionary of the Germanic-Prussian or Prussian-Germanic languages was compiled, which may have had a part of conversations. 2. From 1300 to 1340 a parchment manuscript book may have appeared, consisting of the same age: the "Liubek laws" granted to Elbing, the "Lenk law" and the dictionary. 3. […]Pamedė court[…] was added later, after 1340. kinį XV a. viduryje nurašė P. Holcwescheris. The gradual composition of the codex indicates that at least two intermediate copies may have been made between the original of the second half of the 13th century and the manuscript of P. Holcwescher. Rewriting lexicography is someone else's job. As the dictionary functioned according to its original purpose (the second half of the 13th century), it was refined and enlarged (in the case of Russian books, the process of updating continued until the 17th century), but later, as trade shifted to the German language, the texts of the enriched dictionary were mechanically copied and probably significantly reduced. The "Prussian (Elbingo) Book" could have lost part of the conversation by trumpeting. Pasikalbėjimų svarbą atskleidžia į „Prūsijos kroniką“ įtrauktas leksikografijos Articles of the Treaty Articles 47 and Senoji baltų leksikografija Hanzos pirklių tarnyboje. Rankraštinių žodynų paskirtis bei sudarymo laikas work whose ends are reconstructed (vertical reading of newspaper articles) sentences are important for the successful conduct of trade. Returning to the question raised at the beginning of the article (why the genre of lexicography is limited to a narrow geolinguistic area and who were the first creators of Baltic words?), it should be noted that the inclusion of the Prussian and "jotvingian" dimą lėmė ekonominiai santykiai ir motyvai. Lemiamos reikšmės turėjo turėti monuments in the Hanseatic zone, in particular the founding of the city of Elbing jo stiprus poveikis viso regiono prekybai. Hanzos pirklių ekspansija į prūsų bei jotvingių apgyvendintas žemes su savimi atnešė hanziečių praktikuojamą – jauand the methodology of learning the local language. This language learning mechanism is not found in the LDC territory, i.e. where the Hanseatic League emerged much later and where its activities were hampered. 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