Katalonų „vidutinio dydžio“ kalba (galimos paralelės su lietuvių kalba)

Įžvalgos / Insights 175 PIETRO U. DINI The University of Pisa The directions of scientific research are: history of the language, history of Belarusian languages, historiography of the language, prose. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Speech of the DJ (GALIMOS PARALELS SU) This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Lithuanian language)1 In this review, I am pursuing a narrow and limited objective. First, I will present the range of Catalan languages and their linguistic diversity in very general terms, then I will illustrate the history of this language in a synthetic way and dwell on some of the controversial moments, especially the linguistic controversy between Castilian and Catalan speakers about the use of the language in public life. This controversy continued throughout the 20th century and has continued to this day. Finally, I will examine the present and future of the Catalan language through the concept indicated in the title, i.e. as a "medium-sized" language, and reveal what lies behind that view. In order to give a general context to the review, it is worth looking at the linguistic situation of the Kingdom of Spain, i.e. the multilingual Spain, which has four languages, and only one of them is considered official throughout the country - the language of the Castilians, while the others are considered official, but only in certain territories, namely: Galician, Basque and Catalan. As a reminder, the Catalan language is the official language of the Principality of Andorra. 1Report read in Vilnius, Lithuanian Language Institute, on the occasion of the 26th Jablonski Conference, October 3, 2019 The author thanks J. Sabaševičius for the translation and the academy. G. Blazhenik for the editorial assistance. The features of the style of verbal reporting are consciously maintained in the article. 2 This problem is investigated, e.g. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 26 to supplement this Regulation by laying down detailed rules for the application of this Regulation. PIETRO U. DINI 176 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXII This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. 1 PAV. Other Area of the Catalan language 1. Briefly explained Katalonų kalbos arealas apima visą Viduržemio jūros dalį – Kataloniją (Catalunya), Valenciją (València), Franją de Ponent (paribys su Aragona), Andorą Andorra, the Balearic Islands, Northern Catalonia and Algiers in Sardinia. The Catalan language community is made up of people living in several regions and speaking the same language, whose language and the accompanying public discourse differ in each region. Catalan is spoken by about 9 million people in Europe and another 350,000 in South America. The internal classification of the Catalan language is based on a single geographical criterion between the eastern and western dialects and dialects, which in turn is based on phonetic distinctions. The neutralization of sound in a neutral position is considered particularly important. This classification is accepted by both traditional dialectology, e.g. Manuel Milà i Fontanals (nineteenth century), and more innovative dialectology, e.g. Joan Veny (twentieth century). In addition, some transitional dialects to Aragon, to the Occitan and so on are also known. Some other languages are also known but no longer exist, such as Algerian, Sicilian, Neapolitan, Sardinia (without Algerian). Katalonų „vidutinio dydžio“ kalba (galimos paralelės su lietuvių kalba) Insights from the Inspectorate 177 2 PAV. Other Catalan language dialects 2. ISTORIJOS PILIULĖS It is very synthetically worth recalling that the linguistic variant arising from vulgar Latin acquired the characteristic features of Catalan around the 11th century and has not changed much in area over the centuries. In the 14th century, the Catalan language reached its peak. At that time, it was used in a wide area from the Principality of Catalonia itself to present-day southern France, Aragon and Valencia, the Balearic Islands, as well as southern Italy, North Africa, and Greece. Until the 15th century, the language flourished in literature (especially in the provinces) and philosophy (remember only Ramon Lula (1232-1316). In the 16th century, Catalonia's political decline began. There is no such area as, for example, Rosiljon and others. At the same time, Castile's political power is growing. The decisive date is the year 1714, when the War of the Roses ends, and the city of Barcelona 3 As a result of the question discussed in this chapter, see synthetics, e.g. : Tavani 1994; Nadal, Prats 2001, and the reference shop is two Nadal, Prats 1982; 1996; Francés, Amorós 2011. PIETRO U. DINI Acta Linguistica Lituanica (LXXVII) was a treaty between the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of France. The beginning of the Bourbon dynasty and the period of the conquest of Catalonia. The process of Castilianization continues through the coming centuries, the Catalan language loses its prestige and its linguistic variations become deeper and deeper. The decline of Catalan language and culture will continue until the so-called Renaissance. The Renaissance movement was born as a poetic movement during the Romantic period. The constitutional and symbolic act of the establishment of the Renaissance Union was the poet Bonaventura Carles Aribau i Farriols (1798-1862) 's poetry Oda a la patria, that is, "Oda to the Fatherland" (1832). 2.2. Renaixença in Lithuanian would be a "rebirth" both literally and historically. If we try to continue the comparison, we will find many interesting parallels between the Lithuanian and Catalan situations. Both linguistic communities […] Lithuanian and Catalan […] experienced language abandonment of the upper social classes around the same time; both were repeated attempts to change the style, themes and forms used; I have in mind jų kalbą; abi išugdė atidų dėmesį ir neabejingumą ekokalbinėms idėjoms. Gerai pažiūrėjus nėra sunku rasti intelektualių literatų asmenybių, panašių savo poets such as Jonas Mačiulis (1862-1932) a priest better known as Maironis, also a priest, mossèn Jacint Verdaguer (1845-1902) or Simonas Daukantas (1793-1864) Motiejus Valančius (1801-1875) and, for example, Josep Yxart In the case of the applicant, the applicant has not provided any evidence to support its claim. I would also like to emphasize the similarities between the works of Jono Jablonski (1860-1930) […] the creator of the common language […] and the analogous works of Pompeu Fabra (1868-1948). There could be more comparisons... However, it must be said clearly that in addition to the reasoned comparisons between Lithuania and Catalonia, there are also deep differences: in its history, Lithuania has never known an important class of the big bourgeoisie like Catalonia (partly like Livonia, although it was also in the hands of the German population) and therefore has always remained attached to the peasant origin both socially and culturally. 2.3.The important moment for the Catalan people to regain and return to their language was Jocs Florals (plural Jocs Florals) are competitions of spoken poetry that were very widespread and popular. By the way, it is not difficult to notice many parallels and similarities with what happened in Lithuania itself at about the same time. (See also Song Festivals). In the second half of the 19th century, and especially in the last century, when a modern industrial society was forming in Catalonia, the Renaissance itself acquired clearer and stronger identities and political characteristics, of course, intolerable to the Kingdom of Spain. The first sign of identity was language, and it was before Katalonų „vidutinio dydžio“ kalba (galimos paralelės su lietuvių kalba) language that state censorship was directed. From this period and from these experiences it is possible to date the emergence of the patriotic movement of the Catalan people. These ideas were developed and presented in two books that are still fundamental to the writings of the Catalanism movement, namely Valentí Almirall i Llozer (1841-1904) Lo catalanisme (1866) and Enric Prat de la Riba (1877-1927) published the book La nacionalitat catalana (1892). They clearly state the idea that language is the main sign of identity in defining the Catalan nation. 3 PAV. Other Valentín Almirall i Llozer and the cover of his book. Spokespersons Pompeu Fabra and This is Anthony Alcover. Since 1914, the main administrative provinces of Catalonia (diputacions) have been called Barcelona, Girona, Tarragona and Lerida, grouped together and known as Mancomunitat de Catalunya. The Mancomunitat had considerable political value because, after the events of 1714, the Kingdom of Spain recognized the territorial unity of Catalonia for the first time. The Mancomunitat had an even greater significance for the revival of Catalan culture. It is especially worth recalling that the Institut dEstudis Catalans, i.e. PIETRO U. DINI 180 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXII Institute of Catalan Studies, one of whose main tasks was to normalize the language. The codification of the Catalan language took place rapidly thanks to Pompeu Fabra (1868-1948) who started an orthographic reform based on the etymological principle. The role of Pompeu Fabra is comparable to that of Jono Jablonski (1860-1930). By the way, the two standard linguists lived around the same time. It is also worth mentioning that in those years Antoni Alcover (1862-1932) wrote the fundamental lexicological work Diccionari català-valencià-balear, i.e. The vocabulary of the Catalan-Valencian Balearic languages. To make it clear to everyone at once, it should be emphasized that this work is comparable in its importance to the largest dictionary of the Lithuanian language started by Kazimieras Bugas (1879-1924). 2.4 Catalan political and national claims have always been closely linked to language and linguistic identity. It can be said that language and literary tradition were the macroscopic data of this political dimension. The concept of the history of Catalan literature itself was mature, based on the ideas of Romanticism of the second half of the 19th century. The role of language and literature in shaping Catalan identity is a political discourse that began with the Renaissance and, in a sense, continues to this day. Over the centuries, there has been a linguistic controversy as to whether it is wise for Catalans to use the Catalan language, whether it is right for Catalan writers to write their works in Catalan, or whether it would not be wiser for them to renounce the Catalan language and use only the Castilian language... Many times in history, minority cultures, depending on the circumstances, have been "paraginted" to use the linguistic codes of different major cultures, a consequence of cultural hegemony. By the way, there is no shortage of similar cases in the history of the Lithuanian language itself. The experience of many "little fathers" teaches us one thing that is important to repeat and evaluate: the importance of the language factor, i.e. the strong link between national consciousness and linguistic consciousness. Each literature has created a mythical connection with the language of the people at its beginning; the nation itself is a fundamental and changing element, i.e. pakeliui esantis, dinamiškas tapatybės pažadas. 3. The Linguistic Controversy It is worthwhile to present some episodes of such linguistic polemics over the past centuries, as they reveal the real power relations between the two Insights 181 Katalonų „vidutinio dydžio“ kalba (galimos paralelės su lietuvių kalba) mentioned languages in Spanish society, and also take us directly to the present and its contradictions. 4 PAV. This Decision shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. The first point worth mentioning is the controversy between the Castilian writer Leopoldo Alas Clarín (1852-1901) and the Catalan cultural activist Enric Prat de la Riba (1870-1917) were also included. According to Clarín, the Catalan language was only a translation, in no way comparable to significantly more powerful languages such as Castilian, French or Italian. In Clarín's opinion, the Catalan language was Darwinian among the dialects that did not prevail ([…]entre los dialectos que no han prevalecido[…]) and therefore Catalan writers should write only in Castilian, especially prose works. From a linguistic point of view, Clarín's approach was of course unsatisfactory, but such a confrontation had a mainly political value for tar mės, kiek kalbos / galios santykis. Šitaip buvo kartą tvirtinama prigimtinė kastiliečių kalbos „glotofaginė“ teisė „suvalgyti“, t. y. išstumti ir inkorporuoti, him. This refers not only to the language but also to other languages according to the vision of the well-known Antonio de Nebrija (1441-1522) that […]language 4 In this chapter, special reference is made to Rigobon 2018. PIETRO U. DINI 182 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXII is the empire's companion language (the language of the empire's companion), if necessary with weapons. The aforementioned Prat de la Riba replica could only be ironic. His attitude was, of course, quite different. He never doubted the importance of the language in the creation of the Catalan nation. But saying it out loud was, of course, dangerous. 3.2 Another interesting polemical moment occurred between the famous Castilian writer Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936) and his friend the Catalan writer Joan Maragall (1860-1911). And this time the attitude is clearly hegemonic and the Catalans are paternalistically urged to give up their language and use the most widespread Castilian language. Recall the anecdote of Miguel de Unamuno, who at the same time asked his friend Joan Maragall, both seriously and humorously, why instead of using the castle's mausoleum, he preferred the Catalan spingard (a 14th-century weapon). To him išankstiniu įžvalgumu atsakė tuo metu mažai žinomas katalonų jaunas rašytojas and Eugeni d'Ors (1881-1954): […]Teisus is Unamuno: as the weapon of his imperialism, the castellan chooses the mausoleum. However, other world wars require other mauzers, "more mauzers" than the castle, "isn't that right, my dear?" (by the way, Eugeni d'Ors already used the europant (i.e. the work of the European Union administration used the mixed language!) 5th PAV. Julián Marías 6 PAV. He is a member of the Spanish national team. This is Mauricio Serrahima. 3.3. In Franco's Spain of the last century, the question was again raised as to why persistent Catalan writers used the Catalan language... Now the Catalans are not explicitly urged to change their language, but it is said that the Catalan language should still be restricted. The representative of the Centro de Estados is currently the best-known student of the philosopher José Ortega y Gasset, Julián Marías (1914-2005). He insisted that "Catalonia has never been a nation" (Cataluña no ha sido nunca una nación) and proposed the so-called "linguistic house argument", i.e. the Catalan house consists of two floors, the first floor where the Catalan language is spoken for all family and daily needs, and the second floor where the Katalonų „vidutinio dydžio“ kalba (galimos paralelės su lietuvių kalba) Castilian language is spoken for all other functions. The widespread use of the Catalan language could become a factor in the "Tibetanization of Catalonia", so Julián Marías proposed a solution of "non-symmetrical bilingualism" similar to diglossia and at the same time urged the Catalans to limit themselves, that is, not to consciously change their language in many functions, although they recognize the priority of the Catalan language in family life and poetry... The Catalan replica and this one could only be cautious and polite. It was formulated by Maurici Serrahima (19021979), a representative of Catholic Catalanism and therefore more acceptable to Franco's nationalist Catholic ideology. Mauricio Serrahima's approach to diameters is opposed to that of Julián Marías. The Catalan language is a language of the indigenous peoples of Catalonia, and the language spoken by the majority of the population is Catalan, which means that the majority of the population speaks Catalan. 3.4. As can be seen, linguistic monotheism prevailed in Franco's (partly post-Franco) Spain. In all the cases discussed, the Catalan writers were encouraged to abandon their so-called local language and switch to the so-called universal language, i.e. the castellan language. It is interesting and at the same time surprising that as early as 2007, when Catalonia was a hotel at the Frankfurt Book Fair, the question was raised as to whether it was possible to produce Catalan literature in the language of the Castilians. 4. KATALONŲ „VIDUTINIO DYDŽIO“ KALBA IR EUROPOS SĄJUNGA It is now worth looking at the situation in the current European Union5. It divides the languages into two main groups, the officially recognised languages (i.e. first language languages) on the one hand and the regional and minority languages (i.e. second language languages) on the other hand, which are theoretically protected under the European Year of Regional and Minority Languages 1992 (Carta 1992). The Catalan language belongs to the second group. On the other hand, the situation of languages in the Kingdom of Spain (about 47 million) is very different from that elsewhere in Europe, for example in the Swiss Confederation (about 8.5 million) or elsewhere, for example in Canada (about 38 million). 5 This chapter refers in particular to Vila, Bretxa 2013; Bastardas i Boada, Boix-Fuster, Torrens Guerrini 2018.