Litauische historische Personennamen in dem „Marienburger Tresslerbuch der Jahre 1399–1409“

DARIUS IVOŠKA Institute of the Lithuanian Language Research interests: onomastics, Baltic-German language contacts. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35321/a1l81-04 LITAUISCHE HISTORISCHE PERSONENNAMEN IN DEM MARIENBURGER TRESSLERBUCH DER JAHRE 1399–1409 Lithuanian personal names in the Marienburg Treasurer’s Book of 1399–1409 ANNOTATION This article deals with new findings in Lithuanian historical anthroponymy, specifically personal names taken from the Marienburg Treasurer’s Book of 1399–1409. In the financial documents of the Teutonic Order, these are, as the case may be, Lithuanian prisoners of war to be ransomed. The thirteen Lithuanian personal names are analyzed from the perspective of their formation and origin, and possible reconstructed forms are provided. KEYWORDS: anthroponymy, historical personal name, inherited word, personal-name corpus. ANNOTATION This article examines new facts of the Lithuanian historical onomasticon selected from MTB 1394–1409. This financial documents collection of the German Order contains names of Lithuanians, who were prisoners of war and were held to ransom in Prussia. All 13 personal names found in the GO financial documents are analyzed in terms of composition and origin with an attempt to identify their authentic forms. KEYWORDS: Anthroponymy, historical personal name, inheritance, onomasticon. Straipsniai / Articles 97 DARIUS IVOŠKA 1. SUBJECT OF RESEARCH AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT This article once again deals with Lithuanian historical personal names. This time, the new finds are taken from the Marienburg Treasurer’s Book for the years 1399–1409 (hereafter MTB). What is “new” or worthy of research in Lithuanian historical anthroponymy, and what is already known, requires a more detailed explanation here. The fact that no collection of Lithuanian historical personal names is yet available shows that one must still look for them in the holdings of the card index of Lithuanian historical personal names and in individual contributions by various authors. Looking at the said card index, one readily notices that the earliest mentions of Lithuanian personal names included in it date from the 16th century. The names have been collected only from the area of Greater Lithuania and contain no evidence from Lithuania Minor or Prussia. The largest part of the historical sources from which they have been taken consists of church registers. Ultimately, the personal names have merely been recorded; no account of their formation or etymological interpretation has been provided. It may therefore be concluded that not only facts about personal names that are new and hitherto absent from the holdings of Lithuanian anthroponymy are to be regarded as new and valuable finds, but also the data associated with them, namely earlier datings, new localizations of personal names, unknown cases of personal-name formation, and so on. It should be emphasized once again that the historical documents of the Teutonic Order (hereafter DO), especially the original handwritten documents, are the main sources for Lithuanian historical personal names and still hold many secrets. An excellent example is the Marienburg Treasurer’s Book for the years 1399–1409 (hereafter MTB), published in 1896 by the archivist Erich Joachim. The MTB is the income and expenditure register of the Order’s state treasury, kept by the treasurer or the Order’s treasurer, or by a scribe commissioned for this purpose¹. No other collections of documents of this kind belonging to the DO have survived. It is therefore difficult to judge whether such records were kept by the Order’s chancery before the MTB was established or afterward. The entries made in the MTB had to be kept strictly secret. The general accounts between the treasurer and the Grand Commander, who supervised the treasurer’s office, were initially conducted orally. The statements (slips) ¹ MTB p. VI. 98 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI Litauische historische Personennamen in dem Marienburger Treslerbuch der Jahre 1399–1409 as well as other supporting documents of individual financial officers, if any existed, were destroyed after the discussions. For the annual accounts, usually prepared around Christmas, summary entries of total income and expenditure and any surpluses or deficits were sufficient2. This article deals with the personal names of relatives or family members of Lithuanian households who were released from captivity in Prussia: 1404 ransom of Lithuanian household members. Gandeln a brother aged 16 was ransomed for 4 marks. Hulyde 1 son and 1 daughter for 8 marks. Assipe 2 sons for 6 marks. Nareyken son for 2 marks. Mosebuthe 1 daughter for 4 marks. Medithen 1 brother for 4 marks. Wygayl 1 son for 3 marks. Ywane son for 2 marks. Wob alle 2 sons for 6 marks. Gibbune 1 son and 1 daughter for 8 marks. Nesdila 1 wife with 2 children for 10 marks. Radasch 1 wife and 1 daughter for 8 marks. In all, 24 marks were paid for Kirstan, a household from Tolks near Memel, which was ransomed from the Lithuanians (MTB 315). The inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania mentioned in the MTB were brought to Prussia as prisoners of war during the DO’s winter campaign into Lithuania, carried out in January and February 1394. The chronicler Wigand of Marburg reported in October 1394 (SRP II 653)3 that countless men, women, and children were still being held as prisoners of war in Prussia. The total number of captives was said to be 2,2004, of whom 663 were said to be Lithuanians5 (Paravicini 1995: 103). Prisoners of war were usually either ransomed (if they were wealthy) or enslaved and put to work. Those obliged to perform forced labor could subsequently be sold or exchanged for other prisoners (Weber 1878: 636–637; Paravicini 1995: 102). 2 Ibid. 3 …adducunt in Prusziam captivos innumeros virorum, mulierum ac puerorum, de quibus plures supersunt in Prussia in hodiernum, et longe post 4 ebdomadas sunt reversi. 4 Of a successful campaign. In the year of our Lord (13)94, the marshal set out with an army and the guests, and they captured and burned these houses in Rus’: Cleyne Nowgardin and Lyda and Merkin and Drogoczin, and laid waste to much land around them, and brought back XXIIc prisoners and XIIIc horses and great booty (SRP III 191). 5 The number and list of Lithuanian prisoners of war were presented in 1412 during negotiations between representatives of the DO and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Vilnius (German Wilna). According to the Lithuanian side, the prisoners had been “carried off to Prussia many years earlier, partly from Volkovysk (Belarusian Ваўкавыск), partly from Drohiczyn (Belarusian Дрогичын), and partly from beyond the River Rosseye (Belarusian Рось, Рос, Роса; Lithuanian Rosė).” Merken (Lithuanian Merkinė) was also mentioned among them. The Prussian places and people with whom they were staying were also said to have been specified (SRP II 653). Straipsniai / Articles 99 DARIUS IVOŠKA 2. LITAUISCHE PERSONENNAMEN IN DEM MARIENBURGER TRESSLEBUCH DER JAHRE 1399–1409. ANALYSE In the following part of this article, an attempt is made to analyze the newly discovered Lithuanian historical personal names with regard to their formation and origin and to reconstruct their authentic forms. Gandeln from this one a brother of 16 years was redeemed for 4 m. In 1404, the name of a Lithuanian, Gandiln, is documented in the register of dues and income of the Teutonic Order. The Card Index of Lithuanian Historical Personal Names (Lith. Istorinių asmenvardžių kartoteka, hereafter – IAK) contains no Lith. PN with the stem gand. The Database of Lithuanian Surnames (Lith. Lietuvių pavardžių duomenų bazė, hereafter – LPDB) includes the Lith. PN Gandrìmas, whose first stem, as assumed in the LPDB, is derived from *gant- (*Gant-rìmas)⁶. Despite the fact that there are virtually no Lith. PNs with the stem gand in the corpus of personal names, the author of this article is inclined to believe that the Lith. PN Gandiln recorded in the MTB was read correctly by the archivist Joachim, and that the reliability of the attested personal-name form should not be doubted. On this basis, one may hypothesize that Gandiln may have been a personal name of Lithuanian origin. One may perhaps conclude that other Lith. PNs with the stem gand may also have been present in the historical corpus of personal names. For the stem, compare Lith. gãndas ‘talk, rumor’ (LKŽe) and Lith. gandėti (gãnda, -ėjo) ‘to have enough; to succeed, manage’ (LKŽe, ALEWe). Lith. gandėtis (-ėjasi, -ėjosi) ‘to fear, be afraid’ might perhaps also be relevant here (LKŽe). Compare also the Prussian PN Gande of 1360 (Pierson 1873: 502) and Gande, Gandike, Gandil, Gandit, which Ernst Lewy (1904: 48) traces back to Lith. gastù, gandãu, gãsti ‘to frighten’. One could therefore assume that there was a Lith. PN *Gand-il. For the suffix -il, compare the Lith. PNs Douìlas, Gìntilas, Juñdilas, Vãidilas, Dabrìla, Gintìla (Skar-džius 1996: 181). In this case, the suffix -el cannot be ruled out either. Compare. ⁶ Zigmas Zinkevičius (2008: 89) gibt zwei litauische zweistämmige PN Gañd-rimas und Jō-gandas an. Seiner Meinung nach, soll der dem Stamm Gandaus Gaudstammen. Die Behauptung ist aber fragwürdig, weil die Quellen, denen er die behandelten Personennamen entnommen hat, unbekannt sind und deren Validität nicht nachweisbar ist. 100 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI Litauische historische Personennamen in dem Marienburger Tres-lerbuch der Jahre 1399–1409 die lit. PN Dargelỹs, Jùodelis, Juodẽlis, Juodėlẽ, Kalvẽlis, Vyrẽlis (Skardžius 1996: 177). Der diminutive lit. PN *Gandelis wäre vielleicht ganz denkbar. Hulyde 1 son and 1 daughter for 8 m. The Lith. PN Hulyde might perhaps be connected with the Lith. PN Ulydà found in the LPDB. The latter is traced back to the Lith. surname Ulỹs/Ùlis, derived from the Christian PNs Julijõnas, Uljõnas. The same database also lists the Lith. PNs Ūlỹdas, Ūlìdas, for which the origin of the stem ul is considered unclear. Compare also the Russian PN Уля, derived from Юлиан, Polish Ul and Ukrainian Уль (LPDB)⁷. A Lith. PN *Ulydė may have existed among Lithuanian personal names at the end of the 14th or beginning of the 15th century. Assipe 2 sons for 6 m. Nor should the possibility be ruled out that one of the 13 Lithuanians mentioned in the MTB may have borne the Lith. PN *Asipė. In this connection, compare the Lith. PNs Asipãuskas und Osipãuskas, known in the Lithuanian corpus of personal names and associated with the Polish PN Osipowski or the West Ruthenian PN Ocinay, as well as with the Lith. PNs Asipãvičius, Osipãvičius, and presumed to be based on the West Ruthenian PN Acinovič (LPDB). Zinkevičius (2008: 370) regards Asipãvičius, Osipãvičius as personal names of Hebrew origin that entered Lithuanian anthroponymy through Slavic personal-name usage. In this regard, compare also the Polish PNs Osipowicz, Osipowski/Osypowski (AP 2011: 245). Nareyken son for 2 m. The Lith. PN Nareyken may be of Lithuanian origin. Compare the Lith. PNs Nareikã, Noreĩka, Noreĩkà, Nareĩkis, which are traced back to Lith. norėti ‘to desire, want’; norùs ‘greedy, desirous’ (LPDB)⁸. It is worth noting that the PN Nareĩka and its variants are frequently mentioned in 16th-century documents of the Teutonic Order: 1540 Nareĩgka (from Berselauken⁹), ⁷ Zinkevičius (2008: 153) führt die lit. zweistämmigen PN Ūl-vidas, Ūl-vydas, deren ersten Stamm er mit den lit. PN Ūlis, Ūlenas verbindet und die letzteren auf den christlichen PN Julijonas zurückführt. ⁸ Zinkevičius (2008: 291) gibt auch eine alternative Deutung an, indem er die lit. PN Nareikã, Nareĩkis mit dem lit. PN Naras verbindet und den auf lit. naras ‘Seetaucher, jemand der taucht’ zurückführt. ⁹ Berszlack, village 2.6 km from Muldzen, Gerdauen district (Blažienė 2005: 29). Straipsniai / Articles 101 DARIUS IVOŠKA Nareika (from Pawistеiczscheij¹⁰), Nareigka (from Dunilischken¹¹) (Diehlmann 2008: 172, 174, 193). These entries come from the Türkensteuer im Herzogtum Preußen of 1540 and attest to the very long-standing presence of this PN in the Baltic anthroponymy of a specific area. The form of the Lithuanian PN *Nareike would be highly convincing. Mosebuthe 1 daughter before 4 months. The PN Mosebuthe may be a Baltic personal name that was common to Lithuanians and Prussians. Cf. the Prussian PNs documented in OF 105 of the Teutonic Order, Massebud (OF 105 95ʳ) and, in 1401, Masebut (OF 105 117ʳ). In the latter case, this concerns a Prussian named Masebut, who, together with his descendants, was granted a piece of land at Pawsnyken¹². Trautmann (1925: 55) gives the Prussian PNs Masebuth and Masebut¹³. This is a two-stem Prussian or Lithuanian PN *Maze-but-. In this connection, cf. also the Prussian PNs Masse (Sambian), Maze (Sambian), which William Pierson (1873: 637) connects with Lithuanian mas ‘small’, and the Prussian PN Mase (Trautmann 1925: 55). Regarding the second stem –but, cf. the Prussian PNs Bute (Pomesania), Butil (Warmian) (Pierson 1873: 297), and Bute, Buti­l (Trautmann 1925: 21, 22). The Baltic common nouns should also be mentioned here: Prussian massais ‘less’, Lithuanian mažas, Latvian mas ‘small’ (Nessel­mann 1873: 101), and Prussian *mazais ‘less’ (PKEŽe); buttas (nom.), buttan (acc.) ‘house’ (Nessel­mann 1873: 24), and *butan ‘dwelling, house’ (PKEŽe). It can therefore be assumed that in the Middle Ages Lithuanians could have named their descendants with the PN *Mažbūte. Medithen 1 brother before 4 months. Until now, no PN Medithen has been found in Lithuanian anthroponymy, either in the historical-name index or among contemporary personal names. It is possible that here, too, this is a Lithuanian PN *Meditė/*Medytė or *Meditis/*Medy­tis shared by Lithuanians and Prussians, which could be related to the Lithuanian PNs Mēdikis, Medeikis. Cf. ¹⁰ Lithuanian *Pavištvíčiai. The vanished village must have been located in the vicinity of Lake Vištytis. ¹¹ Lithuanian *Duniliškė/*Duniliškiai. The vanished village must have been located in the vicinity of Lake Vištytis. ¹² Peissnick, Kr. Gerdauen (Blažienė 2005: 138). ¹³ Both bearers of the personal names recorded by Trautmann were Prussians who lived in the districts of Wehlau and Gerdauen, that is, in the contact area of Prussian- and Lithuanian-speaking inhabitants. It is highly plausible that speakers of the two related languages also used personal names in common. 102 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI Litauische historische Personennamen in dem Marienburger Treslerbuch der Jahre 1399–1409 the Lithuanian PNs Medeikà, Medeišà, Mėdikis, Medikỳs, all of which are traced back to Lithuanian mėdė, mėdis ‘forest, woodland’, mėžias ‘forest, woodland’ (LPDB, Zinkevičius 2008: 516–517). Therefore, one may speak of a Lithuanian or Prussian PN *Med-ī. Compare also mėdė ‘forest, woodland’, mėdis ‘forest, woodland’ (LKŽe). Compare also the Prussian PNs Medite, Pogesane, Medete, Barte, which Pierson (1873: 637) connects with the Lithuanian PN Medyte of the Lithuanians. Trautmann (1925: 57) also cites the Prussian PN Medithe (familia in terra Tapiow¹⁴), and does not rule out the possibility that the Lithuanian PN Medithe may underlie it. Incidentally, Trautmann draws a parallel between the Prussian PN Medyten, which he recorded from another source, and the Lithuanian PN Medit­hen discussed in this article, from MTB 315¹⁵. Wygayl son, before 3 months. Wygayl is probably another two-stem PN *Vy-gail- / *Vi-gail- characteristic of Lithuanians and Prussians. Trautmann (1925: 117) cites the Prussian PN Wygail¹⁶, discussing its formation and origin by comparing it with the Lithuanian ON Wigal. Compare also the Prussian PNs Wigel, Wysinse, Witar (Trautmann 1925: 117, 120) and the Lithuanian PN Vy-gailas, which Zinkevičius (2008: 161) considers a hereditary name. The two-stem Lithuanian PNs Vỹgantas, Vigantas, with the first stem vi-/vy, are known in Lithuanian anthroponymy. The stem gail occurs in the Lithuanian single-stem personal names Gáila, Gáil­ius, Gailỹs, Gailė-vičius (LPDB). The existence of the Lithuanian PNs *Vygailas or *Vy-gailis in the medieval Lithuanian personal-name corpus is apparent. Ywane son, before 2 months. The PN Ywane is of Christian origin; it was widespread from Hebrew through the naming tradition in the Byzantine-Slavic regions and may subsequently have entered the Baltic personal-name corpus. The Russian PN Иван, on which the Lithuanian PN Ywane must be based, is highly variable in the Russian personal-name corpus; compare Ивац, Ивапмей, Иваш, among others (Суперанская 2005: 126). Compare also the Lithuanian PNs Ivanauskas, Ivanãvičius, which are connected with the Polish PNs Iwanowski und Iwanowicz (LPDB). Compare. ¹⁴ In the case of the family of the Sambian Czipel from Belauken (Behlacken, district of Wehlau; Blažienė 2000: 17), mentioned in OF 107 38v, a plot of land was granted to him and his descendants, one of whom was Medithe. This again concerns an area inhabited by Lithuanians and Prussians, where mutual influence between the Lithuanian and Prussian languages, as well as their anthroponymies, must have been inevitable. ¹⁵ The source does not specify the precise location of the Lithuanian PNs mentioned in the MTB. ¹⁶ The Prussian Wygail, mentioned in 1384, lived in Samland, in the district of Wargen. Straipsniai / Articles 103 DARIUS IVOŠKA auch noch die poln. PN Iwan, Iwanowski, Iwanowic(z) (AP 2009: 89–90) sowie den PN Iwan, Onkel des Preußen Blyoth (Trautmann 1925: 38). Das zeugt davon, dass in Gebieten Preußens und Litauens, wo die Einwohner verschiedener Nationalitäten zusammen gelebt hatten, sie auch die Namen von einander übernommen haben mussten¹⁷. Daher mag auch ein Litauer mit dem PN *Ivanas benannt gewesen sein. Woballė 2 sons, aged 6 months. The Lithuanian PN Woballė is also recorded in the MTB; it may be of Lithuanian origin. Cf. the Lithuanian PNs Vābalas, Vābuolas, Vobolis, which are associated with Lithuanian vābalas ‘insect with hard wing cases’ (LPDB; Zinkevičius 2008: 513). Cf. also Lithuanian vābalas ‘insect with hard wing cases’ (LKŽe). Parallels with Old Lithuanian wobalne ‘apple tree’ and woble ‘apple’ might perhaps also be relevant in this context (ALEW 2019: 825). The presence of a prosthetic “v,” as in Old Prussian wosee - *(v)ǯzē ‘goat,’ may perhaps also be assumed (PKEŽe). However, Lithuanian *Vabalė would be a more convincing reconstruction of the Lithuanian PN Woballė documented in the MTB. Gibbunė 1 son and 1 daughter, aged 8 months. The archive of Lithuanian historical personal names contains the following PNs with the root gib-: 1640 Eua Gibowska, 1676 Joannes Gibowicz, 1681 Stanislao Gibos (IAK). In his book, Wilius Kalwaitis (1910: 10) lists the Lithuanian PNs Gibins, Gibinus, Gibiszas, Gibisze. Among Prussian personal names, one also finds the Prussian PN Gibbune, which Trautmann (1925: 32) connects with the Lithuanian PN Gibbune, pointing to the entry on p. 315 of the MTB. Cf. also the Lithuanian PNs Gības, Gibāitis, Gibāvičius, which are associated with the Polish PNs Gibas, Gybas and traced back to Polish gibas ‘a tall, slender person; a tall young man’ (LPDB). Cf. also the Polish PNs Gib, Gibas(z), Gibola, among others (AP 2007: 551–552). Zinkevičius (2008: 567) proposes a different origin for the Lithuanian PNs Gibas, Gibys, Gibelis, tracing them back to Lithuanian gyb-ti ‘to become fewer, decrease; recover, improve.’ Cf. also gýbti, -sta, -o ‘to become fewer, decrease; get better, recover; become richer’ (LKŽe). This, once again, is a PN shared by Lithuanians and Prussians. A Lithuanian PN *Gibunė would also be entirely plausible. ¹⁷ In their joint article, Ljubov Feoktistova (Любовь Феоктистова) and Dmitrij Spiridonov (Дмитрий Спиридонов) (2016: 76–92) discuss the equivalents of the biblical personal name Ἰωάννης in Russian, Polish, and French anthroponymy. ¹⁸ Ein Samländer aus dem Kammeramt Germau (Vercamer 2010: 501). 104 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI Litauische historische Personennamen in dem Marienburger Tres-lerbuch der Jahre 1399–1409 Nesdila 1 wife with 2 children, aged 10 months. Because its formation and etymology are unclear and evidence is lacking, the PN Nesdila cannot yet be explained. Radasch 1 wife and 1 daughter, aged 8 months. The origin of the Lithuanian PN Radasch recorded in the MTB is not entirely clear, but it cannot be ruled out that a Lithuanian was named *Radašas/*Radašius. The archive of Lithuanian historical personal names contains the following PNs with the stem rad-: 1528 Грbлогореŭ Pадаŭмус, 1670 Martinus Radaytis, 1695 Malcher Radaytis (IAK). Kalwaitis (1910: 16) also records the Lithuanian PNs Radiszus, Radužis. The Lithuanian family name Radašauskas is known, and is associated with the Polish PNs Radoszewski, Radosz, Radoszowski (LPDB). Cf. also the Polish PNs Radaszewski, Radosz (AP 2013: 197, 198). The suffix -aš is rarely found among Lithuanian personal names. Pranas Skardžius (1996: 316) lists only two Lithuanian family names: Bālašas und Rabašius. Item: 24 months before Kirstan, the interpreter's household at Memel, which was redeemed from Lithuania. The name of the interpreter's servant from Memel, named Kirstan, is of Christian origin. The name was also borne by Prussians in the 14th–15th centuries, who are mentioned, among other places, in the Handfeste documents of the Teutonic Order included in OF 105: 1382 Kirstan OF 105 62r, 1401 Kirstan OF 105 115v. See also 1448 Kirstan Kippelle (Trautmann 1925: 45). Cf. also the German PN Kirsten, considered a Low German form of the German PN Christian (Kohlheim 2014: 105, 248). This is a personal name of Christian origin borrowed from German anthroponymy by Lithuanians and Prussians in the late Middle Ages—Kirstan, which may have been adopted among Lithuanian personal names as *Kirstanas. 3. CONCLUSIONS 3.1. The study of Lithuanian historical personal names requires a broader approach than the classical one, which tended to seek analogous stems in the existing stock of personal names in order to interpret the formation and origin of newly discovered personal names reliably. The absence of stem analogues among contemporary personal names that could help interpret historical finds does not necessarily mean that the newly discovered personal names in Straipsniai / Articles 105 DARIUS IVOŠKA could not have existed in their documented form. Greater attention must be paid to the appellatives that may have underlain the historical anthroponyms. 3.2. The present study bears witness to naming tendencies among Lithuanians before the Christianization of Grand Lithuania. Not only names of Lithuanian origin, but also those of Prussian, Slavic, and Christian origin were chosen for naming newborns. That is, the adoption of foreign names was not necessarily imposed, as in the case of Christianization, but also took place voluntarily. This was certainly influenced by the coexistence of Prussians, Slavs, and Germans in the same area. LITERATURE AND SOURCES ALEW – Old Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary. Vols. 1–3. Under the direction of Wolfgang Hock and with contributions by Elvira-Julia Bukevičiūtė and Christiane Schiller, edited by Rainer Fecht, Anna Helene Feulner, Eugen Hill, and Dagmar S. Wodko. Hamburg: Baar, 2015. AP – Antroponimia Polski od XVI dońca XVIII wieku. Vol. 1 A–G. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Lexis, 2007. AP – Antroponimia Polski od XVI dońca XVIII wieku. Vol. 2 H–Mą. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Lexis, 2009. AP – Antroponimia Polski od XVI dońca XVIII wieku. Vol. 3 Mc–Pi. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Lexis, 2011. AP – Antroponimia Polski od XVI dońca XVIII wieku. Vol. 4 Pl–St. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Lexis, 2013. Blažienė Grasil̄da 2000: Die Baltischen Ortsnamen im Samland. – Hydronymia Europea. Sonderband II. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. Blažienė Grasil̄da 2005: Baltische Ortsnamen in Ostpreußen. – Hydronymia Europaea. Sonderband III. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. Diehlmann Hans Heinz 2008: Die Türkensteuer im Herzogtum Preußen 1540. Bd 3. Ragnit – Insterburg – Georgenburg und Saalau. Hamburg: Selbstverlag des Vereins. FN – Duden. Surnames. Origin and Meaning. Edited by Rosa and Volker Kohlheim. Mannheim, Leipzig, Vienna, Zurich: Dudenverlag, 2005. 106 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI Litauische historische Personennamen in dem Marienburger Tresslerbuch der Jahre 1399–1409 GVL – Duden. The Comprehensive First Names Dictionary. Edited by Rosa and Volker Kohlheim. Berlin–Mannheim–Zurich: Dudenverlag, 2014. IAK – Index of Historical Personal Names at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius. Kalwaitis Wilius 1910: Lietuwiškų Wardų Klėtėlė. Tilžė: Otto v. Mauderodė. Lewy Ernst 1904: Die altpreußischen Personennamen. Breslau: Buchdruckerei H. Fleischmann. LKŽe – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, electronic version, editorial board: Gertruda Naktinienė et al. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2013. Available online: www.lkz.lt [accessed 2019–12–03]. LPDB – Surname Database. Available online: http://lkiis.lki.lt. MTB – The Marienburg Treasurer’s Book for the Years 1399–1409. Edited by Archivist Dr. Joachim. Königsberg in Prussia: Thomas & Oppermann Publishing House, 1898. Nesselmann Georg Heinrich Ferdinand 1873: Thesaurus Linguae Prussicae. Der preussische Vokabelvorrath soweit derselbe bis jetzt ermittelt worden ist nebst Zugabe einer Sammlung urkundlich beglaubigter Localnamen. Berlin: Ferd. Dümmlers Verlagsbuchhandlung, Harwitz & Gossmann. OF 105 – Order Folio No. 105, Secret State Archives of Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin. Paravicini Werner 1995: Die Preußenreisen des europäischen Adels. – Beihefte der Francia. Bd. 17(2). Hrsg. vom Deutschen Historischen Institut in Paris. Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke Verlag. (Online Zugang: https://perspectivia.net//publikationen/bdf/paravicini_preussenreisen_2). Pierson William. Old Prussian Name Code. – Journal of Prussian History and Regional Studies. Berlin, 483–744. PKEŽe – Etymological Dictionary of the Prussian Language, electronic version. Vilnius: Department of Baltic Studies, Vilnius University, and Center for Digital Philology, 2009–2015. Available online: http://www.prusistika.flf.vu.lt/zodynas/paieska. Skar­džius Pranas 1996: Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba. Fotogra­fuotinis leidimas. – Rinktiniai raštai 1. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. SRP – Scriptores rerum Prussicarum 2. Edited by Theodor Hirsch, Max Töppen, Ernst Strehlke. Leipzig: S. Hirzel Publishing House, 1863. Trautmann Reinhold 1925: Die altpreußischen Personennamen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Straipsniai / Articles 107 DARIUS IVOŠKA Vercamer Grischa 2010: Siedlungs-, Sozialund Verwaltungsgeschichte der Komturei Königsberg in Preußen (13.–16. Jahrhundert). Marburg: N.G. Elwert Verlag. Weber Lotar 1878: Preussen vor 500 Jahren in culturhistorischer, statistischer und militairischer Beziehung nebst Special-Geographie. Danzig: In Commission bei Theodor Bertling. Zinkevičius Zigmas 2008: Lietuvių asmenvardžiai. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Суперанская Александра Васильевна 2005: Словарь русских имён. Москва: Эксмо. Феоктистова Любовь, Спиридонов Дмитрий 2016: Русский Уван и его «братья»: польск. Jan и фр. Jean (к вопросу об этнокультурной специфике личного имени). – Acta Onomastica. Ročník LVI. Praha. Lithuanian personal names in the Marienburg treasurer’s book of 1399–1409 SUMMARY This article presents and analyzes new evidence from the history of Lithuanian anthroponymy found in the Marienburg treasurer’s book of 1399–1409 (German: Marienburger Tresslerbuch der Jahre 1399–1409). The notion of “new” in the context of historical Lithuanian anthroponymy requires a fuller definition. Given that no historical dictionary of Lithuanian personal names exists to date, newly discovered mentions of Lithuanian personal names in historical sources are compared with those recorded in the Historical Personal Name Index and in separate scholarly works published by various authors. It should be emphasized that the names held in the Historical Personal Name Index are merely registered; no information on their origin or formation is provided. It is also important that the personal names have been collected almost exclusively from the territory of Lithuania proper and cover data from the 16th–19th centuries. We find no personal names of Lithuanians who lived in Lithuania Minor and Prussia, especially those dating from before the 15th century, because the main historical sources from which Lithuanian personal names have been collected are church registers. The earliest recorded mentions of Lithuanian names must still be sought in documents of the Teutonic Order. Thus, new evidence in the history of Lithuanian anthroponymy includes not only names previously unknown, but also earlier attestations of names already known, as well as new cases of personal-name formation and even localization. It should be emphasized once again that the most important sources for the history of Lithuanian anthroponymy today are precisely the documents of the Teutonic Order, which, despite having been studied extensively, still contain much valuable material. 108 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI Litauische historische Personennamen in dem Marienburger Tres-lerbuch der Jahre 1399–1409 The names examined in this article belonged to relatives or family members of prisoners of war from Lithuania who were held in Prussia. Those captured were inhabitants of the areas around Valkavisk19, Merkinė20, and the Rosė River21, whom the Teutonic Order captured in early 1394 during an attack on the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and took to Prussia as it retreated. This event, which affected not only the Lithuanian lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania but also Naugardukas22, Lyda23, and Derečinas24, was briefly described in October 1394 in the second volume of Scriptores rerum Prussicarum by the German chronicler Wigand of Marburg. From these towns, Werner von Tettingen, marshal of the Teutonic Order, and his troops brought a large quantity of booty to Prussia, including 2,200 prisoners (663 of them Lithuanians) and 1,400 horses (SRP III 191). Prisoners of war in Prussia were treated in one of three ways: they were usually assigned forced labor, a ransom was demanded for them, or they were exchanged for other prisoners (Weber 1878: 636–637; Paravicini 1995: 102). The article analyzes 12 personal names in terms of their formation and origin and presents their authentic forms: Gandeln – *Gandelis, Hulyde – *Ulydė, Assipe – *Asipė, Nareyken – *Nareikė, Mosebuthe – *Mažbutė, Medithen – *Meditė/*Medyte, Wygayl – *Vygailas/*Vy-gailis, Ywane – *Ivanas, Woballe – *Vabalė, Gibbune – *Gibūnė, Radasch – *Radašas, Kirstan – *Kirstanas. Because the formation is unclear and empirical material is lacking, the origin of Nesalila is not explained for now. Received on December 16, 2019. DARIUS IVOŠKA Institute of the Lithuanian Language Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT–10308 Vilnius, Lietuva [email protected] 19 German Wolkowisk, Belarusian Ваўкавыск, a Belarusian town in the southeastern part of Grodno Region, by the Vilkuva and Rasa rivers. 20 German Merken, Mericz. 21 German Rosseye, Ros, Belarusian Рось, Рос, Роса – a river in Belarus, a left tributary of the Neman. It rises in the Valkavisk Upland and flows north. It passes through Porazava, Valkavisk, Rosė, and Krasnaselsk. It flows into the Neman downstream of Mastai. 22 German Klein Naugarten, Nowogrodek. 23 German Lyda. 24 Ger. Drohiczyn, Drogoczyn, Dereczyn, Pol. Dereczyn, Bel. Дзярэчын – a village that belonged to the Polish Voivodeship of Nowogródek until 1945 and is now in the Grodno Region of Belarus. Straipsniai / Articles 109