Dar kartą dėl aukštaičių patarmių transkripcijos tarptautinės fonetinės abėcėlės rašmenimis (keletas tikslintinų atvejų)

S aipsniai / A icles 165 RIMA BAKŠIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-6716-0776 Mokslinių y imų k yp ys: ekspe imen inė one ika, phonology, geolinguis ics. This is a lis o he languages o he wo ld. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. DAR KARTM DL AUKŠTAIČI (Spanish p onuncia ion (help·in o)) is a Spanish ele ision se ies. The ollowing is a summa y o he main indings o he e iew: This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Le e s o Apology (KELETAS TIKSLINTIN) This is he i s ime I' e seen his. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Once Mo e on he T ansc ip ion o Au ho i a ian subdialec s by he symbols o he in e na ional phone ic alphabe (se e al Cla i ied Cases) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The a icle examines he issues o ansc ip ion o Li huanian language high-le el ad ice in he in e na ional phone ic alphabe (TFA), cla i ies some o he spellings and ways o w i ing phone ic uni s o he sounds o Li huanian dialec s in he p e ious TFA collec ion, published in 2017. Possible TFA spellings o owels and consonan s, sui able o w i ing high-pi ched sounds, diac i ical ma ks, ansc ip ion possibili ies and p oblems o high-pi ched consonan uni s (p iegaids and hei alo ons) a e discussed. A summa y o he ocal sys em o high-pi ched consonan s (phonemes and hei b igh e a ian s), some o he mo e complex cases o TFA ansc ip ion o consonan s, and examples o ansc ip ion wi h di e en p eposi ions o double owels a e analyzed. In he u u e, a e ca ying ou mo e de ailed esea ch on language phonology, ins umen al phone ics and summa izing mo e heo e ical wo ks, he ansc ip ion o Li huanian languages in TFA w i ing will s ill be e ined. The ollowing is a lis o wo ds ha ha e been assigned he s a us o in e na ional phone ic abb e ia ion (IFA) in Li huanian: a mės, aukš aičiai. RIMA BAKŠIENĖ 166 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI, con aining he ollowing sec ions: This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The a icle add esses he ques ions o ansc ibing he Aus o-Hunga ian dialec s o he Li huanian language by he symbols o he In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe (IPA), e ises ce ain symbols om he ea lie se o IPA symbols o he sounds o Li huanian dialec s p esen ed in 2017 and ways o ansc ibing. I discusses he owel and consonan symbols o he IPA, which may possibly be used o ansc ibing he sounds in Augus ian, diac i ical ma ks, he oppo uni ies and p oblems o he IPA in ansc ibing he p osodic uni s (pi ch accen s and hei allo ones) o Augus ian subdialec s. I e iews he gene alized sys em o ocalisms o he Aus onesian subdialec s (phonemes and hei mo e p ominen a ian s), analyses ce ain mo e di icul cases o consonan ansc ip ion by he IPA symbols, and gi es he examples o ansc ibing he syllables, which con ain diph hongs and bea di e en pi ch accen s. A e mo e in-dep h s udies on dialec al phonology a e conduc ed in he u u e and mo e heo e ical wo ks a e gene alized, he ansc ip ion o Li huanian dialec s by he IPA symbols will be u he e ised. KEYWORDS: phone ics, ansc ip ion, In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe (IPA), Li huanian dialec s, and he Finnish language. ĮVADAS In ecen yea s, ansla o specialis s in Li huania ha e been using no only he Copenhagen ansc ip ion sys em, bu also he ansla o 's wo k ela ed no only inės one inės abėcėlės (TFA) ašmenimis. TFA ansk ipcijos sklaida moks- o he e e -g owing need o in e language, bu also o he applica ion o he new ansla o model in Li huanian dialec ology (see Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014; Mikulėnienė 2020). De eloping a mul imodal app oach o language a ia ion is a egional mani es a ion o he de elopmen and use o mode n compu e -aided ools o he s o age and analysis o linguis ic da a (see mo e widely Čepai ienė 2020; Bakšienė 2021; Mikulėnienė, Čepai ienė bū ė; Geolinguis ics po al and k ėja 2021). In 2017, he Ins i u e o Li huanian Language published a se o TFA sc ip s o ansc ibing he sounds o he Li huanian language (Bakšienė, Čepai ienė 2017), using he al eady ca ied ou esea ch on he dialec s o he uppe and lowe classes, mainly based on he dialec ome ic calcula ions o he ansc ip ions o he p og am (Chepai ienė 2018; Gab 2019; Bakšienė, Čepai ienė 2020; Vyniau ai ė and o he s), as well as he dialec ome ic analysis o all dialec s (K ž . In he scien i ic p ess du ing hese yea s, he possibili y o he TFA se o eco d indi idual Li huanian ad ice sounds (ž . S aipsniai / A icles 167 Da ka ą dėl aukš aičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos a p au inės one inės abėcėlės ašmenimis (kele as ikslin inų a ejų) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In addi ion, he TFA ansc ip ion o a ious examples o ad ice is p o ided in he new ins uc ion o he collec ion o e e ence ma e ial (see VTG 2021), which is no e y ich in e e ence ex s om he Kaunas egion ha a e explo ed in he e e ence (see Geolinguis ics po al). All o hese wo ks ha e again aised con o e sial, p oblema ic TFA ansc ip ion issues, which we e summa ized in he 2021 semina cycle o ganized by he Ins i u e o Li huanian Language Geolinguis s. The TFA sys em is ele an o many ansla ion specialis s, so i is wo h e u ning o his ai, kad pe šį laiko a pį a si ado i o icialus TFA ženklų inkinys, ski as ben- d inei lie u ių kalbai (ž . VLKK k-25; Kazlauskienė, Bakšienė 2021), odėl už- ašan a mių ga sus a siž elg ina i į jame siūlomas ekomendacijas. opic once again and discussing and cla i ying he ma king o some ansla ion uni s in mo e de ail. I is also wo h men ioning ha he pu pose o his a icle is o discuss he mo e di icul cases o ansc ip ion high-le el ad ice highligh ed in ecen yea s' esea ch and o p o ide some co ec ions in he 2017 TFA manusc ip s p oposed o he Li huanian language. The main objec i es o he p ojec a e: (1) o summa ize he ocal sys em o he high-pi ched consonan s, o discuss he mos p oblema ic uni s o he TFA ansc ip ion o owels; 2) o e iew he ma king o some o he mo e impo an ea u es o he high-le el o es in he TFA alphabe ; 3) o p esen possible TFA me hods o he eco ding o high-pi ched pa a mių i šnek ų ap ašais, kopenhagine ansk ipcija už ašy ais eks ais. Di b a mokslinės li e a ū os analizės i ap ašomuoju-lyginamuoju me odais. 1. AUKŠTAITIŠKOJI VOKALIZMO SISTEMA IR JOS ŽYMĖJIMAS TFA Apibend in a aukš aičių pa a mių balsinių onemų, už ašy ų TFA ašme- owels and o discuss he possibili ies o ansc ibing bilingual o dual owel sounds, especially hose ela ed o owels. The s udy uses ma e ial om many p e iously published wo ks o dialec ologis s: namely, he so-called TFA e minology (see IPA 2022), he sys em is gi en in Table 1. The i s cycle consis ed o h ee semina s, in which D . Rima Bakšienė, Senio Resea che a he Geolinguis ics Cen e , p esen ed he gene al p inciples o ansc ip ion o he pa icipan s in a emo e way, and discussed he mo e complex cases o ansc ip ion o TFA in high and low-le el languages. 2 The sys em o high-pi ched ocalisms is based on he ollowing sou ces: A kočai y ė, Rinkauskienė L. K. T. Chekho , "Ka delis and O he Summa y Wo ks o he Dialec ologis s" Only owel uni s wi h he s a us o phonemes a e lis ed in he able, he mos impo an phoneme a ian s a e discussed sepa a ely. The e o e, o example, he open owel [æ] (o a ying leng h) is no included in he able, which mos au ho s o phonological desc ip ions conside o be only a phonemic a ian . In gene al, he Li huanian opposi ion RIMA BAKŠIENĖ 168 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI 1 LENTELĖ. Aukš aičių pa a mių balsinės onemos The Long, he Sho , he Sho Line o Line o he he Chinese Chinese Line o Line o he he Close o b aces he ankle Chinese Chinese Line o he Chinese Line o he Chinese Line o he Chinese Line o he Chinese Line o he Chinese Line I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . Close o he p isone s The lowes o he low Close o he p isone s labai umpi / „mu mamieji“3 (/ɪ/) (/ʊ/) Changes in he numbe o pe sons Di ongoidai[…]ɛ/[…]ɔ[…] is he name o he game. Middle eː/oː/ closed eː/ The middle is he closed lowe e. eː/e/e (l) o (o) The middle-aged, he open-minded, he open-minded. he open-minded, The openings a e: As is known, high-pi ched ocalism is cha ac e ized by he con as be ween he g oup o quan i a i e opposi ions o no only sho and long, bu also hal -leng h phonemes ha exis in he sub i les, con aining he so-called sys em o h ee phonological leng hs […] u eniškių, kupiškėnų, in he pa o ilniškių and anykš ėnų (see below). Jasiūnai ė, in speech weak, phonemic con as is possible only a he absolu e beginning o a wo d. Many high-pi ched owels and ypes o owel phonemes a e gene ally non-exis en . The so-called " wo- oice" phonemes, he exis ence o which is o en de e mined by a ious phonological and ex aphonological ac o s, such as he pace o speech, he s yle, he localiza ion o speci ic syllables in he speech, e c. (see Gi denis 2003: 82). In box 3, one on and one back "mu mamąjį" oice a e gi en, hei speci ic labeling is gi en below. TFA balsių ašmenimis šiuo a eju y a sąlyginis. Apie šių balsių ansk ipciją TFA ž . s aipsnyje A icles by A icles 169 Da ka ą dėl aukš aičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos a p au inės one inės abėcėlės ašmenimis (kele as ikslin inų a ejų) This is a lis o ai po s in F ance, so ed by loca ion. The e is no p oblem wi h he TFA spelling o he numbe o syllables, bu he co esponding TFA diac i ics a e used, only once again i is men ioned ha he long and hal -long (sho o long) syllables o he uppe owels a e ma ked wi h he TFA close, and he sho ones wi h he nea -close syllables o he TFA close, e.g. [1ˈɪjiɪ ý ɑs] ~ as, [jiˈ ɑjæljs] ~ y ɛl, [jsɑːs] [sɑˈjɑːs] [sɑˈjɪs] ˈjɪs] I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. I don' know wha I'm doing. I should be no ed ha in cases whe e he long y, ū (usually in a non-cu ing posi ion) a e comple ely sho ened, hey a e s ill ansc ibed in TFA closed owel spellings, as hey a e quali a i ely di e en om sho owels, e.g. [ʋjiˈ jæljɪs], [g uˈdjæljɪs]. The summa ized sys em o high-pi ched phonemes also includes he semi-long medium-pi ched oices ypical o he anykš ėnai and kupiškėnai dialec s, e.g. [ˈmjedjɪs] ~dis, [sˈ mẽk] ~ sãko. The phonological s a us o lowe (open) semilingual oices in he highe dialec s, especially in he wes e n and sou he n semilingual owels, is s ill being discussed by dialec ologis s (see he p oblem e iew, see Ka delis 2018: 119129, 132136, Bakšienė, Leskauskai ė: 167-2021), bu hese oices (especially he elonga ed one) a e also included in he desc ibed image o semilingual oices, especially because o he eas e n semilingual owels. In e ms o ansc ip ion o he cha ac e is ics o quali a i e phonemes, he i s o be men ioned is he no iceably highe deg ee o openness (lowe [ˈmɑˑnɑˑ] ~ màno, [gʲeˈ ʲæˑsʲnʲɪs] ~ ge èsnis i k . ongue ele a ion) cha ac e is ic o some o he ad ice oices. The open i, u (ma ked in he adi ional Copenhagen ansc ip ion as […], […]) a e mos cha ac e is ic o he no he n pa o he highlands o Kaunas, while he open ė, o ( adi ionally ma ked as ẹ, ọɔ […]) a e used in many eas e n highlands and some sou he n and wes e n highlands o Šiauliai. All he open owels o he posi ions, wi h he excep ion o he lowe case owel […]ɑ, a e ma ked in he TFA sys em by using he lowe ed pos - oice diac i ic […], e.g. […]kjɪ ɑː[…] […]kje ɑ[…] ~ k[…] ɑ, […]s[…]k[…] […]s[…] ~ sùka, […]b o[…]ljɪs[…] […]b ólis, […] ɑ[…]s[…] […] ɑ[…] ɑ[…]s[…] The abb e ia ion men ioned is less complex and is w i en wi h he same sign as in he Copenhagen ansc ip ion, e.g., [1ˈb ɔːljɪs]. The TFA is a collec ion o signals speci ically sugges ed in 2017 (see Bakšienė, Čepai ienė 2017: 121, 122) by he a iable oices ie, uo ansc ip ion. High-pi ched phonemes wi h a a iable deg ee o diph hongici y, cha ac e is ic o high-pi ched phonemes: clea ly diph hongic, s ongly a iable a icula ions ie, uo ( adi ionally called consonan al owels), used in all sub i les; and weake diph hongiza ions, wi h a whi e sounds called diph hongizides, mainly used in eas e n highland illages, u eniškių, anykš ėnų snacks. In addi ion o he ac ha in many o he ad ice, i is p ecisely he ini ial segmen s o hese sounds ha a e acous ically simila o he elonga ed balsius y, ū, and only he end is cha ac e ized by he di e ence in a icula ion and a ia ion (see Bace ičiū ė 2002; Gi denis 2009: 239; Ja osla ienė 2010: 7), as well as he accep ed ecommenda ion o he Li huanian common language (ž . he VLKK k-25; RIMA BAKŠIENĖ 170 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI Kazlauskienė, Bakšienė 2021: 4), siūloma isais a ejais (nea siž elgian į ki čia- The and he p e ix a e ansc ibed in he same way, wi h he TFA closed [djiɛˈnɑ] ~ dienà, balsių ašmenimis pi mojoje dalyje, p z.: [¹ˈpʲiɛnɑs] ~ penas, [²ˈdʲiɛnɑˑ] ~ diẽną, [1ˈpuɔdɑs] ~ púodas, [2ˈjukɔs] ~ juõkas, [juɔˈks] ~ juokùs and . . Di ongiza ions o di e en o igins a e weake , i.e. hey a e ma ked wi h he same le e s, bu abo e he i s le e 4 is w i en a diac i ic, ma king a e y sho oice (English ex a sho ), e.g. [kɔmɔpɔ s] ~ kompò as, [kɔ jɛlj s] ~ ko lɛ a, [ jɛˈjɛe lãljis] ~ ė lis, [ˈlɛpɔji] ~pɛp. In he sys em o high-pi ched owel phonemes, one o he mos p oblema ic in e ms o TFA ma king is he educed owels o he eas e n high-pi ched owels. Bo h he sou he n and he no he n pane ėžys ha e one sho owel in he on and back ows, bu o di e en quan i a i e and quali a i e b igh ness: he sou he n […] less aded, he no he n […] e y aded, called […]mu mamuosius[…] (See also Figu e 1.) 1 PAV. O he Reduced co espondence o sho owels in he sou he n and no he n pane ėžys In ea ly 2017, he TFA collec ion o Li huanian dialec s p oposed o ansc ibe he no he n pane ėžys […]mu mamuosius[…] owels wi h addi ional diac i ic […], ma king he audible elease o he sound. Howe e , his o e is undoub edly a ge ed. A ecen analysis o he TFA diac i ic sys em showed ha his ma k is in ended o explosi e a ian s whe e he "explosion" is no clea ly hea d, i.e. he wo ds do no suddenly all apa , do no mo e away om each o he , and he simila a icula ion is immedia ely assumed (see HIPAA 1999: 17). This is mos o en he case in dū nis, e.g. [ˈpjljɪgbɑjo jɪs] ~ plkbajo is, [dg2ˈbljsjɪs] ~ plu albasis, e c. (see Pake ys 2003: 87). This sc ip is no designed o con ey he cha ac e is ics o oices. The e o e, he only app op ia e solu ion is 4 Acco ding o he case, when he second pa is hea d weake , o example, when ansc ibing he ex s o he Li huanian hymns o Bela us, his diac i ic can also be w i en on he second pa . A icles by A icles 171 Da ka ą dėl aukš aičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos a p au inės one inės abėcėlės ašmenimis (kele as ikslin inų a ejų) in his case […] o ma k he no he n pane ėžys educed owels al eady men ioned in he TFA diac i ic, o exp ess a e y sho owel (ex a sho ), e.g. [1ˈduɔnɑ] ~ dúona, [ˈdoŋgs] ~ dangùs, [1ˈkoːsjnjɪsj] ~ ksnis, [2 jˈɛːsjɛ] ~ sia. I is app op ia e o weaken he educ ion o he sou he n pane ėžys o he same TFA diac i ic, indica ing a lowe ed ascending oice, e.g. [1ˈduɔn], [ˈdŋgs], [1ˈkɑːsjnjɪsj], [2ˈ jːsjɪ]. In ansc ibing he TFA sys em, he quali a i e a ian s o he owels a e sugges ed o consis en ly ma k he back ows o owels o, ū, ų, u, as well as he addi ion o he i s pa o u o he so owels. Phone ic specialis s claim ha i is one o he mos no iceable a ian s o he dialec , whose a icula ion di e s pa icula ly sha ply om he unapp oachable main allophone, and i is sugges ed o be ma ked in he TFA ansc ip ion o he common Li huanian language (Pake ys 2003: 36; Kazlauskienė 2018: 35; VLKK k-25; Kazlauskienė, Bakšienė 2021: 6). Such a balsi pap ika is ma ked wi h he TFA diac i ic […] (ad anced), e.g. [1ˈjoːkjo] ~ jókio, [1ˈsjuːsj] ~ sisiu, [kjɛ2ˈljuː] ~ keli and so on. 2. Wha a e he ad an ages o he TFA label? Iš isų aukš aičių pa a mėms būdingų p iebalsių, TFA ansk ipcijos a ž il- The mos complica ed is he sign o he spide 's web, he spide 's web. In 2017, in he TFA sign se , i was p oposed o desc ibe hem as TFA ica i es wi h pos -la ency (see Bakšienė, Čepai ienė eoliniais p iebalsiais [ʃ], [ʒ], no s jau ada disku uo a dėl šių ženklų ne isiško 2017: 124). Bo h he common Li huanian languages, and especially he ha d and so dialec s o he dialec s, a e ma kedly di e en in hei a icula o y and acous ic p ope ies. A e a ho ough examina ion o he common Li huanian accen ma ks, i is no ed ha TFA pos al eoliniai [], [] a e somewhe e be ween Li huanian ha d and so accen ma ks, bu he e a e also a ious o so ma ks sugges ed by TFA (see mo e widely Pake ys 2003: 71; Amze ičius, Leskauskai ė 2014: 16416; Kazlausė U bana 4763; Ind ičāne, Ja osla ienė, G igo je s 2019: 21,99125 and k .). In addi ion o he classical ha d-and-so opposi ion o his g oup, he a icula o y and acous ic cha ac e is ics o he de-pala alized sounds o many ha d-and-so s ings a e e en mo e dis inc ly di e en om hose o he pala alized s ings (see Amb aze ich's su ey, Leskauskai ė 2014: 38[…]44). The depala ized ibs a e mos cha ac e is ic o sou he n and eas e n highland snails, so when ansc ibing hei ibs in he TFA sys em, o he ha d and so snails, i is possible o choose di e en co espondences, mo e p ecisely, hei p ope ies. In his case, i is necessa y o ix he TFA pos al sys em sys em al eady men ioned, e.g. [2ˈjiɛnɑs] ~ sheen, [km1jiː] ~ kamšý i, [jiɛmˈ] ~ win e , [ˈjɪbɑ] ~ žba; and de-pala alized his, ha […] TFA wi h e o leks [[…]], [[…]], e.g. [2ˈiɛnɑs], [km1iː], [iɛˈmɑɑ], [ˈɪb]. Some high-pi ched syllables, such as he sou he n high-pi ched syllable, a e cha ac e ized by e y so , in e media e consonan s be ween he so s, z, and sh, RIMA BAKŠIENĖ 172 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI [ʃ], [ʒ] su minkš umo diak i iku išlaikan isų minkš ųjų p iebalsių žymėjimo e.g., ma ked TFA wi h al eola pala inal consonan s [], [], e.g., [jɪˈjɪj] ~ is, [jljɪˈds] ~ slidùs, [jɪzj] ~ zzia, [kɑˈjɪːs] ~ kazĩs. When ansc ibing sounds wi h a simple sys em o p eposi ions, such as he wes e n high-pi ched kauniški, o when choosing a simpli ied, non-exhaus i e ansc ip ion a ian , i is possible in all hese cases o go o he ma king o choose he a o emen ioned abb e ia ions o TFA in his line by combining: c […] [ […]s], č […] [ […]], [d[…]z], [d[…]] (ž Dzelušienė, Čepai ienė, Bak, 2017: 124, 125). Howe e , in he gene al language ecommenda ion, hey a e ma ked wi h dig aphs [], [], [], [] mainly o p ac ical easons (see VLKK k-25; Kazlauskienė, Bakšienė 2021: 5), so hey a e ansc ibed analogously o he sounds o he dialec s. I he ansc ibed ex is chosen o be mo e de ailed, he abo e-men ioned p e ixes, i.e. he ašmenis [ʃ], [ʒ] (minkš uosius papildomai žymin su pala alizacijos diak i iku ʲ). Šiek iek ikslin ina i 2017 m. eik a a ika ų ansk ipcija TFA ašmeni- mis. Bu o siūly a a ika as ansk ibuo i d iem a ski ais ašmenimis, i - ma king me hod, a e ma ked wi h he co esponding componen s in A ikaans, e.g. [1ˈsɑmjjɪs] [1ˈsɑms] ~ sám is, [ˈmjjɪs] ou o [ˈmjɛs] ~dis, [2ˈkjɪmjj] [2ˈkjɪm] ~ kis i, [ˈjjjuɪː] [ˈkɪːːːːːːːːːːːːːːː] ~dɪːːːːːːːːːːː] 3. AUKŠTAIČIŲ PROZODINĖ SISTEMA IR DVIGARSINIŲ SKIEMENŲ ŽYMĖJIMAS TFA Aukš aičių p ozodinė sis ema kiek pap as esnė negu žemaičių, ačiau dalyje šnek ų aip pa esama į ai aus laipsnio ki čio a i aukimo bei sa i ų p iegaidžių See also Kazlauskas 2000 [1968]: 59; Bakšienė 2016: 5055 and o he s. The mos common use o he 5-pala al diac i ic is in dialec ome ic measu emen s, such as he compu e p og am Gabmap (see Ne bonne, Colen, Gooskens, Kleiweg, Leinonen 2011: 6589; Leinonen, Kol ekin, Ne bonne 2016: 7183; Snoek 2014: 192208 and k .) o ep esen ansc ip s and calcula e sequences. Acco ding o he Li huanian so sounds, he simila i y o he a icula ed acous ic cha ac e is ics o he TFA sound acous ics (see IPA 2022), i would be possible o w i e he diac i ic as well, bu in his case he p io i y is gi en o he sys emic c i e ion. 6 The same cha ac e s could be used o w i e he al eady a e cases o "squealing" in he no he n Silesian slang, and due o he in luence o Sla ic languages, hey a e said o be pa icula ly so . S aipsniai / A icles 173 Da ka ą dėl aukš aičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos a p au inės one inės abėcėlės ašmenimis (kele as ikslin inų a ejų) The spelling o TFA emains unques ionably he mos p oblema ic pa o he ansc ip ion. This ques ion has al eady been aised in he dialec ological scien i ic p ess (see Bakšienė, Čepai ienė 2017: 126, 127; Bakšienė 2019: 727 and o he s), bu i is acknowledged ha he mos app op ia e ansc ip ion a ian is s ill being sough in o de o adequa ely con ey he di e si y o he spoken dialec s. Two slowly. High-al i ude wai ing a eas7 Tonema Alo onas ma ke posi ion Accen ed Sp ead in he PA and RA The ollowing de ini ions shall apply: (i) a) (i) (i) (ii) (iii) (i ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Ci cum lexion o he uppe i agalė p iegaidė PK + + + con inuous access poin PK (+) […] […] middle access poin PK, AK (+) (+) (+) c ossing poin PK) […] (+) The TFA sys em is no necessa ily a ge ed. You, as he main signpos s, p o ide he TFA wi h he diac i ics […] and […] o he alling one and he ising one. Howe e , a e summa izing mo e heo e ical and ins umen al wo ks on Li huanian guides, he main opinion o esea che s was once again con i med ha his phenomenon in he Li huanian language is no only o a onal na u e. In addi ion, he signs o p eposi ional p onouns a e highly dependen on he cen e o he syllable, he in ona ion sys em, he accen posi ion, and many o he ac o s. In high- ise buildings wi h s ong opposi ion, such as he wes e n high- ise buildings in Kaunas, he a o emen ioned diac i ics may be app op ia e o ix he ballis ic skies, bu he se en sho - e m meanings a e: PK is he main key, AK is he sub ac ing key; + […] common o all a eas and posi ions, (+) […] no common o all a eas and posi ions, o no common o all posi ions; - I 's no . 8 On he websi e o he In e na ional Phone ic Associa ion (IPA 2022), he e a e se e al dic iona y examples o sounds ha sound e y simila o Li huanian accen s wi h oices ha all o ise in pi ch. RIMA BAKŠIENĖ 180 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI, con aining he ollowing sec ions: The i s pa o he a icle p esen s he gene alized Augus ian sys em o ocalism, educed discusses he ansc ip ion o phonemes and hei a ian s by he IPA symbols. I highligh s hose Aukš ai ian owel elemen s, which a e mos oublesome in e ms o ansc ibing. The owels o he Eas e n Augus ian o Pane ėžys ha ing he s a us o independen phonemes a e conside ed such elemen s. I is pa icula ly p oblema ic o p ope ly con ey he owels om he subdialec o No he n Panem, which ha e unde gone a s ong quan i a i e and quali a i e educ ion. The a icle discusses he possible IPA symbols o be used o he ansc ip ion o hese owels. The second pa analyses he ques ions o ansc ibing Aukš ai ian consonan s by he IPA symbols. Mos a en ion is paid o he consonan s š, ž and a ica es. As hei a icula o y and acous ic p ope ies do no co espond o he IPA equi alen s mos o all, i is a emp ed o ind as accu a e a a ian o hei ansc ip ion as possible. The hi d pa is de o ed o discussing he ansc ip ion o Augus ian pi ch accen s and hei allo ones by he IPA symbols. I also e iews he ansc ip ion o he syllables con aining diph hongs and gi es some ansc ibed examples. Due o he inconsis encies in he u e ance o pi ch accen s, he syllables o his g oup ha e an especially high numbe o posi ional a ian s. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. TFA on s a e o e ed o high-pi ched ad ice sounds13 This is Copenhagen. ansk ipcija TFA TFA nume is Unikodas The Balsai [a][ɑ] 305 0251 This is no he case. [[…]] 313 0252 Wha is he meaning o he name […]? [α][ɐ] 324 0250 [e][ɛ] 303 025B [a] [b] 325 00E6 The ollowing able is inse ed: [E] 326 025C [E] 326 025C [E] 326 025C [E] 326 025C [E] 326 025 C [E] 326 025 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] [ə][ə] 322 0259 [] [e] 302 0065 This is no he case. [E] 302 + 430 0065 + 031E This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. [][ɘ] 397 0258 [[…]][[…]] 397 + 430 0258 + 031E This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. [i] [i] 301 + 503 0069 + 02D0 [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] 301 + 504 0069 + 02D1 [i] 301 + 504 0069 + 02D1 [i] 301 + 504 0069 + 02D1 [i] 301 + 504 0069 + 02D1 13 P epa ed on he basis o he TFA w i en ecommenda ion o he ansc ip ion o he common language (see VLKK k-25). Only dialec s ha di e om he common language a e p o ided. I'm going o b eak down he possible ansc ip ion a ian s in de ail, see sec ion 2 o he a icle o mo e in o ma ion. I he equi ed spelling is compiled om he main symbol and he diac i ic, indica e he codes o bo h. S aipsniai / A icles 181 Da ka ą dėl aukš aičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos a p au inės one inės abėcėlės ašmenimis (kele as ikslin inų a ejų) This is Copenhagen. ansk ipcija TFA TFA nume is Unikodas [I][][] 319 026A This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. [ы][ɨ] 317 0268 [[…]][[…]] 319 + 432 026A + 032F This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. [O] [O] 307 006F [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] 307 + 430 006F + 031E This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. [ɔ][ɔ] 306 0254 [u] 308 + 503 0075 + 02D0 [u] 308 + 504 0075 + 02D1 [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [[…]] 321 028A This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. [], [υ][] 321 + 430 028A + 031E [][] 321 + 432 028A + 032F P iebals and A icans [[…]] [[…]] 134 136 0283 [[…]] 0282 [[…]] [[…]] 134 + 421 182 0283 + 02B2 0255 […] is he name o he game. [[…]] 182 0255 This is no he case. [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.] [c] [[…]] - 02A6 The ollowing able is inse ed: [[…]][[…]j] - 02A6 + 02B2 […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] <unk [] [] [] - 02A7 02A6 + 0322 [] [] [] - 02A7 + 02B2 02A8 / o [[…]] - 02A8 This is he i s ime I' e seen his. [ʒ][ʣ] - 02A3 [][ʣʲ] - 02A3 + 02B2 [[…]][[…]] [[…]] - 02A4 02A3 + 0322 [[…]][[…]j] [[…]] - 02A4 + 02B2 02A5 is he name o he game. [[…]][[…]] - 02A5 The ollowing able is inse ed: [ ] 150 028B [w][β] 127 03B2 and [N] [N] 119 014B Wha is he name o he coun y? [x] [x] 140 0078 This is no he case. [h][] 141 0263 Wha is he name o he coun y? O he ma ks · (leng h) ː 503 02D0 . (leng h) […] 504 02D1 a hal (a) and (i) ( educed) […] 505 0306 […], […] ([…]mu mamieji[…] balls) […] 505 0306 […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] < ‘ / ’/  (so ness) j 421 02B2 RIMA BAKŠIENĖ 182 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI and i s annexes This is Copenhagen. ansk ipcija TFA TFA nume is Unikodas […] (bu ning) […] 403 032C […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning is also used […] ( loa ing) […] 402A 0325 […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) <unk) […] ( loa ing) <unk) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) <unk) […] ( loa ing) <unk) […] ( loa ing) <unk) […] ( loa ing) <unk) […] ( loa ing) <unk) […] ( loa ing ( ecei ing) […] 413 031F (basic […] 501 02C8 o skiemuo) ki is, sho ened […] (side ence) […] 502 02CC […] ( i ap adė p iegaidė) 1 o 00B9 […] ( i ap adė p iegaidė) 1 o 00B9 […] ( i ap adė p iegaidė) 1 o 00B9 […] ( i ap adė p iegaidė) ( i agalė 2 - 00B2 as i s allo men s […] con inuous, middle, c oss ancho age ancho age, as well […] (clicks) […] 509 203F This is no he case. - (skiemens iba a p d iejų balsių) .506 002E ǀ (sin agmos he in e nal pause) […] 507 007C […] (pause a he end o syn agma) […] 508 2016 […] (in ended ca pe ) […] 510 2197 […] ( alling in ona ion) […] 511 2198 Wha is he meaning o he name […]? This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The ollowing is a lis o he ansla ions o he D ibalsis / d iga sis (bk ašmenimis) i ap adis i agalis ki čiuo as ęs ine p iegaide ki čiuo as idu ine / ki s ine wo dialec s o he dialec : English, F ench, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man. Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, The ollowing is a lis o he mos common ways o ansc ibing high-le el ad ice, illus a ing he gene al p inciples o TFA ansc ip ion w i ing. I is unde s ood ha he e may also be a ian s o di e en ypes o wins, hey a e w i en acco ding o he speci ic ad ice. The ollowing ables a e inse ed in Annex I Da ka ą dėl aukš aičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos a p au inės one inės abėcėlės ašmenimis (kele as ikslin inų a ejų) D ibalsis / d iga sis (bk ašmenimis) i ap adis i agalis ki čiuo as ęs ine p iegaide ki čiuo as idu ine / ki s ine o his Regula ion: [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [] [] [*] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [¹æˑn] /[¹ɛˑl], [¹ɛˑ ], [¹ɛˑm], [¹ɛˑn] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []] [] [] [] [] [] [] []] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [ɛmˑ²] [²æˑlˑ], [²æˑ ˑ], [²æˑnˑ], [²æˑmˑ] / [²ɛˑlˑ], [²ɛˑ ˑ], [²ɛˑnˑ], [²ɛˑmˑ] []] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] [] [] [] [] [] []] [] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] [²ɛn], [²ɛm] [] [] [] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] [] [] [] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [n], [m] [l], [ ], [n], [m] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [1ul], [1u ], [1un], [1um][1uːl], [1uː ], [1uːn], [1uːm] I was deli e ed on 29 Ap il 2022. [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] RIMA BAKŠIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.