Žodžių spekuliacija, spekuliantas ir spekuliuoti reikšmių pokyčiai

164 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIX ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ORCID id: orcid.org/0000-0001-8775-788X Research areas include semantics, lexicology, lexicography, and computer linguistics. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Changes in meaning Changes in Meanings of Words speculation, speculator, and speculate This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. The article presents a study of word speculation, speculative and speculative meanings, the purpose of which is to determine the changes in the meanings of the words under study on the basis of colloquial (interpretive) and specialized vocabulary and the current Lithuanian spelling. Thus, the article examines how many and what meanings of the words under study are recorded in the dictionaries of the Lithuanian, English and Russian languages, examines prielaidos, kokios priežastys lėmė naujų reikšmių atsiradimą ir kt. what the current use of the Lithuanian script indicates, raises the following ESMINIAI WORDS: word speculation, word speculating, word speculating, changes in meanings, definitions of meanings, dictionary. ANNOTATION The article delves into a comprehensive examination of the meanings associated with the words speculation, speculator and speculate. Its primary objective is to discern shifts in the meanings of these words by drawing from general (explanatory) and special dictionaries alongside contemporary usage of the Lithuanian written language. The discussion within the article explores the breadth and variations of meanings attributed to these words across Lithuanian, English, and Russian dictionaries. It further examines insights derived from the current usage trends in the Lithuanian written language while also offering conjectures about the reasons for the emergence of new meanings. KEYWORDS: word speculation, word speculator, word speculate, changes in meanings, definitions, dictionary. Articles of the Žodžių spekuliacija, spekuliantas ir spekuliuoti reikšmių pokyčiai Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the application of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion of equal opportunities for men and women At first glance, it may seem that the words speculation, speculator, and speculate are very clear, easy to understand, and recognizable. However, a lot of questions start to arise when considering the meaning of these words. Thus, the vocabulary šio straipsnio tyrimo objektas – žodžių spekuliacija, spekuliantas ir spekuliuoti reikšmės, jų pokyčiai. Tyrimo tikslas – remiantis bendraisiais ir specialiaisiais and the current Lithuanian script have been used to determine the changes in the meanings of the words under study. To this end, the following tasks are set out: 1) to study the definitions of the words under consideration in the general and special dictionaries of the Lithuanian, English and Russian languages; (2) to distinguish the main characteristics chosen in defining the meanings of the words nėje lietuvių rašto kalboje. Tyrimo metodai – aprašomasis-lyginamasis ir seunder consideration; 3) to investigate the present-day analysis of the words under consideration. As Rita Miliūnaitė says, the changes in the meanings of […][ž]odžių, especially related to the development and violations of norms, are very little studied in the Lithuanian language. So far, no clear criteria have been formulated for evaluating various variations in the meanings of words, except for a few general theoretical statements and examples (Miliūnaitė 2022: 161). When explaining the changes in the meanings of words, it is important to determine under what circumstances and nyksta arba transformuojasi (Miliūnaitė 2022: 161). Dažniausiai nurodomi kewhy new meanings arise, and some meanings, on the contrary, resulted in different ways of meaning - denotation and connotation. Aloyzas Gudavičius distinguishes four classes of denotations: […]1) the prototypical denotation, 2) the extended or narrowed denotatą, 3) prototipinio denotato naują aspektą ir 4) naują denotatą. Atitinkamai daugiareikšmiame žodyje galima būtų skirti keturias semantines zonas, atspindinčias šiuos tarpusavyje susijusius denotatus bei žodžio galimybes įvardyti pasaulio elementus, kitais žodžiais – žodžio semantinės raidos kryptis“ (plačiau žr. Gudavičius 2013: 75). This is the first time that the Commission has been able to do so. Remdamasi Evalda Jakaitiene (1986: 102), R. Miliūnaitė skiria šiuos pagrinother sources of transfer of the meanings of words: 1) semantic values (semantic values), 2) translations of the Lithuanian language, 3) variation of the Lithuanian language substandard and 4) the common language system itself (Miliūnaitė 2022: 162). Thus, the article will further examine how many and what kind of meanings of the words under study exist (are recorded) in dictionaries and dictionaries, and what assumptions are made that led to the emergence of new meanings. Research sources and empirical material. When investigating the meanings of the words speculation, speculative and speculate, not only Lithuanian, but also other languagesEnglish, Russiansources are used. According to Aloysius tyrimai yra labai svarbūs nustatant tikrovės kategorizacijos ypatybes kalboje, kuGudavicius, the adjacent semantic rios […] bene[…] are most clearly reflected in ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 166 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIX the structure of the meaning of the word, and this is most pronounced when reikšmėmis“ (Gudavičius 2009: 93). Pasak Kristinos Rutkovskos ir kt., „[k]albinio vieneto reikšmė, kaip žmonių pasaulio interpretacijos rezultatas, yra nulemta kultūros, ir tai [...] turi būti parodyta definicijoje“ (Rutkovska ir kt. 2017: 30). Kitaip tariant, skirtingų tautų žodynuose tie patys žodžiai gali būti apibrėžti compared with other meanings and especially with those of other languages differently, i.e. to highlight those of them that are important and recognizable to the people of a particular nation. Therefore, this article is based on (1) the common Lithuanian dictionary (DLKŽ8e), vių kalbos žodynais – Lietuvių kalbos žodynu (LKŽe), Dabartinės lietuvių kalthe special dictionary […] the International Dictionary of Words (TŽŽ) and the dictionary […] the modern dictionary of Lithuanian language (ND); In addition to the English-language dictionary, there are two English-language dictionaries: the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (CAMBRIDGE), the Collins English Dictionary (COLLINS), the Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Thesaurus (MERRIAM-WEBSTER), the Oxford Learner's Dictionaries (OXFORD) and the Russian-language dictionary (MAKS), the Russian Semantic Dictionary (SEM) and the Russian Dictionary (TSO). The current Lithuanian script is based on the current Lithuanian language text (DLKT). The search engine Google is used to browse texts on the Internet. The examples discussed in the article are selected from DLKT beauty, blackness2, administrative literature and publicistic texts. In total, about 1,000 speculative words, about 500 speculative verbs, and about 450 examples of verbs that are used to analyze words were reviewed. When examining tavardžio spekuliantas pavyzdžių. Peržiūrėta dauguma paieškos sistema Google the examples from both sources, the question arises as to how many and what meanings the examples of the words under study indicate. 1 These sources are chosen because they are the most representative of their category. Another representative source of the lexicon is the Common Lithuanian Language Dictionary (BLKŽ), but since the dictionary is still being prepared, the words that appear in the raide are not yet publicly available. 2 DLKT black literature includes scientific, educational, cognitive and other literature. Articles of the 167th Žodžių spekuliacija, spekuliantas ir spekuliuoti reikšmių pokyčiai 1. Speculation in the arts 1.1. Daiktavardžio spekuliacija3 apibrėžtys lietuvių, in English and Russian dictionaries To start talking about the speculative definition of a noun, it is best to have a bendruosius (aiškinamuosius) lietuvių kalbos žodynus4 – LKŽe, DLKŽ8e, ir special dictionary […] TŽŽ (see table 1). One LENTEL. Definitions of the word speculation in Lithuanian dictionaries ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS5 LKJ 1. trade aimed at easy profit; the law prohibits the purchase and sale of goods at higher prices 2. stock exchange operations […] the purchase and sale of various values in order to obtain a difference in exchange rate The third. abstract reasoning unrelated to practice and experience DLKŽ8e 1. trade aimed at easy profit; buying and selling goods at higher prices 2. stock exchange operations […] buying and selling of various securities to obtain a exchange rate differential The third. abstract speculation, unrelated to practice and experience TŽŽ (Latin speculatio […] follow-up, survey, observation) 1. purchase of goods, securities, currencies in the hope of reselling and earning from the expected price difference 2. The laws of the USSR prohibit the purchase and sale of goods at higher prices 3. philos. abstract pronunciation, unrelated to practice, experience From table 1 it can be seen that three speculative meanings of a noun are fixed in dictionaries. The definitions of the meanings of this word are almost identical in LKŽ and DLKŽ8e. As can be seen, the first definition of speculation refers to trade (without specifying its types) in order to make easy money, e.g. Speculation in land plots (LKŽe). Small speculation (LKŽe), in the second definition […] stock exchange operations, i.e. buying and selling of various values, in order to get the meaning of the word speculation. 4 The speculative definition of the word BLKZ has not yet been provided, the word is included in the 3 Straipsnyje daiktavardis spekuliavimas atskirai nenagrinėjamas, kadangi jo reikšmės sutampa su Interlinear. In the 5th column, the definitions of the words under consideration are recorded in the dictionaries without illustrative pauses. vyzdžių. Apibrėžtys iš anglų ir rusų kalbų į lietuvių kalbą verstos šio teksto autorės. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 168 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIX course difference (to be filled in). As regards the second part of the definition of the first meaning (submitted after the introduction), the LKŽ is fixed as ‘the purchase and sale of goods prohibited by the law. DLKZ8e such part of the definition is not recorded. The definitions of the third philosophical meaning in both dictionaries are the same, e.g. […]abstract reasoning, unrelated to practice and experience[…]6. to sell the purchase and earn from the TŽŽ pirma reikšmės apibrėžtis apima ‘prekių, vertybinių popierių, valiutų expected price difference. The definition contains the term ‘speculative price differential, which is not mentioned by either LKŽ or DLKŽ8. In the definition of the second meaning, the method of employment typical of the USSR period is fixed […] the laws prohibit the purchase and sale of goods at higher prices, see. VLEe: […]Speculation in the USSR was considered an economic crime, it is unavoidable in market economy countries, but speculation in the black market in deficit goods (such as food during war, embargo, natural disasters, tickets for sports matches or other events) entails administrative or criminal liability[…]7. The word "speculative" is an international word, so it is appropriate to look at it as it is defined in English and Russian dictionaries (see table 2). Two slowly. Definitions of the word speculation in English dictionaries ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS This is OXFORD81. forming an opinion about what happened or what may happen without knowing all the facts 2. buying and selling goods or shares in companies in the hope of making a profit, but at the risk of losing money. 6 VLEe fixed similar speculation definition, see […]a theoretical way of knowing that is based not on sensory experience or scientific achievements, but on reflection, abstraction and other ways of thinking[…]. See also 7. The Commission therefore concludes that the aid is compatible with the internal market within the meaning of Article 107 (3) (c) TFEU. Speculation is the act of forming opinions about what has happened or what might happen without knowing all the facts. 2. the activity of buying and selling goods or shares in a company in the hope of making a profit, but with the risk of losing money. Speculation is the activity of guessing possible answers to a question without having enough information to be certain. the act of speculating in order to make a profit. Straipsniai / Articles 169 Žodžių spekuliacija, spekuliantas ir spekuliuoti reikšmių pokyčiai ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS COLLINS: An act or event of speculation, an assumption, theory, or opinion formed in speculation, an investment involving high risk but with the possibility of high return. MERRIAMand WEBSTER11 speculative action or case: (a) Taking unusual business risks in the hope of obtaining appropriate returns b) a transaction involving such speculation As can be seen from the definitions given in table 2, the word speculation in English dictionaries (OXFORD, CAMBRIDGE, COLLINS) is most often associated with the two verbs […] 1) speculation, speculation, consideration (assumption made without facts, without information or pan), e.g. His personal life is the subject of much speculation. Speculation in the sale of goods in order to make a profit, but at the risk of losing money, e.g. This is Spekuliacijos nafta, in euros (OXFORD). Some dictionaries (COLLINS, with high risk and with the possibility of high profit) also mention unusual business risk and transactions expecting to make a corresponding profit. It is interesting that jo ateities planus13 (CAMBRIDGE) ir 2) prekių (įmonių akcijų ar pan.) pirkithe definitions given in the MERRIAM-WEBSTER dictionary do not record the meaning related to speculation, speculation, consideration, making assumptions, but separate MERRIAM-WEBSTER) minima ne šiaip prekyba, bet investicijos, susijusios (not to definitions) examples of the dictionary indicate something else, e.g. He rejected their theories as mere speculation. His speculations leave many unanswered questions. 10 English speculation 1. the act or an instance of speculating; 2. a supposition, theory, or opinion arrived at through speculating; 3. investment involving high risk but also the possibility of high profits. 11 Speculation an act or instance of speculating: such as a: assumption of unusual business risk 12 His in hopes of obtaining commensurate gain; b: a transaction involving such speculation. private life is the subject of much speculation. 13 English Speculation about his future plans is rife. 14 English He dismissed their theories as mere speculation. 15 English Her speculations leave many questions unanswered. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 170 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIX In Russian dictionaries, the word speculation is distinguished by two homonyms […] the first related in a broad sense to trade, the second […] to philosophical speculations16 (see table 3). 3 LENTEL[…]. What is it? Definitions of the word speculation in Russian dictionaries ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS MAKS17 speculation 1 1. buying and selling goods at higher prices for a profit 2. in capitalist countries: a stock market game in which the price of securities increases or decreases 3. the following paragraph is inserted: calculation, intention based on something, use of something for selfish purposes spekuliacija2 books. philosophical reflections SEM18 speculation 1 1. vertybinių popierių (akcijų, obligacijų), valiutos pirkimas ir pardavimas, siekiant pasipelnyti iš skirtumo tarp pirkimo ir pardavimo kainos (kurso) 2. turto, vertybių, prekių pirkimas ir pardavimas siekiant pelno speculation2 psn. knyg. filosofiniai samprotavimai 16 By defining the verb to speculate and the noun speculant such a meaning is not recorded in Russian dictionaries. The 17th. speculation 1. Purchase of goods and resale of them at inflated prices for the purpose of наживы. 2. В капиталистических странах: биржевая игра на повышение или понижение курса ценных бумаг. 3. перен. Расчет, умысел, основанный на чем-л., использование чего-л. в корыстных целях. спекуляция2 книжн. философское умозрительное построение. 18 What Does the Bible Really Teach? speculation 1. Purchase and sale of stock (shares, bonds, currencies) с целью получения прибыли от разницы между покупной и продажной ценой (курсом) (спец.). 2. Скупка и перепродажа имущества, ценностей, товаров с целью наживы. спекуляция2 (устар. книжн.). Философское умозрительное построение. Articles by Articles 171 Žodžių spekuliacija, spekuliantas ir spekuliuoti reikšmių pokyčiai ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS TSOŠ19 speculation1 1. vertybinių popierių (akcijų, obligacijų), valiutos pirkimas ir pardavimas, siekiant pasipelnyti iš skirtumo tarp pirkimo ir pardavimo kainos (kurso) 2. turto, vertybių, prekių pirkimas ir pardavimas siekiant pelno 3. the following paragraph is inserted: In the Russian language, the word "speculation" has two meanings related to trade, i.e. it defines different objects of purchase […] 1) the buying and selling of goods, assets, values and 2) the psn. knyg. filosofiniai samprotavimai buying and selling of securities (shares, bonds), currency (exchange operations). The definition of the homonym of other speculation in dictionaries coincides with "philosophical reasoning", e.g. Idealistic speculation 20. To summarize what has been said, it should first be said that the three-language dictionaries examined by the speculation of the word differ in the definitions of meanings (and their number), for example, "the conscious use of something (someone) for selfish purposes"21 is recorded only in the Russian dictionaries, o sp sp, spelling; the consideration; the meaning of making assumptions is recorded only in English dictionaries, although Lithuanian dictionaries record a meaning semantically close to the aforementioned meaning […] abstract reasoning, not ir patyrimu’. Žinoma, visuose žodynuose fiksuojama daiktavardžio spekuliacija related to the practice of trade. Some Lithuanian-language dictionaries also record the reality of the USSR period […] the prohibition of the purchase and sale of goods by law at higher prices. The analysis of the definitions of nouns by speculation and the aggregation of fixed signs (see table 4) showed that some words emphasize different signs of meanings (see pukimus). For example, in the case of trade-related 19 Ru. speculation 1. Purchase and sale of stock (shares, bonds, currencies) целью получения прибыли от разницы между покупной и продажной ценой (курсом) (спец.). 2. Скупка и перепродажа имущества, ценностей, товаров с целью наживы. 3. перен. Расчёт, умысел, направленный на использование чего-н. в своих корыстных целях. спекуляция2 (устар. книжн.). Философское умозрительное построение. The 20th. Idealistic speculations. 21 For the sake of brevity, the definitions of meanings are summarised here. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ In the Acta Linguistica Lituanae LXXIX, it is mentioned that the easy passive is fixed in LKŽ, DLKŽ8e, the Oxford, COLLINS, MERRIAM-WEBSTER and so on. All of tymų draudžiamas supirkinėjimas – LKŽe, TŽŽ, rizika (prarasti pinigus) – these features are valid when editing a lexical speculation article. 4 LENTEL[…]. What is it? The speculation of a noun, the association of traits fixed in the definition of meanings Lithuanian language language Russian English language vocabulary vocabulary Primary school pupils Trade Easy to earn Goods, securities, assets, securities, transactions bonds), Prohibited by Exchange game SSRI price Difference in Spent price difference Increased prices and Worth to Goods, corporate investments, Currency risk (loss law Unusual business commerce and commerce earn shares, Goods, securities of money) (shares, currency risk action (exchange rate) differential course Didesnė prices The formation of an opinion, a conjecture, an assumption, a theory Faktų nežinojimas Abstract reasoning Philosophical reasoning Who's who panaudojimas, savanaudiški tikslai The speculation of the word "thing" 1.2. Examples found in DLKT and Google show that the noun speculation has several meanings22: 22 The definitions of meanings here (and in the analogous parts of the article) are given in the summary. When formulating lexicographic articles of the words under consideration, the meanings should be expanded and clarified. Articles of the 179th Article a) ‘A person engaged in the purchase and sale Žodžių spekuliacija, spekuliantas ir spekuliuoti reikšmių pokyčiai of goods, property, values for the purpose of making easy money, e.g. : (1) Banks have learned from their mistakes and intend to make loans worse for real estate speculators who buy a few apartments and hope to make a lot of money later by selling them at a higher price. (Google) (2) How I don't have a nicer suit than the one we bought from a speculator in the fall of that year. On the street of Daukanto [...]. (DLKT) This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. (3) A market speculator who often pays no taxes wins. (DLKT) (4) Money was sought in the most sophisticated ways - by collecting taxes and fees, collecting fines, confiscating and selling speculative goods. As can be seen from the examples (see paragraphs 3 and 4), the speculator may also have a negative assessment. Pasitaiko pavyzdžių, kuriuose minimas spekuliantas, su kuriuo sovietiniais In the past, there was fighting, for example. : (5) Independent Lithuanian businessmen were born from speculators […] this is exactly what business daigai were called in Soviet times and they were fiercely fought against. This is Google. (6) There was a man who sold another car and was convicted of speculation. (DLKT) This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. b) "Shares speculator", e.g. (7) Investors and speculators differ in that investors invest for the long term, whereas speculators trade stocks much more frequently in order to profit from short-term stock price fluctuations. This is Google. (8) Some speculators, who trade stocks every day, accumulate wealth or at least survive by doing so. It cannot be denied that speculators play an important role in the stock market. This is Google. (10) According to A. Rimkaus, during the trading, the price of […]Lisco[…] shares fluctuated between LIT 3 and LIT 3.30, which provided a fairly good opportunity for stock market speculators. However, there are examples where it is difficult to distinguish between the two meanings without context, e.g. (11) A speculator is a person who, using fluctuations in the price and value of an asset (financial or physical), seeks quick profits. (Google) (12) Speculators tend to focus on short-term investments. (Google) (13) Speculators take financial risks, keep a close eye on changes, and react quickly. This is Google. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 180 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIX (14) Dėl agresyvaus greito pelno siekio sąvoka „spekuliantas“ dažnai turi neiIt's a reflection of me. This is Google. (15) In fact, speculators are probably the most professional investors, who feel the pulse of the market best. The above examples show that the speculator seeks quick profits by using price fluctuations (see example 11), that he usually focuses on short-term investments (see example 12), takes financial risks (see example 13), and so on. The speculative character of a generic noun, the signs of its meanings in the picture. The PAV. The speculator of a noun, the adjectives of a noun 3. The speculative activity 3.1 Definitions of the verb speculate in Lithuanian, English and Russian dictionaries and dictionaries of the Lithuanian language (LKŽe, DLKŽ8e, TŽŽ) and dictionaries (ND) are provided with definitions of the verb speculate (see table 8). Articles of the Articles 181 and 8 of the LENTEL. Definitions of the verb Žodžių spekuliacija, spekuliantas ir spekuliuoti reikšmių pokyčiai speculate in Lithuanian dictionaries and dictionaries ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS LKŽe 1. to trade in order to make an easy profit; buying goods and selling them at higher prices 2. knowingly using what for selfish purposes DLKŽ8everstis, engaging in speculation TŽŽ verstis, engaging in speculation ND spending, speculating; to be considered; As can be seen, the meaning of the verb speculate is defined quite abstractly, e.g. ‘to translate, to engage in speculation. It is not clear from this definition which of the speculative meanings (both DLK and TZ) is meant. Although it can be assumed that all the meanings of the word "speculation" are meant by the verbs "to go, to engage" used in the definition, pateiktos abiejuose žodynuose. In addition to the meaning related to trade, another meaning is given conscious use of something for selfish purposes, e.g. Your son is acting like some kind of gentleman: lying, cheating and speculating in his father's name. It should be recalled that the meaning of such a noun speculation is recorded in the dictionaries of the Russian language (MAKS ir TSOŠ) (plačiau žr. 1.1 poskyrį), lietuvių kalbos žodynai tokios daiktavardžio reikšmės nepateikia. ND is recorded in the common new speculative meaning ‘to speculate, to speculate; to be considered; to make assumptions (see also 1.2 postulate, the speculation of the word in the future), e.g. At the beginning of the pandemic, it was speculated that seasonal weather patterns could influence the spread of COVID-19, it was considered that the virus may spread more easily in colder, drier winters and less easily in metų laiku. Galbūt tai nuo Lukašenkos režimo bėgantys žmonės? Apie tai daug spewarmer, wetter winters, but only 418 asylum requests were submitted in Lithuania since 2020. Only about half of these requests (206) were granted. It can be speculated that the practical need for shelter is not very great, the only thing that matters to a person is to be admitted to the country. The following is how the verb speculate is defined in English dictionaries (see table 9). 30 LKZ gives only one example, and that is from the written language. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 182 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIX This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. The 9th LENTEL. The verb speculate (English: speculate) defines the risk of žodynuose ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS OXFORD31 1. susidaryti nuomonę apie ką nors nežinant visų detalių ar faktų 2. pirkti prekes, nekilnojamąjį turtą, akcijas ir t. t., tikintis gauti losing money while earning money. CAMBRIDGE32 1. spėti galimus atsakymus į klausimą, kai nėra pakankamai information to be sure 2. buying and selling, hoping that the value of the purchased commodity will increase and that it can be sold for a higher price, in order to make a profit COLLINS33 1. speculating on the nature, identity, or future of the commodity 2. Sell at a higher price and make money MERRIAMand WEBSTER34 is intransitive 1. a) svarstyti tam tikra tema b) to glance at something in vain or at random and often without results 2. prisiimti verslo riziką tikintis pelno tranzityvinis 1. to believe that it is true on the basis of insufficient evidence without sufficient evidence, information, 2. domėtis ar abejoti Kaip matyti iš 9-os lentelės, anglų kalbos žodynuose veiksmažodis spekuliuoti turi dvi reikšmes. Visuose tirtuose žodynuose pirma pateikta reikšmės apibrėžtis susijusi su nuomonės susidarymu, spėjimu, teoretizavimu, svarstymu ar pan. e.g. Everyone was speculating who the stranger was. Journalists are speculating on whether there will be a reduction in interest rates. [intransitive, transitive] to form an opinion about something without knowing sell them, but with the risk of losing money. 32 speculate to guess possible answers to a question all the details or facts; 2. to buy goods, property, shares, etc., hoping to make a profit when you when you do not have enough information to be certain; Buy and sell in the hope that the value of what you buy will increase and that it can then be sold at a higher price in order to make a profit. 33 English speculate 1. If you speculate about something, you make guesses about its nature or identity, or about what might happen; 2.If someone speculates financially, they buy property, stocks, or shares, in the hope of being able to sell them again at a higher price and make a profit. English: Speculate intransitive verb 1a: to meditate on or ponder a subject. b: to review something idly or casually and often inconclusively; 2: to assume a business risk in hope of gain; especially: to make a relatively risky investment in something (such as stocks or real estate) in the hope of making a large short-term profit from market fluctuations; Transitive verb: to take to be true on the basis of insufficient evidence. 2: to be curious or doubtful about. Articles of the rules of Article 183 (CAMBRIDGE). Critics of the project speculate Žodžių spekuliacija, spekuliantas ir spekuliuoti reikšmių pokyčiai on how many hospitals could be built in their place (COLLINS). We don't know what happened, we can only speculate. From the examples given, it is clear that in such cases, when translating into Lithuanian, the verbs tikks and veiksmažodžiai can be used to "try to say correctly without knowing" (DLKŽ8e), to "evaluate the available data in order to draw a conclusion" (DLKŽ8e) or to combine words to make an assumption. The second definition of speculate given in the English dictionaries is related to trade, i.e. goods, real estate, stocks, etc. likes to speculate on the stock market (OXFORD). He earned his money by speculating on rising land prices. The pirkimu ir pardavimu tikintis gauti pelno rizikuojant prarasti pinigus, pvz.: Jis definitions of the meanings of the verb speculate in Russian dictionaries are as Londono aukso ir sidabro rinkose (CAMBRIDGE). Stambūs ūkininkai kraustosi, follows: tos 10-oje lentelėje. In the Russian-language dictionaries that have been studied, the word speculate usually has three meanings. The first two meanings (in the SEM and TSS su prekyba, tik pirmos reikšmės objektas yra būtent biržos operacijos. Trečia dictionaries) are related to the second meaning (in the MAKS dictionary) which is related to the conscious use of something for selfish purposes, e.g. Speculate on temporary hardship, someone else's hardship, someone else's misfortune (SEM). Speculate on who I feel sorry for, good (SEM)37. Analysis of the definition of the verb speculate in Lithuanian, English and Russian dictionaries shows that there are differences in definitions not only between dictionaries, but also in the word itself, for example, the LKZ recorded the meaning of speculate […]consciously use something for self-interest[…], and such a meaning is not given in the speculative lexicographical article. One of the definitions of speculation states that "the law prohibits the purchase and sale of goods at higher prices", whereas the speculative lexicological article does not record this meaning, etc. It is precisely this presentation of meanings in dictionaries that has led to the use of (earlier times) and (or) certain principles of dictionary spelling. 35 English They were all speculating as to the identity of the stranger. Journalists are speculating about whether interest rates will be cut (CAMBRIDGE). Critics of the project speculate about how many hospitals could be built instead (COLLINS). We dont know what happened we can only speculate (MERRIAM-WEBSTER). 36 English He likes to speculate on the stock market. He made his money speculating on the London gold and silver markets (CAMBRIDGE). Big farmers are moving in, in order to speculate with rising land prices (COLLINS). The 37th. To speculate on time difficulties, on other people's difficulties, on someone else's. I'm in the way. Спекулировать на чьей-н. жалости, доброте. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 184 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIX This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. 10 of LENTEL. Definitions of the verb speculate in Russian dictionaries ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS MAKS38 1. pirkti ir perparduoti siekiant pelno 1) buying and selling of securities traded on the stock exchange for the purpose of making a profit (from the difference between the buying and selling prices) 2. buying and selling for profit 3. knowingly using something for selfish purposes TSOŠ40 1. spekuliuoti biržose 2. to buy, to sell, to make a profit 3. to consciously use something for one's own purposes (mink) 3.2 The verb to speculate Examples found by DLKT and Google indicate that the verb speculate has three meanings: (a) ‘to sell in order to make an easy profit, (b) ‘to knowingly use something for selfish purposes, and (c) to guess, to guess; to be considered; to make assumptions. Each meaning is discussed in more detail below. (a) "To trade in order to make an easy profit". As the examples show, it can be speculated in currency rates (see example 1), commodities (see example 2), currency markets (see example 4), bitcoins (see example 5) and so on. Speculating for profit, but at the risk of losing money, e.g. (1) It can be used not only to reduce risks, but also to speculate, i.e. to try to earn money by taking advantage of currency exchange rate fluctuations. (DLKT) 39 Rupees and speculate 1. engaged in the purchase and sale of exchange-traded securities for the purpose of: 38 Ru. спекулировать 1. Заниматься спекуляцией 1 (в 1 знач.). 2. перен. Строить свои планы, расчеты на чем-л., использовать что-л. в корыстных целях. получения прибыли (от разницы между покупной и продажной ценой) (спец.). 2. Заниматься скупкой и перепродажей с целью наживы. 3. перен. Умышленно использовать что-н. в своих корыстных целях (неодобр.). 40 Rupees or more speculate 1. In exchange speculations 1 (in 1 sign) (special). 2. Get busy спекуляцией 1 (во 2 знач.), скупкой, перепродажей с целью наживы. 3. перен. Умышленно использовать что-н. в своих целях (неодобр.). Straipsniai / Articles 185 Žodžių spekuliacija, spekuliantas ir spekuliuoti reikšmių pokyčiai (2) Kita vertus, investuoti į pačias žaliavas taip pat nėra praktiška – dėl sanThey would be much more expensive to speculate on because of the cost of assembly and transport. (DLKT) This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. (3) While experts advise against experimenting in the passive market, players claim not to avoid speculating. (DLKT) (4) In 1992, speculating in the currency market, he bet the German mark against the English pound sterling and is believed to have made about a billion dollars. This is Google. In other words, Bitcoin can be speculated with the aim of making a profit, but at the same time at the risk of losing the investment. (Google) There are examples of the reality of the Soviet Union's prohibited buying and selling of goods, such as: (6) A pensioner who spent his whole life with his back to the government and didn't realize that there would be more losses if there were Soviet speculation. (DLKT) Some examples show the differences between trading and speculation, lending and speculation, e.g. : (7) Žemė tampa preke, ja galima prekiauti ir spekuliuoti. (DLKT) (8) We do not speculate abroad, but lend money to local consumers. (DLKT) (see 9 […] indicates that it can be speculated in the name, message, b) ‘Sąmoningai panaudoti ką savanaudiškiems tikslams’. Pavyzdžiai ideas, sayings, values, patriotism, tragedy, etc.) (9) The fraudster would return to the store after the bank he was speculating in the name had run out of business hours. Real estate experts acknowledge that there is already speculation that the euro will not be introduced and that there are opportunities to negotiate the prices of old construction apartments. (DLKT) This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. I can't stand people who try to speculate on ideas of progress and try to take advantage of it. (DLKT) (12) It is speculated that the public does not want such a tax, even if it is only four litas per family and is not paid by socially supported persons. (DLKT) (13) To be more precise, they did not choose to do so, but they were replaced by some forces of the evil world that are speculating on the values of our nation and destroying its life. (DLKT) This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. However, is it possible to speculate on the patriotism of the players when the club's managers are not vykdo sutartyje numatytų įsipareigojimų? (Google) ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 186 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIX This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. (15) This is a series of provocative public relations actions by this person, when speculating on the Ukrainian tragedy, he tries to raise his personal and all-compromising Freedom Party ratings. This is Google. (c) to guess, to guess; to be considered; to make assumptions, e.g. "no, to the anger of all the (16) Nors daug kas spekuliavo, kad mums nepavyks pasirašyti sutarties dėl siescoundrels", that didn't happen. (DLKT) (17) The two elections allow only theoretical speculation about the momentary flashes of change. (DLKT) This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. There is speculation in currency markets that the finance ministers of the European countries at the G7 meeting expressed the opinion that the Japanese yen is too weak. (DLKT) This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. It seems to me that the state should first of all be better acquainted with turėtume daugiau duomenų, o ne vien spekuliuotume. (DLKT) emigration, that (20) However, the Tatars do not prevent the rabbis from emphasizing the future world in their teachings and even speculating about its (21) J. Šiugždinienė kol kas nesiryžta spekuliuoti, kokios priežastys galėjo nulemti ypač prastus šių metų matematikos egzamino rezultatus. (Google) (22) Kol kas anksti spekuliuoti apie naujus sankcijų paketus. Nuolat vyksta stebėjimas to, kas jau yra įgyvendinta ir mes matome, kad sankcijos yra apeinature. (DLKT) the house. This is Google. Iš kai kurių pavyzdžių (žr. 17, 20, 22) matyti, kad veiksmažodis spekuto speculate, to speculate, to speculate about what? (see also subparagraph 1.2). Other, of a fat content, by weight The definition of the words "speculation," "speculant" and "speculate" in selected Lithuanian, English and Russian-language dictionaries and special dictionaries shows that: 1) the definitions of the meanings related to trade (goods, real estate, values, securities, etc.) for profit are fixed in all dictionaries; 2) Definitions of meanings related to the conscious use of something for selfish purposes in the vocabulary, and 3) definitions of meanings related to speculation, speculation, consideration, pateikiamos beveik visuose rusų ir viename lietuvių (LKŽe spekuliuoti) kalbos defining the meanings of the words to be discussed. It turned out that the fixation prielaidų darymu, fiksuojamos tik anglų kalbos žodynuose ir viename lietuvių kalbos šaltinyje (ND). Kituose lietuvių ir rusų kalbų žodynuose fiksuojama Articles of the Articles 187 Žodžių spekuliacija, spekuliantas ir spekuliuoti reikšmių pokyčiai minėtai reikšmei semantiškai artima filosofinė reikšmė, susijusi su abstrakčiu protavimu, nesiejamu su praktika ir patyrimu. 2. Tyrimo metu buvo siekta išskirti pagrindinius požymius, pasirenkamus of signs varies the most when defining the meaning related to trade. By suggesting three-language dictionaries, the words discussed in the trade-related definitions mentioned are profit, risk, speculative price (course) difference, higher prices and, mius matyti, kad aiškiausi ir geriausiai reprezentuojantys turinį yra šie: prekyba, speaking of the realities of the USSR period, prohibited activities. 3. the present-day use of the words in the Lithuanian written language indicates changes in their meanings […] are recorded due to the spread of new language contacts, meanings not given in Lithuanian dictionaries, e.g. speculation […]ko (who) although conscious use for self-interest […] (the semantic value is mainly from Russian) and […]spėliojimas; the consideration; making assumptions (semantic interpretation is mostly from English). Thus, the wording indicates that (1) the noun speculation is used with the following meanings: ‘a trade aimed at making an easy profit, ‘a speculation, a speculation; the consideration; making assumptions, whatever (someone) is deliberately used for selfish purposes and abstract reasoning, unrelated to practice and experience; (2) the term speculator […] […] a person engaged in the buying and selling of goods, assets, securities by means of links; 3) the verb to speculate […] to sell, in order to make an easy profit […], […] to consciously siekdamas lengvai pasipelnyti’ ir ‘verslininkas, užsiimantis biržos akcijų spekuuse something for selfish purposes […] and […] to speculate, to speculate; to be considered; to make assumptions. 4. In view of the foregoing, the lexical articles of the words under consideration should be revised in the Lithuanian dictionaries. In addition, the Commission shall: BLKŽ […] Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, Part 2: Antraštynas, ed. by the college D. Liutkevičienė, G. Naktinienė, R. Petrokienė, D. Svetikienė, K. Vosylytė, J. Zabarskaitė, vyr. red. D. Liutkevičienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2014. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 26 to supplement this Regulation by laying down detailed rules for the application of this Regulation. CAMBRIDGE – Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, e. variantas. Prieiga interThis is not the case with the dictionary.cambridge.org. COLLINS […] Collins English Dictionary, e. variant. This is the first time I have seen it. Access to the Internet: http: www.collinsdictionary.com. DLKT […] Text of the current Lithuanian language. It is available on the Internet at: http: texstynas.vdu.lt or textynas. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 188 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIX This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. DLKŽ8e […] The current Lithuanian language dictionary, ed. St. Keinys, 8th (6th electronic online) edition, updated version, Vilnius: Lithuanian language institute, 2021. It is available on the Internet at: https: ekalba.lki.lt/dabartines-lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Gudavičius Aloyzas 2009: Ethnolinguistics: a nation in speech, Šiauliai: the publishing house of the University of Šiauliai. Gudavičius Aloyzas, 2013: The semantic structure of a word from the point of view of nomination. […] Philology 18, 70 to 85. It is available on the Internet at: https: talpykla.elaba.ltelaba-fedora://objects/elaba:6098350/datastreams/MAIN/content. Jakaitienė Evalda 1986: Because of semantic motivation as a codification criterion. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. LKŽe […] Lithuanian language dictionary 1[…]20 (1941[…]2002), edited by the college G. Naktinienė, J. Paulauskas, R. Petrokienė, V. Vitkauskas, J. Zabarskaitė, edited by the college. G. Naktinienė, e. variant, Vilnius: Institute of Lithuanian Language, 2008 (renewed version, 2018). He is a member of the board of directors of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. It is available on the Internet at: https: www.ekalba.lt. MAKS […] Russian language dictionary [Russian language dictionary], e. variant. Accessed from the Internet: http: www.slovari.ru/search.aspx?s=0&p=3068. MERRIAM-WEBSTER […] Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Thesaurus, e. variant. This is the first time that the dictionary has been updated. It is available on the Internet at https: www.merriam-webster.com. Miliūnaitė Rita 2022: Variations and new manifestations of ND – Miliūnaitė Rita, Aleksaitė Agnė. Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas [Tęstinis the Lithuanian language at the beginning of the 21st century: systematics and directions of changes, Vilnius, Lithuanian Language Institute. online knowledge since 2011], sud. R. Miliūnaitė, Vilnius: Lithuanian language institute. It is available on the guages.oup.com. Rutkovska Kristina, Smetona Marius, Smetonienė Irena 2017: Vertybės Internet at https: www.ekalba.lki.lt. OXFORD […] Oxford Learner[…]s Dictionaries, e. variant. This is the first time that the Oxford Learner's Dictionary has been published. Available on the Internet: https: www.lietuvio pasaulėvaizdyje, Vilnius: Academic publishing house. SEM […] Russian semantic vocabulary [Russian semantic vocabulary], e. variant. Accessed from the Internet: http: www.slovari.ru/search.aspx?s=0&p=3068. It's called Libris Antanas. Dictionary of synonyms of the Lithuanian language, second amendment. This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. It is available on the Internet at: https: www.ekalba.lt synonym-zodynas.