Fonetinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia)

JINA ŠVABARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language Research areas: analysis of dialects in written sources, dialect lexicography and lexicology, sociolinguistics, syntax. DOI PHONETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE ŽAGARĖ LOCAL DIALECT (END OF THE 20TH CENTURY – BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY) Phonetic and Morphological Peculiarities of the Žagarė Local Dialect (End of the 20th Century – Beginning of the 21st Century) ANNOTATION The author continues her study (description) of the Joniškis local dialects belonging to the Western Highlanders of Šiauliai. The article discusses the phonetic and morphological features of the Žagarė local dialect—the last of the Joniškis local dialects to be described—as reflected in field recordings made in the late 20th and early 21st centuries (from 199 to 2003). It describes the phonetic and morphological phenomena observed in the Žagarė local dialect, discusses tendencies in accentuation, and provides a preliminary account of its distinctive vocabulary. KEYWORDS: Western Highlanders of Šiauliai, Žagarė local dialect, phonetic features of the Žagarė local dialect, morphological expression and distinctive vocabulary of the Žagarė local dialect. ANNOTATION The author continues the study (description) of the Joniškis local dialects, which belong to the Western Aukštaitian Subdialect of Šiauliai. The article discusses the phonetic and morphological peculiarities of the Žagarė local dialect, the last Joniškis local dialect under Straipsniai / Articles 109 JANA ŠVAMBARĖ-VALUŽIENĖ analysis, which are reflected in the dialect records made at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century (from 1999 to 2003). The article describes the identified phonetic and morphological phenomena in Žagarė local dialect, the questionable tendencies of accentuation and provides a pilot description of lexical peculiarities. KEYWORDS: Western Aukštaitian Subdialect of Šiaulšiai, Žagarė local dialect, phonetic peculiarities of Žagarė local dialect, morphological expression and lexical peculiarities of Žagarė local dialect. INTRODUCTION The author has determined the boundaries of the Žagarė subdialect, but has not discussed its linguistic phenomena1. Linguist Aušra Kikutytė has published an article on the phonetic and morphological phenomena of the Skaistgirys subdialect, which is closely related to the Žagarė subdialect2. Individual phonetic and morphological features of the Žagarė subdialect have been discussed by dialectologists Aldona Jonaite, Aleksas Girdenis, Genovaitė Kačiūskienė, and Juozas Pabrėža3. Drawing on ideas expressed in dialectological studies and the author’s own observations made while listening to recordings, this article seeks to present a reasonably general overview of the Žagarė subdialect and to outline directions for further research. The article’s material consists of recordings of the Žagarė subdialect held in the Dialect Archive of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language4. The dialect recordings studied cover the period from the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century (1998–2003)5. Respondents from the oldest generation, born between 1901 and 1936, were interviewed. Sixteen cassettes of dialect recordings were made, amounting to approximately 140 hours of speech. The recordings were made under varying conditions of respondent interviewing and dialect 1 See Švambarė 2018: 135–148. 2 See Kikutytė 2015: 150–173. 3 The author takes into account features of the Žagarė subdialect highlighted in the work of A. Kikutytė and other dialectologists; follows the structure of published articles on the Joniškis and Skaistgirys subdialects; and quotes (rather than paraphrases) researchers’ ideas in order either to substantiate or to express reservations about claims made in scholarly works. The author deliberately did not select examples from Žagarė subdialect texts to illustrate the claims, but discussed all the phonetic, accentual, and morphological manifestations of the subdialect, including unsystematic ones. 4 The research material is described in greater detail in the author’s 2018 article. 5 The LKI TA also holds recordings from later years, for example, those made in 2011–2013, but the article’s author does not rely on them for one reason: the respondents’ age. The oldest generation best represents the traditional dialect, and the greatest number of dialect recordings of such respondents were made in the years indicated. 110 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Fonetinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) school pupils, students, and doctoral students with experience in recording speech6. The respondents’ topics of conversation could be divided into five groups: a) the history of Žagarė and its interpretation (legends about the origin of the name Žagarė; about the Semigallians and their dukes; about the Naryshkin estate and its forest wardens (foresters)); b) industry and the activities of industrial enterprises (about the dairy and button factory operating in Žagarė; about the trade that took place and the trade route to Riga; about the smuggling that flourished along the border; about the artisans who settled in Žagarė, etc.); c) religion and saints (about the coexistence of people of various religious denominations; about the churches of Old Žagarė and New Žagarė; about Barbora Umiastauskaitė); d) science and writing (about languages, writing, and books); e) everyday tasks (about various everyday tasks, e.g., baking bread, tending gardens, raising children, etc.; about various celebrations, e.g., weddings, funerals, indulgence feasts, etc.). Why is it so important to bring the topics into focus? This is done because every work or text is a creation of the mind, connected in its very essence with life experience, which leads to the human being, to creativity7. The recorder’s professionalism (the ability not to interrupt while asking questions and to intervene minimally) allows details of life to emerge, revealing the respondent’s personality (value orientations, a historical sense of the time lived through, evaluative criteria and their development, the creative poetics of everyday life). In retelling, the respondent creates (not only reconstructs but also recreates, invents, and creates anew). The diversity of linguistic expression (sounds and forms) then returns from the narrative (the image of a word reflected in its microcontext). The recordings of the Žagarė subdialect vary greatly: some contain continuous narratives, while others include many varied questions from different recorders, which disrupt the flow and prevent the respondent from speaking freely (creating a text), so that they answer the question in only a few sentences. Therefore, the examples given to support the claims made in the article are varied (ranging from a single word to several isolated words or words in sentences). 6 In 1998, A. Kaikartė interviewed a man (born in 1928) and a woman (born in 1928), while Lithuanian studies students S. Mickutė and S. Raicevičiūtė interviewed a man (born in 1930) and two women (born in 1914 and 1936). In 1999, the texts of sixteen respondents (born in 1901, 1902, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1914, 1915, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, and 1934) and one respondent (born in 1924) were recorded by A. Laurikė, B. Balutė, R. Vidmantaitė, J. Norkienė, and S. Raicevičiūtė. In 2003, students from Joniškis “Aušra” Gymnasium recorded the narratives of respondents born in 1923 and 1925. 7 Apie tai plačiau žr. Daujotė 1998: 69, 269. Straipsniai / Articles 111 JANA ŠVAMBARĖ-VALUŽIENĖ The aim of the article is to describe the observed accentual, phonetic, morphological, and lexical features of the Žagarė subdialect8. To achieve this aim, the following objectives were set: a) transcribe the dialectal recordings from the Žagarė field expedition and collect material; b) describe the observed dialect features and compare them (where and to the extent possible) with features of other Joniškis subdialects (Skaistgirys, Joniškis) or neighboring dialects (Samogitian, Northern Panevėžys); c) present reflections of language contacts (Latvian and Lithuanian) in the Žagarė subdialect (to the extent observed in the recordings). The article employs descriptive and comparative methods. Hypothetical claims are made about certain linguistic phenomena, encouraging further research into their development and/or change. PHONETICS AND ACCENTUATION OF THE ŽAGARĖ SUBDIALECT: RESEARCHERS’ PERSPECTIVES AND CLAIMS Accentuation. The Žagarė subdialect is peripheral, and generalized stress retraction prevails there; according to A. Kaikarė, “the people of Žagarė retract stress from both short and long endings to a syllable of any length” (Kaikarė 2015: 150). There is a tendency to retract stress to the first syllable, e.g.: vi.rìškis (man); *žàgarė (Žagarė), piò.ks (drunkard), didèsni (bigger), sū.pi.ne (swing), aðgal (back), á.t-mintis (memory). Due to contact with Latvian, stress retraction should be even more pronounced, but dialectologists J. Pabrėža and A. Kaikarė state that stress is retracted less frequently in the Žagarė subdialect than in the Skaistgirys subdialect, where it shifts to the syllable stressed in the retracted form. The dialectal recording material allows us to assume that the speech of individual respondents differs to some extent: the accentuation system of residents of the town of Žagarė supports the point made by linguists, while in the surrounding villages (toward Skaistgirys, Raistai, and Juodeikiai) stress retraction is even more pronounced, e.g.: gerì / gẽri (Versiai); i(ž)_žmò.nū. / i(ž)_žmò.nū; vùs (Žg) / vùs; grù.du. / gru.dù (Žvelgaičiai). According to these linguists, in the Žagarė subdialect stress is especially often retracted from the final syllable of verb forms and of participles, gerunds, and half-participles onto prefixes (Pabrėža 1998a: 782; Kaikarė 2015: 152). Examples from the Žagarė subdialect also support this view, cf.: nežinau, užtenk, pasirink žagarų, vál(d)iojei pašikriti (Žg). If a verb has two or more prefixes, A. Kaikarė notes, either the prefix immediately before the stem is stressed, or the syllable of that word, 8Because this article would otherwise be too long, the author is preparing a separate article to present the morphophonetic, syntactic, phraseological, and fixed-expression features of the Žagarė subdialect. 112 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Fonetinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) that receives stress when inflected. In J. Pabrėža’s view, “stress before the word stem may have arisen by analogy with verbs whose prefixes have regular morphological stress, e.g.: nebepakaba, nebepàmen” (Pabrėža 1998a: 782; Kaikarytė 2015: 153). It has been observed that “in dialects described in the literature [...] around Skaistgirys (as well as Žagarė and Gaižaičiai), as in the adjacent Samogitian area, the first element of circumflex diphthongs is more strongly emphasized (LKT chr.: 63)” (Kaikarytė 2015: 156–157). This view is also supported by examples from texts in the Žagarė dialect, e.g.: pė.lns, par ta. gã.ira, pamĩ.klas9. A. Kaikarytė has written about the complexity of accentuation as follows: “The accentuation of the Skaistgirys subdialect is particularly mixed—it combines features of generalized stress retraction characteristic of both the so-called Aukštaitian and Samogitian varieties. The circumflex accent in half-diphthongs is placed inconsistently—on the first element, as in the Žagarė subdialect, and on the second element, as in the Joniškis subdialect” (Kaikarytė 2015: 170–171). An example from Žagarė would seem to demonstrate this: nu_tai_tėn [šo-kuose] ka pri-eidava / vīsa *žagare būdava (Žg). Nevertheless, one may hypothesize that in diphthongs the circumflex accent is distributed across both elements, e.g.: bã.isei, gã.ira, krã.uje, nukū.lst, skã.lbes, suĩ.rče. (Versiai, Žg). Thus, it is difficult to describe the accentuation of respondents who speak the Žagarė subdialect. It should be remembered that it continues to be influenced not only by language contact but also by two linguistic standards—the Latvian and Lithuanian radio and television. Phonetics. The most important phonetic features singled out by dialectologists are the retention of the full mixed diphthongs an, am, en, em and nasal vowels ą, ę, and the hardening of l before vowels of the e, ė, ei, ę type. These features are maintained in texts from the Žagarė subdialect: sami.dau, tām sklēpē jām, samdīt, su.nam, izgādina ta.cansā.mbl.; žēmgalu, rand, ūland, isigāda labai, i.vairū. gandū, tēn, uždēgdavau, šventes ruōdau, rajona centrās; sod.bētas (Žg, Versiai, Žvelgaičiai, Žiūriai). Dialectologists J. Pabrėža and A. Kaikarytė have observed that around Žagarė “the groups le, le, lę, lei are rather consistently hardened in unstressed endings or in endings from which stress has been retracted, especially in words and forms derived from the verb leisti” (Pabrėža 1998a: 786; Kaikarytė 2015: 163). As has been observed 9Traditionally, in dialect texts from Žagarė published since 1970, only the first element of circumflex-stressed diphthongs and diphthongs is marked with a stress sign (tilde or acute), cf.: lāka, nusiāndas (Lkt 1970: 149); vā.ika, kė.lmai (Lk tch 2004: 68–69). Both stress signs are used in examples in the description of the Skaistgirys subdialect, cf.: bā.isei, plē.nta, septīnta (Kaikarytė 2015: 151–152). While transcribing the texts, the author observed that the first element of diphthongs and mixed diphthongs is more prominent, but the second element also bears stress. Therefore, in the examples, the element of circumflex-stressed diphthongs and mixed diphthongs is marked as half-long and indicated with a tilde stress sign. The second element is also marked with a tilde, but is not indicated as half-long. Straipsniai / Articles 113 J A N I N A Š V A M B A R Y T Ė - V A L U Ž I E N Ė A. Kaikarytė, in the Žagarė subdialect only the cluster le is hardened; only this cluster, like in the Skaistgirys subdialect— giričių, žodžio viduryje nekietinamas (Kaikarytė 2010: 12; 2015: 164)10. It seems that linguists’ statements are overly categorical. The tendency to harden the le-group cluster in word endings is certainly more frequent; compare: dabar nelōrȧčie nūšlȧve tuōs / rė.iše / visā(s) soi.bėlas (Žg); gatvēla tōi šēura / su_arkleis važiuodava / pri-pūstīdava (Žg); di.rbau / kaūtā(s) šērau / ka.rves mi.žau (Daukšiai); pasūdava kelinėlas (Žiūrai); aš tōi mergelėta ar būvau (Žg); palika ar tei(p)_pat_va našla (Žg); ātnešu duonas rieklą. (Žg). In isolated cases, / is also hardened in the word stem; compare: palāstuvai (Žg); an_toke taŋkė i.šlanke srūogas (Žg). A. Kaikarytė, who described the Skaistgirys subdialect, also mentioned several features of the Žagarė subdialect, which are also associated with features of the Joniškis subdialect (Kaikarytė 2010; 2015). First to be mentioned is the Samogitian reduction of endings: “Žagarė speakers do not pronounce the pre-Lithuanian short vowels in those case and person endings that are never stressed, except in cases where the elision of a vowel creates a consonant cluster that is difficult to pronounce” (Kaikarytė 2015: 150). This statement is supported by kāms, brāvas, viens, vē.lns, etc., heard in the recordings. According to the linguist, “instead of pre-Lithuanian long *-a, *-as, *-e, *-es, Žagarė speakers have short vowels [-a], [-as], [-e], [-es] in unstressed endings” (Kaikarytė 2015: 150). The aforementioned linguists observed that the stressed vowels a, e in principal-stress positions do not lengthen but are pronounced short; compare the Žagarė subdialect: vėšt, uždėt, an, brāsta, mā-na. The shortness here may have arisen from language contact; it is thought to be due to the influence of Latvian (Pabrėža 1998a: 783; Kaikarytė 2015: 157). The vowels i, u are lengthened to half-long. J. Pabrėža observed that in the Žagarė subdialect, i, u in such positions, in terms of their quality, “resemble the half-long vowels of Eastern Lithuanians more than the short vowels of Suvalkija” (Pabrėža 1998a: 784; Kaikarytė 2015: 158). This statement also needs qualification, since respondents tend to lengthen the aforementioned vowels only slightly in mixed diphthongs and diphthongal sequences (e.g., nebedī.rp̄t, ši.ma, bū.keri., ižd.rava). In other cases, the pronunciation of short i, u varies: they may be lengthened (e.g., netū.r; virš_tri.zdėsim mėtų.; pasku.nėis), or remain unlengthened (cf. mišus [having reached the age of thirty]; pinigus; pri_rūsū; medines (wooden); mišk; palāstuvai; palika [became]; apatini aukštai; rūdė). In verb stems with ei, Žagarė speakers change e to a, hence ain is said. When the verb is used with the prefixes nu-, su-, which end in a vowel, v is omitted, e.g.: nuvēin (Žg); o_daba ta_mām(a) an_to_duonas kvepēi-ma nuvēin (Žiūrai); dāb jau_nuvē.inam an(t)_to_sūarta lā.ika (Žiūrai); i_grī-bas māmē nuvė.dava (Žvelgaičiai); kaiminai suēin ten / gimines [to the anniversary gathering] suvažiūo (Žg); dāb viens pas_ki.ta. nė / [in the old days] sueidava / pavakarōj (Žg). 10 Apie junginio le kietinimą tarmėse plačiau žr.: Kardelis 2002: 107–114; 2002: 215–222; 2008: 485–494. 114 A c t a L i n g u i s t i c a L i t h u a n i c a L X X Fonetinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) With į pronounced as a front vowel, the word is long; compare: ta(i)_jū [of sheep] vī.na ir ī.lga (Versiai); i_ta_kā.rtis ī.lga / prikiši nagus į_supas (Žg). An a or e is inserted into the consonant clusters rz, lt; compare: ū.dava tokes karaj-kas keturampukės / jā (Versiai); i_*_rīga. nuvažiuos / tai_suknėlė. nupī.rus / tai_pāleta. (Žg), similar to the forms recorded by M. Slančiauskas in the tale SŽ or kazalėkas KrŽ¹¹. In the words gelžis ‘iron’, šulinys ‘well’ and their derivatives, the vowel e or i is omitted; compare: prikā.l-dava tokus ge.žius su_ski.lėm pri_tu_mėžu. (Versiai); par_ta_dežete. ge.žis ėie vienām galė / i_kitam (Žg); del_tō / ka_jis [beer] pradės ge.žė smirdėt (Versiai); šu.lin as_an_to_kampa bu.va (Žg); su_gežinu [ladle] negalima [to stir beer / jā (Versiai). In words that have recently entered the subdialect, vowels may be omitted entirely [grōdava viens kardāns ir būgnas (Versiai); vė.lėrma / bėgdavau i. kā.ima. (Žg)] or replaced by another vowel [gi.vulūku (Versiai, Žg); kā.ršt(a.) ā.kmina. ī.ded i_t(a)_ālu. (Versiai); būva acīradu(s) ski.lute. tokī / tai_vā.rai / sūka / mėz-dava(a) akmūna. i.ta_ski.lute. / tē(n) nužange.dava kas_tai (Versiai)]. Žagarė speakers, like Samogitians, pronounce the cluster jungini-va as the diphthong uo in the word apvalus ‘round’; compare dilginėle / tokiėlaip apulū.s (Žg). The trisyllabic form in, replacing the long vowel į in the word knyga ‘book’, is known from M. Slančiauskas’s recorded folklore and is still pronounced; compare tikā.jeu knī.gas nusipīrkt reikēje (Žg)¹². The distinctive feature of šleivavimas is found not only in Skaistgirys but also in the nearby Žagarė subdialect. Dialectologists A. Jonaitė, Zigmas Zinkevičius, A. Girdenis, and J. Pabrėža have written about šleivavimas in the Skaistgirys and Žagarė areas (Jonaitė 1960: 79–86; Zinkevičius 1966: 148; Girdenis, Pabrėža 1978 (= Girdenis 2000: 117–120); 2002: 229–232; Pabrėža 1998: 25–27; 1998a: 781–787). Because of this feature, speakers of these subdialects are called šleivi in the scholarly literature. It has been suggested that the phenomenon may have been widespread over a larger area; traces of it have also been observed in the neighboring Rudiškiai subdialect area (Urniežiūtė 1999: 21–23; Kairytė 2015: 159). The first linguist to write at length about šleivavimas, A. Jonaitė, noted the persistent use of older šleivavimas variants involving the consonants s and š, z and ž, c and č, dz and dž (Jonaitė 1960: 79–86): š, ž, č, dž are pronounced in place of s, z, c, dz, and, in exceptional cases, š, ž, č, dž are pronounced in place of s, z, c, dz. In her dissertation “Šaknos tarme” (1962), A. Jonaitė observed “that in the villages of Gražaičiai and Domeikiai, instead of standard-language s, š, z, ž, intermediate sounds s, š and z, ž are pronounced, which are closer to š, ž than to s, z. But the conclusions the linguist drew remained with the opinion that 11 See: SŽ 2014: 282; KrŽ (manuscript). 12 See SŽ 2014: 305. Straipsniai / Articles 115 JANA ŠVAMBARĖ-VALUŽIENĖ an archaic variant of šlekavimas is the one in which, instead of the standard-language sounds š, ž, č, dž, s, z, c, dz are pronounced” (Kaikarytė 2015: 159). A decade later, following the 1975 and 1992 expeditions to Žagarė and its surroundings, A. Girdenis and J. Pabrėža began to assert firmly that “in several villages around Žagarė (Martyniškiai, Brūžas, Žvelgaičiai, Dilbinėliai, Veršiai, Žiūriai, Stungiai, Daukšiai), the consonants s, z, č, dž are not kept distinct, but merge into a single intermediate sound ś, ź, ć, ǯ” (Girdenis, Pabrėža, 1978 (= Girdenis 2000: 117–120); 2002: 229–232; Pabrėža 1998: 25–27; 1998a: 781–787). Most often, writes A. Kaikarytė, “they merge into an intermediate s, ś sound. Less often, z, ž, c, č and dz, dž, since there are far fewer words containing these consonants” (Kaikarytė 2015: 159). A. Girdenis and J. Pabrėža had already observed in 1978 that šlekavimas had considerably declined in the area around Žagarė (Girdenis, Pabrėža, 1978 (= Girdenis 2000: 120); Kaikarytė 2015: 162). According to linguists, šlekavimas cannot be traced to the Samogitian language. Since no Samogitian written monuments have survived, it is difficult to prove that the Samogitians themselves did not distinguish s-type consonants from žvėrbiai (š-type consonants. Moreover, it has not been proven that Lithuanian itself did not have dialects that failed to distinguish these consonants (Girdenis, Pabrėža 2000: 231; Garša 2005: 225). These linguists have also mentioned that the intermediate sounds of šlekavimas may be very archaic—“perhaps preserved even from the time when guttural consonants were still used in place of present-day š, ž” (Girdenis, Pabrėža, 1978 (= Girdenis 2000: 119); Kaikarytė 2015: 163). Traces of šlekavimas still remain in the Žagarė subdialect, cf.: až gižėus šu_višo.(m) / muš_tėlem (Žg); aški̇rai pasaki̇u̇; o_daba višas kaip į_ne_šava (Žg); anž di̇rba pri̇_stati̇bas (Žg); dȧba šȧke / nebedio(t) tu̇_šilu̇ (Žg); tas mažasis gȧl pėru̇ metu̇ / gȧl dȧ_nė (Žg); kaip apsivėžėu / pradėeu statis (Žg); kai̇pradėe vis_tȧi̇f / ir_nȧ pal̇aide (Žg); gatvȧta toki̇ šȧra / su̇_arkleis važiuoda / pripusi̇dava (Žg); ė̇ju̇ / kur brȧngėns alga. mok (Žg). Occasional words were found in which žvėrbiai š is not pronounced at all, cf.: vȧisna [vaisno] (Žg); šli̇ba [šli̇bo] (Žg). Phonetic changes in words should not be caused by regressive or progressive assimilation, cf.: ru̇škai (Veršiai); apsi̇plȧunu / išsi̇u̇tau čė_ta_virtuve (Žg); nu̇_iṙ_dȧugėu / kṙė̇duvom su̇_sakė / visȧ diena. kṙovėm (Žg); su̇_sude namu̇s / kitus nudėgina (Žg); netȯli pȧrkes atėje su̇_šȧutuvais i̇_nu̇vare [žydelkaitė] (Žg); išsuku̇dava tas_vi̇lnas (Žg). It has been observed that older speakers of the Žagarė subdialect, like speakers of other dialects, pronounce the consonants ch, f, h as k, p, g, cf.: ė̇dovom i̇_pė̇rmas (Daukšiai); tuos veršelius pȧvȧsari̇ išvȧre i̇_kitas pė̇rmas (Žg); ki̇lȯgramai bu̇dava tas mė̇ds pabė̇nas (Žg); [the grave of Barbora of Žagarė] išniekina kaškȯke kuliganai (Žg); dȧba i̇r pu̇dė̇mentai (Žg); pi̇rkau plenė̇lus / pasidȧrė̇u pȯ.rmas / si̇udava / si̇uva(š) šleu̇stinius (Veršiai)13. 13 Apie panašius kitimus Skaistgirio šnektoje žr. Kaikarytė 2015: 164. 116 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Fonetinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) 1 DIAGRAM. Phonetic change patterns in the Žagarė subdialect Speakers from Žagarė also tend to change consonants or their clusters, e.g.: vl̥ is pronounced b [mana dutė / i̯ *blādas an̄ks irā mēt̄as tik jaunē̇snis (Žg)], while k is added to the hissing sounds šž [bārkšči skānē išvīrti (Žg)]. Like other speakers of the Joniškis subdialects, speakers from Žagarė tend to drop the final consonants l, n, r of uninflected words, e.g.: mā (man), dā (dar), vē̇ (vėl), tē̇ (ten)14. However, one circumstance makes it impossible to claim that all respondents systematically drop these consonants. Because the narrative situation is unnatural (the interviewer’s constant interjections and interruptions), the respondent cannot relax and adapts to standard-language norms. According to A. Kaikarytė, speakers from Žagarė “retain the softness of consonants in shortened words at the end of a word” (Kaikarytė 2015: 164). This occurs very inconsistently, and we could say only in the speech of individual respondents. It appears that softening is more frequent in the word root or middle, cf.: māma būva laimīga / kad anā pā.nēse vaika.ms ta.pļta. (Žūrai); [žyd] visas krātuves būva (Žg); nu kur če visi susigrāusim [we’ll all live together (Žg); i̇ra i̇toki diduma žūvis / i̇toki (Veršiai); prikrāus / arba naštēle. uždēs an̄pė. / eini [with the mule cart] (Žūrai); pakilōji kēpala. / ka_leṅgve.nis / išimdavom (Daukšai); išmokau i̇pjē.ut / i̇vežimus krēut (Žagarė); krāutuvė būva *juodeikos pas *arl̄auka. (Žg; [rye] sukrāun tokies (Žg); galėjai laisvei važiuot i. *rīga. (Žg). Words newly entering the subdialect are also adapted phonetically: the floor is painted / i̇lē̇nms išklōcs (Žg); tādā dā nebūva tokū. pāmperu. (Žg); mān balsā stīgu. 14 Same place. Straipsniai / Articles 117 JANA ŠVAMBARĖ-VALUŽIENĖ matarãcie būva (Žiūriai). There are isolated words in which t does not become č. Similarly to the Samogitians, in older borrowings the Žagarė speakers retain the t before the sound, cf.: *kūtes labēu švēzdava (Žiūriai); nēkina bažnītes [during the Russian era] (Žiūriai). The main phonetic changes in the Žagarė subdialect are shown in Diagram 1. MORPHOLOGY AND WORD FORMATION IN THE ŽAGARĖ SUBDIALECT: INSIGHTS AND TENDENCIES The grammatical categories of the descriptive grammar of the Žagarė subdialect are discussed in greater detail by independent parts of speech—nominals and verbs. Functional parts of speech are addressed only in part, since, in the author’s view, introductory constructions, the use of particles, and the like are more appropriately described in a forthcoming article on Žagarė speakers’ syntax, owing to their semantic properties. The noun in the Žagarė subdialect is discussed in terms of morphological forms and categories, as well as word formation. The recorded examples show somewhat more frequent use of nouns with -i and -(i)u stems, e.g.: tik_rūdenis [pigskin] (Žvelgaičiai); i_tadà pradē(i)e ēit juni.ms / mēškėrus usidēie ant_pėčų (Žg); jis ēdava palē pasēnu. (Žiūriai); kabinam kur i_palēpus (Žvelgaičiai); ragaĩsaus jau nēkap niēns (Žg). Isolated instances also show -(i)u-stem forms used for nouns, cf. *stāsus (Žg). It was noted that some nouns (kinē, sēna, cukras) have -ė- and -a-stem forms, cf.: par_ta_kinēs apčē [fled] (Žiūriai); cūkra dēdam (Žvelgaičiai); imdav lā.ūkan tą(s)_sēmēnas (Žvelgaičiai). The gender category of nouns in the Žagarė subdialect is distinctive. For example, names of religious holidays, as far as observed, are masculine, e.g.: Šėtnis, Sekminis, Devintinis. Isolated place-name forms are also used in the masculine, especially names of places farther from Lithuania (Amerikas, Argentinas), e.g.: *amērikē būva dēši(m) mētu. (Žg); brōle sū.nus parēies iš *argentina būva (Žg). The feminine form Joniškē is still used to this day, since there are very many derivatives with the suffix -iškė in the Joniškis region, cf.: viena. šī. tai *jōniškēi esū gulēius [in hospital] (Žg); iš_to.s *jōniškēs parsikēlem (Žg); už *jōniškēs tē.n da_devini kilometrai (Žg); išvažēves i. *jōniškē pri daktarų (Žg)¹⁵. How one respondent’s account adapts to the standard-language form of the place name is shown by the following sentences, cf.: i nu-ēi i. ta. *jōniškē. (Žg); nuēdavom iki *jōniškēs / nuo *jōniškēs / i. *meitēne. / i_aplinkui (Žg)¹⁶. Dialectal and other forms of the onomasticon, e.g.: čē 15 See Bartkutė 2008: 36; 48; 90; 128; 158; 159; 171, 224. 16 Apie vardo formų Joniškė ir Joniškė svyravimą žr. Įpt, 2001: 37. 118 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Fonetinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) mū:su. *švė:dlauke [official form – Švedlukis] (Žg); iš *pakruojes [official form – Pakruojis] ran(a) atkėlė čė (Žg); *rōkėi būva / *miknacėi / daugā *riklācėi būva [Mikniačiai, R(e)iklačiai] (Žg); daugā paz_dėde. *gražāčuos pri_vaihe. būvau du metu [officially – Gražaičiai] (Žg). The name Ignas is also used in the feminine: inėse mūmis tas *brōn(u)s su tuo *igne i. lōva. (Žg). As researchers of the Joniškis subdialects have noted, gender leveling is even more pronounced with common nouns. They are used in both masculine and feminine forms: alyva and alyvas, saldainis and saldainė (Išpt, 2001: 37). In the Žagarė subdialect, the opposition between feminine and masculine gender among common nouns is even more pronounced. Thus, the nouns brogė, pakė, gubė, gryba, sukė, pakulės are feminine, e.g.: kas_mėta. papūždeva naujōm sukem (Žg); lėdava tu. atlėkė. / brogės tos (Žg); i. su ta broge [...] i. tuoz gi.vulus pėdėva (Žg); čė pa.kei suvažodava iš *joniškė m:šnos / kiek čė žmōnū. būva (Žg); netōli pã.rkės atėję su ša.tuvais i. nuvėre [threshing floor] (Žg); i. gribas mamāte nuvėdava (Žvelgačiai); pėžukus tokū(s) surišam / sustātom i. gu.bes (Žg); pakulės (Žg). The nouns knõpis, cukras, pagulīs, pamīkis are masculine, e.g.: paspū.dė tokī. knōpi. / jeigu par_šlīpi. ein / pradėji(s) švėlpīt / tai_ein gārs laikā / tai_tādā jau gāl palėit visus rātus / ka_jis [dampis] pra_dėfu. šūk ta_māna. kūlėma. (Versiai); nūri labai stipras [beer] / gali čikra i.māisi(d)_dar (Daukšiai); alieu. dēd / ka_būtu. jis [sauganis] trupēnis / čikra. gali dēt_va (Versiai); sėnēi kilo.grams čikra būva lis (Žg); ale pagalve neduodava (Žg); mū.m tē.n pamīkis / reigdava parēit (Žg). How respondents choose a noun’s gender can be observed in sentences where the noun is a recent arrival, that is, a neologism; cf. the gender leveling of the noun karjeras in one person’s account: tē.n karjeras kāse / tai čė pasita.tem (Žvelgačiai); karjerus kaip iškase / mūm ju nieks nepreklausa / nebe-atmōk (Žvelgačiai). Nevertheless, Žagarė respondents tend to use neologisms in the feminine (e.g., mopedą), cf.: tie_vā.ikāi turēdava tokes mopedas¹⁷ (Žg). A. Kaikartė, who studied the Joniškis subdialects, observed a tendency for noun declension to become simpler¹⁸. These processes are also characteristic of the Žagarė subdialect: “The tendency to move from three declension types to two is associated with the tendency, characteristic of most inflected languages, to differentiate inflectional classes by gender” (Kaikartė 2010: 118). The transition is common to the plural forms of nouns, e.g.: 17 If a word has secondary stress, both components of the diphthong are accented with the mid tone. 18 Comparing the paradigms of inflected forms in the Joniškis subdialect, A. Kaikartė observed that “in the Joniškis subdialect there are 1) more syncretized case forms than in the standard language; 2) fewer allomorphs of grammatical morphemes; 3) more nonstandard forms than in the standard language; 4) a clear tendency to move from three declension types (masculine, feminine, and mixed) to two (masculine and feminine) declension types” (Kaikartė 2010: 118). Straipsniai / Articles 119 JĀNINA ŠVAMBAR YTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ … we used to have four people in the car (Versiai); eight people would fit in the car. On this side (Versiai); two sons (Žg); already that * nar from the old days, the whole family / with sons / with sons-in-law / almost everyone stayed in the village (Žg); so they wouldn’t give [it] to work. Those people would eat [ob u lūs] (Žg); at that time the Germans would give people [at idavė] / ka.dīrpu. (Žg); the machinist told the people, with the clothes wet / those were blue / when we’d heat it, the son would wash [dampi] with water (Versiai); people would pour water to wash and dry themselves (Versiai); people work with helpers (Žiurai); when it was already afternoon, they would have lunch (Žvelgaičiai); in the evening they would mostly have soup (Žvelgaičiai). In the Žagarė subdialect, as in other Lithuanian dialects, the number of nouns also varies. For example, the aforementioned plural forms of the noun šienai are used, as is characteristic of the Southern Samogitians, in the meanings ‘haymaking’ or ‘mown grass’; compare: the whole edge beside the *tīrelis was hay (Žg); [kolko-zel tu. there was no hay / those cows would go hungry for half the year (Žg); it was good to live there / not bad / you could live there / and mow as much hay as you wanted (Žg). The respondents used the singular noun form vestuvė ‘wedding’, compare: weddings would last for two weeks (Versiai); I only brewed beer for my wedding (Versiai). Singular noun forms are sometimes chosen to express a generalization, compare: you had to buy clothing / but you made the food yourself (Žiurai); you can do anything that isn’t for animals (Versiai). In the respondents’ narratives, singular and plural forms are used interchangeably and with a particularly strong stylistic motivation. In some cases, a generalized meaning and a contrast with another word having a specific referential meaning can be discerned; compare flour / that is not flour / firewood (Žiurai). In other cases, one might suppose, the referential words are made to agree with one another; compare goose fat / margarine / they didn’t have animals there (Versiai). Finally, respondents can also express generalization using plural forms; compare: women lived alone / beer wasn’t brewed (Versiai); men wore linen clothes / they boiled them in that lye (Žvelgaičiai). The recordings show shortening of the instrumental case ending and paradigmatic leveling of relations; compare yes / with a well rope [it used to be at the well] (Žg). Derivatives of prepositional nouns in the Žagarė subdialect are most often formed with the suffixes -atis, -ėjas, -elis, -ietis, -tojas. Derivatives with the suffix -atis (probably shortened from -aitis) denote place names (toponyms) when used as proper nouns; compare: *beautiful stores (Versiai); *rõ.čei bũva / *miknã- čei / daugėi *riklã.čei bũva [officially – Miknaičiai, R(e)ikliai] (Žg); many people knew *gražũos as children for two years [officially – Gražičiai] (Žg). Derivatives with the same suffix -atis (common nouns) identify a person by kinship, e.g.: mother would work for those farmers (Žvelgaičiai); mother lives here with her sister (Žg); it’s been a month since mother lived (Žg); mother left (Žvelgaičiai). 120 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Fonetinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) A diminutive-affectionate meaning can be discerned in the aforementioned suffixed derivatives, expressed through numerous derivatives with other suffixes, such as -ėlis, -ičkas, -(i)ukas, and -utis. The meaning of a suffixed noun becomes apparent from the micro-context—the sentence. Respondents choose the suffix -ėlis to describe an emotionally affecting image or an object evoking unpleasant memories; compare: sėubėlei / how hard it was (Žiūriai); then we sold that little homestead [the parents’ homestead] (Žg). The derivative with the suffix -ičkas is used to refer to age or maturity, e.g.: tōkez grāže(ž) ži.diekas / su_kasō.m / kai_lėtuvės / jā (Žg). The recordings contain the greatest number of affectionate noun derivatives with the suffix -(i)ukas, e.g.: it [the combine] gathered those little grains (Veršiai); I heard it on the radio (Žagarė); we piled such little bundles of hay and stacked them in a rick (Žg); bužukė, šaknikės, tarpūnu, karčūkės, mėžku (Veršiai); and she took that little goose / and went (Žg); we dug a little pit in the low-lying fields (Žg); I ground those apples with a little machine (Žg); two little belts remained (Žg); old man (Veršiai); a little student from school (Žg). Žagarė speakers also use the diminutive noun derivative in -ukas to address a person; compare: well, father dear, is the porridge tasty, daughter-in-law, is it yours? (Žg). Nouns with the suffix -ienė, which marks a nominal property, are used to denote the names of dishes (soups), e.g., šēnau bū.dava pū.sri.ti.(s) stiprē.usis / pietai irgi / vakariene / baltā sruba / kruopas / a_kleckiene / a_bulbiene (Žg). Nouns with the suffix -ėjas that name the bearers of a verbal property and describe a person’s activities, interests, etc., take the endings /-is/ and /-as/; compare: that buyer left debts for everyone / gave them to the *Germans / and handed them over (Žiūriai); men used to make whetstones (Žg); such a chatterbox (Žg); back in *Lithuania / *strāliz used to be a coachman / a farmhand (Veršiai). Derivatives of place names with the suffix -ietis in Žagarė, as in other Joniškis subdialects, identify people according to their place of origin or residence; compare: we used to go to Žagarė and *Latvia (Žg); there were some Žagarė women (Žg). Most often, such nouns refer to an indefinite place; compare: we moved here, to the Žagarė area (Veršiai); no, I didn’t go to *Latvia, I went around Žagarė (Žg); my father lived in *Šupīliai, in Grudienė’s farmstead (Žg); then I went to those people from Joniškis [to work] (Žg). In the Žagarė subdialect, derivatives with the suffix -(t)oj- that identify people by profession are used much more often with the endings /-is/ or /-as/¹⁹, e.g.: son is a doctor (Žg); the teacher would come (Žiūriai); there was such a *Kuprevičius doctor (Žg); and the doctor was right there, too (Žg); at *Smėtonas’s, [someone] fell ill / whether you were a servant or not a servant / you had nothing / you still had to pay 19 According to A. Kaikaraitė, “derivatives with the suffix -(t)oj- in the Joniškis subdialect, and probably also in Žagarė, have a third ending—/-as/, /-is/ and /-us/” (Kaikaraitė 2010: 43). Straipsniai / Articles 121 JANA ŠVAMBARĖ-VALUŽIENĖ pȧżgi̇di.toji. nuvėje.s (Žg). Apparently, the ending -us was also used, but only one such example was found in the recordings – prašik mȯki.toje.s / lei palėi.ži.į.ū.ogas (Žg). The recordings also yielded a derivative with the suffix -utis, once productive and more often used by M. Slančiauskas and his assistants in their folk narratives, expressing the possessor of a quality denoted by a noun: [tóks vaikū.tis neblóks (Žg). How respondents select a suffixed noun is reflected in the noun gyvulys, which is used by the inhabitants of Žagarė both as gyvuolys [nūdėse kożgi̇-vuolis / nemėdava i.duobe. (Žg), and as gyalys [g̃valem nepasakisi/ turi priėnt [buroklapių, nors ir lya] (Daukšiai); we took all the livestock from the farmers (Žiūrai); su.gi.vales mėgau (Žg). Isolated suffixed adjectives or their pronominal forms tend to be used as nouns. Among the suffixed adjectives denoting a quality, the compound forms marginukai and vyriškas should be noted, e.g.: tokie marginukai būdava [skirts] (Žg); ką.rei reik turėt i.virska namūse / o.mės neturėjom (Žiūrai). In compounds, pronominal forms of adjectives or pronouns occur, e.g.: svárbė.use / ka jauniesiem dárba nė (Žg); visi didiej iėom tarnáūt (Žvelgčiai); tėte kaip númire / tai mamà mažą-ses išmóke / tos mažózes tris (Žg); i.*ri̇ga. nuvažu̇os / tai suknėle. nupi.rkus / tai_pálėta. / tai_kó̇jines nupi.rkus / rė̇g dižósom (Žg). In the Žagarė subdialect, compounds are formed without a linking vowel from nouns [nu_būda tó.kie ku.linai didel / ne.róžes / erškėčei / erškėtrožei / krūmai (Žg); kur.lė.lėdūri pal.eide žmónis / tai_tėn tikrai būva baisu (Žg)] or from a noun and a verb [nu_dā tos_kártmės / aš_nenóru tókū (Žvelgčiai); daugė̇u samdava lį.nšluoti. [someone who cleans and prepares flax] (Žvelgčiai); pas_tos_gaspadines sėserė. / tai_tė. grini skū.rupė (Žg)]. In words where a difficult-to-pronounce consonant cluster occurs, a linking vowel a is most often inserted, e.g.: jeigu á.vi.s i.ra tubines / tókes juodburnes / juodgalves / ta(i) jū.vi.lna irá i̇.lga / o_tos ka(i)i.ra o.šavi.lnes / tai_trumpavi.lnes (Versiai). In the Žagarė subdialect, adjectives are more often suffixed than prefixed. The suffix -ingas, -a, added to the adjective baus, conveys an intensifying, emphatic meaning and lends the description vividness, cf. baisingi skėplai iš móle / u.viršū būva medinis / nu i.padeg (Žg). The use of derivatives with the suffix -inis, -ė from base words that are nouns or verbs and denote the distinctiveness of an object has been observed: būva veini / vandenei mulūnai (Žg); būva i.veini̇u. [mills] kaip_kur (Žvelgčiai); tókus kalós taisidava lietinis (Žg); u.viršū [the post] būva medinis (Žg); apatinei aukštai būva mūra (Žg). Adjectival derivatives in -iškas from the nouns milžinas ‘giant’ and senovė ‘antiquity’ are used with meanings of similarity and characteristic quality, e.g.: būva mė.žiniški tvartai akmeninē (Žg); ižginda senóviška t(a)_ansā.mblė (Žg). Diminutive-affectionate forms of both nouns and adjectives are formed with the suffix -utis, e.g.: mažutis (Versiai); čiuplutis (Žvelgčiai). 122 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Fonetinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) In the Žagarė subdialect, as in the East Aukštaitian subdialects, derivatives with the prefixes po- / pa- are used to indicate the degree of a quality, e.g.: pàšars vànduo (Žg); viši pójeni / pá̇jeni (Žg). It was observed that the Žagarė subdialect recordings contain qualitative adjectives ending in -us, e.g.: di̇rbom / li̇ŋkmu.s / smágu.s (Daukšiai); su̇ŋku.(s) *smė́na láikai búva / nebúva lẽŋvu.s (Žg); nebúva lẽŋvu / sė́se pàklù.va i.kalė́i.ma (Žg). Adjective compounds, like noun compounds, are formed without a linking vowel, e.g., bú·dava toks mẽ·li·mà·ris mùls (Žg). To express differences in degree of a quality, the Žagarė subdialect uses the superlative degree of adjectives, which has the ending -is, e.g.: sveikè·usi(ž) žmó·gus ėsu (Daukšiai); senù bú·dava pù·ri.ti.(s) stiprẽ·usi / pėtái rìgi / vakarìne / baltà srùba / krùopas / a_kleckiene / a_bulbiene (Žg); tẽ·n vẽl bã·luz dižẽ·us (Žg); jæ·utis dižẽ·iz búva (Žg); vaiks tók(s) sunkẽ·us vienó· rankó· (Žg). The superlative may also be expressed by a combination of the pronoun pats ‘self’ and a pronominal adjective form, cf.: pàcs tas_baĩsus laik̃s ẽje / kàd žìdu(s) šáude (Žg); màtinga pàti mažóji i.rà (Žg); tai_tà [senu] irà pàti mažóji (Žiūriai). Pronominal adjective forms are widely used in the Žagarė subdialect. Respondents use some of them to single something out by a particular quality, e.g.: brólis karúomenėj búva / tai_búvai taz_dìdžis dà·rbì·ks (Žg); i_mà búva blogàsis kà·nis i_sunkà·siz dà·rbz búva (Žg); ta_mèrgà dižóji bã·ige devines (Žg); mù·su dižóji švẽnte va_*pė·tri / *pó·nai (Žg); jeu_tie mažiei bról.kai / tai_tie pagaĩdava kẽtures tas_klasės (Žvelgaičiai); viši tie jeu jaunie / pà-(a)udė / jeu_pasėne (Žiūriai). In other cases, pronominal adjective forms are used to indicate kind or age, e.g.: o_kìti turėdava / nežinau / a_báltoje glùšne / a_raudò·na glùšne šakė· tokė. nusipjó·vi / ir_eidava tep và·ikščiòdami và (Versiai); selėnkes i.rà smùlkos / stamboses (Versiai); nežinau kur pàika mana vi.resnó·ses / sesù / pùsere (Žg); da_vaikus mažùsos reikėdava prižùrėt (Žg). Respondents tend to make the adjective agree with the noun, so the adjective’s case ending may be non-standard, cf. pùsere / tai an ažìž didelòs šeimòz búva (Žg). Sometimes, if the respondent pauses while speaking, there may be no agreement, cf. búva brañgu.ž | dúona_ta (Žg). Cardinal compound numerals in the Žagarė subdialect are formed with the element -leka, cf.: aštuonõ·leka [tūkstančių davė] / uštėmse (Žg); já·nz da·búva / sėpti.nóle·ka mẽ·tu (Žg). In discourse, cardinal numerals are observed to agree with noun case endings [mà·n dà·ve peñkus litùs (Žg); tãna·udava čė šešùs mẽ·nesus (Žg)], or such agreement is absent, presumably owing to the influence of the standard language [tri(s) šimtùz gã·nu / nu_kas tas i·rà (Žiūriai)]. Pronominal forms of ordinal numerals are uncommon, but they often correspond to a noun in the sentence, i.e. they denote the subject [o_tretẽsis / jeu_jẽm gẽ·žis / Straipsniai / Articles 123 JANA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ tied hands (Žg)], or performs an attributive function, i.e. substitutes for an adjective [the first operation / that big / says / badly / I quickly fell asleep (Žg)]. The people of Žagarė still use the vigesimal system. The recording contains the accusative form of a numeral in the vigesimal system, cf. [fifty] I get two hundred and seventy (Žg). The most common accusative forms in the vigesimal system occur with plural nouns such as year, month, or singular forms such as litas, war, e.g.: they put in a hundred already. / ninety-two months (Žg); he was much older than mother. / for twenty-two months (Žg); two months passed in the same village. You were with the children (Žg); they teach for two months (Žg); I served for two wars already (Žg); I give two litai a month. Sometimes (Žg). In the recordings of the subdialect, two different uses of certain pronouns are found (especially the demonstrative tas, ta): in some cases the pronoun mentioned performs its usual function, while in others it is used as an article (articloid), cf. that way, by looking at it, they saw that life (Žg)²⁰. Pronoun combinations are used in the Žagarė subdialect. For example, to express possession, a combination of two pronouns is used (the personal possessive savas ‘one’s own’ and the emphatic pats ‘oneself’), cf. we had several cows of our own (Versiai). Instead of the demonstrative tas, ta, the respondent uses a combination of a noun and the demonstrative pronoun pats with the emphatic particle jau, cf. and that old man himself (Versiai)²¹. In texts from the Žagarė subdialect, the pronominal form of the demonstrative pronoun anas, -a has been noted: those / those boys (Žg). The verbs of the Joniškis subdialects, which include the Žagarė subdialect, have different stems and conjugational paradigms, cf.: they went / and I went alongside; he spread out; every Sunday we wanted [dancing] / we return / how they play; don’t steal / don’t steal / don’t come back, how they stole [the Roma]; how could you not be ashamed to speak like a Negro?; as much as I want / so much I tie up [the cows in the clover]; I raised them / struggled / now you have left / you will leave / mother is sorry to have been left behind / I started courting (Žg). Sometimes, in respondents’ narratives, quite unexpected forms of verbs such as išsigąsti ‘to get frightened’, išsiganda, išsigando, or budėti ‘to be on watch’, budėja, budėjo slip out, e.g.: we used to make little grass bundles from the ridge / well, you get frightened / well, like that / when [someone is] behind your back / hit [them] on the back / get frightened (Žg); he died / they put [him] in the coffin / and [someone] kept watch (Žg). The people of Žagarė, like their Samogitian neighbors, move the reflexive particle to the end of the word, e.g.: you rascal (Žg); still not visible / where is he going [about a man] (Žg); I wouldn’t do that (Daukšiai); we didn’t fight / but there, you all said the little words 20 Apie artroidą plačiau žr. Rosinas 1988: 59–67. 21Pronoun combinations—stable word combinations—are discussed in detail in the syntax section. 124 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Fonetinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) pasìsąka (Žg); reĩ(g) gi.vẽ.nf / niekur nedẽsies (Žg). Sometimes two reflexive particles are used—one after the prefix and before the root, and one at the end of the word, e.g.: apsivedęs / i̇tiek jė vãrkt / kol jė pradėd gi.vẽ.nf (Žg); kitą kaimìnę šąka / tū nesikìšis (Žg); nesigrįžes nei_tokų plėṡkų / nieka (Žg); pìrkt šenavėj nebesimòkas / ją (Žg). In the Žagarė subdialect, old athematic conjugation forms are also used, e.g.: mamà paliek jau tą duonę, sukramtìta su sakarìn (Žiūriai); nãkti ne-mìgtu (Žg); užmìgti / tãdà pasìlsi žmõ.gus / ir_às tãdà užmìgtu (Žg); atróda / k(a)_anc mìeti / i_ganà (Žg); [linus] pàsėãu jau juõs kū.lst / nukū.lst su_tõ.kɔ.(m) medìnem / nu_jau sukū.oj (Žg). The third-person form of the past frequentative tense has the ending -ai: užplìkdavai su_vã.n-dėnu / dėdavai kvìnų / išpladavai gerai (Žg); sakìdavai (Žvelgčiai); švėrì labài šluodavai tan_pėcų (Žvelgčiai); pìrma eidavai į_mokìklą ir kùngai (Žg); tai nèždavai i_dárba. tàsès tėk(ž) žmõnìm / vãlgydava [obuolius] (Žg); tìgi išeidavai i_lauką (Žg); pareidavai namìe / vãlgì.t tã.u nìeks neduos (Žg); ái / kaip grãžei šõgdavai! (Žg)²². The old third-person plural forms of the verb’s future tense have also been preserved; they are found in nearly all Lithuanian dialects, cf.: kà jau prašai / tai atvažiuosme (Veršiai); nu_i_dàbà jau_di.rpsme ālu. (Veršiai); jis [žydas] usiràšė an_póperę / ji(ž) žina / ka_mãs atiduõsme tuos pinigus / kiek i_kaunuo / ją (Žg); paskãldi.ste kelmù. / i_susimã.lste greičiù / nereiks pagal numenì. ẽ.lės lą.ki_tadà (Veršiai); ą_jūs visada tokie būste / kad_jūs neinat i_bażnìčę.? (Žg); nuveĩme iki gãlą / i_eĩsme pagal par_žõlę. (Žg); nu_i_dàbà mẽs jau visi važiuosme (Žg); o_ta_mẽle / vã.kai / rãste / i_tu_šẽimù pri-augìnte / i_tu_vìru. / i_ãčb.s / kai_žali barščei (Žg). In the Žagarė subdialect, the optative is expressed by the third person of the present tense and the particle lai (less often le), e.g., lai jūn ne-uži.rba tiek / par pūmetį, jau_jūn pràktika(š) šiek tiek i.gìe (Veršiai)²³. Transcriptions from the Žagarė subdialect show shortening of the verb infinitive, a feature also characteristic of other Lithuanian dialects; infinitives more often have the stem-final element -yti than -inti, e.g., ją / àvis augìdavom / linus augìdava / augìdava kvìnus (Veršiai). The transitive derivative with the suffix -uoti, formed from mėsas, denotes a causative verb resulting from an active action, cf. reikėję mėsla. vėšt mėsłot ant laukų. (Žg). 22 Apie jas plačiau žr. Grinaveckienė 1962: 147–169. 23This phenomenon will be discussed in more detail in the syntax section (the article is in preparation). Straipsniai / Articles 125 JANA ŠVAM-BARŲĖ-VALUŽIENĖ The intransitive verb formed with the suffix -telėti corresponds to the prefixed verb pažaugą, pažėjȧ, e.g., dugė́ á.uktelė́ju / jėu̇ pradė́ju ant_ mȧšiną. di̇ṙpt (Žiūriai). In the Žagarė subdialect, prefixed verb derivatives convey with particular subtlety a more precise characterization of the action expressed by the verb. Derivatives with the prefix ap- mark the repeated occurrence of an action; cf. kita. pá.rtie gali vė́l apsalint / vė́l nutė́kint (Veršiai). A derivative with at- is used to describe the repetition of the same action (after some time) and forms a relative pairing with pa-/at-, cf. pa-/at- jie visi po vieną atraša / o_má.n visiem atrašė (Žg). The prefixed derivative with at- would form a semantic pairing with the derivative with už-, cf. karjerus kaip iškasė / mum jų_nieks neipreklausė / ne-atmók (Žvelčiai). The prefixed įdomus acquires the meaning ‘to take an interest’, e.g., kas į.dàvos / tai_tas ir_šendie mók ta_darba. di̇ṙpt / ką_mámà di̇ṙbdava / o_katras ne-i.domàvos / o_gál jam lá.ika nebuva / jis ir_šendien nežina / ką_ta mamá di̇ṙba / kaip jin képe / aš toks vãizg bùvau / ka_aš į.domavau / kȧtėjai tūr / kaip jie (Veršiai). The prefixed verb in ri̇t(a) aṅkšč̇u̇se(i) iškeltȧv̇i (Žg) corresponds in meaning to a derivative with pa-. Prefixed verb derivatives bring out the semantic nuances of the verbs emphasized by the speaker. An example of contamination might be: jin neėṙpus / ir_ne-á.udos [neither shearing nor weaving] (Veršiai). Derivatives with the prefix nu- are particularly common in the Žagarė subdialect. Sometimes such prefixed derivatives correspond in meaning to a derivative with su-; cf. nùdege / pupìf / užligina vi̇ṡka. / išgàdina senóvi̇ška ta_ansámblį (Žg); šùlpi. pasáude / nùsipe / ka_jaũ_darbs baiks (Veršiai); tas_ja.utiz bùva tik nušà.udics / bet_nušà.ucs (Žg); pì.ris nebuva nudėgita mùsu (Žg); šùlàde namùs / kitùs nudėgina (Žg); tie_litai jau dãbà labai nuprastėję [of low market value] (Žg). Derivatives with nu- may correspond to the meaning of derivatives with pri-, cf.: [the cow] pardàuk nurisé.z bùvai / par_tóli (Veršiai). They may correspond to derivatives with pa-, cf.: dã žãdi i.*šėũls nurašit [a letter] (Žg); kiek až dàba nusiklausù / až pasipiktinus esù (Žg). Sometimes such derivatives stand for the meanings of several prefixed derivatives, e.g., ap(i)-, iš-, pa-, su-, cf.: nupàsakoje / kòkes pàsekmes gal bùti (Žiūriai); kėls kai éidava / tē gróvei nùkasti (Žg). Derivatives with nu- may correspond to the meaning of derivatives with per-, cf. i_ta_bùta nuràše [for the children] (Žg). In the sentence dàba nusmì.rdi dùmais / gėr (Žg), a derivative with nu- is used with the meaning of derivatives with su- or per-. The sentence with two derivatives with nu- also shows how subtly a prefixed derivative is selected: the first would correspond to a derivative with per-, while the other would be used with the literal meaning of nu-, cf. tóki grãži bùva kumelėke / nùsóve visàs kė́tures kójes vàršėi / o_gì.va / màmà da_pràša to_kareive / nùsáukit / ką_áns kã.pkinaz dàbà (Žg). The prefix nu- is used to indicate the intensity of an action: u_viršù bùva medìnis // nu_i_pàdege // nùdege (Žg); kita. pá.rtie gali vė́l apsalint / vė́l nutė́kint (Veršiai). The aforementioned prefixed derivatives may correspond to the meanings of derivatives with su- or pa-, 126 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Fonetinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) cf.: nùslęg [apple cheese] (Žg); taĩb dã.lei nudãra [he skillfully shapes the formed loaf of bread] (Žg). The reflexive form of a verb with the prefix nu- expresses the intensity of an action: [the son] tēg būva nusĩ.rgęs / i̇̄tȧ.dã.kare būva kaškũr išvaži̇̄vęs (Žg); òbulũ [wine] / kȧ.nugivė.n / kȧ.gi̇.nėras (Žg). The duration of an action is expressed by verbs derived with nu-: ãš vėl nukẽnči [I keep quiet for a while] (Žg), or [the thief] televizorū. spalvōta. išnẽ / dã.kitus nurĩ.ka (Žg). Prefixed derivatives with nu- are used instead of other prefixed verbs (with iš-, pa-, per-, pri-, su-, etc.) (see Diagram 2). 2 DIAGRAM. Equivalents of verb derivatives with the prefix nu- In the Žagarė subdialect, a derivative with the prefix pa- would correspond to the meaning of verb derivatives with iš-; cf.: sułà̇pinam / ir_pã.temam an(t)_pievos [the cloth] (Daukšiai); ãš / kad_i̇vĩ.ris / dūona. išmõ.keu kẽpt / dã.pakẽpė (Versiai). The prefix par-, widely used by respondents as a verb prefix, may correspond to the meanings of derivatives with the prefixes at- and iš-; cf.: pĩ.rma. lã.ška. kat nùrašeu / tãĩ pã.rsunče pinigũ. (Žg); sũ vĩ.ru parsĩkĩrė (Žg). In Žagarė speech, verb derivatives with pri- are used in a diminutive sense instead of už-, cf. biškẽli pripikdáva tu̇.mi̇.lu. (Versiai). The meaning of reflexive verb derivatives with the prefix pri- expressing the completion of an action would correspond to that of verbs with the prefixes nu-, pa-, su-, and už-, e.g.: įsimirša Straipsniai / Articles 127 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ [surname] (Žg); I noticed that (Version); the herd. grazed / the cows came together / I used to gather the cows (Žvelgaičiai). The derivative prisukti expresses a more intensive action, with the meaning ‘to gather up’: we used to gather up the haycocks in the hay barn (Žg). In a figurative sense, priknyti acquires the meaning ‘to assign to work’: they assigned a great deal of work to the calves (Žg). Derivatives with the prefix su- are also used; for example, the reflexive action performed by the subject susiubagauti has the meaning ‘to gather, to collect’: she collected a thousand and several hundred coins (Daukšiai). The prefixed derivative with už- performs the function of a derivative with pa-, cf.: this child is a burden to that mother, because she is raising me (Žg); having settled in the house, [she] finally gave me her blessing, and I have to leave home (Žg). In the sentence negalūstis [mais-tu] (Žg), the derivative with už- conveys the meaning ‘to complain’. In another case, the derivative with už- conveys the meaning of iš- or of the synonymous word prižiūrėti, cf. those mothers had to look after the homestead (Žiūrai). The Žagarė subdialect has many participial forms. Present active participles express a meaning of necessity, cf.: we buy everything / I can no longer feed [them] (Žiūrai); well, how many does she have? / two cows with calves / a heifer / three pigs (Žiūrai); all those floorboards are not bought (Žiūrai). In other cases, the present participle denotes an action that can be performed, cf.: there used to be butter for the dough (Žg); those are not taken away (Žg); *in Lithuania, in those days, there used to be clay, whatever you wanted; there used to be beautiful washing, and [they] used to have [it] in their mouths (Žg). Past participles denote compound passive tenses with a past passive participle, e.g.: they did not let [us] bury [him] on that hill, where that relative had been buried (Žg); there was a pit where peat had been dug (Žg); my grandmother [baked] the bread in halves, [it was] everlasting (Version). The present participle with an attributive meaning agrees with the noun much like an adjective, cf. the undigested cows had to be (Žg). In the Žagarė subdialect, the adverbial function is often performed by lexicalized (adverbialized) noun cases, most commonly the locative, e.g.: after driving across, [we went] home (Žg); [they] carried [the flax heads] home / threshed [them] (Daukšiai); I grazed the sheep / I used to return home at noon (Žg); [I] drive home after the milk has been poured out of those *milking vessels (Žg); how many boys we used to have at home (Žg); [she] left [them] at home / they had already become the best man / matchmakers (Žg). The locative of other nouns (e.g., ‘neighbors’) is also adverbialized, cf.: here, among the neighbors, perhaps a little girl was sitting [the girl is there] (Žg); not very far away / those children are among the neighbors (Žg); there / among the neighbors / a beautiful girl worked as a servant (Žg); a little girl lives among the neighbors (Žg). The locatives of the words ‘people of Joniškis’ and ‘people of Žagarė’ are used to express an indefinite location, cf.: there, among the people of Joniškis, they gave [her] a few [things] (Žg); look, among the people of Žagarė, [you] were born in Žagarė (Žg). The adverbialized locative also denotes 128 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Fonētinēs ir morfologinēs Žagarēs šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) time, cf. the bus goes in the morning, at noon; if not at noon, then perhaps [it will] take [us] there (Žg). In the Žagarė subdialect, emphatic adverbials formed with the suffix –tain are used, e.g.: whoever lives completely, lives like that (Žg); now [she] is carrying [the baby] to term, while that one is not sitting down to give birth (Žg); and that mother poured [it] full, [she] mixed sugar into the juice, poured [it] full, and that’s it (Žg). The recordings of the Žagarė subdialect show that the observed tendencies in morphology and word formation reflect both distinctive features and correspondences with features characteristic of Lithuanian dialects. THE LEXICON OF THE ŽAGARĖ SUBDIALECT: AN EXPLORATORY SURVEY The lexicon of dialects, subdialects, and local varieties is best represented by dictionaries. However, while the Dictionary of the Joniškis subdialects remains in manuscript form—or, more precisely, exists as a preliminary computerised draft—an exploratory experiment can be conducted. The author decided to select a diverse range of lexical items from recordings of the Žagarė subdialect, representing the independent parts of speech, and compare how they are represented in the major Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, from which the standard language draws words and which contains numerous examples from dialects; naturally, examples from Žagarė (Žg), Skaistgirys (Sk), or Joniškis (Jnš) might be expected. The selected words from the Žagarė subdialect recordings can be assessed according to whether they are included in the dictionary (and used in the standard language), the novelty of their meaning, language contact, and the creativity of language users. More than 80 words were selected for review, of which 74 are independent and 9 dependent parts of speech. Thirty-two nouns were selected from the Žagarė subdialect recordings for discussion. It was compared whether these nouns and their meanings are represented in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language by illustrative sentences or references. The publication indicates that the following are used in the Joniškis subdialects: cicē ‘aunt’ (e.g. from Jnš, Žg), dania ‘song’ (e.g. from Jnš), gangis ‘millstone apparatus’ (e.g. from Jnš, Žg), manta ‘property’ (e.g. from Jnš), obelys ‘apple’ (e.g. from Jnš, Žg), patangis ‘someone who is not industrious’ (reference to Žg), podē ‘godmother’ (e.g. from Sk and reference to Jnš), ratinis ‘spinning wheel’ (reference to Jnš, Žg), skraitas ‘apron’ (e.g. from Jnš and reference to Žg). Thus, the representation of nouns from the Žagarė and Joniškis subdialects in LKŽ amounts to 29.03%. Some nouns appear in LKŽ without any indication that they are used in the Žagarė subdialect or even in the Joniškis area, for example: cirškynė ‘wooden rattle, clapper’; kaledā ‘a levy given to priests or church servants who visit around Christmas’; kirpēs ‘someone with closely cropped hair’ (LKŽ gives the word kirpšē, but given the fluctuation in grammatical gender in the Žagarė subdialect, the two forms may be compared); lupatas ‘clothes put together, torn’; mergē ‘female servant’; promiltis ‘sandy soil, light soil’; sēdyba ‘homestead’; Straipsniai / Articles 129 JANA ŠVAMBARĖ-VALUŽIENĖ sodžius ‘village’; suiga ‘kinship connection’. A calculation of the percentages shows that 37.5% of the nouns are not listed as being used in the Žagarė subdialect (or other Joniškis subdialects). Three nouns are used with entirely different meanings: kabe ‘hair clip’ (the closest meaning in LKŽ would be only ‘street’); pūlys ‘little girl’ (LKŽ gives only the meaning ‘a small, chubby baby’, but here the reference is to a girl who can walk); taškas ‘a place where alcohol is sold’; trandis ‘cracked and peeling feet’ (the closest meaning in LKŽ is ‘a swelling on the foot, heel, or toe’). In the Žagarė subdialect, 12.9% of the nouns are used with other meanings. Five nouns used in the Žagarė subdialect are entirely absent from LKŽ, for example: autokinis ‘offering, charity’; drobnes ‘chickenpox’; grīž ‘someone who has twisted or turned’; liespienis ‘milk without cream, skimmed milk’. One word—lingačia ‘a garden flower’—might reveal the respondents’ creativity: having listed the plants growing in the garden, the speaker ends the sentence with what seems to be a summarising word, also describing other swaying flowers. Two more words—palaidnēs ‘promiscuous’ and paletis ‘a Lithuanian who has become Latvian’—would point to contact between the Baltic peoples and languages. These latter nouns are also absent from LKŽ. Thus, 22.58% of the nouns are not included in LKŽ. This means that the distinctiveness of about 35.5% of the words or their meanings could enrich the resources of the Lithuanian language, its lexical fund. Nouns that have fallen out of active use as life has changed and particular tools (or former technologies) have disappeared, but which respondents still remember, merit separate mention. These include aznyčia ‘a place where malt is dried or kilned’ [aznīče būdava tēp / an_pintēs lubu. padarīta nu_toki dēže (Daukšiai)]; branktas ‘a crossbar for hanging the traces on when harnessing a horse’ [māi / būva dēi branktai / stelvogi / kai juo(s) šauk (Veršiai)]; dampis ‘threshing machine’ [tas_pēčuz būdava dā.mpis / jā (Veršiai)]; drangēs ‘small cart with wooden wheels’ [nupjove nuo_mēže va rikās tōkes kē.tures / i_padare tōkez drangikes (Žiūrai)]; grebtis ‘thick end of a straw?’ and pelas ‘small straw end, awn’ [šāuds reikē atmīt / pēlis reikē atmīt / grēpčus reikē atmīt / māi / visōku. tu. darbū. būdava (Veršiai)]; maņkulis ‘threshing time, threshing’ [par_maņkulūs [eidavo i_talkas (Veršiai)]; naginēs ‘footwear made from a single softer piece of leather, gathered with laces’ [sā.u nagines pati pasidārdavau (Daukšiai); žēma. tei(p)-pāt su_nagīnēlem dēvādava (Daukšiai); tūkas ‘pacifier, teat’ [tūka. iz_duonites padarīdava / i.dēdava i.drobin. lupatēli. / jeigu *ulē ve.ēs / tai_tādā tū duok ta.tūkēli. // padarīta. iz_duonites ir_sakina (Žiūrai)]; žvangūčiai ‘a belt with little bells, fastened around a horse’s neck’ and pašorkos ‘harness strap?’ [ārkli paikinti / žvaņgūčei būdava / juodas tōkes pašorkas būdava (Veršiai); ārkli kur uškinkā / juodas / šiknines / pašorkas būdava / i_pri tū pašorku kabidava tōku(ž) žvaņgūčus mažus bāluts (Veršiai)]. Some words, such as maņkulis (LKŽ maņkulē), indicate that it is known around Žg, 130 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Fonetinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) while others—tūkas and žvangčiai (LKŽ žvanguliai)—are known from folklore (M. Slančiauskas) or the writings of M. Katiliškis (works of fiction). Most of the words have no indication that they are used around Žagarė, Skaistgirys, or Joniškis. Of the 11 words listed, LKŽ indicates that only 3 are used in the Joniškis subdialects; there is no such note for the remaining 8, and some words are not found in LKŽ at all (dranges, grebis, pašerkos) (see Table 1). Among the words used in the recordings of the Žagarė subdialect, adjectives and pronouns that take on an adjectival meaning stand out: there were 13 of them, carefully selected by respondents, who used them to describe an object or phenomenon vividly and aptly, or to form a stable word combination. Some, such as aukštneškas ‘lying on one’s back’ and vijinis ‘a type of liquorice’, are not included in LKŽ, while others, such as katras ‘each’ and švakas ‘weak’, are included in LKŽ with examples from Žg. Most of the adjectives for which no use in the Žagarė subdialect (or Joniškis subdialects) is indicated are: didis karas ‘the First World War’; grynas ‘empty’; mattingas ‘sunny’; mažas ‘small’; šarpus ‘diligent’; vienas žodis ‘a swear word, speech full of swear words’. The adjectives gyvas ‘fermenting, sour’ and jaukus ‘calm and warm’ are used with quite different meanings. Thus, 61.5% of the adjectives are used distinctively in the Žagarė subdialect (see Table 2). Thirty verbs (and adverbs) were selected for discussion. Nineteen of these verbs are included in the LKŽ database. Only some are used with meanings different from those in LKŽ, for example: blausti ‘to talk back’ and ‘to call loudly’; išbraižyti ‘to carve patterns (on Easter eggs) with a knife’; išblabėti ‘for the foam to subside’; kvarkėti ‘to chat’; minkyti ‘to lift one’s legs rhythmically’; nusitverti ‘to live once’; spardytis ‘to live well’; skosti ‘to be unnecessary, to stand’; susitverti ‘to be born’; važiuoti ‘to be shot in the chest’. The meanings of the other verbs coincide with those listed in LKŽ, but no indication is given that they are used in the Žagarė subdialect or around Jn, for example: išvarti ‘to marry off’; nudiles ‘not remembered’; nužti ‘to go quickly’; praprus ‘educated’; pasikviesti ‘to persuade someone to come and live with you, to talk them into returning’; suderėti ‘to negotiate, reach an agreement about something’; sužiuštas ‘uneven-surfaced’; šaukti ‘to call, name’. The picture is somewhat different for the 11 adverbs: the forms atgalau ‘back’ and prietarškai ‘superstitiously’ are absent from LKŽ. The adverbs juodai ‘very, terribly’ and laisvai ‘uncovered (by glass), not glazed’ are used with entirely different meanings. LKŽ does not indicate that the adverbs plačiai ‘to spread across the world or Lithuania’ and ‘more richly, more lavishly’; laisai ‘uncovered (by glass)’; prastai ‘weakly’; tikybiškai ‘religiously’; and skurdžiai ‘roughly’ are also used in the Žagarė subdialect. Only for ropa ‘crawling’ and volio ‘open, with [something] open’ does LKŽ give examples from Joniškis, but not from Žagarė. Although verbs (and, to some extent, adverbs) appear to be well represented in LKŽ, some of their meanings are characteristic only of speakers from Žagarė (see Table 3). Eleven dependent parts of speech caught the eye in the recordings of the Žagarė subdialect. Through interjections and particles, respondents sought to make their narratives more vivid. LKŽ does not indicate that expressive parts of speech such as ar ‘yes Straipsniai / Articles 131 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ pat’; musent ‘perhaps, probably’; musint ‘perhaps’; plumt ‘to describe falling into water’; pur ‘to imitate buzzing’, are also used in the Žagarė subdialect. Others, e.g.: gan ‘a lot, sufficiently’; nemat ‘entirely’; mat ‘kyt’, are identified as Žagarė forms in use. Only žing ‘to imitate a sound being produced’ is absent from LKŽ, while words with similar meanings, žingt and žingu, are used with other meanings (see Table 4). A closer look at the lexicon of the Žagarė subdialect further reinforces the idea that dictionaries of dialects and dialect groups constitute an immeasurable and inexhaustible treasure trove of the Lithuanian language. THE ŽAGARĖ SUBDIALECT AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY: CONCLUDING THOUGHTS The accentuation and dialectal grammatical changes observed in recordings of the Žagarė subdialect made in 1998–2003 point toward research in the 21st century that would track changes in the subdialect. In terms of accentuation, the Žagarė subdialect is characterized by a pervasive retraction of stress. The features of mixed diphthong stress noted by linguists merit more detailed investigation and revision, taking into account the informant’s stated ethnic affiliation and linguistic self-awareness. Other features also warrant attention, including the pronunciation of the vowels a, e, i, u and the consonants ch, f, h; the use of paragogic j, v; and the development of šlekiavimas and consonant softening/hardening. The morphological features of the Žagarė subdialect—different noun stems, variation in number and gender, the use of the dual, distinctive (or borrowed from nearby subdialects) formation of noun forms (pronominal, degree, and reflexive forms), and features of verb stem and form usage—should also be subject to linguistic change. Dialect recordings provide a picture of how words are formed in the Žagarė subdialect. The respondent most often used prefixal and suffixal derivatives and compounds. It was observed that prefixal nouns are formed with the suffixes -atis, -ėjas, -ėlis, -ietis, -tojas, and -utis. The suffixes -ingas, -inis, and -utis are more common for adjectives. Verb formation in the Žagarė subdialect is predominantly prefixal, with prefixes such as ap-, nu-, pa-, par-, pri-, and others. Compounds are most often used in the Žagarė manner without a linking vowel. An overview of a cross-section of the Žagarė subdialect lexicon provides a picture of the vocabulary used locally in the subdialect. The respondent’s subtle choice of words or forms to describe narrated images or phenomena reflects the flexibility of the native language and its suitability for expressing contemporary ideas. The linguistic environment (in this case, recordings of the Žagarė subdialect) shows how the respondent shapes and conveys creative ideas through language. 132 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Fonetinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) LITERATŪRA Bartkutė Nerija 2008: Joniškio rajono teritorijos toponimija: darbai ir raidos polinkiai. Daktaro disertacija. Šiauliai. Daujotytė Viktorija 1998: Tekstas ir kūrinys. Vilnius: Kultūra. Garšva Kazimieras 2005: Lietuvių kalbos paribio šnektos (fonologija). Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Girdenis Alekas, Juozas Pabrėža 1978: Naujì šleivėjimo stebėjimai Žagarės apylinkėse. – Baltistica 14(2), 127–129. Girdenis Alekas, Genovaitė Kačiškienė 2000: Paraleliniai reiškiniai latvių ir šiaurinių lietuvių veiksmažodžio sistemose. – Kalbotyra 37(1), 21–27 [= Girdenis Alekas 2000: Kalbotyros darbai 2. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 307–314]. Girdenis Alekas, Juozas Pabrėža 2000: Naujì šleivėjimo stebėjimai Žagarės apylinkėse. – Baltistica 14(2), 127 it. [= Girdenis Alekas 2000: Kalbotyros darbai 2. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 117–120]. Girdenis Alekas, Juozas Pabrėža 2003: Sąjūgių ir žvarbių prieblasis svyravimai XX a. pradžios žagariečio tekstuose. – Baltistica 37(2), 229–232. Grinaveckienė Elena 1962: Kai kurios lietuvių kalbos tarmių ypatybės (iš 1961 metų dialektologinių ekspedicijų). – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 5, 147–169. Jonaitė Aldona 1967: Latvių kalbos poveikis palatvės vakarų aukštaičių šnektų gramatinei sandarai. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 9, 171–182. Jonaitė Aldona 1960: Nauji duomenys apie Skaistgirio tarmės konsonantizmą. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 3, 79–86. Jonaitė Aldona 1972: Palatvės vakarų aukštaičių nedingos fonetikos žodžiai ir jų kilmė. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 13, 31–41. Jonaitė Aldona 1969: Palatvės vakarų aukštaičių šnektų būdvardis, skaitvardis, įvardis. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 11, 183–221. Įspt 2001 – Joniškio šnektų pratimai ir tekstai, ats. red. J. Švambarytė. Šiauliai: J. K. Vasiliausko įmonė. Kaikartė Aušra 2015: Skaistgirio šnektos ypatybės. – Kalbos istorijos ir dialektologijos problemos 3, 150–173. Kaikartė Aušra 2010: Joniškio šnektos daiktavardžio linksniavimo sistema. Daktaro disertacija. Vilnius. Straipsniai / Articles 133 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Kardelis Vytautas 2008: Dėl junginių *lė, *rė, *sė Mielagėnų areale. – Baltistica XLIII(3), 485–494. Kardelis Vytautas 2002: Dėl galinių le junginių raidos šiaurės rytų vilniškių šnekto­se. – Baltistica XXXVII(2), 215–222. Kardelis Vytautas 2002: Dėl junginių la, lė raidos šiaurės rytų vilniškių šnektose. – Baltistica XXXVII(1), 107–114. Lipartė Eivja 2000: Iliatyvo resp. prieveiksmio laukan reikšmės ir galimi sinonimai lietuvių kalbos tarmėse. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 43, 144–152. Lipartė Eivja 2000: La. not vs. mal vs. žem un lie. žemė vs. šalin semantikas atliečias literatūrā valdā un izloksnēs. – Linguistica Lettica 8, 151–179. LKŽ I 1965 – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1. Fonetika ir morfologija, red. K. Ulvydas. Vilnius: Mintis. LKŽ II 1971 – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 2. Morfologija, red. K. Ulvydas. Vilnius: Mintis. Lkt 1970 – Lietuvių kalbos tarmės. Vilnius: Mintis. Lktch 2004 – Lietuvių kalbos tarmių chrestomatija, sudarė R. Bacevičiūtė, A. Ivanauskienė, A. Leskauskaitė, E. Trumpa, mok. red. L. Grumadienė. Vilnius: LKI. Pabrėža Juozas 1998b: Žagarės šnektos fonetinės ypatybės. – Žagarė. Vilnius: Versmė, 781–787. Pabrėža Juozas 1998a: Ar besama šleivimo pėdsakų Žagarės šnektoje? – Tarmės: tyrimas ir perspektyva (pranešimų tezės). Šiauliai: Šiaulių universiteto leidykla, 25–27. Rosinas Albertas 1998: Baltų kalbų įvardžiai. Vilnius: Mokslas. Švambarytė Janina 2001: Šiaurės Lietuvos paribio šnektų ištakų: struktūra ir reikšmė. – Linguistica Lettica 9, 73–84. Švambarytė-Valužienė Janina 2018: Žagarės šnektos ribos. – Acta Linguistica Li-thuanica LXVII, 135–148. Urnėžiūtė Rita 1999: Tolimosios asimilacijos reiškiniai Rudiškių (Joniškio raj.) šnektoje. – Tarmės: jaunųjų kalbininkų darbai (pranešimų tezės). Šiauliai: Šiaulių universiteto leidykla, 21–23. Zinkevičius Zigmas 1966: Lietuvių dialektologija. Vilnius: Mintis. SANTRUMPOS: Jñš – Joniškis KrŽ – Katiliškio raštų žodynas 134 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXX Fonetinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) LKG I – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, t. 1. Fonetika ir morfologija LKG II – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, t. 2. Morfologija Lkt – Lietuvių kalbos tarmės Ltch – Lietuvių kalbos tarmių chrestomatija Sk – Skaistgirys Sn – Mato Slančiausko ir jo pagalbininkų pasakojamosios tautosakos rinkinių leksika. Žodynas va – vakarų aukštaičiai šiauliečiai Žg – Žagarė PRIEDAI 1 LENTELĖ. Žagarės šnektos daiktavardžiai Žodis Reikšmė Iliustracija Yra / nėra LKŽ ir LKŽ(e). Reikšmė abrė duonos rūšis? ã·bre adìnos tòki dúona (Žg) 1. Didelė gelda duonai maišyti. Nurodo Žg. Sakiniai tik iš Jnš. aukotinis labdara dã·gãu padã·da tòki aukó·tini. / ka_be_bilietų [būdavo šokiai] (Versiai); tiẽ / kur su-akó·je pinigų / tai tiẽ visi bû·davo muzikántam / jã (Versiai) LKŽ nėra ciočė teta šã·kem *julijã·na / côce / ta_mãna pó·de (Žg) Ciočė 1. Teta. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. čirškynė medinis barškalas, kleketas o_*velėkas ka_bû·dava manã·ugume / tai_žinai pasidirbdava tokẽs čìrški-nes medìnės / nu ir trrrr pù kìema. / kad eidavom tos čìrškines (Žg) 1. Medinis barškalas, kleketas, klekučiai. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. dariniai dažai i_dã·rinius i_dã·dom [kiaušinius] / darinėi / skaitos / kur_sūlus dã·ža (Žg) 1. Dažai. Pavyzdys iš Jnš. drobnė vėjaraupiai suĩ·gom drõbnėm / vẽ·raupais / kaip jãs vadina (Žg) LKŽ nėra. gangis girnų įrengimas keturį gangėi maldova giulėm (Versiai) 2. Vienerių girnų įrengimas. Pavyzdys iš Jnš ir Žg. Straipsniai / Articles 135 JANA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Žodis Reikšmė Iliustracija Yra / nėra LKŽ ir LKŽ(e). Reikšmė grįžas kas susuktas [lin] reik padirb grįžą (Žg) LKŽ nėra. kabė seguką plaukim plá.uku(s) supine / su_kà.bem sūsege (Žg) Tokios reikšmės nėra, yra sąties reikšmė. kalėda duoklė bažnyčiai ta._kalė.da galėjęi par pakluones atvėst (Žg) 3. Kunigui ar bažnyčios tarnams, apie Kalėdas apsilankantiems, duodama duoklė. Pavyzdžių iš Žg nėra. kirpšas kas nedil iakirp tas, trumpplaukis tòkù. kirpšu. nèmačiau / kai_mana dùktė. [trumpai kirpti plaukai](Žg) Kas su trumpai nukirptais plaukais, bet žodis kirpšė. Reikšmė nefiksuota apie Žg. liespienis liesas pienas, pienas be grietinės jìs negàl tòke piẽna / lìespiene [gerti] (Žg) LKŽ nėra. lingacija darželio gėlė bùva nastùkas / serèti.s / daugėũ lingàcies tò.kes (Žg) LKŽ nėra. lupatas skuduras [tėvas] añ(s) supìrgdava senùs lupatus / ódas (Žvelgčiai) 1. Pr. Pl. sudėvi, suplėšė drabužiai. Pavyzdžių iš Žg nėra. manta turtas išvežė žmònis / ãtėme má.ntas / i._kolkòzus tas_má.nta(s) suvežė / ją (Žg) 1. Manta – turtas. Nurodytas tik Jnš. mergė samdinė às par_mẽrgę. mažai tã.rnavau (Žvelgčiai) 2. Psn. ūkininko, buožės samdoma mergina darbininkė, samdė, tarnaitė. Nenurodė, kad vartojamas Žg. obelis obuolys žì.dai pìrgdava i(ž)_žmóniù só.dnus / targà.udavo(s) su_òbelės / su_visakù (Žg) 1. Obelies vaisius. Pavyzdžiai iš Jnš ir Žg. palaidnieks pasileidėlis àn nẽ.kòs palaidnieks / a_kà. (Žg) LKŽ nėra. 136 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Fonetinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) Žodis Reikšmė Iliustracija Yra / nėra LKŽ ir LKŽ(e). Reikšmė palietis sulatvėjęs lietuvis (pr. likęs gyventi Latvijoje) jė tas v̇īrz būva palietis / lietuvis / bet *latvijō: tarnāva / jīz būva iš tēvų. ižbē:gis / bet *latvijō: tarnāva / i pri- sirāšė / palika par *latvijes pilieti. (Žg) LKŽ nėra. patinginas ar –is nedarbštus o_kitai tai_būva patinginē / tai_praštai gi.vēna / pas_tōkūs iš_nedavau (Žg) Tingokas, ap tingis žmogus. Nuroda Žg. podė krikštamotė pas_pō:dė / sakā / būvav (Žg); šā́kēm *julijāna / čōce / ta_mana pō:dė (Žg) 1. Krikštamotė. Nuroda Jnš, o pavydys iš Sk. promitis lengva žemė tē:n gēra žē:me / prō:smiltis / nepīger nieks (Žg) Smiltinga žemė, priemėlis. Nėra pvz. iš Žg ar Jnš. pūlys maža mergaitė i_pasita.kiauš / toks_pūlis i.eit (Žg) 3. Mažas niebus kūdikis. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. Nesutampa reikšmės. ratinis verpimo ratelis manāte vė.rūbava tiem_ūkininkam su_tuo_ratinu kaip_būdava (Žvelgačiai) Ratelis, naminis verpimo prietaisas. 1 ratinis. Nuroda Žg, Jnš. sėdba sodba sē:bo. kā.rves i.ra (Žūriai) 1. Žemė apie namus su visais trobesiais. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. skraistas sterblė pripi.le skraista. saldā.nu. / tik_nēvērk (Žg); daug labai rādom rēšūt / prisidējem i_skraistus / i_tārbs (Žg) 1. Skraitas prijuostės, sijono ar marškinių priekinė dalis, siūta kam įdėti, sterblė. Nuroda Žg, o pavydys iš Jnš. sodnas sodas mū:su. sō:dnaz būva (Žg) 1. Sodas, žemės plotas, kuriame auga vaismedžiai ir vaiskrūmiai; pats tame plote augantys vaismedžiai ir vaiskrūmiai. Yra nuoroda Sk. Straipsniai / Articles 137 JANA ŠVAMBARĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Žodis Reikšmė Iliustracija Yra / nėra LKŽ ir LKŽ(e). Reikšmė sodžius kaimas ėdava kūldami par visą sožų. (Žg) 1. Sodžius, kaimas. Pavyzdžių nei iš Žg, nei iš Jnš nėra. sueiga susėjimas *pėtrai / su-eiga tu_gimini būdava (Žg) 1. Sueimas, subūri-mas, sambūris. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. taškas bet kokia vieta, kur galima nusipirkti svaigiųjų gėrimų dabā tie_taškai / ein tie_žmōni.s / gėr (Daukšiai) Žodis yra, bet vartojamas kitomis reikšmėmis. trandis skaudulys kōjos ap.ugava tōkom trandin / ne-bėgį pa-eit (Žg) 6. Kojos pado, kulno ar piršto tin(k)inys. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. varnuogė mėlynė ėdavam į_vā.nuogų. nuo *žolines (Daukšiai) 5. Mėlynė. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. 2 LENTELĖ. Žagarės šnektos būdvardžiai Žodis Reikšmė Iliustracija Yra / nėra LKŽ(e). Reikšmė aukštynel-kas, -a gulintis ant nugaros vā.ka. pagūdom aukštynelka. / i_važuojem (Žvelgaičiai) LKŽ nėra. didysis [kas] Pirmasis pasaulinis karas 1914–1918 gi.vė.na tōks nuo_didžeje kāra daktars / *bėrtulis (Žagarė) 1. Svarbus, žymus. Pavyzdžio iš Žagarės nėra. gyvas, -a rūgštinis, rūgštas dėi mėles / ir_jis [alus] pradėd gi.vėnti / jau_gėrus ans ir (Daukšiai) Iš dalies tiktų 1. Turintis gyvybę, bet nėra nurodyta perkeltinė reikšmė. grynas, -a tuščias dabā nieka nebė. / grini / grini lā.uki (Žvelgaičiai) 10. Tuščias. Pavyzdžio iš Žg nėra. 138 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Fonetinės ir morfologinės žagarės šnek tos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) Žodis Reikšmė Iliustracija Yra / nėra LKŽ(e). Reikšmė katras kiekvienas o_teṗ_tai katra. pav̇asari. tv̇i.na *daugava (Žg) 2. Kiekvienas. Pavyzdžiai iš Žg ir iš Šln. j aukus, -i ramus ir šiltas v̇asara. / v̇akarai jėku.s / ateidava žmõnū. daugībes (Žvelgčiai) 3. Malonus, meilus, už brūkšnio pateikti pavyzdžiai rodytų perkeltinę reikšmę. Nėra pavyzdžių iš gyvosios kalbos, tik iš Daukanto raštų. makingas, -a šąnus màkinga pàti mažoji irà (Žg); vìrs màna bùva tok(s)_stàmbus / màtings / d.ùkšts (Žg) 2. Turintis visus reikalingus ypatumus, tinkamas, šaunus, darbštus. Pavyzdžių iš Žg nėra. mažas, -a turintis mažai žemės, mažažemis kàtras mažaz bùva / kà.ive. / á.rkli. là.ike [mažazemis] (Žvelgčiai) Iš dalies tiktų 6. Nežymios padėties visuomenėje, prastas, neturtingas. Pavyzdžių iš Žg nėra. šarpus, -i darštus tète bùva šarpus / mú.m reikė dį.rp̃t naziem (Žvelgčiai) 1 šarpus 1. Darbštus, guvus, gyvas, mitrus. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Iñš nėra. švakas, -a silpnas [sesuo] ar švaka i. (Žg) 1. Turintis mažai fizinės jėgos ar sveikatos. Yra 2 p vz. iš Žg, bet su prieveiksmiu švakiau ir švakýn. vienias, -a [žodis] paauglių keiksmažodis ir kalba su keiksmažodžiais istrà.uke cigaretės / blèd blèd / vienìsi tokie žõ.žei (Žvelgčiai) 2 vienias 1. // neįeinantis į daugianarę sistemą. Pavyzdžių iš gyvosios kalbos nėra, iš raštų yra. vijinis liktarnos rūšis tòkes liktà.rnas bù.dava / vìjines (Žg) LKŽ nėra. Straipsniai / Articles 139 JANINA ŠVAMBARytĖ-VALUŽIENĖ 3 LENTELĖ. Žagarės šnektos veiksmažodžiai ir jų formos (dalyviai, prieveiksmiai) Žodis Reikšmė Iliustracija Yra / nėra LKŽ(e). Reikšmė atgaliau atgal jį grįža tad(ą) adgalāu (Žiūriai) LKŽ nėra. bliauti atsikalbinėti mašinēris pasāke žmōnīm suvest ā.rklus / tiē blā.un / k(a)_ārklēm bū(s) sunku vest [damp] su_vā.ndenu (Veršiai) Žodis LKŽ yra, bet nėra pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jns tokiomis reikšmėmis. garsiai šaukiant kviesti grīžū / ka_blā.un baisā.usei / kazē.i-ka / kazē.ika [šeimininkė, šeiminin-kė] (Žg) eiti tęsti, trukti ži:dai supī.rgdava liesų grī.vulus / jē.učus / kā.rves / visō.kus / rūdeni. / kōl tā(s) sezonas / nū | māždaug | apie_tris mėnesus ēdava ta(s)_še-zons / tē.n iz_būlbu. / iz_grūdu. darīdava (Žg) 4. Slinkti (apie laiką). Pavyzdžių iš Žg nėra. išbraižyti iškutinėti peiliuku (margučius) kis mokē.dava [kiaušinius] izbrā.ži.t (Žg) Iš dalies tiktų 3. Išpiešti, išbraižyti. Pavyzdžių iš Žg nėra. išsiblavėti nukristi putoms isiblavē.j tos_putas / nebē.ra jū [apie alaus darymą] (Veršiai) Žodis yra kitomis reikšmėmis. išvarto­ti išleisti už vyro dūktē būva išvarto.ta / nu_tai_tiem sū.nām žēme / išvarto.dava / apžē.ndidava / o_sū.nām ta.žēme paligdava / jā (Žg) Išleisti už vyro. Pavyzdys iš Sk. juodai atsidavusiai aš tīkin­ti / bet_ka_teip_juodai / tai_ār ne (Žiūriai) Žodis yra, bet nėra tokios reikšmės. kvarseti šnėkti šnē.kim mani / i_ã kvā.rfēsu i_kvā.rk-su (Žg) Iš dalies tiktų 3. Pr. murmëti, bambëti; piktai, stačiai kalbėti. Pavyzdžio iš Žg nėra. laisvai neap-gautai (stiklu) iš_prāžos jin būva pašarvōta teip_laisvai / o_paskum stiklinem grābe [apie Barborą Umiauskaitę] (Žg) Žodis yra, bet kitomis reikšmėmis. 140 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX Fonетinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) Žodis Reikšmė Iliustracija Yra / nėra LKŽ(e). Reikšmė minkyti ritmiškai kelti kojas aš teĩb gražei á.uščė / kójes mí.nki.čė (Žiūriai) Iš dalies tiktų 1. prk. mindyti. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. nudilęs, -usi nebepisimėnamas o_*küpiškis tai_ļė / dabà nudile.s īr [nebepisimena] (Žg) 2. Pranykti, pradingti, prapulti; Yra nuoroda prk. Pavyzdžių iš Žg nėra. nusitverti kartu gyventi čè_jeu nebe_pirmóji / kita. mó.teriška. tūrū nusitvė.re.s / jā (Veršiai) Iš dalies tiktų 2. Tverti. 2. Kibti, kabintis, norint išsilaikyti ar sulaikyti. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. nuužti skubiai nueiti mā.s / visà kẹ̇.bra nù_u.žem (Žg) 8. Greitai kur nuvykti, nubėgti. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. plačiai išsiskirščius po pasaulį ir Lietuvą turtingiau màna vā.ikai gi.vė.n plačei (Žiūriai) plačēu žmó.ni.s gi.vė.n (Žiūriai) Iš dalies tiktų 2. Į visas puses nusitęsęs. 9. Nesaikingas, išlaidu s. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. praprusęs, -usi pasimokęs kur prapruše. / tai_dā kaip_nó.rs ver-čes (Žiūriai) 1. Praprūsti 1. Išprūsti, prasilavinti. Pavyzdžių iš Žg nėra. prastai silpnai kita. karta. lābai prāstai bū-n / skaud visūr (Žg) 6. Silpnas, nestiprus. Pavyzdžių iš Žg nėra. prietariškai tikint burtais prietariškai nė / nė / nebūdava [burtais netikėjo] (Žiūriai) LKŽ nėra. Straipsniai / Articles 141 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Žodis Reikšmė Iliustracija Yra / nėra LKŽ(e). Reikšmė parsikviesti įkalbėti sugrįžti, parsivadinti gyventi jìn turė́je namė́li. / mùm parsikvietė (Veršiai) Paprašyti, pavadinti, pašaukti ką kur atvykti, dalyvauti. Nėra pavyzdžių iš gyvosios kalbos, tik iš raštų. ropa ropomis aĩn paṙ darža. ró·pa / kai_reĩk ravė́t (Veršiai) 3. Ropa, ropomis, keturpėsčias. Yra du pavyzdžiai iš Įnš. skaudžiai šiurkščiai mànes tevė́lis nẽra nẽ_subaṙe.(s) skraužeĩ / nei_mùše.s (Daukšiai) 4. Šiurkštus, įžeidžiantis, užgaulus. Pavyzdžių iš Žg nėra. spardytis prabangiai gyventi kõl již di.rba / až dà spá.r̃žaus (Žiūriai) Žodis LKŽ yra, bet ne tokia reikšme. stoksoti būti nereikalingam, stovėti di.rba tas_malù·ns iki_dvidėšimt šeštu. mė·tu. // mà.le té.n su_vėju // o_paškæu stoksó·je; (Žg) Artimiausia žodžio stūksoti reikšmė 1. Būti, stovėti iškilusiam iš aplinkos. Tik čia ne tokia reikšmė. Žodis stoksoti LKŽ yra, bet pavyzdžiai tik iš raštų. sulygti suderėti nu_bet_neeĩlgai tas_kà.rs / sulí·ga tã.ĩ-ka. (Žg); kàc jau sulí·gdava / tã turė·dava dúot tam_že·nui [jauniklui] (Žg) 1 Sulygti 1. Suderėti. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Įnš nėra. susitverti gimti vaikai susitvė·re / užá.uga lik_septi.nù. mė·tu. / i_vužã·vom lauka [iš Latvijos] (Veršiai) Iš dalies tiktų 10. Padaryti, kad būtų, egzistuotų. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Įnš nėra. sušiauštas, –a nelygaus paviršiaus tõ·pùse. *vėntà / lėdù. sùšąšta (Veršiai) 1. // padaryti nelygų, neglotną, pasišiaušusį. Pavyzdžių iš Žg nėra. šaukti vadinti kaĩp kàs norė́·je / kaĩp ká.m patika / tẽ.ip šã.uke (Žg) 16. Vadinti (vardu, pavadinimu, pravarde). Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Įnš nėra. 142 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXX Fonетinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) Žodis Reikšmė Iliustracija Yra / nėra LKŽ(e). Reikšmė tikibiškai religiškai būvom tiki.biškai á.uklėjami (Žiūriai) Būdingas tikybai, religiškas. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. valioj pravirai, atidarytos išeinu / visoz dùri.s vã-loj (Žg) Apie ką atvertą, atvirą, atdarą (ppr. apie duris, langus, vartus). Pavyzdys iš Jnš, o iš Žg nėra. važiuoti būti pašautam į duonkepę krosnį važúoji į_pę.čių. / pé.mpe. iškėbda-vom / kuõdu(s) sutaisì.davom vaikám (Žg) Iš dalies tiktų 21. Slinkti, slysti. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra viršuj sudedamasis perficientyvo dėmuo šùnis užlė.izdava viršùj (Žiūriai) LKŽ yra žodis viršuje. 4 LENTELĖ. Žagarės šnektos nesavaranķiškos kalbos dalys Žodis Reikšmė Iliustracija Yra / nėra LKŽ(e). Reikšmė ar taip pat *daũgava ãr baĩsei skẽnda (Žg); sme-tó:ninei lītai ti_ar būva vẽrti.ngi (Žg); senẽ:lis ar visko būva mã:tes (Žg) 3. Ar taip pat, irgi, ir. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. dui bėgimui nusakyti ãž greitai dù.i pro_dùris (Žg) Skubiam veiksmui, ppr. bėgimui, nusakyti. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. džing skeidžiamam garsui imituoti džĩ.ng / džĩ.ng / džĩ.ng / džĩ.ng / ka_bė.k tie_arklei (Veršiai) LKŽ nėra. Straipsniai / Articles 143 JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Žodis Reikšmė Iliustracija Yra / nėra LKŽ(e). Reikšmė gan daug, pa- kankamai vienu mó.mentu gañ būva / pi̇́rmi- ningz būva nev.ė.de.s / agrõnoms ne- vė.des / pienininks (Žg) 1. Pakanka, užtenka pakankamai, užtek- tinai. LKŽ yra žodis gana, bet pavyzdžių iš Žg nėra. makt kyšt atė:ie viéns / mã:kt su_revó:lveru i._gė.rkle. (Žg) 1. Staigiam veiksmui žymėti c) kyšt, durst. Pavyzdys iš Žg. musent turbūt, gal mùsė.nt jeu_dabà bū̀s ta_tikrã *lietuva (Žg) Įterptinis žodis. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. musint gal mùsint toz_gegužinės tó:kos ir_į.rà (Žg) Įterptinis žodis. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. nėmaž visai màma nėmaž nemokė́ie / lã.ìkrašti. paskaĩti:dava (Žvelgaičiai) Nė kiek, visai. Pavyzdys iš Žg. pliumpt kritimui į vandenį nusakyti su_visaiž drabužukais plùmp̃p̃t [į Šve- tę] kai_silke / ir_įkrent (Žg) Kritimui į vandenį reikšti. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. pur burzgimui imituoti iš_tó:la iżgìrsim / ka_pur pūr pūr / mó:ki.tojes kaškõks turė́ie motòcikla. (Žg) 3. Burzgimui žymėti. Pavyzdžių iš Žg ar Jnš nėra. Phonetic and Morphological Peculiarities of Žagarė Local Dialect (End of the 20th Century – Beginning of the 21st Century) SUMMARY In this article the author presents the continued research on Žagarė local dialect. This time the article is dedicated to the accentual, phonetic, morphological phenomena found in Žagarė local dialect and its peculiar lexical characteristics. According to the author, the accentual tendencies and dialectal grammatical phenomena apparent in the records of Žagarė 144 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXX Fonетinės ir morfologinės Žagarės šnektos ypatybės (XX a. pabaiga – XXI a. pradžia) local dialect made between 1998 and 2003 lead to the works of the 21st century – the study on the change of the dialect. Dialectologists attribute Žagarė local dialect to the area of universal stress retraction. The peculiarities of accentuation of mixed diphthongs observed by linguists Juozas Pabrėža and Aušra Kaikarytė deserve a more detailed study and correction with regard to the informant’s national belonging and linguistic identity. Certain phonetic peculiarities, such as the pronunciation of vowels a, e, i, u and consonants ch, f, h, the use of additive j, v, the so called phenomenon of šlekiavimas and the softening/ hardening of consonants, reflect the dialect’s phonetic system. They can still be found in the dialectal records of the late 20th century. The morphological peculiarities of Žagarė local dialect, such as stem alteration in nominal words, number and gender variations, use of the dual number, peculiar (or borrowed from close local dialects) formation of nominal word forms (pronominal, degree, reflexive), as well as the peculiarities of the usage of verb stems and forms are still viable and satisfy the respondents’ needs for linguistic expression. Dialectal records enable us to understand how words are formed in Žagarė local dialect. The respondents mainly used suffixal and prefixal derivatives and compounds. Noun derivatives were formed with suffixes –atis, –ėjas, –elis, –ietis, –tojas, –uitis, –ingas, –inis, –utis were more common adjectival suffixes. Prefixal verb formation with prefixes ap-, nu-, pa-, par-, pri- took the lead. The speakers of Žagarė local dialect used to form compounds without a connecting vowel. The review of the lexical cross-section of Žagarė local dialect provides us with an insight into the peculiar lexis used in the dialect. The word or its form subtly selected by the respondents to describe images or phenomena shows the flexibility of the mother tongue and its suitability to express thoughts under contemporary conditions. Įteikta 2019 m. gegužės 17 d. JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vilešio g. 5, LT- 10308 Vilnius, Lietuva [email protected] Straipsniai / Articles 145