Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų

NIJOLĖ ČEPENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language Research areas: lexicology, loanwords, Germanisms, lexicography, etymology, the history of language, written texts. DOI RELIGIOUS AND MYTHOLOGICAL VOCABULARY: LOANWORDS FROM GERMANIC LANGUAGES Religious, mythological vocabulary: loanwords from Germanic languages ABSTRACT The article examines vocabulary of Germanic origin belonging to the thematic groups of religion and mythology, with regard to its semantics and origin. The loanwords are divided into seven subgroups: church buildings and their parts, administration, and surroundings; church interior furnishings and places within it; ritual objects and church items; holidays and rites; ecclesiastical activities, books, and musical instruments; names of persons; and mythological vocabulary, including names of supernatural beings. For each Germanism, the base word from which it derives is identified, and the loanword’s ultimate origin is indicated. Equivalents in other languages are provided. The article also presents attestations of lexemes in written sources from the 16th century onward and their use in spoken language and dialects. The chronology of the loanwords is discussed. It is established that the Lithuanian word ola is used not only in the sense ‘den or burrow of animals or birds, lair’, as given in LKŽ, but is also attested in Bretke’s Bible in the sense ‘tent (shelter), crypt’. Derivatives formed from Germanisms are described. KEYWORDS: religious and mythological vocabulary, loanwords, Germanisms, semantics, Prussian dictionaries, written texts, dialects. ANNOTATION The article addresses the religious and mythological vocabulary of Germanic origin from the perspective of semantics and origin. Loanwords are divided into seven sub-groups: church buildings and their parts, administration, environment; church interior, places inside it; objects used in rituals, church items; festivals, rituals; church activities, books, musical instruments; names of persons; mythological vocabulary, names of supernatural beings. The base 146 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų word of the Germanism from which it derived is established; the primary origin of the loanword is identified. Equivalents in other languages are presented. The recording of lexemes in the written language dating from the 16th century and their usage in the spoken language and dialects are also provided. The chronology of loanwords is discussed. It was found that Lithuanian olà is not only used in the meaning of ‘a cave, burrow of animals or birds’ as defined in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language but also as ‘a chamber (for burial), crypt’ according to Bretkūnas’ Bible. The formats deriving from Germanisms are described as well. KEYWORDS: religious, mythological vocabulary, loanwords, Germanisms, semantics, dictionaries of Prussia, written language, dialects. 1. INTRODUCTION Most Lithuanian loanwords from Germanic languages, chiefly German, are words for material culture. However, there are also words of Germanic origin, or words that came from Germanic languages, denoting non-material culture, although they too often refer to material objects. Loanwords belonging to the thematic groups of religion and mythology are attested in the earliest sixteenth-century writings, primarily those from Prussia. The material for this article was collected from old Lithuanian writings, later works, Prussian Lithuanian–German and German–Lithuanian dictionaries, as well as spoken language, dialect texts, dialect speech and dictionaries of dialects and subdialects, and contemporary standard language. It draws on material from Lietuvių kalbos žodyno vols. I–XX (LKŽ, LKŽe) and other works (see the bibliography and list of sources). The aim of the article is to present and examine religious and mythological vocabulary of Germanic origin in terms of semantics, origin, and chronology; to explain the original etymology of loanwords; to indicate where lexemes are attested in writing and how they are used in spoken language and dialects; and to present derivatives formed from Germanisms in religious vocabulary. The study presents words of Germanic origin, chiefly German, that entered Lithuanian directly; words of Germanic origin that may have entered Lithuanian via other intermediary languages, chiefly Slavic languages; and words not originally of Germanic origin but borrowed from Germanic languages. Few Germanisms have been documented in recent studies of religious vocabulary and religious terminology. In the chapter Lietuvių kalbos religinė leksika ir jos istorija (2002) of his doctoral dissertation, Algis Rubinas presented only three Germanisms in the section Lietuvių kalbos germanizmai: kunigas ‘clergyman, parish priest’, pūdė ‘godmother’, and agendą ‘prayer book, ritual’. The chapter Lietuvių kalbos skoliniai includes several more loanwords which, in the author's view, came through German: kardinalas, abatas (aptas) ‘head of a male Catholic monastery’, kapucineris ‘monk of the Franciscan order’, keleris ‘heretic, apostate’. Aušra Rinkutė’s 2012 doctoral dissertation, 1883–1916 metų katekizmų religinės terminai, likewise contains few Germanisms: kunigas, gizelis ‘apprentice’, podė, plural podžiai ‘godparents’, kagismas Straipsniai / Articles 147 NIJOLĖ ČEPIENĖ ‘catechism’; derivatives: kunigystė, kunigaikštystė. In writings, dictionaries, and dialects, the author of this article found more words in religious vocabulary of Germanic origin, chiefly German, or that entered Lithuanian from Germanic languages; these will be reviewed here. The article employs diachronic and synchronic research methods, including the comparative-historical, genetic, phonetic, and other approaches, and draws on etymological dictionaries and recent linguistic studies. 2. SEMANTICS, ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION, AND USE OF RELIGIOUS AND MYTHOLOGICAL VOCABULARY OF GERMANIC ORIGIN Religious vocabulary of Germanic origin or borrowed from Germanic languages, attested in writings from the sixteenth century onward (chiefly from Prussia and Lithuania Minor) and in dialects, is divided into six subgroups; mythological vocabulary is presented in a seventh. Most Germanisms in this thematic group were found in German–Lithuanian and Lithuanian–German dictionaries published in Prussia between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries: Lexicon Lithuanicum, Clavis Germanico-Lithvana; the dictionary manuscript from the former Königsberg archive (known as A. Krause’s); Jokūbas Brodovskis’s Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithuanico-Germanicum; Pilypas Ruigys’s Littauisch-Deutsches und Deutsch-Littauisches Lexicon; Christiano Gottliebo Mielckė’s Littauisch-deutsches und Deutsch-littauisches Wörter-Buch; G. H. F. Nesselmann’s Wörterbuch der Littauischen Sprache; Friedrich Kurschat’s Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch and Deutsch-littauisches Wörterbuch; and Aleksandras Kursaitis’s Lietuvis-kai-vokiškame žodyne. The Germanisms are discussed in alphabetical order. The following information is provided for each loanword: grammatical labels, meanings, attestations in sources, dialect distribution, and etymology: the Germanic source forms from which the loanwords derive are given, their ultimate origins are explained, equivalents in other European languages are supplied, and etymologies proposed by other researchers are presented. 1) names for church buildings and their parts, administration, and surroundings, e.g.: aptija feminine noun, ‘a Catholic monastery together with its estates’, Lex 3a, C I 43 (original Apte), Q 13, K I 32, Alm 27; abtija N 2 (abtie), Alm 23 < Prussian Lithuanian dialect abbeteie (eppete); abbetė; compare Prussian Lithuanian ebedė, Prussian Lithuanian Abtey (Lex 3a), New High German Abtei feminine noun, ‘abbey, monastery’; Old High German abbbatei from Church Latin abbatia (Kluge 202: 11; Lexer I 1; PaulW 11). domskirche feminine noun, ‘cathedral church’, S. Dauk < New High German Domkirche ‘same’; dresk amar feminine noun, ‘sacristy’, B 361, 1033 (original Drezkamara), MŽ II 135, 398, N 155; drėskamare feminine noun (1) K, Prl 56 (drėskamare), Alm 45, KŽ, Skr; 148 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų dryskamarē sf. LC 1885, 12 < Pr.v. Drēskamer ‘zakristija, kurioje saugomas bažnyčios turtas, pinigai, vertingi įrankiai’ (Fr I 150, Ziesemer II 107), v.v.a. trēse-kamere f. (dreskamer, dryskamer), s.s. tresocamara (Lexer II 1505; Grimm XXI 163); plg. Baltijos vok. Drähskamer ‘t. p.’, v.ž. drēskamer ‘zakristija’ (Sehwers 1953: 28, 326); vok. Drese kamer, tresekamer f., trisekamer ‘bažnyčios idinė, lobynas; archyvas; zakristija (nuo XV a. pab.)’, s.v.a. tresecamere, dresecamere, v.v.ž. tresecamere f., v.nl. tresecamere; dūrinys iš tresso < lot.–rom. thesaurum ir lot.–rom. camara, camera (Grimm XXI 163; MdW IV 611-612). gemynē feminine noun (1) ‘surrounding area; ecclesiastical parish’ N 249, [K], KŽ, gemynē Alm 53, gemyna feminine noun LC 1878, 42; gėmynē feminine noun (1) ‘district; parish’ K, Alm 54, KŽ < Prussian Lithuanian gemē ‘community; parish’ is a dialectal form (Alm (PrW)); compare Middle Low German gemeine, gemeine feminine, neuter ‘common property; community gathering; community (of a village, parish, etc.)’ (MdW II 53), Middle High German ge-meinde feminine ‘commonality, community’, Old High German gemeindā, New High German Gemeinde feminine ‘community; ecclesiastical parish’, → German adjective gemein ‘common’ (Kluge 2002: 343; Lexer I 839); Polish gmina ‘community’, from German gemein, Gemein(d)e (Brückner 1974: 146). kapelē feminine noun, ‘small church, chapel’ B 795 < Middle High German kapēlle, kapēle, kappel feminine ‘small church, house of God’, New High German Kapelle feminine ‘chapel’; German from Medieval Latin capella ‘chapel’; compare New Dutch kapel (Lexer I 514; Kluge 2002: 468). kirkapis (Prussian Lithuanian) masculine noun (1) ‘burial ground by the kirk; churchyard’ R I 54, R II 223, MŽ II 298, N 200, K, KŽ, Alm 66, kirkapis KŽ; a compound of Germanic kirke and Lithuanian kapas; compare New High German Kirchhof masculine ‘burial ground, cemetery’. kirkē feminine noun (1) ‘Protestant church’ Ndž, BM 177 (There are three churches: the Catholic church, the Jewish synagogue, and the Latvian kirk), Š, KŽ, Krtnž, FrnW, Srj, kirkē (2) ŽŽ (Nm); kirche Š, kirka feminine noun (1) ‘Protestant church’ M. Valanč, M, rš, KŽ, ŽŽ < Middle Low German kere feminine ‘church’ (MdW II 449; Lasch 1914: 51), Middle High German kirche feminine ‘(Christian) church, building; Jewish temple; congregation’, New High German Kirche feminine ‘church’; compare Norwegian kirke, Swedish kyrka, West Frisian kerke, Old Saxon kirika, New Dutch kerk; German from Vulgar Greek *kyriḱē (Lexer I 580; Kluge 2002: 489). klosteris masculine noun ‘monastery’ B 313; klostorus (klostorus) Lex 21a (original Kloforus), 54a (Kloforus), C I 109 (Klōforus) < Prussian Lithuanian Klofter (Lex 21a), Middle High German klōster neuter, New High German Kloster neuter ‘monastery’; compare Middle Low German klōster-, Old Dutch clooster, New Dutch klooster, Old High German klōstar; German borrowed it from early Romance *clōstrum ‘enclosed’, Latin claustrum ‘lock, enclosure; castle’ (Kluge 2002: 499; Lexer I 1631). kodryna feminine noun ‘church tower shingle’ C I 649, N 203, [K]; compare Prussian Lithuanian Koder ‘rag, tatters; bad, torn clothes’ (Fr I 399), Koder ‘rag, tatters, scrap’ (Grimm XI 1569). kōras (kōras) masculine noun, Lithuanian. ‘tower, bell tower’ NT Mt 21,33, B 190, R I 65 (Kōras), R II 180, MŽ I 127, N 205 (Kōras), K (and kūras), Kld 115, J, V. Kud., diminutive. Straipsniai / Articles 149 NIOLĖ ČEPIENĖ koratis N 205. 2. ‘church porch’ R II 91 (Kōras), MŽ II 120; kuoras1 m. 1. ‘tower, bell tower’ SD 7, SD³ 8, R I 71 (orig. Kūras), N 205, K, J, Vaižg, FnW, V. Krėv, rš, Pnm, Čk, Klt, dim. kuorelis NS 157, kuoratis RD 35. 2. ‘upper end of a church tower’ Lex 34 (orig. Kūras), C I 628 (Kūras), Q 73, B 44 (Kūras); < Pr.v. kor, kur, kūr ‘choir; raised place in a church for the choir, loft’ (Alm (PrW)), kūr (Natu 1937: 18), MHG kōr, kur m. ‘church choir, singers in the choir; cathedral chapel; figuratively, the vault of heaven; a place in heaven as God’s dwelling; the sphere of angels’ (Lexer I 1678; Grimm XI 1792), MLG kōr (Lasch 1914: 95), NHG Chor m. ‘group of singers; in Christian churches, place for singers in front of the altar; platform, stage (in Protestant churches)’; cf. M.Dutch koor; O.Swed. chōr from Lat. chorus ‘dance with songs, round dance; band, troop, multitude’, itself from Gk. chorós ‘place for dancing; group of dancers; cult song or cult dance for deities’ (Kluge 2002: 171; LLŽ); MLG kur(e) ‘watchman, lookout (in a tower)’, kuren ‘to keep watching intently (hunters’ term)’ (MndW II 602). Cf. also 2 kūras. kunzistōrija f. (1) ‘central governing ecclesiastical administrative body’ K I 703, Alm 76 < NHG Konsistorium n. ‘same’ [meaning], a dialectal form; cf. Lat. consistorium ‘place of consultation, meeting’. olà f. ‘cave, room (for burial), crypt’; see under 3. tūrmas2 m. (2) ‘tower, bell tower; settlement (around a hillfort)’ BB 1 Moz 11,4, BB 2 Kar 9,17, BB Teis 9,46, BB 1 Mak 4,60 (acc. pl. Thurmus), BB 2 Kn 26,9, BB 2 Mak 13,5, BB Jdt 1,3, BB Ez 26,4, BB Jer 51,58, BB GG 4,4, BB Bar 6,17, BB Luk 14,28, BB Ezd 3,1, Lex 87a, RB Ps 48,13, C I 583, Q 523, H I 135, H II 211, K, K II 228, Mit V 151, J, Kel, Dor (Klp, orig. tōrms), NdŽ, AL 54, 35 (NTK), Alm 144, KŽ, Smln, Ser; stūrñis m. (2) ‘bell tower’ K I 555, KŽ < Pr.v. Turm ‘town prison; tower’ (Fr II 416), Thurm (Lex 87a), tōrm ‘tower, prison’ (Alm 144), Rt. Pr.v. torm (Mitzka 1919: 126), MLG turm, torm, MHG turn, turm, sturm; German Turm, Thurm ‘tower, bell tower; fortification; prison’ from turem, which derives from Old French *torn; the latter from Lat. turris f. ‘tower, castle,’ 1 W. Smoczyński kūras laiko neaiškiu žodžiu (Smoczyński 2007: 326). Kūras reikšmė ‘dešimties pėdų guba, rikė’ LKA I 186, žemėl. 109, Irgn, Sk, Lb, Ign, Šnč, Dglš, Lkm, Klt, dem. pl. kuoreliai Pls galbūt reikėtų sieti su vok. kar ‘indas, dubuo; javų matas; aukštas (namo); viena ant kitos sudėtos dėžės; pašūre, stoginė; sunerta šieno ar šiaudų krūva’; plg. s.s. kar, v.v.a. kar, n.v.a. Kar n., dan. kar, šv. kar (Grimm XI 202); v.v.ž. kar, kare n. ‘indas, krepšys’ (MndW II 428), senas keliaujantis žodis (Kluge 2002: 470). J. Brodskio žodyne užfiksuotas iš Biblijos vok. Cor (menūra) ‘(javų) matas’ išverstas liet. Korras (B 315). 2 The lower floors of castle and town towers were used as prisons. Hence this word is also used in the sense ‘prison’ BB Apd 5,20, BB Jon 3,24, VlnE 43,5 (loc. pl. turmūſu), VlnE 202,19, VlnE 205,25, ŽCh 71, Lex 87a, R II 162, 351, MŽ II 214, 470, N 110, K, S. Dauk, M, J I 149, L, JD 201, KlvD 144 (Vlkš), BsO 397, BsMt II 166 (Dkš), Sln, Alm 144, LTR (Zp), LTs V 53, KŽ (A 183, 226), DrsŽ, ZŠŽ, Als, Žg, Ūd, Vl. 150 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų ‘tall building’; cf. North Swedish torn, Icelandic turn (Grimm XXI 466; Lexer II 1582; Kluge 1957: 798; 2002: 936); MLG torn, Old Saxon turn ‘tower; prison’ (MndW IV 580); Latvian tūornis (Tuhrnis, Turnis) ‘tower’, from MLG torn, torne, turn ‘same’ (Sehwers 1953: 146, 324); (Old Livonian) Polish turma ‘tower (used as a prison; prison; shackles, burden; a kind of game)’ < MHG turm ‘tower’; Old Belarusian myma ‘prison’, modern Belarusian (dial.) mymá ‘same’ (Brückner 1974: 585; LKPŽ 656). 2) Names for interior church fittings and locations in a church, e.g.: gangos f. pl. (1) ‘place in a church by the organ; the whole loft’ C II 752, K, K I 369, K II 102, Alm 52, FrW, KŽ; gangai m. pl. NmŽ < Pr.v. Gang ‘stairs’ (R II 157), NHG Gang m. ‘walking, procession; place for walking, passageway, corridor; path, loft (in a church), platform’; cf. MHG ganc m. ‘walking; path’, OHG gang, Old Saxon gang, Old English gang, Old Scandinavian gangr m., ganga f., Old Frisian gang, gong, gung, Swedish dialect ganga, M.Dutch gang (Kluge 202: 329; Lexer I 734; Grimm IV 1219). kūras m. (1) (kuras) 1. ‘platform, raised place in a church for the choir, where the organ is, loft’ Lex 20a (orig. Kuras), C I 428, B 302, 311 (kuras), K 197 (kūras), K II 102; pl. kūrai (2) Vdk, Žgč, Nm, Kln; kūras (kuras) ‘choir (of an organ)’ Lex 21a, C I 428, Q 110, B 312, Alm 76, ‘band, troop (of angels)’ C I 428, ‘stairs’ C I 428; kūras m. 1. ‘raised place in a church for the choir, loft’ B 311, I. Simon, Prk. 2. ‘choir, group of singers’ B 311, NdŽ; kòras (2) LzŽ, kòras (1) Alm 70. 3. ‘voice, tone (only in the Bible)’ Bb¹ Ps 120,1, B 698 (orig. Dangaus Kòras); kūras (4) ‘choir; band, troop (of apostles, angels)’ DK 30 (orig. nom. pl. kūrai), 37, 148, DP 38, 543, R I 71 (orig. Kūras), VoK 11, KrtnŽ (kūors), ŠVŽŽ (kūors Vin, Kra, Meds, Žbr; < Pr.v. kor, kur, kūr ‘raised place in a church for the choir, loft; choir’ (Alm (PrW)), MHG kōr m. ‘church choir; group of singers; place in a house of worship where those singing to the spirits are located’ (Lexer I 1678), NHG Chor m. ‘singers, vocalists, singing; circle, band, troop; in a Christian church, place for singers in front of the altar; in a Protestant church, platform, loft, where singing and music-making take place’; cf. OHG chōr ‘clergy choir in a church’, M.Dutch koor; Lat. chorus; Gk. χορός; the sense ‘place for singers in front of the altar’ developed from the meaning ‘singer’ in the Christian church, hence ‘place in a church set aside for the clergy’ (Kluge 1957: 117; 2002: 171), MLG kōr (Lasch 1914: 95); Latvian kūoris from German (Sehwers 1953: 61); Polish chór ‘choir; gallery’ from Gk. choros, Lat. chorus (Brückner 1974: 182). Cf. 1) kūras. 3) names of ritual utensils and church objects, e.g.: abltas m. ‘a small loaf, a thin flat cake baked from flour and water’ Q 372 (orig. Abltes), R II 210, MŽ II 368, N 2, 30, [K], K II 98, Alm 23 < Prussian German Ablatt ‘the same’; cf. Oblat (C II 161), Old High German oblāt(e), oblāt f., n. ‘communion wafer’ Straipsniai / Articles 151 NIOLĖ ČEPIENĖ wafer, host; Middle Low German oblat, Middle High German Oblate f., Medieval Latin oblata (hostia) (Lexer I 138; Kluge 2002: 661). Cf. also oblatas. bikerelis m. dim. ‘small ladle, little cup’ SD 116, SD³ 134 < derivative of biker, s.v.ž. bikerį; cf. Old English biker, Old High German becher m. ‘cup; mass’, East Prussian German bėžr ‘cup’, New High German Becher m., Dutch beker; German from Medieval Latin bicarium n. ‘vessel for wine or water, cup’ (Kluge 2002: 99; Lexer I 137; Mitzka 1919: 122); Latvian biķeris from s.v.ž. bikeri (Sehwers 1953: 12, 326); Polish becher (beker), dim. becherek. Urbutis considers Lithuanian dim. bikerėlis, from *bikeris, together with Latvian biķeris, a direct Germanism (Urbutis 2009: 418). ALEW derives Lithuanian bikerėlis from Polish becher, borrowed through German from Latin (ALEW I 113). isopas m. bot. ‘hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), its juice; hyssop twigs are used in church as an aspergillum’ Mž 358,5, BB 2 Moz 12,22, BB 3 Moz 14,4, BB 4 Moz 19,18, VlnE 210,12 (orig. instr. sing. İopu), R II 217, rš, P, IA 417 (Isopas), BzF 118; hysopas Mž 538,19 (instr. sing. hyfopu); yzopas Vln¹ 75, Lex 52a, C I 46, 1023, C II 249, 1025, RB Ps 51,8, B 272 (pl. įlopai), 735, 760 (Ẏzopas), 989, R I 51, R II 217, MŽ I 01, MŽ II 288, NT Pvž 9,19, NT Jn 13,29, K (ýzopas), NdŽ, P, TA 417 (Yzopas), BzF 118, Alm 57, LBŽ; izopas (1) NdŽ < Prussian German İop ‘hyssop’ (Lex 52a; C I 1023), Yop (C II 1025), Old Low German isop (MndW II 393), Old High German isôpe, isôp m. ‘hyssop’ (Lexer I 1459), New High German Ysop, Hyssop m. (f.), Isop ‘a small shrub with very fragrant leaves and violet flowers (Hyssopus officinalis L)’; cf. Old English ysope f., Old High German hyssop m., later Old High German—early New High German yzop f.; Latin hyssōpus f., hyssōpum n. (Grimm XX 2575). kelichas m. ‘(liturgical) chalice’ BB Ps 23,5, BB Ez 23,31, BP I 366, BzB 294 < Old High German kelich, kelch m. ‘chalice’; cf. Old High German kelih, Old Saxon kelik, New High German Kelch m. ‘chalice’; German from Latin calix ‘chalice’ (Lexer I 1539; Kluge 2002: 483), Middle Low German kelk, kellik m. ‘chalice’ (MndW II 440); (South Slavic, East Slavic) Polish kielich ‘vessel used in Christian church rites; chalice, etc.’ < Old High German kelch, Old High German kelih, New High German Kelch ‘the same’, from Latin calix ‘chalice, bowl’; South Belarusian кeлuх (кuлuх) ‘(offering) chalice; symbolic designation of fate’, North Belarusian кéлuх, кéлix ‘large, tall chalice’ (LKŽ 372). Cf. also kylikas. kylikas (kilkas, kylkas K) m. (2) K ‘(liturgical) chalice’ Mž 143, 380, 534 (kilkas), BP I 62, Vln 33,10, Vln 35, Vln 65,23, Vln¹ 36, VlnE 164,23, VlnE 172, VlnE 190,2 (Kilikas), Lex 53a (kilikas), C I 1050, Q 293 (kilikas), B 341, 566, 655, 776, H 55, R I 72, MŽ I 139, N 199, K II 223, KŽ, Alm 66 (kylikas), Rg, Kč (kilikas (1); kilichas m. RB 116, kylikas Alm 66; < Middle High German kilich m. ‘chalice’; cf. Old High German kelch, kelich m. (Lexer I 1539), Old Saxon kelik, Old High German kelich (Kluge 1957: 362); Middle Low German kelik m. ‘drinking vessel, cup’ (MndW II 440), New High German Kelch m. ‘chalice’; German from Latin calix ‘chalice’; after the introduction of Christianity, at first used only in the sense ‘chalice for religious rites’ 152 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų ‘chalice for religious rites’ (Grimm XI 504); Latvian ḳeliks ‘vessel’ from Middle Low German ḳellik ‘drinking vessel, chalice’ (Sehwers 1953: 63). Cf. also ḳelichas. klingbdelis m. ‘small bag for collecting money in church’ B 802, 1032 < Prussian German Klingbüdel ‘money bag, a bag with a bell on a pole for collecting alms during church services’ (Fr I 378); instead of German ü, the sound i was already pronounced in the Prussian German dialect (see Čepienė 2006: 211); cf. New High German Klingelbeutel m. ‘a basket with a bell on a long pole, used for collecting offerings during church services’. kozoliai m. pl. ‘a priest’s ritual vestment, surplice’ Q 110 < Prussian German Käsel ‘vestment for services, choir shirt; wide cloak, comfortable jacket, old, beloved garment; long skirt made of dense linen with a hood’ (Fr I 343); cf. Polish kasula ‘shirt; habit, monastic garment; eccles. the second, outer garment worn by a priest during Mass, from Latin casula ‘cloak with a hood’. miras (mys) m. ‘fragrant resin found in the bark of certain African and Arabian trees, used as incense’ Mž 195, BB 1 Moz 37,25, BB SalK 7,17, BB GG 5,1 (orig. acc. sing. myrrha), BB Sir 24,1, BB Est 2,2, BB Ps 45,9 (myras), BB Ps 45,9, B 235 (pl. Myrrai), BsMt I 29; mirė f. R I 88 (mirė), Mž I 70, N 403, K, Alm 87 (mirė), FrnW; cf. Prussian German Mire, Myrrhen (C II 96), Myrhe (Lex 63), Middle Low German mire ‘myrrh (the bitter resin)’ (MndW III 95), Old High German mire, mir m. ‘myrrh’ from Arabic miren (Lexer I 2158), Old High German mura, myra, Old Saxon myra, Old English myre, Dutch mire, Swedish myrra, New High German Myrhe f. ‘myrrh (resin); German from Latin murra, myrha, itself from Greek mýrrha f., mýra; a word of Semitic origin; Arabic murra is related to the root maru ‘to be bitter’; it entered the Germanic languages through the Bible (Kluge 1957: 497; 2002: 641); Polish mira. E. Fraenkel, following P. Skardžius, considers Lithuanian mirà a borrowing from Polish (FrnW). oblōtas m. (1) ‘communion wafer’ C II 161, B 727 (orig. Oblot’s), B 956 (oblotas), N 30, [K], Alm 93 < Prussian German Oblat ‘the same’ (C II 161), Old High German oblāte, oblāt f., n. (oflōte) ‘communion wafer; type of baked good’; cf. New High German Oblate f. ‘thin flat cake baked from flour and water; eccles. communion wafer’, Old High German oblāta, ovelāta, Dutch oblaat, Swedish oblat; German from Medieval Latin oblata (hostia) ‘the same’ (Lexer II 138; Kluge 2002: 661). Cf. also obotas. skrynė f. (2), skrynė (4) 1. ‘in a Catholic church, an ornate cabinet in the middle of the altar for keeping the host’ BB 2 Mak 2,5, BB 2 Krn 31,11. 2. ‘collection box, cashbox’ BB Luk 21,2, VlnE 199, Lex 43a (orig. Diewa skrine), H 181, B 596, K I 93, 678, TP 1881, 9, LC 1878, 21, dim. skrynėlė I. 3. ‘ship (of the biblical vessel built by Noah)’ BB 1 Moz 6,14, B 117 ∆ covenant chest, eccles. ‘Ark of the Covenant’ BB Tes 20,27, BB Joz 4,18, C I 142 (orig. Skryne Suderejimo), B 302, 833, R I 134, Mž I 246, dim. skrynėlė liudijimo (orig. Skrine Liudimo) ‘Ark of the Covenant’ BB 2 Moz 26,33); < Middle Low German schrin ‘chest, box; shrine’ (MndW IV 138); Old High German schrin m., n. ‘chest, box for clothes, money, valuables, relics; shrine’ (Lexer II 79), Middle Dutch scrīne: cf. Old High German scrīn(i), Old English scrīn, Old Frisian skrīn Straipsniai / Articles 153 NIOLĖ ČEPIENĖ Old English scrīn ‘box, suitcase, cage, small box for valuables, jewels, relics’, English shrine ‘box; altar; shrine’, Old Swedish skrin, Middle High German Schrein m. ‘ornate box for keeping cult objects and relics; coffin; chest; cupboard; German, from Latin scrinium ‘round container for keeping something’ (Kluge 1957: 679–680; 2002: 826; Grimm XV 1725); Latvian skrine, skrīnis ‘box, chest (for clothes, flour); cupboard’, from Middle Low German schrin ‘cupboard; chest; box; drawer’ (Sehwers 1953: 106; Karulis II 206) or Old Polish schrin, schrine ‘box, chest; drawer’ (Karulis II 206); (Southern Lowland, Old Lowland) Polish skrzynia ‘lidded box; chest, etc.’ < Old Czech skříňe ‘cupboard; box’, from Middle High German schrin, Old High German scrīni, skrīni ‘box; cupboard’, from Latin scrinium ‘round box for storing books and documents’; South Belarusian скрыня, скруня ‘box; rectangular container; hiding place; coffin’; North Belarusian (dial.) скрыня ‘large box; fish basket (a box with holes for keeping live fish); box for storing flour, grain; manger’; South Russian скрыня ‘iron-bound box, chest; box with a lid’, North Russian скрыня ‘box, lidded little box’ (LKPŽ 581–582). P. Skardžius considers Lithuanian skrynią, skrīnę borrowings from Belarusian скрыня or Polish skrzynia (Skardžius 1931: 199), while W. Smoczyński derives it from Belarusian скрыня (Smoczyński 2007: 567). The author of this study considers that Lithuanian skrynė, together with Latvian skrīne, may have been borrowed from Middle Low German schrīn ‘box, chest, cupboard, drawer’. On the consonant cluster sk, see Čepienė 2006: 291–292. tapelis m. ‘pouch with bells for collecting offerings in church’ Q 478, N 89, [K], BzF 189 (originally tāpel), BS 146, Alm 141, FrW, KŽ; cf. Prussian German tofel ‘board’, Middle High German Tafel f. ‘board; tile; slab’. Also compare tobelis. tōbelis m. (1) 1. ‘pouch with bells for collecting offerings in church (Klingsäckel)’ N 107 (Klp), Fr II 403, K, Alm 142, KŽ, Klp. 2. (pa)tobelis ‘church servant who stood under a board as an interpreter’ FrW → patobelis < Prussian German Potabel ‘formerly in [Prussian] Lithuania, a church servant assisting German church servants. Their duties included ringing the bells, providing wine and communion wafers, taking care of the church and its implements, etc.’ (Fr II 172); cf. patabelis ‘church attendant who stood behind a board, German Tafel, as an interpreter’ (R I 162, MŽ I 296, Alm 97), Prussian German tōfel ‘board, slab’ (Alm 142), Middle High German Tafel, Alsatian dialect tōfel ‘(hanging) slab, board, struck to make a sound or give a signal, used in churches and monasteries instead of ringing bells’ (Grimm XXI 13), Prussian German Tobolize f. ‘pocket, basket’ (Fr II 403); Polish tobola ‘(travel) bag, backpack, pouch’ (Brückner 1974: 572), tobōl. Also compare tapelis. 4) names of festivals and ceremonies, e.g.: bērės f. pl. ‘funeral feast, wake’ BzF 99, LTR, KŽ < Prussian German Behre ‘feast for a funeral’ (Ziesemer I 530); cf. Middle Low German bōre ‘bier’; bore (MndW I 392); Old French bere, Old English bǣr, Middle High German Bahre f. ‘bier’ → Germanic *ber-a- ‘to carry’ (Kluge 2002: 83); Latvian bēres ‘(funeral) bier’, from Middle Low German (Sehwers 1953: 11). 154 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų ilgės f. pl. (2), ilgės (1) f. ‘All Saints’ Day (November 1)’ in dictionaries of Lithuania Minor since the 16th century (Lex 5, orig. Ilges, C I 66, Q 21, B 66, R I 48, MŽ I 96, N 25, [K]), other works (JD 210, Mit I 239, Alm 56, FrnW, Bž 507, KŽ (A 185, 307)), On. 2. ‘All Souls’ Day, Day of the Dead (November 2)’ S. Dauk; < Middle Low German higen ‘saints’ (Sehwers 1953: 41), Middle Low German hilligen, de hilgen ‘saints’ (Alm 56); cf. Middle Low German adj. hilich ‘holy (of persons and things)’, de hile geist ‘the Holy Spirit’ (MndW II 266–267), Middle High German heiligen ‘saints’, Prussian German Allerheiligen fest ‘All Saints’ Day’ (Lex 5); Latvian ilges, ilgi ‘All Saints’ Day’, from Middle Low German (Sehwers 1953: 41). ilgikristis m. (2) ‘Christmas Eve (?)’ K I 684³, KŽ, pl. ‘Christmas Eve gifts’ KŽ; a compound of Middle Low German higen ‘saints’ and Lithuanian Kristus, cf. Middle High German der heilige Christabend. kirvelis m. ‘parish festival (commemorating the consecration of a church); fair (held in connection with a parish festival)’ KŽ; cf. Prussian German Kirms, Kirmes, shortened forms of German Kirchmesse, lit. ‘church-festival feast’, Kirmes ‘fair’ (Fr I 356), Frankish kerwa (Grimm XI 835), Middle High German Kirmes f., Old High German kirch-messe f. (kirmes, kirmes) ‘mass for the consecration of a church; fair’, Middle Dutch kermis, Middle English (dial.) kermis, Middle French kermesse; German Kirmes probably derives from unattested *Kirchweimesse (Lexer I 1585; Kluge 2002: 490). liktis f. ‘Candlemas; a service at which worshippers attend with candles (February 2)’ K (Kt), Alm 80, KŽ; liktis m. N 365 (Tlž), [K] < Prussian German licht ‘candle, light’ (Alm (PrW)), Middle High German Licht n. ‘light; lamp; candle; God and Christ’; cf. Middle High German adj., Old Saxon lieht, Old High German lecht; lîcht n. ‘light, brightness, radiance, candle’; Middle Low German licht, lecht n. ‘light’; → German adj. licht ‘bright, luminous’, verb leuchten ‘to glow, shine, illuminate, radiate, gleam’ (Lexer I 1906; MndW II 684; Kluge 2002: 574). liktmūšės f. pl. ‘a Christian festival of this kind (February 2)’ B 466 (originally Liktmušes); liktnės f. pl. (1) ‘Candlemas; a service at which worshippers attend with candles’ K, LsB 199, Alm 79; liktnės m. pl. (1) K, KŽ, Alm 79 < Prussian German lixtmes ‘same’, reshaped by folk etymology in association with Lithuanian liktis (Alm 80); cf. Middle High German Lichtmesse, Lichtmeß f. ‘Feast of the Purification of Mary (February 2), so named because candles are blessed on that day’ (PaulW 375), Middle High German lieht-messe f. ‘same’ (Lexer I 1909); Germanic liktis and Lithuanian nėti. 5) names for church activities, books, musical instruments, etc., e.g.: agenda f. ‘prayer book, ritual’ DP 456,7, agēndos f. pl. (2) K I 43, Alm 23; cf. Middle High German Agende ‘same’, Middle Dutch agenda, Latin agenda (Kluge 2002: 20). almusina f. ‘alms, gift’ Lex 5 (originally almufina), Q 22 (Almufina); aląmusyna f. (1) C I 73 (Allamufina), N 4, [K], Alm 25 < Old High German almûse, Prussian German. 3Page 648 is incorrectly cited in LKŽe. Straipsniai / Articles 155 NIJOLĖ ČEPENĖ Almōben ‘same’ (Q 22), Early New High German Almosen ‘alms’; cf. Old High German almuosen, Middle High German alā-muosan, Old Saxon alamosna, Middle Dutch almoes; borrowed from Church Latin elemōsyna f., itself from Greek eleēmosýnē f. ‘mercy, compassion’, later also ‘alms’ (Lexer I 40; Kluge 2002: 33); cf. elemozina. Cf. also almūžas. almūžas m. ‘alms, gift’ C I 73 (originally Almufai), N 4, [K], Alm 25 < Old Prussian almus n. ‘same’ (Alm (PrW)), Old High German almūse (Lexer I 40); cf. Middle Dutch almoes, New Swedish allmos, Old Czech olmusa (Kluge 2002: 33). Cf. also almina. býbelės f. pl. (1) ‘Bible, Holy Scripture’ KluD 364, K, Alm 31; býbelis m. (1) LLCh 158 (original gen. sg. Bibelio), N 329 (Rg), NmŽ < Old Prussian bībal ‘Holy Scripture’ (Ziesemer I 593); cf. Old High German bēbel f. ‘book, Bible’, Early New High German Bibel, Church Latin biblia ‘Holy Books’ (Lexer I 263; Kluge 2002: 119). býbeliskas adj. ‘characteristic of the Bible’ N 329, K, Alm 31, adv. býbeliskai K → bybelis; cf. Early New High German bibisch. býbelšprukis m. ‘word of Holy Scripture’ K I 238, Alm 31 < Early New High German Bibel-spruch m. ‘same’. býbelšundė f. ‘time set aside for reading the Bible’ NmŽ < Early New High German Bibelstun-de f. ‘same’. decmōnas m. ‘church dues, tithe’ B 341, Prel 54 (dēmonas), Alm 43; cf. Old Prussian Decem ‘tithe, payment to a clergyman’ (Fr I 135), Early New High German Kirchendezem ‘same’; Late Latin decimus ‘collector of tithes’ (Prellwitz 1891: 54). Cf. also temonas. fīrmeluoti verb. ‘to consecrate, confirm’ K I 49, Alm 50 < Early New High German firmeln ‘same’; cf. Latin (confirmare ‘to strengthen’) (Kluge 2002: 295). gnōda f. (1) ‘grace’ N 266, K, Alm 55 < Old Prussian gnōd ‘same’ (Alm (PrW)); cf. Early New High German Gnade f. ‘grace, mercy’, Old High German ge-nāde, gnāde ‘peace; happiness, bliss; God’s help and mercy’ (Lexer I 850). katigmas m. ‘catechism, a concise exposition of Christian doctrine in question-and-answer form’ C I 222, 425 (original Katīgmas), B 85, 178, 300, R II 91, MŽ 119, K. Donel (katigmas), katigmas Q 110, kategimas C I 425, kat-gimas pl. Lex 21, K I 679, K, Prel 61, Alm 64; katìsmas f. pl. Prel 61 (katis-mos), Alm 64 < Old Prussian katxism, katism, katismen, pl. Katisen (Fr I 345; Alm (PrW)); cf. Early New High German Katechismus ‘catechism’, from Latin catēchēsmus ‘instruction in the faith’, from Greek katēchēsis ‘instruction’. kērùbas (cherub) m. (2) ‘cherub, angel of the highest rank’ C I 428 (originally Kēruibas), B 311 (kerub’s), R II 91 (Kērubas), MŽ II 120 (Kērubas), N 197 (Kerubas), K (kērubas), Alm 65 (kerubas) < Old Prussian Cherub (C I 426), Early New High German Cherub church ‘cherub’; cf. Hebrew kerub (pl. kerubim) ‘same’; [cf.] New Latin cherub ‘angel of the highest rank, etc.’ from Latin Cherub, pl. Cherubim, Cherubim ‘rank of angels mentioned in the Old Testament’, from Greek χερουβ ‘cherub, winged creature hovering above the ark in which the Ten Commandments of God are kept’ 156 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų the stone tablets given to Moses; an angel guiding God’s heavenly chariot, from Old Hebrew plural ḵərūbīm (LKPŽ 708). kirkrots masculine noun ‘church council, college’ K I 687, kirkrots Alm 67 < New High German Kirchenrat masculine noun ‘the same, etc.’ dialectal. kleboningai (Hebrew) masculine plural, ecclesiastical ‘a tenth of the profit or income that believers had to give to the church or pastor; tithe’ Lex 23, Q 119; kleboningai C I 453 (original Luter-Klebōn-Patobel-Pinningai), B 34; compounds formed from Slavic klebonas and Germanic penigai, pinigai. liuterė feminine noun ‘a tithe paid by members of the Lutheran church’ B 794 (orig. plural Lutteres), N 376 (Tlž, Luttere); liuteris masculine noun N 376 (Rg, orig. Lütteris), liuteriai plural (1) K, Prl 55, Alm 82; → liuterpingai ‘tithe, church dues paid in Lutheran churches’; cf. New High German Luther ‘Luther (personal name)’. Luter–Klebon–Patobel penigai (Luter [penigai], Klebon [penigai] masculine plural ‘tithe, church money paid to Lutheran churches’ Lex 23; compounds formed from Germanic luteris and penigai; from Slavic klebonas and Germanic penigai; from Germanic patobel and penigai. pōdženklis (Hebrew) masculine noun (1) ‘ornate, sealed notes from godparents with greetings, into which a gift or money for the godchild is placed’ K II 105 (original pōd-ženkļis); compound formed from Germanic podis and Lithuanian ženklas; compare New High German Patenbrief, Patentel ‘the same, etc.’ (Grimm XIII 1502). psalteras masculine noun Lex 69, C II 245, Q 398, H (original Pſalteras), N 317, Alm 106, KŽ 1. ‘psalter, book of psalms’ BB Ps tit. 1. 2. ‘stringed musical instrument’ BB 1 Kar 10,12, BB 2 Sam 6,5, BB 1 Kn 14,8, BB Ps 71,22, BB Dan 3,5, BB Iz 5,12, BB Am 5,23, BB Ezd 12,27, BB 1 Sam 10 (Pſalteras), RB 71,22, B 987, ‘violin’ R II 283, MŽ II 378; psaltērius (2) K, K II 116, KŽ; psalterius H 108, N 317 (Pſalterus) 1. ‘psalter, book of psalms’ MŽ 481 (genitive singular from Pſalteras), 495 (from Pſalteras), psaltērius (2) NdŽ. 2. ‘stringed musical instrument’ BB Ps 33,2 (on Pſalterias), BB Ps 57,9, BB Am 6,5, RB Ps 33,2; 57,9, ‘violin’ R II 283, MŽ II 378; < Proverb. Psalter ‘Psalter’ (Q 398; C II 245), Old High German psalter masculine noun ‘book of psalms’, New High German Psalter masculine noun ‘book of psalms; zither, a medieval musical instrument’; German from Church Latin psaltērium neuter noun ‘zither-like stringed instrument; figuratively, David’s psalms’, itself from Greek psaltērion neuter noun ‘stringed instrument’; compare New Low German psalter (Lexer II 304; Kluge 2002, 727); 1. psalterz. predikati, -uoja, -avo intransitive verb ‘to preach, publicly scold’ C I 221, B 985, N 314, [K], Alm 104, KŽ, (spredekti KŽ, spredikauti Alm 118 → sprede) < Proverb. predigen ‘to talk a lot’ (Alm (PrW)), Old High German bredgen, predigen, New High German predigen ‘to preach; figuratively, to proclaim, promote’; German from Latin predicare ‘to proclaim publicly’; compare New Low German prediken (Lexer I 345); Old Prussian prediken ‘the same, etc.’ (Sehwers 1953: 95), predeken ‘to preach’ (MndW III 372). prédika feminine noun (1) ‘speech, sermon’ BzF 175 (TP 1881, 22), KŽ, Pr, spre-dika Alm 118, FrW, predikis masculine noun (1) ‘speech, sermon’ TŽ II Straipsniai / Articles 157 NIOLĖ ČEPENĖ 186 (Inšk), LC 1880,27, sprėdikis m. (1) NdŽ, APh VI 200, FnW, Lnk, Ms, Mžk, NmŽ, sprėkas m. Alm 118 < East Prussian sprėdė ‘sermon’; cf. South German Predig, Old High German brede, predie f., Old Saxon prediga, New High German Predigt f. ‘church sermon; figuratively, instruction’; German from Medieval Latin predica ‘public announcement, sermon’ (Kluge 2002: 719; Lexer I 345); Latvian spredikis ‘sermon’ from German (Sehwers 1953: 117). šprūknygės (hybrid) feminine plural (1) ‘collection of lessons, maxims; catechism’ K II 19, NmŽ, šprūngės ‘prayer books’ NmŽ; a formation from Germanic šprūkas and Slavic knygos plural, cf. New High German Spruchbuch n. ‘the same.’ tėmonas m. (1) ‘church tithe, clerical due’ N 93 (Lbgv), [K], Prl 54, Alm 141, KŽ; cf. Prussian Decem ‘tithe, payment to a clergyman’ (Fr I 135), tęsen, tatsen ‘the same’ (Alm (PrW)); Latin decem ‘ten’. Compare also decmonas. 6) names for persons, for example: áptas m. ‘head of a male Catholic monastery’ Lex 3a, Q 13 (original apts), [K 19], aptas Alm 27; abtas Alm 23 < Prussian Abt (Lex 3a), New High German Abt m. ‘abbot, head of a monastery’; cf. Old High German abbet, abt, Old Saxon abbet, Dutch apt, abt, Low German abt; German from Church Latin abbās < from Greek abbā from Armenian abbā ‘father’ (Kluge 2002: 11; Lexer I 1); Old Prussian abbet, abt (MndW I 1). áptienė f. ‘female head of a Catholic monastery’ Q 13, B 39 (original aptene), K I 33, aptiene Alm 27, abtiene f. N 2 (abtėne), Alm 23; a derivative from Germanic aptas, abtas. bapstas m. ‘pope’ [K], Alm 29, bapstas N 317 < New High German Bapt m. ‘the same’; cf. Old High German bābst, bapst, Old Saxon bābes, New High German Papst; German borrowed from Late Latin pāpes (also Old French papas); b instead of p is common in early German loans (Grimm XII 1448; Kluge 2002: 679; Lexer I 107). býblenės (hybrid) m. (1) ‘Bible distributor, person who carries Bibles around’ LC 182, 48; a formation from Germanic bybele, bybelis and Lithuanian nešti ‘to carry’. bėdelis m. (1) ‘devil’ Tr, Pr, Erž; bėdelis Gk, Skr, Krš, Rs, Trg < Old Prussian bōd(d)el, Old High German bōdel ‘court official, executioner’; cf. New High German Büttel, Swedish bödel, Old French bedel, Old Swedish budil (Kluge 1957: 115), Old Prussian bēdel ‘begging, solicitation’ (Alm 31), bedeler ‘beggar’ (MndW I 169). dómproptas m. ‘senior cathedral priest’ K I 302 < New High German Domprobst ‘the same.’ franciskōnas m. ‘member of the order of mendicant Catholic monks’ K I 461, franciskonas Alm 51; cf. German Franziskaner ‘the same’, Polish franciskani plural (Brückner 1974: 127). iškunigis m. (1) ‘former priest; ex-priest’ NdŽ, LzP; a formation from Germanic kunigas and the Lithuanian prefix iš-. kāntēris m. (1) ‘a certain Protestant church official, organist’ Lex 21, C I 421, B 307, Q 108, N 178, K, Alm 62 < Prussian kanter ‘the same’ (Riemann III 76; Alm (PrW), Canter (Lex 21), cf. New High German Kanter; Kantor m. 158 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų ‘cantor, director of a church choir; singer’; N. Dutch cantor; German from Latin cantor ‘singer’ (Kluge 2002: 487). kapučėnis noun ‘a member of the Capuchin order of Catholic monks, a branch of the Franciscans; so called because of their very pointed caps and hoods’ Alm 63, kapučėris, kapčerėris K I 677 < N. High German Kapuziner masculine, ecclesiastical ‘Capuchin’; compare Italian cappuccini, Latin capucinus ‘Capuchin monk, Franciscan monk’. katilėkas, feminine -ė noun (2) ‘Catholic, one who professes Catholicism’ R I 56, R II 91, MŽ I 110, MŽ II 119, LLCh (Glossary), K, Prl 26, Alm 64 < Prussian dialect katelik ‘same’; compare N. High German Katholik masculine ‘Catholic’; Polish katolik, Latin Christianus catholicus, plural catholici. kėčeris noun ‘heretic, apostate’ Alm 64, kėčeris K I 683 < N. High German Ketzer masculine ‘same’; compare Old High German ketzer, ketzer, kötzer ‘one who holds an erroneous faith’; named after the Cathar (Greek katharós ‘clean, virtuous, pure, innocent’) Manichaean sect, Medieval Latin Cathari; German from Medieval Latin catharus, Greek–Latin catharus (Kluge 2002: 485; Lexer I 1563). kirkversteris noun ‘church warden’ Alm 66, kirkeversteris K I 687 < N. High German Kirchenvorsteher masculine ‘same’; a dialectal form. kirkpoderis noun ‘church servant, organist, sacristan’ B 795; kirkpoderis Q 297 (original Kirr=Poders); kirkvederis diminutive ‘church servant’ K I 687, kirkeveris Alm 66 < Prussian dialect form Kircheder (a=ā) ‘church warden, member of the church college or parish council’ (Fr I 363–364); compare N. High German Kirchenvater. kleknėrienė feminine noun ‘bell ringer’s wife’ K I 555, KŽ → kleknėris. kleknėris noun (1) ‘bell ringer’ B 591, R II 180, 223, MŽ II 238, 298, Prk, kleknėris Sch 188–189, Prk; kleknorius B 831 (Klenorus); kleknėrė noun (1) ‘bell ringer’ K, K I 83, Prl 61, KŽ, kleknėrė Alm 67 < Eastern Prussian dialect form kleknär, klekner ‘bell ringer’ (Mitzka 1919: 124, Alm (PrW)); compare Old High German glockenäre ‘bell ringer’ (Lexer I 1037), N. High German Glöckner ‘same’, Old Icelandic cloc(c) ‘little bell’, N. Dutch klok, N. Swedish klocka (Kluge 2002: 362). kocėrus m. ‘schismatic, heretic’ K¹ 13, Lex 53a (orig. kocer[us]), C I 1054 (Kōcerus), Q 295, B 434, 779, N 203; kocėrius MŽ 338 (acc. pl. Kocerius), DP 535 (kaceris), [K kocierius], KŽ (kocėrius); kōcėrius m. (1) ecclesiastical ‘heretic, schismatic, heretic’ DP 119, 541 (kacerius), MŽ II 296 (Kōcerus), PG, K I 683 < etc. katzer m. ‘one who holds an erroneous faith, heretic’ is a dialectal form with o, since in the language of the Prussian Order, the long open ô often occurred in place of Old High German long open â; German, from Middle Latin catarus, Greek-Latin catharus (Lexer I 1563; Ziesemer 1924: 114); cf. Prussian Ketzer (C I 1054), Old High German ketzer (from the 12th c.), kätzer, közer, New High German Ketzer (Lexer I 1563; Kluge 2002: 485); (s.l., v.l.) n.l. kacer ‘heretic, schismatic; stallion’ < cf. Czech s. kacir, Czech n. kacíř, kačíř ‘heretic’, from Old High German [N.Č. – corrected from Old High German dialect, since the latter has ketter] katzer, Old High German ketzer, New High German Ketzer ‘the same’, from Middle Latin catharus, a designation for members of new sects; a member of the neo-Manichaean sect < Greek (LKPŽ 338–339), Polish kacer from Czech kacieř < German Katzer, Ketzer (Brückner 1974: 211). Straipsniai / Articles 159 NIOLĖ ČEPENĖ kunegbuvis (dial.) m. ‘a former priest or seminarian’ Pron, Užv, kunigbuvis BŽ 477; compounds of Germanic kunegas, kunigas and Lithuanian būti. kungas m. 1. ‘clergyman (esp. Catholic)’ DK¹ 30, DK² 32, AK 9,17, AK 66,19 (orig. pl. kungay), KŽ. 2. ‘lord, master’ S. Dauk; cf. MHG kunic, kunig, kong ‘king; ruler’, OHG chung (Lexer I 1774), North Swedish kung, Norwegian kung (Kluge 1957: 391; 2002: 520); Latvian kungs ‘lord’ from OHG kunig (Sehwers 1953: 61). Cf. also kunigas. kunigáiktis (1) ‘elder, leader, ruler, prince, priest’ BB 1 Moz 23,6, BB 1 Moz 36,15, VlnE 22,2 (orig. Kunigajchtis), VlnE 69,21 (Kunigaikštis), DP 3,6, DP 163, DP 167,44 (acc. pl. kunigąszczus), DP 217,17, 67, 571, SD¹ 67, SD³ 27, 137, SP I 47, B 500, S. Dauk (kunigaikštis), R II 389, MŽ II 523 → kunigas. kunigátis m. (1) ‘young priest, curate; seminarian’ Šts, Mrc; derivative of kunigas. kunigas m. (3ᵇ), FnW, (kunegas) ‘lord, master; leader’ MŽ 396 (orig. Kunigs), 505, C I 908, B 53, 107, 681, 500, 511, 682, KlG 24, R I 70 (Kunigs), MŽ I 135 (Kunigs), K, A 1884, 307, 308, A 1885, 37, K. Būg, rš, KŽ, kūne-gas S. Dauk, dim. kunigėlis B 379, kunigėlis B 499. 2. ‘clergyman (esp. Catholic or Protestant)’ MŽ 30, 127, 505, BP I 153, BP II 210, 278, DP 17,27; 75,44; 141,13, MT (Blotno preface) 7, MT 38,12, MP 40, 78, VP 26 (kunegas), Ch¹Mr 1,44, AK 97, PK 160, Vln¹⁵⁰, Vln 50,12, Vln 58,9 (Kunigs), VlnE 7,4, VlnE 51,20 (wiraufelskningas), VlnE 199,1 (pl. kunigai), ZEE 204,2 (pl. kunigai), RB it. 1. 4, 12, SD³ 96, 116, SD 84, Lex 67, 68a, SP 69, SG I 35, Q 275 (Dwaronu kunigs), 383, 396 (Kunigs), H 54, B 85, 210 (kunigs), 311, 313, 441, 543, 681, 721, 860, 873, 971, PVG 60 (1712), PVG 93 (1728), PVG 604 (1831), R I 70, MŽ I 135, LLCh 216 (pl. kunigai), 255, K, M. Valanč, VP 26 (kunegas), K. Donel, S. Dauk, Rp 69, BzBk 110 (kunegas), Prl 44, NG 42, Dg 52, J, JV 1038, FnW, Alm 75, Sim, GK 1939, 103, NŽR, KŽ, ŠVŽ (gen. sing. kòngą, Šak, Šal, Vin, Dauk, kòngės Lu), ZŠŽ (Grš, Br, Šk), KzRŽ, ZtŽ, DvŽ, LzŽ, Mrj, Šk, Srj, Ram, Vnv, Gmb, Klp (kunigs), Krš (kunegas), Akm (kònegas), northern Panevėžys (kū.nógs), Dv, Plv, Ss, Šl, Pn, Pln, Zp, Klt, dim. kunigėlis KŽ, DvŽ, kunigėlis KzRŽ; a loanword from MHG kunic ‘king, ruler’; cf. MHG künic (Lexer I 1774); OHG kun(i)ng, MLG kunig, kung ‘king, ruler, lord’, OE kuning (later kunig, Dutch koning, NHG König ‘king, ruler’; Finnish kuningas, Estonian kuningas (Kluge 1957: 391; 2002: 519–520; Grim XI 1691); MLG konink, konnik ‘king’ (MdW II 524); Prussian konags ‘prince, king’ is also a Germanism (Mažiulis II 242–243 (E 405)). Cf. also kungas, kunigas, iškunigis, naukunigis, pakunigis, puskūnigis, senkunigis, velniakunigis, viškūnis. 160 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų kūnigė f. (1) 1. ‘woman clergyman, pagan priestess’ S. Dauk, Pt, kūnigė rš, ‘head or superior of a convent or temple’ SD³ 138, N 210, A 1884, 63, KŽ. 2. ‘wife of a kūnigas (pastor)’ [K (Kt)], KŽ, I. Simon; → kunigas, kunigas. Cf. also kunigė. kunigėlis m. (2) ‘curate’ NG 60, Sln, Skp, kunigėlis ŠVŽ (Št); derivative of kunigas. kunigienė f. (1) Brž, kunigienė (1) K; OsG 18 ‘the wife of a kūnigas (pastor)’ R I 71 (orig. Kunignė), K, LC 1881, 17, Am 76, KŽ → kunigas. kunigija f. (2) collective ‘clergy, the clergy as a whole’ M, J, sp, FrnW, V. Kudr, KŽ, Prn, Bs, Blv, kunigija Am 75, kunigija A 1884, 381, kunigija KŽ. Gmž; derivatives of kunigas, kuningas. kunigas m. (2) ‘pastor’ Prk; derivative of kunigas. kuniginkas, -ė m./f. (1) ‘a priest’s student training for ordination’ A 1885, 372, BsV 164, KŽ (orig. kunigininkas), Klp, Prk → kunigas. kuniginis, -ė m./f. (2) ‘one who holds bodily views, an adherent of corporealism’ rš, Žem, ZŠŽ (Gr); derivative of kunigas. kunigiškas m. (1) ‘priest’ Šv; derivative of kunigas. kunigiškis, -ė m./f. (2) 1. ‘clergyman (esp. Catholic)’ Ch 2 Moz 30,30, Grv. 2. ‘a priest’s student training for ordination’ KŽ, Šlu, Prk, kunigiškis N 210, K, KŽ; derivatives of kunigas, kunas. kunigūkas m. (2) ‘seminarian’ Jrb; diminutive derivative of kunigas. kunigūžis m. (2) ‘Protestant or Lutheran priest’ Am 76, KŽ, ZŠŽ (Įk, Žvr, Šk, Nm), Vdž, Alk, Dkš, Gs, ‘Lutheran priest’ KrtnŽ; derivative of kunigas. kuningas m. (³ᵇ) FrnW 1. ‘lord, master; leader’ B 99, N 210. 2. ‘clergyman (especially Catholic), pastor’ C II 204 (orig. Kūnigas), 237 (Kūningas), 647 (Kūnngas), 1121, Q 75 (Kūnngas), 179, R I 70 (Kūnngas), R II 58, 208 (Kūnngas), 276, 282, H II 186, PVG 193 (1748 m.), 362 (1793 m.), MŽ II 23, 78, 277, JV 615, Sln, BzF 52, N 210, K, KŽ (A 1883, 42), Pr 44, Šv, diminutives kunigėlis N 210, kunigytis N 210, kunigūžis N 210; < cf. kuninc, kuning ‘king, ruler’ (Lexer I 1774); compare also kun(i)g, East Low German kunig ‘king, ruler, lord’, Old Saxon kun, Middle Dutch koning; Finnish kunigas (Kluge 1957: 391; 2002: 519–520), East Low German koning, konink ‘king’ (MndW II 524); Old Prussian konagis ‘duke, king’, from Middle High German (or Middle Low German) künic ‘king’, Old High German kunic (kunig) ‘king’ (Mažiulis II 242–243 (E 405)). Compare also kunigas. kūnigė f. (1) 1. ‘female clergyman, priestess’ rš. 2. ‘superior, head of a Catholic convent’ N 210, KŽ; → kunigas. Compare also kunigė. kunigienė R I 71 (orig. Kunignė), N 210 → kunigas. kuningestis m. ‘cardinal, Catholic clergyman’ Q 109 (orig. Kunningestis, Popezus Kaffes) → kunigas. Straipsniai / Articles 161 NIJOLĖ ČEPIENĖ manìstas m. ‘Mennonite, member of a Protestant sect’ K II 54, Alm 84, KŽ < Old Prussian Manist ‘same’. Mennonites lived in Prussia, chiefly in Verder (Verder) and Žemuma (Niedergen) (Fr II 48); compare East Low German meniste ‘same’ (MndW III 71), New High German Mennonist, named after the pastor Menno Simons (1496–1561, Netherlands). mukarãi m. pl. (3ᵇ) ‘old Germans who usually pray at home’ ŽŠŽ (Lkš), mūcharai m. pl. (1) ŽŠŽ (Šsr); mukeris ‘sanctimonious person’ I.Šimon, mūkeris (1) ‘same’ prš, Yl < New High German Mucker m. ‘hypocrite, sanctimonious person; nickname for followers of J. F. Budde’s Pietists in the 17th century’; compare Middle High German mücheler m. ‘Meuchler, scarius’ (Kluge 2002: 634–635; Lexer I 2191). nacarėnas, -ė common-gender noun ‘Nazarene’ Alm 90; compare German Naz(ar)ener ‘belonging to a Jewish Christian sect (in the first centuries of our era)’, Latin Nazareus from Greek Nazarēnos ‘Nazarene, epithet of Jesus Christ’. naujūngis (hbr.) m. ‘a recently ordained priest’ Bv; a compound of Germanic kunigas and Lithuanian naujas ‘new’. pākūnis m. (1) ‘lay assistant to a Protestant pastor’ Šs; a derivative of Germanic kunigas and Lithuanian prefix pa-. patōbelis m. (1) ‘church servant, bell-ringer, sacristan’ Lex 43, Q 27, 29, C I 785, 1063, B 308, 591, 795, 831, R I 162, MŽ I 296, LLICH (glossary), N 107, [K], K I 555, KŽ, Alm 97, FnW, Pk, ‘a church attendant who stands behind the board, German Tafel, as an interpreter’ R I 162, MŽ I 296, Alm 97 < Prussian German Potabel ‘formerly in [Prussian] Lithuania, a church servant assisting German church servants. Their duties were to ring the bells, provide wine and communion wafers, clean the church and its utensils, carry the collection bag (Klingsäckel), watch over unruly visitors, put iron collars (Halseisen) on the disobedient, assist preachers when they went to visit the sick or prepared to baptize; they also had to help collect the tithe; their duty was to look after the buildings and help the preachers with fieldwork’ (Fr II 172). ALEW notes that German Potabel (Patabel) may have been borrowed from Lithuanian patōbelis (ALEW II 741–742). pilgrìmas, -ė common-gender noun (2) ‘pilgrim, person travelling to holy places’ TrpŽ, Š, DŽ pilgrimas, -ė brš, pilgrimas KŽ < Old Prussian Pilgrim, New High German Pilgrim ‘person travelling on a pilgrimage’ (Prel 40), Old High German pilgrim; compare Old High German bilgerim, pilgerin, Old French pelegrin, Old English pilgrim; German from Late Latin pelegrinus ‘foreigner, traveller’ (Kluge 2002: 703), East Low German pelegim(e) ‘same’ (MndW III 315); Italian pellegrino from Latin pōdė f. (2) ‘godmother’ C II 192, KŽ, Alm 103 (in Aukštaitija), Pt, FnW, ŽŠŽ, KzRŽ, Š, Įnš, Žml, Vl, Erž, Įrb, Sk; pōdė common-gender noun (2) ‘godchild’ N 294, K, M. Valanč, S. Dauk, BM 400 (Šnt), LMD (Šs), KŽ, Alm 103 (in Samogitia), NmŽ, FnW, BM 400, Šnt, LMD (Šs), KrtnŽ (puodė), ŠVŽ (puodė Bks, Med, Lyk), Dr, Kv, Plt, Vkš, Sd, Trk, Ms, Nt, Trk, ‘goddaughter’ 162 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų B 967 < Pr.v. pōde, pōt ‘godchild, baptismal child’ (Alm (PrW)); cf. OPr. pade m. ‘godfather, godmother, godparent’ (MndW III 291), MHG Pate m. ‘godchild; godson’; f. ‘godmother; goddaughter’, Latin pater ‘spiritual father, godfather’ (Kluge 2002: 685). precentėris m. ‘teacher of children in a Protestant parish church’ PVG 413 (1794) < Pr.v. precenter ‘same’ (Alm 105 (PrW)); cf. Latin praecentor ‘cantor, soloist, conductor’. pūkunėgis (dial.) m. (1) 1. ‘Lutheran preacher, preacher, person performing a priest’s duties’ Grm, Vn. 2. ‘seminarian ordained as a deacon’ Ndž; compound of Germanic kunigas and Lithuanian pus- rabýneris m. ‘rabbi, Jewish clergyman’ K II 18, Alm 109 < MHG Rabiner ‘same’; cf. Hebrew rabbi ‘my teacher’; OHG Rābīn ‘Arab’ (Lexer II 330). sėnukigis (dial.) m. (1) ‘old, old-fashioned priest’ Vaižg; compound of Germanic kunigas and Lithuanian senas velniakūnis (dial.) m. ‘someone who, with evil intent, disguises himself as a priest’ BsV 291, S I 165; compound of Germanic kunigas and Lithuanian velnias vištkunigis (dial.) m. pl. (1) ‘someone who has not completed priestly studies’ Nį, Skr; compound of Germanic kunigas and Lithuanian višta 7) mythological vocabulary, names of supernatural beings, for example: bazilikas (basilīkas, bazilīkus) m. ‘fairy-tale creature, dragon’ WP 98a,8, SD 8, SD³ 9 (orig. bazyliszek), Bb Is 11:8, B 189 (Basiliszek), baziliškas Lex 236 (Baziliszek), C I 236, Prl 51 (bazyliszas); cf. OHG basiliske m., basilik (Lexer I 133), MHG Basilisk myth. ‘basilisk, dragon’, Pr.v. Baliljže (C I 236); M.Dutch basilis, M.Eng. basilisk; the word was borrowed from Latin basiliscus, itself from Greek basilískos ‘little king’ (Kluge 2002: 94); Polish bazyliszek. ALEW derives Lithuanian baziliskas from Polish (ALEW I 100). grális m. ‘mysterious and miraculous vessel (pit, cup), stone (in medieval German tales and literature)’ TrpŽ, KŽ, nSŽ; ‘the legendary cup from which Jesus Christ drank at the Last Supper’ TrpŽ, NSŽ 144 < German Gral m. ‘holy relic (stone, cup, etc.)’; cf. OHG grāl m. ‘Holy Grail, vessel of Christ’s supper’, Old French graal ‘same’; Late Latin gradalis (Kluge 2002: 367; Grimm VIII 1737; Lexer I 1066). kābalas m. (1), plural only ‘divination of the future by cards and other means’ Vad, Lp, Kt, kabōlai pl. ZtŽ; cf. Pr.v. kābal ‘tricks’ (Alm (PrW)), Cabale f. ‘secret intrigues, plots’ (K I 673), MHG Kabale f. ‘deception, deceitfulness; plot’; M.Eng. cabal; Swedish kabal, Norwegian kabale; borrowed from French cabale ‘Kabbalah, secret Jewish teaching’, itself from Hebrew qabbālā(h) ‘transmission; tradition’ (Kluge 2002: 457); Hebrew qabbala ‘(secret) tradition’, Judeo-German kabbālāh ‘fortune-telling’ Straipsniai / Articles 163 NIOLĖ ČEPIENĖ iš skaičių, magija, intriga’ (Vasmer II 1986, 149); (v.l.), n.l. kabala, pl. kabaly ‘judėjų filosofinis apokrinis traktatas; būrimas kortomis; būrimas iš ženklų, skaičių; burtų mokomoji knyga; sąmokslas, intriga; rūpesčiai, sunkumai’ < l. jd. qabale ‘paslaptingasis judėjų mokymas’, v.lot. cabala ‘Kabala (išmintis, perduodama rabinų)’, iš v.hebr. qābālāh ‘gavimas, priėmimas; tradicijų perdavimas iš kartos į kartą; paprotinis įstatymas; po Mozės rašyti veikalai; kabala, paslaptingoji išmintis’; n.brus. kabalá ‘rūpesčiai; galvosūkis; apgaulė, niekai’, n.brus. dial. kabalny pl. ‘būrimo kortos’ (LKŽ 337), l. kabala ‘intriga, slaptas mokslas’ < vok. ir it. cabala, o š iš hebr. kabbalah (Brückner 1974: 211). špūkas m. (1, 3) ‘apparition, specter, ghost’ K II 200, Cp, NdŽ, BzF 185 (Prk), Am 134, FrnW, KŽ, ZŠŽ (Grš, Šk, Ssr, Snt), NmŽ, Šn, Vkv, Nm, Gs, Mrj, Tlž; špūkis, -ė diminutive ‘one who walks at night, night wanderer, ghost’, BzF 185 (orig. spūks); špōkas (1) ‘apparition, specter’ ZŠŽ (Snt) < n.v.a. Spuk (Spuch) m. ‘specter, ghost, apparition’, borrowed from Middle Low German spok, spök, n. ‘ghost, specter, contemptible being’; cf. Old Low German spoke, Old English pūca myth. ‘gnome, goblin, household spirit, dragon-like spirit’. The origin is unclear (Kluge 2002: 871; MndW IV 335). pracūberoti, -oja, -ojo verb. ‘to bewitch, to enchant’ BzF 205 < n.v.a. verzaubern ‘same meaning’. Valhalà f. ‘in ancient Scandinavian mythology, the palace of the god Odin, abode of warriors fallen in battle’ TrpŽ; for the origin, cf. German Walhall(a) < Old Scandinavian Valhǫll ‘hall of the slain’; in North Germanic mythology this is the name of a hall, German Halle, to which those fallen in battle come (Kluge 2002: 970). valkirijos f. pl. (1) ‘in ancient Scandinavian mythology, warrior-maiden goddesses who helped heroes in battle, carried the souls of fallen warriors to Valhalla, and served them at feasts there’ TrpŽ, NSŽ 454; cf. Old High German Walküre f. < Old Scandinavian valkyrja ‘chooser of the slain’, Old Swedish valkyria, Old English Valkyrie, Old Dutch valkure (Kluge 2002: 970). Valpurgijos Night ‘an ancient Germanic pagan festival marking the beginning of spring, held on the night of April 30 to May 1; according to German superstitions, evil spirits and witches held a feast and orgies that night on Mount Brocken; a feast, an orgy’ TrpŽ, Valpurgija KŽ, NSŽ; cf. German Walpurgisnacht ‘witches’ night’; Walpurg(is) is a Germanic saint who came from England, in German Walt-purc; on the night of May 1 witches ride to Mount Blocksberg—the connection between the pagan festival and the saint is motivated only by the date; Old Dutch Walpurgisnacht, Old English Walpurgis Night (Kluge 2002: 971); Latin Valpurgis. 164 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų 3. ON THE MEANINGS AND ORIGIN OF THE WORD OLA The word ola⁴ f. is attested in Bretkūnas’s Bible with the meanings ‘cave, cavern, chamber, crypt’ (BB 1 Moz 23,9 ‘cave for burial’, BB 1 Kar 18,4, BB 1 Kar 19,9, BB 1 Kar 19,13, BB Ps 142,1, olė BB 1 Kar 18,4, ola BB 1 Sam 24,4, BB 1 Sam 24,11, uola BB 1 Sam 24,4). Caves, as gateways that conceal the underworld, are the subject of many cults, myths, and legends. They were regarded as the birthplaces of gods and the dwellings of hermits. In Cretan and Mycenaean religion, there were many sacred caves (NSŽ 294–296). Ola is used not only in the sense ‘cave or burrow of animals or birds’, as given in LKŽ, but also to mean ‘chamber, crypt, place of concealment; refuge’. Crypts were places of worship and burial for early Christians in catacombs, underground cemeteries. The Bible tells us that caves had doors (1 Kar 19,13) and were large (he hid fifty prophets here and fifty there in the cave (1 Kar 18,4)). They were used for burials—Antanas Rubšys’s translation of the Holy Scripture (ŠvR, 1 Moz 23,19) reads: Then Abraham buried his wife in the cave in the field of Machpelah, opposite Mamre {that is, Hebron}, in the land of Canaan. The field and the cave passed from the Hittites into Abraham’s possession as a burial place. Bretkūnas and the proofreaders of the Bible he translated probably doubted whether the meanings of the Lithuanian words they had chosen precisely matched the original word, and therefore ola is often added, corresponding to Old High German Höhle f. (Hohl n.), Middle High German Hohle f. ‘cave, hollow; large hollow space in the earth’ (Grimm X 714, 715, PaulW 299); cf. Middle Low German hol n. ‘cave, hollow, hollow space; refuge, hiding place’; the verb holen ‘ich in eine Höhle, Versteck begeben (to go, set out, enter a cave, hiding place)’ is attested in the 15th-century chronicle of Hermann Korner, a Dominican monk from Lübeck, and in texts written in Low German (MndW II 285, 288). Lithuanian ola is also related to Old High German hol n., m. ‘cave, pit, hole, hollow’, Old High German hūle f. (hol) ‘cave, refuge, den (Schlupfwinkel)’, [hule BB 1 Moz 19,30], Old High German verb hēln ‘to keep hidden, conceal’ (Lexer I 1324, 1381, 1242). Also compare the related Scandinavian hol (Old High German Halle f. ‘vestibule, columned annex’), whose basic meaning is ‘covered, hidden’; (Gothic hulþ-s ‘rock, stone structure, hall in the rocks’); → Germanic *hel- ‘to conceal, hide’. From Old High German verbs hēlen, hēln ‘to keep hidden, conceal, hide, conceal’ (Old High German hehlen) came Old High German helle f. myth. ‘hidden, secret underground world of the dead, hell; narrow space between the cornice and the wall’, Old High German halle f. ⁴ Ola is also attested in VlnE 101,11, DP 488, MP 284, SD³ 76, 85, 155, 281, 291, SD 66, 238, 246, Q 235, B 860, R I 167 (orig. ūla), MŽ I 306 (ūla), A. Baran, J, JD 853, Jrk 25, FrnW, ZŠŽ (Grš, Šk, Br), KzRŽ, Ds, Dkš, Km, Sg, Skp, Rš; diminutive olūkė ZŠŽ (Lkš); also recorded are hola ‘pit, cave’ SP I 42,6; 42,11; 255,2, BzF 116, FrnW I 516, hala SD¹ 14, BzF 116. ⁵ Plg. dar s.v.a., v.n.l, s.fryz. hol, ang. hole ‘ola, urvas’ (Kluge 1957: 313). Straipsniai / Articles 165 NIJOLĖ ČEPĖNIĖ ‘wooden tower, wooden columns, hut; a place for preparing and storing salt’; cf. also Gothic halja ‘the underground world of the dead’ (Lexer I 232, 1149; Kluge 1957: 283; Grimm X 229). W. Smoczyński regards Lithuanian ola as a word of uncertain origin (Smoczyński 2007: 432). Latvian ala ‘cave, cavern, burrow’. J. Sehwers derives it from Middle Low German hol ‘cave, hole, hollow’ (Sehwers 1953: 1). Thus Lithuanian ola ‘cave, pit, attic, crypt; refuge’, attested in Bretkūnas’s 16th-century Bible, could be derived not only from the Middle Low German dialect hol n. ‘cave, cavern, hollow cavity; refuge’, as E. Fraenkel wrote, but also from Middle High German Hohle f. ‘cave, hollow; large hollow cavity in the ground’; cf. the Middle High German dialect form hūle (hule, hol) f. ‘cavern, pit, refuge’. Also cf. Valhalla (under 2, 7). In the Holy Scripture translated by Antanas Rubšys, we find the loanword šeolas m. ‘abode of the dead, hell’ ŠvR (Moz 37,35; GG 8,6; Job 24,19), probably derived from Hebrew še’ol, which is probably related to New High German Hölle f. ‘the underground world of the dead, hell’, Gothic halja, and Old High German hella ‘the goddess of the dead Hel, her abode’ (Grimm X 174); cf. Latvian ellē ‘hell’, from Middle Low German helle (Sehwers 1953: 331–332). According to the available data, the word šeolas is not found in earlier Old Lithuanian texts. In Bretkūnas’s 16th-century Bible, German Hölle f. ‘hell’ is translated by the loanword from Polish peklą6. 4. DERIVATIVES New words are formed from Germanisms in religious vocabulary: derivatives, denominal formations, and compounds. Lithuanian suffixes -ienė, -ystė, -iškas, and -auti are especially often added to Germanic roots. There are also compound words and hybrids, one component of which is a Germanism and the other a Lithuanian word. Many formations are made with the old Germanism kunigas. Derivatives, e.g.: aptinė, aptinė f. ‘superior of a Catholic convent’ → aptas, aptas; kunigė, kunigė, kuniginė f. (1) ‘priest’s (pastor’s) wife’. Especially many derivatives are formed from the loanword kunigas, kunigas: kunė, kunė f. (1) 1. ‘female cleric, priestess; superior or head of a convent or temple’. 2. ‘priest’s (pastor’s) wife’; → kunigas, kunigas; kunigaitis m. (1) ‘young priest, vicar; cleric’; kunigystė f. (2) ‘lordship’ BP II 117, WP 27,13, DP 226, MT 30,31, ‘priestly office, priesthood’ WP 27,13, DP 465, MT 18, Alm 76, FrnW, KŽ, KrtnŽ; kunigystė f. (2) ‘lordship’ BB Joz 18,7, WP 152,19, DP 542, SP 204, B 684, R I 71, MŽ I 136, PG, ‘priestly office,’ 6 LKŽe does not provide the source of the word peklą from Bretkūnas’s Bible. 166 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų priesthood’ BB 1 Sam 2,28, DK 94, AK 93, DP 75, MT 18, Ch¹ 312, PK 13, SD³ 96, SD 84, SG I 51, Lex 68a, Q 396, B 721, 810, 96, H 54, R I 71 (orig. Kunigystė), MŽ I 136, A 1885, 35, K, M. Valanč, M, FrnW, J. Bil, J. Šimk, KŽ, ŠVŽŽ (Dauk), kunigystė (2) ‘priestly office, priesthood’ Lex 68a, C II 237, Q 396, H 54, R I 71 (Kunigystė), R II 282, N 210, A 1885, 78, ‘lordship’ R I 71, N 210; cerėvstė f. ‘heresy; deviation (in faith)’ Alm 64; bybeliskas adj. ‘characteristic of the Bible’ N 329, K, Alm 31, adv. bybeliškai K; → Bybelis; cf. New High German biblisch; ketseriskas adj. ‘characteristic of a heretic’ K I 683, adv. ketseriškai K I 683; kunigiškas, -a adj. (1), -à (³ᵇ) ‘characteristic of a cleric (especially Catholic)’ BB 2 Moz 19,6, DK 14, DP 27, 76, 547, SD³ 96, SD 84, B 96, K, BsMt II 238, M. Valanč, J. Jabl, KŽ, Ggr; kunigiškas, -a R II 282, N 210, A 1885, 81, adv. kunigiškai ‘like a priest’ K, ŽŠ (Nm); kuniginis, -ė adj. (2) ‘of clerics (especially Catholic)’ J. Jabl, KŽ, Šts. Denominal formations: kunigauti, -auja (-ąna), -avo intr., kunigaut ŽŠ 1. ‘to be a priest, cleric’ MŽ 421, BB Luk 1,8, S. Dauk, BzB 297, FrnW, P. Cvir, J. Jabl, J. Balt, Alm 75, KŽ, DŽ, ŠVŽŽ (Žbr). 2. ‘to rule’ MŽ 421, MT 250, rš; denominal formation from kunigas; podžauti, -iauja, -iavo intr. ‘to be a podis or pode, to act as godparent’ rš, ŽŠ (Jn), apipodžiauti tr. ‘to serve as godparent once’ ŽŠ (Jn), denominal formation from podis; spredikauti verb. intr. ‘to preach’ Alm 118, spredėti KŽ, denominal formation from spredika; pilgrinauti, -auja, -avo verb. intr. ‘to travel to holy places’ BB Iz 23,7, Prel 43 → pilgrimas; cf. Middle Low German pelegrine ‘pilgrim’ (Prel 43). Compounds: bybelnėšis (hybrid) m. (1) ‘distributor, carrier of Bibles’ LC 1882, 48, a compound of Germanic bybele, bybelis and Lithuanian nešti; iškunigis m. ‘former priest, ex-priest’ NdŽ, LzP, a formation from Germanic kunigas and Lithuanian prefix -iš; kirkapis (hybrid) m. (1) ‘graves by a church; churchyard’ R I 54, R II 223, MŽ II 298, N 200, K, KŽ, Alm 66, kirkapis KŽ, a formation from Germanic kirke and Lithuanian kapas; cf. New High German Kirchhof m. ‘graves, cemetery’; kunegubuis (dial.) m. ‘former priest or cleric’ Pron, Užv; kunigubuis BŽ 477, a formation from Germanic kunegas, kunigas and Lithuanian būti; Luter–Klebon–Patobel penigai (Luter [penigai], Klebon [penigai]) m. pl. ‘tithe, church money paid in Lutheran churches’ Lex 23; compounds from Germanic luteris and penigai; from Slavic klebonas and Germanic penigai; from Germanic patobelis and penigai; põdženklis (hybrid) m. (1) ‘ornately stamped cards with greetings from godparents, into which a gift or money is placed for the godchild’ K II 105 (orig. põd-ženklis; a formation from Germanic podis and Lithuanian ženklas; cf. New High German Patenbrief, Patentzel also meaning the same (Grimm XIII 1502); šprūknešis f. pl. (1) ‘collection of instructions, sayings, catechism’ K II 199, NmŽ, šprūknešės ‘prayer books’ NmŽ, a formation from Germanic šprukas and Lithuanian knygos pl.; cf. New High German Spruchbuch n. ‘same’. Straipsniai / Articles 167 NIJOLĖ ČEPIENĖ 5. CHRONOLOGICAL NOTES Few words from the religious sphere are recorded in the earliest sixteenth-century texts; somewhat more are found in Bretkūnas’s Bible, for example: kunigas (kunegas, kun-gas); turmas ‘tower, bell tower’; psalteras (psaltėrius, psalteras) ‘psalter; stringed musical instrument’; miras (miras, myras) ‘fragrant resin’; izopas (yzopas, yzapas) ‘hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), a medicinal plant; hyssop sprigs used in church as an aspergillum’; skryne ‘in a Catholic church, an ornate cabinet in the middle of the altar for keeping the Host; an alms box, treasury; an ark (of the vessel built by biblical Noah)’. Loanwords become more numerous from the seventeenth century onward, especially in Prussian German–Lithuanian and Lithuanian–German dictionaries, for example: ablōtas ‘Christmas’; almūzas ‘alms, gift’; ilgės feminine noun, plural (2), ilgės (1) ‘All Saints’ Day (November 1); kant̄eris ‘a certain Protestant church official, organist’; katgismas ‘catechism, a brief exposition of Christian doctrine in question-and-answer form’; kerūbas (kerubas) Baltic German ‘angel of the highest rank’; cf. German Cherub, Prussian German Cherub (C I 426), Hebrew kerub (pl. kerubin) ‘the same’; Assyrian k’rub ‘a gigantic bird with lion’s paws and a human head, a griffin’ (Kluge 1957: 268); kirpėdis ‘church servant, organist, sacristan, kirkodis; kleboningai masculine noun, plural, Baltic German ‘the allotted share of profit or income that the faithful had to give to the church or pastor; tithe’; a formation from Slavic klebonas and Germanic penig; kleboningai (original Lutter-Klebon-Patbel-Piningai); gángos feminine noun, plural (1) ‘place in a church near the organ; gallery < German Gang ‘the same’; predikau, -auja, -avo intransitive ‘to preach, publicly reprimand’; tapelis ‘small container for collecting alms in church’ < Prussian German tofel ‘board’, cf. Elbe Low German dialect tôfel ‘(suspended) board or plank, struck to make a sound or give a signal, used in churches and monasteries instead of ringing a bell’, New High German Tafel (Grimm XXI 13). New loanwords appear in the seventeenth century, many of them recorded in the dictionary of Jokūbas Brodowskis, for example: dreskama feminine noun ‘sacristy’, dreskare, dreskare LC 1885, 12; kapelė ‘small church, chapel’; klekneris ‘bell ringer’; klingbelis ‘collection bag for money in church’; klosteris ‘monastery’; precenteris ‘teacher of children in a Protestant parish church’ PVG 413 (1794); Prussian German kirkapis ‘cemetery beside the church, churchyard’. From the nineteenth century onward, new loanwords are recorded in the dictionaries of G. H. F. Nesselmann and especially F. Kurschat, for example: bybelis masculine noun, býbelės feminine noun, plural ‘Bible’; býbelšprūks ‘word of Scripture’; verb fīrmeliuoti ‘to bless, confirm’; franciškonas ‘member of a mendicant Catholic religious order’; gnōda ‘grace’; jerģtēliaiinterjection ‘Dear God, dear God’; kapučīneris (kaputsīneris) ‘member of a Catholic religious order, a branch of the Franciscan order, named for its members’ especially pointed hoods’; liktis feminine noun (4, 2) ‘Candlemas; a service attended by the faithful with candles (February 2)’; liturgija ‘the order of public worship, especially Mass, in Christian churches 168 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų in churches < German Liturgie ‘likewise’, compare Low German liturgie, Church Latin liturgia, Greek leito-urgía (Kluge 2002: 578); próptas ‘pastor’; rabýneris ‘rabbi’; sprė́dka f. (1) ‘speech, sermon’, sprė́dka Alm 118, FrW, sprė́ka KŽ, sprė́das m.; sprūknýtis pl. ‘collection of instructions, maxims, a catechism’; tōbelis ‘a bag for collecting church donations’. In his works, A. Bezzenberger first cited the word džiai: bėrės f. pl. ‘funeral feast, funeral wake’ BzF 9; compare Prussian German Behre ‘feast for the dead’ (Ziesemer I 530), Middle Low German bōre ‘bier’ (Sehwers 1953: 11), East Frisian bere ‘bier’, New High German Bahre f., with the meaning ‘bier for carrying the deceased’ (Kluge 2002: 83), Middle Low German bōrige f. ‘raising, taking up; offering (Hebung, Einnahme)’ (MndW I 397, VI 80); Latvian bēres ‘bier for carrying the deceased’, from Middle Low German bōre or East Frisian bōre ‘bier’ (Karulis I 121); pracuberoti ‘to bewitch, enchant’ BzF 205 (Dargužiai), Prė 58 (pracuberots). Many loanwords in this thematic group are recorded in Aleksandras Kuršaitis’s four-volume Lithuanian–German dictionary, published in 1968–1973 (grālis masculine noun ‘a mysterious and miraculous vessel (bowl, cup), stone (in medieval German tales and literature); in legend, the cup from which Jesus Christ drank at the Last Supper’; ilgkritis masculine noun (2) ‘Christmas Eve (?), plural Christmas Eve gifts’; a formation from Middle Low German hilgen ‘saints’ and Lithuanian Kristus, cf. German der heilige Christabend; kirvelis ‘parish feast (commemorating the consecration of a church); fair (held in connection with the parish feast)’; nacarenas, -ė masculine noun ‘Nazarene’ Alm 90. 6. CONCLUSIONS In Prussian writings and dictionaries, numerous loanwords of religious vocabulary from Germanic languages are recorded, since Germans Christianized Lithuania Minor and ruled the region for a long time. Because monastic orders took part in this process, Lithuanian has names of monasteries and monks of German origin: aptā ‘Catholic monastery’, klosteris ‘monastery’, kapucinēris ‘member of a Catholic religious order, a branch of the Franciscan order, named for its members’ especially pointed hoods’, franciskānas ‘member of a mendicant Catholic religious order’, as well as names for other clergy, buildings, church ritual objects, festivals, and other things. By origin, religious and mythological loan vocabulary comprises: 1) loanwords from Germanic languages, mostly German; 2) words from Greek (e.g., psalteras), Latin (e.g., skrynē), Hebrew (e.g., kērūbas ‘angel of the highest rank’, from Hebrew kerub (pl. kerubim), Aramaic (aptas ‘head of a monastery’), Old French (e.g., gralis), and other languages, which entered Lithuanian through Germanic languages. The earliest words of Germanic-origin religious vocabulary recorded in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Lithuanian writings derived mainly from Middle Low German and the Middle High German dialect. There is little mythological vocabulary, most of it recorded only in the nineteenth century. Straipsniai / Articles 169 NIOLĖ ČEPENĖ Some borrowings in religious vocabulary are common to Lithuanian and Latvian. They have counterparts in other European languages. The Lithuanian word olà means not only ‘a burrow or hole made by an animal or bird’, as given in LKŽ, but in Bretkūnas’s sixteenth-century Bible it is also recorded with the meaning ‘burial chamber (funer.), crypt; refuge’, for which the German Höhle f. (Middle German dialect Hohle), Hohl n. is used in translation. The Lithuanian word olà is related to Middle Low German hol n. ‘cave, cavern; refuge’, Old High German höle (hole, hol) f. ‘cave, pit, refuge’, Modern High German Hohl n. ‘cave, hollow, depression, recessed empty space’, Germanic *hel- ‘to conceal’, Old High German verbs hëlen, hën ‘to keep secret, conceal, hide’, Middle Low German helen, Old High German helan, Old Saxon helan. Most Germanic borrowings in religious vocabulary are found only in old Lithuanian writings and in dictionaries published in Prussia. Some religious vocabulary borrowings are generally used only in spoken language, in dialects, e.g.: bėdelis ‘devil’ Tg, Pr, Erž (biedes Gr, Sk, Krš, Rs, Trg); bybelštundė ‘time set aside for reading the Bible’ Nmž; cf. jėrgumano interj. ‘my God’ Šts, a blend of German jergau and the Lithuanian pronoun mano, cf. jergulis; kantaras ‘singer’ ZŠŽ (Šakiai area), cf. kanteris (since the seventeenth century); mukrai3b ‘old Germans who usually pray in a house’ ZŠŽ (Lks), mucharai ZŠŽ (Sr), mūkaris Pr. Yl, mukėris ‘feast’ Prk; podinai masculine plural 3b ‘godparents, godfather and godmother’ Šl, Mšk, pōdinai (1) Vkš, Žml, pōdinas masculine singular (1, 3b) ‘godfather’ FrnW, Žg, Mšk, Šl, Jnš, Lg, Žml, Pš, Lnk, Ps, diminutive podinukas, -ė masculine/feminine noun (2) ‘godchild’ Gs, ZŠŽ (Šakiai area), derived from podinas, šprūkai plural ‘prayers’ Nmž. The most widespread words in spoken language are: kunigas (kūnegas), pōdė ‘godmother; godchild’, pōdis ‘godfather, godmother’, pōdžius ‘godfather’, pōdžiai masculine plural ‘godparents, godfather and godmother’, pōdinas ‘godfather’, interj. jergulis ‘dear God, dear Lord’, spridis ‘sermon, homily’, bėdelis (biedes) ‘devil’. ABBREVIATIONS acc. – accusative ags. – Anglo-Saxon ang. – English ankstyv. – early aram. – Aramaic bāžn.lot. – Ecclesiastical Latin brūs. – Belarusian ček. – Czech dan. – Danish dem. – diminutive dial. – dialect est. – Estonian Frisian gen. – genitivus, genitive Germanic Gothic Greek Hebrew hybrid instr. – instrumentalis, instrumental case 170 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų Icel. – Icelandic It. – Italian Pol. – Polish Latv. – Latvian Lith. – Lithuanian loc. – locativus, locative Lat. – Latin Lat.-Rom. – Latin-Romance N.Eng. – New English N.Belarus. – New Belarusian N.Czech – New Czech Dutch – Dutch N.Pol. – New Polish nom. – nominativus, nominative Norw. – Norwegian N.French – New French n.rus. – New Russian n.šiar.germ. – New North Germanic n.šv. – New Swedish n.v.a. – New High German ol. – Dutch orig. – in the original pl. – pluralis, plural plg. – compare pr. – Old Prussian Pr. – Prussian praef. – praefixum, prefix pranc. – French Pr.v. – Prussian German ryt. – eastern rom. – Romance rus. – Russian Old Irish Old Belarusian Old Czech Old Frisian Old Hebrew sing. – singularis, singular section Old Polish Old French Old Russian Old Saxon Old Scandinavian Finnish Old High German Old Yiddish Swedish tit. l. – title page t. p. – likewise v.a. – Old High German v.ang. – Middle English v.hebr. – Middle Hebrew v.l. – Middle Polish v.lot. – Medieval Latin v.nl. – Middle Dutch vok. – German v.ol. – Middle Dutch vulg. – vulgarism v.v. – Middle German v.v.a. – Middle High German v.v.ž. – Middle Low German v.ž. – Low German žd. – Jewish LITERATURE AND SOURCES ALEW – Altlettaisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (ALEW). Under the direction of Wolfgang Hock, with the collaboration of Elvira-Julia Bukevičiūtė and Christiane Schiller, edited by Rainer Fecht, Anna Helene Feulner, Eugen Hill, and Dagmar S. Wodtko. Volume 1. A–M, Volume 2. N–Ž, Volume 3. Lists and indices. Hamburg: Baar Verlag, 2015. Straipsniai / Articles 171 NIOLĖ ČEPENĖ Alm – Die Germanismen des Litauischen. Teil 1: Die deutschen Lehnwörter im Litauischen by Dr. K. Alminauskis. Kaunas: St. Casimir Society Bookshop, [1934]. Alm (PW): W. Ziesemer Preussisches Wörterbuch manuscript used by K. Alminauskis. B – Lexicon Germanico–Lithuanicum et Lithuanico–Germanicum, dainen... by Jacobo Brodowski, Praecentore Trempensi. Manuscript from 1713–1744, two volumes. Msc. 127, 128. Jokūbas Brodskis. Lexicon Germanico–Lithuanicum et Lithuanico–Germanicum. A seventeenth-century manuscript dictionary. Documentary edition with facsimile, transcriptions, and word index. Prepared by Vincentas Drotvinas. 3 volumes. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2009. BB – Biblia tatai esti Wissas Schwentas Rachtas Lietuwischkai pergulditas per Janą Bretkuną Lietuvos Pleboną Karaliaucziuje (photocopy of the 1590 manuscript). Brückner Aleksander 1974: Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna. C – Clavis Germanico–Lithvana. (A two-volume manuscript from the former Königsberg Archive (I Al-lust: Msc 85 in 4⁰; II Maal-Zwölfter: Msc 86 in 4⁰), written between 1673 and 1701.) Clavis Germanico–Lithvana. A seventeenth-century manuscript German–Lithuanian dictionary. Four parts: I A–E, 1995; II F–L, 1997; III M–S, 1997; IV T–Z, (1997). Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing. Čepenė Nijolė 2006: Lietuvių kalbos germanizmai ir jų fonetinės ypatybės. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla. DvŽ – Dictionary of the Deveniai dialect. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Vol. I: A–M, authors L. Grumadienė, D. Mikulėnienė, K. Morkūnas, A. Vidugiris, 2005; Vol. 2: N–Ž, authors D. Mikulėnienė, K. Morkūnas, A. Vidugiris, 2010. Fr – Preussisches Wörterbuch. Ost- und Westpreussische Provinzialismen in alphabetischer Folge by H. Frischbier, 1–2. Berlin: Verlag von Th. Chr. Fr. Enslin, 1882. FnW – Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch by Ernst Fraenkel 1–2. Göttingen, 1955–1965. Georges 2004: Lateinisch–Deutsch. Deutsch–Lateinisch. Ausführliches lateinisches Handwörterbuch, Kleines deutsch–lateinisches Handwörterbuch von Karl Ernst Georges. Faksimile und Volltext. Zweite, erweiterte Ausgabe. Directmedia. Berlin. Grimm 2004: Der digitale Grimm. Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm. Elektronische Ausgabe der Erstbearbeitung. Zweitausendeins. H – Vocabularium Lithuanico–Germanicum et Germanico–Lithuanicum. Containing all the words found in the New Testament and Psalter, arranged alphabetically;... 172 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų Prepared by Friederich Wilhem Haack / S. S. Theol. Cultore, at the time a lecturer at the Lithuanian Seminary in Halle. Halle [1730]. K – Littauisch–deutsches Wörterbuch von Friedrich Kurschat. Halle a. S., 1883. Deutsch–littauisches Wörterbuch von Friedrich Kurschat. Halle, I – 1870, II – 1874. (Skaitmens rodo dis ir puslapius.) Karulis Konstantins 1992: Latviešu etimoloģijas vārdnīca 1–2. Rīga: Avots. Kluge Friedrich 1957, 2002: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 17 Auflage. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1957; Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 24 Auflage, Berlin / New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2002. KtnŽ – Juozas Aleksandravičius. Dictionary of the Kretinga Dialect. Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2011. KzRŽ – Aldonas Pukis. 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Vilnius: Mintis, 1968–1969; 3–6. Vilnius: State Publishing House of Political and Scientific Literature, 1956–1962; 7–9. Vilnius: Mintis, 1966–1973; 10–15. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976–1991; 16–17. Vilnius: Publishing House of Science and Encyclopedias, 1995–1996; 18–19. Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing, 1997–1999. LKŽe – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 1–20, 1941–2002, electronic version, editorial board: Gertrūda Naktinienė (editor-in-chief), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Straipsniai / Articles 173 NJOLĖ ČEPENĖ Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2005 (updated version, 2008). Available online: http://www.lkz.lt. LLCh – Anthology of the History of Lithuanian Literature. The Feudal Era. Edited by K. Korsakas and J. Lebedys. Vilnius: State Publishing House of Fiction, 1957. LLŽ – Kazimieras Kuzavinis. Latin–Lithuanian Dictionary. Vilnius: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing House, 1996. 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NŠŽ – Naujasis simbolių žodynas. Vilnius, 2002. PaulW – German Dictionary by Hermann Paul. Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer Publishing House, 1961. Prel – German Loanwords in Prussian and the Phonology of German Loanwords in Lithuanian by Dr. Walther Prellwitz. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht’s Publishing House, 1891. PVG – Letters, admonitions, and accounts of the Prussian authorities to Lithuanian peasants. Compiled by P. Pakarklis. Vilnius, 1960. Q – a manuscript seventeenth-century German–Lithuanian dictionary from the former Königsberg archive (known as A. Krauzė’s). Msc. 83. Author unknown. 174 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Religinė, mitologinė leksika: skoliniai iš germanų kalbų R – Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon, in which there is an ample supply of words and expressions occurring both in Holy Scripture and in all kinds of activities and interactions within human societies; together with a historical account of the Lithuanian language, as well as a thorough and expanded grammar, compiled with the utmost care, years of diligence, and the assistance of the most experienced experts in this language by Philipp Ruhig... Königsberg... 1747. Riemann Erhard 1981–2000: Preussisches Wörterbuch. Deutsche Mundarten Ost- und Westpreußens, Band 2, herausgegeben von Erhard Riemann, Band 3–4, hrsg. von Ulrich Tolksdorf, Band 5–6, hrsg. von Reinhard Goltz, Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag. Rimkutė Aušra 2012: 1883–1916 metų kateizmų religijos terminai. Daktaro disertacija. Rubinas Algis 2002: Lietuvių kalbos religinė leksika ir jos istorija. Daktaro disertacija. Sehwers Johannes 1953: Sprachlich-kulturhistorische Untersuchungen vornehmlich über den deutschen Einfluss im Lettischen. Berlin: in Kommission bei Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden. Skardžius Pranas 1931: Die slavischen Lehnwörter im Altlitauischen. Kaunas: Akc. „Spindulio“ b-vės spaustuvė. Smoczyński Wojciech 2007: Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego. Wilno: Uniwersytet Wileński, wydział filologiczny. ŠvR – The Holy Bible. The Old and New Testaments. Second expanded edition. Translated from Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. Lithuanian Bishops’ Conference. Vilnius: Katalikų pasaulis, 1999. ŠVŽŽ – Vanagienė Birutė. Dictionary of the Northwestern Samogitian Dialect. The dialects of the Ylakiai, Lenkinė, Mosėdis, Skuodas, and Šatės areas 1: A–O; 2: P–Ž. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2014. Urbutis Vincas 2009: Baltų etimologijos etiudai 2. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. Vasmer Max 1986–1987: Этимологический словарь русского языка 1–4. Москва: Прогресс. Ziesemer Walter 1975: Preussisches Wörterbuch. Sprache und Volkstum Nordostdeutschlands 1: A–C, 2: D–Fi. Herausgegeben von Ludwig Erich Schmitt. Hildesheim New York: Georg Olms Verlag. Straipsniai / Articles 175 NIOLĖ ČEPIENĖ ZŠŽ – Dictionary of the Zangė Dialect 1: Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing, 2003; 2: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Centre, 2004; 3: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Centre, 2006. ZtŽ – Vidurės Aloyzas. Dictionary of the Zietela Dialect. Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing, 198. For other abbreviations, see the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽ). Religious, mythological vocabulary: loanwords from Germanic languages SUMMARY The loanwords of religious and mythological vocabulary were already recorded in the first Lithuanian texts of the 16th century, in particular those of Prusia, Lithuania Minor. The article addresses the religious and mythological vocabulary of Germanic origin or that which came into Lithuanian from Germanic languages from the perspective of semantics and origin. The base word of the Germanism from which it derived is determined; the primary origin of the loanword is identified. The recording of lexemes in the written language dating from the 16th century and their usage in the spoken language and dialects are also presented. The chronology of loanwords is discussed. The loanwords of religious and mythological vocabulary are divided into seven subgroups: church buildings and their parts, administration, environment; church interior, places inside it; objects used in rituals, church items; festivals, rituals; church activities, books, musical instruments; names of persons; mythological vocabulary, names of supernatural beings. It was found that Lithuanian olà is not only used in the meaning of ‘a cave, burrow of animals or birds’ as defined in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language but also as ‘a chamber (for burial), crypt, shelter’ according to Bretkūnas’ Bible. The formations deriving from Germanisms are described as well. Received on September 6, 2018. NIOLĖ ČEPIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language 5 Petro Vileišio St., LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected] 176 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX