Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment)

ANDREA GROMINOVA University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia ORCID id: orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-6880 Fields of research: translation studies, translation reception of Russian literature in Slovak cultural context, contemporary Russian literature, contemporary Russian and Slovak poetry. OLEH TYSHCHENKO University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava ORCID id: orcid.org/0009-0009-0811-2123 Fields of research: Slavic ethnolinguistics, comparative phraseology, linguoculturology, cognitive linguistics, general and comparative-typological linguistics, translatology. IGOR KOROLYOV Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv ORCID id: orcid.org/0000-0003-0436-5923 Fields of research: general linguistics, linguistic communication, psycholinguistics. MYROSLAVA FABIAN Uzhhorod National University ORCID id: orcid.org/0000-0002-3351-1275 Fields of research: lexical semantics, comparative semantics, pragmatics, cross-language and cross-cultural communication, sociolinguistics. DOI: doi.org/10.35321/All90-12 Straipsniai / Articles 301 ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN ENVY AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE PHENOMENON IN UKRAINIAN AND SLOVAK LINGUISTIC CONSCIOUSNESS (BASED ON THE ASSOCIATIVE EXPERIMENT)1 Pavydas kaip psichologinis ir kognityvinis reiškinys ukrainiečių ir slovakų kalbinėje sąmonėje (remiantis asociaciniu eksperimentu) ANNOTATION The complex psychological, sociocultural and semiotic phenomenon of ENVY is explored in the paper. It is regarded as a mental correlating factor of cultural signs and symbolic stereotypes, norms and values. Additionally, it serves as the element of cognitive and evaluative experience, ethical, and religious customs and beliefs, such as the naive model of the world in the magic texts, body and evaluative metaphors of up and down, the concepts of success, wealth, poverty, the domestic and the strange, etc. A linguistic-cognitive analysis of the conceptual sphere of ENVY has been conducted. It is based on the associative experiment on its stimuli reactions, their frequency as well as national and cultural specificity received from Ukrainian and Slovak respondents. The frame model of ENVY has been developed according to gender, associative imagery, evaluative and metaphoric features. The obtained results have been interpreted in cognitive, quantitative and qualitative terms, sustained by the proverbs and sayings actualizing the notion of ENVY. The empirical material has been modelled as corresponding subframes. Zones of their semantic interconnections with the concepts of HATRED, JEALOUSY and GREED have been identified. 1 The study is published with the support of the international grant project Erasmus+ KA220-HED No. 2021-1-SK01-KA220-HED-000022917 entitled “The innovation of the concept and curriculum of doctoral study programs and increasing their effectiveness” (A. Grominova, O. Tyshchenko). 302 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) KEYWORDS: concept of ENVY, associative experiment, frame, subframe, Ukrainian and Slovak respondents. ANOTACIJA Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas sudėtingas psichologinis, sociokultūrinis ir semiotinis reiškinys PAVYDAS. Jis laikomas psichiniu veiksniu, koreliuojančiu su kultūriniais ženklais ir simboliniais stereotipais, normomis ir vertybėmis. Be to, jis yra kognityvinės ir vertinamosios patirties, etinių ir religinių normų bei tikėjimų elementas, pavyzdžiui, naivusis pasaulio modelis magijos tekstuose, kūno ir vertinamosios metaforos, nurodančios kryptį aukštyn arba žemyn, sėkmės, turto, skurdo, buities, svetimybių sąvokos ir kt. Atlikta lingvokognityvinė konceptualiosios PAVYDO srities analizė. Ji grindžiama ukrainiečių ir slovakų respondentų asociacinio eksperimento reakcijų į stimulus, jų dažnumo, taip pat tautinės ir kultūrinės jų specifikos duomenimis. Koncepto PAVYDAS freimų modelis buvo sukurtas pagal lyties, asociacinių vaizdinių, vertinamųjų ir metaforinių ypatybių požymius. Remiantis patarlėmis ir priežodžiais, aktualizuojančiais konceptą PAVYDAS, gauti rezultatai buvo interpretuojami kognityviniu, kiekybiniu ir kokybiniu požiūriu. Empirinė medžiaga buvo modeliuojama kaip atitinkami pofreimiai. Nustatytos jų semantinių sąsajų su konceptais NEAPYKANTA, PAVYDAS ir GODUMAS sritys. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: konceptas PAVYDAS, asociacinis eksperimentas, freimas, pofreimis, ukrainiečių ir slovakų respondentai. 1. INTRODUCTION Linguistic consciousness has been the central object of psycholinguistic research in contemporary studies. It determined its multi-vector study from various perspectives: methodological, cognitive, semiotic, ethnolinguistic, axiological, lexicographical, etc. ENVY as one of the basic anthropological categories is a complex multifunctional, cultural, mental, and linguistic phenomenon that needs separate consideration. The axiometric and semantic reconstruction of the associative field of ENVY requires ethnocultural and ethno-psychological reconstruction of emotions by focusing on 1) both common and distinctive features of images of linguistic consciousness peculiar to representatives of different nations; 2) the study and comprehension of identity and historical memory of the ethnos; 3) the values and cultural stereotypes of the ethnos by applying psycholinguistic and cognitive techniques. Straipsniai / Articles 303 ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN The mentioned cognitive techniques prove Kutter’s statement (1998: 72–73) that “ENVY is a greed engorging a person from inside [...] it turns into a resentment which Friedrich Nietzsche termed as “existential ENVY” (Germ. Lebensneid).” The destructive semantics of ENVY and HATRED are highlighted by Maria Szymkowska (1989: 27) who regards the emotional states through the prism of “psychological hygiene”: they have “the sense of destruction and disease both from the point of somatic health of those who experience them and those to whom they are directed. They constitute a threat for the physical health.” As a multidimensional category, ENVY has always attracted the attention of scholars who try to find answers to questions about its composition and manifestations. From the viewpoint of nursing science, the analysis of ENVY is based on the desire to understand human beings from the perspective of subjective health and illness (Maijala, Munnukka, Nikkonen 2000). Similar studies focus on the study of ENVY and JEALOUSY, and how their positive and negative aspects among nurse academics affect the workplace (Cleary, Walter, Halcomb, Lopez 2016), and try to prove that not only can patients ENVY their analysts’ creativity, but that therapists and analysts can ENVY their patients’ creativity (Safán-Gerard 2019; Hupka, Zaleski, Jurgen, Reidl, Tarabrina 1997). Oleh Tyshchenko (2020: 248) found out the features of lexemes compatibility with the ENVY and JEALOUSY in Slavic languages. In numerous works comparative and typological reflection of the considered concept is presented: Irina Nesvetajlova (2010), Irina Koltuckaja (2014), Natalija Šapran (2015), Tatjana Grigorjanová, Marina Matytcina (2018). Based on the categories of cultural anthropology and human psychology, Schoeck proves that FEAR and ENVY are integral components of human relationships existing in modern and primitive cultures where relevant representations and concepts categorize and regulate various manifestations of ENVY (Gawarkiewicz 2008: 11). ENVY is one of the Seven deadly sins, and the most shameful one, derives from the Latin invidia, “non-sight”. It is deeply ingrained in the human psyche, being common to all times and people. It is usually directed towards the people who compare themselves or feel they compete. Envious people tend to be hostile, angry, resentful and irritable. For a clearer delineation of these nuances in the investigated emotions, the researchers use the principle of semantic primitives, suggested by Wierzbicka: 1) X feels ENVY: “Something good happened to someone else. It did not happen to me. I do not want that to be the case. I want such good things happen to me, not to someone else. Therefore, I suffer and hate the others”; 2) X feels jealous: “I fear that the person who is dear for me has good feelings for someone else. I’m afraid that the 304 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) person who is dear for me may lose good feelings to me. I do not want that to be the case. I wish the person who is dear for me had good feelings only to me. Therefore, I suffer and hate the other” (Wierzbicka 2006: 123). The given research aims to create the linguistic and cultural image of ENVY based on associative experiment as well as to present its “psychological portrait” in the framework of established discursive practices, and in particular, in its functioning in individual’s everyday consciousness, in subjective, individual acts of speech, revealing its frequency and creating its typology in Ukrainian and Slovak students. To achieve the aim of the research, the following tasks have been put forward: to make a brief overview of ENVY as a psycho-cognitive and social phenomenon; to present the conceptual sphere of ENVY of Ukrainian and Slovak respondents in the frame structure form and to find the verbal content of each given the frequency and qualitative composition of reactions; having established the mutual associative concept connection index, to find the areas of semantic intersection in the associative pairs ENVY – GREED, ENVY – JEALOUSY within the associative-verbal network; to describe the reaction typology within each of the offered subframes (scenario, axiological, parametric, causative, etc.) given their universality, uniqueness and national and cultural markedness; to visualize the received reactions to the word-stimuli in the appropriate graph form and comment on them. 2. METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF RESEARCH In the present paper, the frame modelling of ENVY in the linguistic consciousness of the Ukrainians and Slovaks is based on the notion of a frame as a complex taxonomic structure. American sociologist Goffman interprets the frame as the ability of practical consciousness “to assemble the world into an organized whole without the participation of discursive control”, as “a certain perspective of perception that creates a formal definition of the situation”, i.e. frames are basic elements that a researcher can identify within the framework of situations. Situations are subjected to organizing principles that “generate” different events, e.g. social events. The same principles also regulate our subjective participation in events (Goffman 1974: 10–11; Sinieleva 2014: 78). As commonly recognized, an associative experiment is a technique for studying speech reactions to words or word combinations (stimuli), revealing reflexive temporary connections of sensations, feelings, images, concepts and designations in the mental lexicon of native speakers. Straipsniai / Articles 305 ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN An associative experiment involves informants questioning with a list of stimuli and subsequently establishing the most frequent reactions (Galton, Tumb, Marbe). It is aimed at modelling the language system in the form of an associative-verbal network (Yu. N. Karaulov) or associative fields of vocabulary, the formation of an “associative profile” of consciousness images (Ufimceva 2008: 20). Furthermore, the associative experiment “allows to confirm the psychological relevance of the theoretical assumptions of the researcher, i.e. to represent the associative network of meanings [...] as a reflection of hierarchical conceptual structures in the mind of a speaker” (Potapenko 2013: 20), and reactions to a specific stimulus can be considered as a reflection of the corresponding conceptual structures, which to some extent are accompanied by emotions and evaluations following informant’s conceptual picture of the world. As Zinaida Popova and Josif Sternin specify (2007: 203), “a cognitive interpretation of the results of associative experiments can be performed through the stage of describing psycholinguistic meanings or through a direct cognitive interpretation of associates”. According to Roman Gawarkiewicz (2008: 7), “associative experiment aims to analyze the ways of describing, interpreting and perceiving the world, its evaluative categorization by modern native speakers, to represent the “system of meanings created by culture”. Language is a reflection of our conceptual system (Tyshchenko, Korolyov, Palchevska 2021), and by conducting cognitive psycholinguistic associative experiments as well as using other various methodologies, we may find a complex solution of the language to thought conceptual framing together with its subframes. The emotional component plays a leading role in shaping both the mythological and modern picture of the world. Fundamentally contrasting associative tests are carried out on various thematic groups of vocabulary in closely related as well as structurally and geographically distant languages. For instance, Petrova (2018: 14) presented the associative field of stimuli names of FOOD in Ukrainian, English and modern Greek, identifying the following types of reactions: syntagmatic, paradigmatic, thematic, phonetic, word-forming, reminiscent (quotation), hyponymic, personalities, geographical trademarks, national and cultural, evaluative, individual (subjective) associations. For a complete analytical review of this issue in Ukrainian and comparative psycholinguistics, see (Levchenko, Tyshchenko, Dilai 2020). 306 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) 3. RESEARCH PROCEDURE AND FINDINGS The empirical basis of the research comprises the results of the associative experiment conducted in 2019. The general scenario of the free-associative experiment consisted of the following research procedure: the students and cadets of Lviv State University of Life Safety (Fire Safety, Civil Security specialities), the students of Lviv Polytechnic National University and University of St. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava took part in the associative experiment. In total, 194 Ukrainian and 127 Slovak respondents were offered 67 incentives, such as envy(n), to envy(v); envious(adj) like/as which in the aggregate of the received reactions create the associative verbal network of ENVY concept sphere. Thus, a total of 145 reactions from Ukrainian respondents, including 104 unique, and 536 reactions from Slovak respondents received in the process of associative experiment have been presented in Figures 1 and 2 correspondingly. The experiment flow shows that the participants (Ukrainian respondents) reacted without missing the stimuli, mostly towards the middle of the given list; by the end of the list, the number of reactions significantly decreases (or is limited to one response to a stimulus word). Several respondents indicated “no association” even at the beginning of the list or put a line indicating the absence of any reaction. On the contrary, Slovak students (despite the smaller number of respondents) participated more actively and they tried to give answers to all word stimuli equally during the poll. Thus, several answer reactions were given for most of the word stimuli. This subjective factor can be used to explain several disproportions of the received answers from Ukrainian and Slovak respondents. In the research presented, the experiment and analysis of verbal responses did not involve the task of determining the correlation and specificity of respondents’ answers based on their gender. We believe that investigating this aspect warrants a separate study. However, in the process of the directed association experiment, a separate task was to trace the typology of reactions depending on comparison standard (which objects ENVY is compared with in word combinations ‘envious as’ in masculine form and ‘envious as’ in feminine form). To ensure the universality of the findings and highlight the social component, particularly the gender factor, in the relevant segment of the experiment, we find it essential to provide commentary on the frequency of verbal associations in each of the compared languages, along with specifying the number of male and female responses, respectively. An aspect of the offered methodology is the determination of the “associative” distance between concepts using the data analysis on their common associates Straipsniai / Articles 307 ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN (the mutual associative connection index), as well as the associative experiment visualization results, which makes it possible to identify such common areas (e.g., between ENVY and greed, ENVY and jealousy). Fig. 3–4 shows the investigated section of the associative–verbal network. The mutual associative concept connection index was calculated by detecting the correlation between the number of identical reactions to the total number of received reactions. Previously, a similar technique was offered (Ulanovič 2010: 214). It is important to state that not all received reactions were taken into account for the obtained results description, but only those that correspond to the reaction distribution method (by subframes within the frames) offered by the authors, since these verbal associations have the greatest pragmatic and cognitive–value relevance for the obtained results. Thus, the description does not include the reaction results associated with declarative, participle, and possessive (belonging of ENVY to a certain object) subframes. Therefore, the number of described reactions presented in the main part of the investigation is much smaller than the received list of reactions in general. FIG. 1. Reactions to zazdristʹ ‘ENVY’ stimulus 308 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) FIG. 2. Reactions to závisť ‘ENVY’ stimulus To commence, an in-depth analysis of the axiological and colour subframes. is provided. The rating of ENVY within the category of GOOD-EVIL takes mainly the negative pole of the axiological scale. It primarily manifests the incentive to ENVY in the categories of current norms violations, ethical evaluation, rejection, sometimes with a significant manifestation of negativity (in a person’s thoughts or actions): Ukrainian не варто/not worth (f 1,3), дуже погано/very bad (m 0,65), думати погано/think poorly (f 0,65), зле/bad (f 0,65) зло/evil (f 1,3/m 1,3), недобре, негатив/not good, negative (f 1,3), Slovak negatívne/negatively (f 2,00). Similar reactions are observed to заздрість ‘ENVY’ stimulus: найгірше/the worst (m 0,69), недобре/not good (m 0,69), нічого доброго/nothing good (m 0,69), обмеженість/narrow-mindedness (f 0,69), погана/bad (f 0,69), погано/badly (f 0,69/m 2,07). We observe similar reactions to the stimulus заздрити ‘to ENVY’ (f 3,9/m 2,6): погано/badness (m 1,38), низько/mean (m 0,69), ницість/meanness (f 1,38), недоречність/inappropriateness (f 0,69), нікчемність/worthlessness (f 0,69), користолюбність/selfishness (f 0,69). This concept is interpreted within the limits of ethical and religious norms as a violation of certain prohibitions and regulations: гріх/sin (typically a sufficiently productive Straipsniai / Articles 309 ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN female reaction to заздрість ‘ENVY’ stimulus f 4,83 and f 1,95 to the stimulus заздрити ‘to ENVY’. A negative evaluation is also verbalized using негарно, погано/ugly, bad (m 0,65), собі шкодити/harm oneself (f 0,65), шкідливо/harmful (m 0,65), sometimes the reactions contain modal descriptors – варто-не варто, дозволене-недозволене/worth–not worth, allowed–not allowed where the second one prevails: there are also some negative markers, words of the category of state: не варто/not worth (f 1,3), не можна/not allowed (f 0,65/m 0,65), непотрібно/unnecessary (f 0,65/m 0,65), неможна/impossible (m 0,65). Examples of evaluative and pragmatically oriented reactions in the Slovak linguistic consciousness: hanba/a shame (f 4,00), nedopriat’/to not indulge (f 2,00), nedopriat’ druhým/to not indulge others (m 11,76/f 2,00), neuniesť pravdu/can’t stand the truth, pokrytectvo/hypocrisy, zneušťovať národnú hrdosť/to dishonour national pride (f 2,00). Regarding the degree of ENVY expression reflected in the revealed verbal associations of Ukrainian and Slovak respondents, it is most clearly reflected in the parameterization of the specified emotion through associations related to colour. It is important to highlight that the categorization of ENVY through colour symbolism mostly coincides with the data presented at the level of a naive world model in phraseological and explanatory dictionaries, proverbs and sayings of the compared languages. Moreover, as key lexeme collocations and their phraseological connections show, in East Slavic languages ENVY is black, but in Czech, similarly to English and German, it is green. Compare: Czech bledá (zelená) závisť, ozelenieť/zeleňet’ od závis­ti (ČRFS 2002: 629), English The green-eyed monster (SAFS 878). The same appears in Polish: Zzieleniał z zazdrości (zawiści) (NKPP III 836). See more details: Tyshchenko 2020: 262. 4. ASPECTS OF ENVY PARAMETERIZATION: COLOUR SUBFRAME It is relevant to state that in this reaction group somatic code is often combined with metaphors of BLACK COLOUR, for example, reactions to the stimulus заздрити ‘to ENVY’ – no чорному/very jealous, чорний/black, чорно/terribly, чорно, погано/very, bad, заздрість ‘ENVY’ – буває тільки чорна/There is only black ENVY, біла заздрість/white ENVY, заздри́ти ‘to ENVY’ – по-білому/jealous, yellow colour, Аж у нім жовч кипить/He is on (f 1,3), (f 0,65), (f 1,3), (f 0,65), (f 0,69), (f 2,76), (f 1,3), (f 0,69). The Ukrainians associate gall with malice, ENVY ( 310 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) edge). Separate associative–symbolic parallels (we shall name their reactions of the ep idigmatic type) can be reduced to the following: тінь/shadow (m 0,69), чорний, чорномаз/black, blackness (f 0,69). In the context of ENVY parameterization, certain associations are identified that metaphorically signify the intensity and depth of emotions (parametric subframe). The intensity of ENVY expressions in respondents’ reactions is mainly represented by the adverbs: ярісно, несамовито/brightly, frantically (f 0,65), дуже/very (m 0,65), сильно/strongly (m 0,65), дико/wildly (f 0,65), the verb міряти/measure (f 0,65), the adjectives велика/big (m 0,69), глибока/deep (f 0,69); the evaluation тупо/stupidly (m 0.65), and, sporadically, the reactions of physiological type with a negative, pejorative expression of action intensity запльовуватися/to spit oneself (f 0.65). 5. ENVY AS A DISEASE AND SUFFERING FROM THE SUCCESS OF OTHERS, METAPHOR. ENVY – DESTRUCTION Subframe experiencing emotions related to the emotional states consists of the following responses to заздрість ‘ENVY’ stimulus: пригноблення, туга (m 0.69). In general, this group of verbal associations is characterized by the domination of somatic metaphors expressing mental pain, suffering and disease which is natural to the ontology of these and similar emotional states: біль, щем/pain, sharp pain (f 0,69), страждати, мучитись/suffer, undergo (f 0,65), мука/torment (f 0,69), самотність/loneliness (f 0,69), Slovak trápenie/suffering (f 2,00), torture, túžiť/to desire (m 5,88). Some of them reveal the semantics of cause as a result of witnessing the other’s achievements страждати від досягнень інших/suffer from the achievements of others (f 0,65). The associative manifestations of ENVY are accompanied by neutral (переживати (f 0,65), сумління/to worry (f 0.65), conscience (f 0,69)) or negative emotions FEAR, DESPAIR, HATRED, etc.: заздрити ‘to ENVY’ – боятися/to be afraid (m 0,65), відчай/despair (m 0,65); there are also frequent modal operators such as ‘loss of belief in something’ or expressive pragmatic presuppositions directed towards the subject: зневіра, невпевненість/despair, insecurity (f 0,65), не вірити у себе/not to believe in oneself (f 0,65), as well as злість/anger that prevails in female reactions (f 2.07/m 0.69), зло/evil (with about the same number of reactions by 2.07), злоба/malice – to заздрість ‘ENVY’ stimulus, Slovak nenávisť/hatred, hnev/anger, je zlá/she is bad, krutá/ Straipsniai / Articles 311 ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN cruel, зло/evil, zlá kvalita človeka/bad quality of a person (f 2,00), zlá vlastnosť/a bad trait (m 5,88). These reactions can be combined with a somatic code, including ‘influencing senses’, compare: образными, дражними/tease, mock (m 0.65), as well as with the expressions of emotional intensity: бути одержимим/to be obsessed (f 0,65), не любити/to dislike (m 0,65), ненавидіти/to hate (f 0,65). Sometimes there are reactions of phraseological type correlated with figurative statements such as скрегтєт зубовний/tooth grinding (f 0,69). Common reactions of intellectual type to заздрість ‘ENVY’ are observed in female responses: дурість, дурниці/stupidity, nonsense (f 2,76/m 0,69) and of characterological type хитрість/cunning, хиба/mistake, пиха/pride (f 0,69). Slovak respondents, mostly female, react to závisť ‘ENVY’ by negative axiological marking related to the idea of mistake, violation of certain norms, anti-norm, deviation, falsehood, sin chyba/a mistake, faloš/fakeness, nenormalita/abnormality (f 2,00), hriech/a sin (m 11,76/f 2,00) rarely associated with the person’s mental abilities: hlupák/a fool (f 2,00). In some associative reactions, an ambivalent-moderate degree of HATRED is manifested: no-доброму ненавидіти/to hate in a good way (f 0.65). This is also observable in other accompanying positive reaction features: радіти/be happy about (m 0,65) or reactions expressed by exclamations фу/ugh (m 0,65). Psychologists prove similar considerations, compare егоїзм/selfishness as one of the reactions in female responses (f 1,38), the Slovak reaction of this group prevails in male responses: egoista/egoist, a nenávisť/hatred (m 5,88). 6. BODY METAPHORS OF ENVY Referring to the metaphorical categorization of ENVY, it should be emphasized that the latter appears as AN AGGRESSIVE CREATURE which can cause some negative physical and detrimental effects on the object: Ukr. Заздрість їсть людину, як посуха билину/To be green with ENVY. Some of the received reactions are related to the idea of demolition, loss and other destructive actions: погубить/will destroy, губити/is crushing руйнувати/to wreck, самознищення/self-destruction, точить душу/destroys the soul (f 0,69). Slovak reactions to the body metaphors of this type are represented in male responses by verbal ep idigmatic associations such as zožiera dušu človeka/he sees the soul of man, zožierať/to eat up including word-building ones pažravosť/gluttony (f 2,00). Some verbal reactions represent the metaphorical model ENVY IS AN ANIMAL (reaction жаба/frog (f 0,65/m0,65); душить/strangles (f 0,69) that 312 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) correlates with the contexts: Ukr. жаба давить (придавила) кого, жаба зайца (їсть) кого; жаба зелена/the frog crushes (crushed) someone, the frog ate (eats) someone; green frog (To be cheap). Metaphorical models EMOTION IS A DISCRETE ENTITY and BODY IS A CONTAINER in cognitive science characterize female reactions (f 0,65) related to the image scheme CONTAINER (BODY IS A CONTAINER OF EMOTIONS), for example: в душі/at heart (заздрити ‘to ENVY’ stimulus) and душевна пустота/emotional emptiness (f 0,69) associatively mark the spiritual, inner state of a human being. Typologically similar reaction to the stimulus závisť ‘ENVY’ has been recorded in the Slovak responses prázdna duša/empty soul (f 6,00). 7. CAUSATIVE SUBFRAME: SUCCESS, CAREER, WEALTH-POVERTY The causative subframe is predominantly actualized in its verbal reaction to the idea of social state, success and career. The reactions of the first type are characteristic of men бідність, біда/poverty, trouble (m 1,30) correlating with the motives of well-being and prosperity, as recorded by Nomys (1993: 55; 279): Нехай завидують гірше, щоб прибуло більше, Завидуй гірше, так уродить більше/Let them ENVY the worse, so that more will come, ENVY the worse, so it will bring forth more (ibid., 279), Нема щастя без заздрості/There is no happiness without ENVY (ibid., 55). Similar expressions are registered in the Slovak language: Kto má šťastie, tomu závidía, a kto má škodu, má i posmech/The lucky ones are envied while the unfortunate ones are ridiculed, Šťastie bez závisti nebýva/There is no happiness without ENVY, Šťastie budí závisť/Happiness evokes ENVY (Záturecký 2018: 153). In the verbal associative network, there exist certain relations between ENVY and AVARICE, however, they are not vividly expressed by the obtained reactions to all stimuli of ENVY: ревнуватий/to be jealous (f 0,65) is sometimes represented by men’s slang жмот/curmudgeon (m 0,65) alongside with the literary скупість; подаїмость/parsimony; suffocate with ENVY (m 0,65); avaricious person is traced in female comparative reactions within the subframe avaricious as/like and the reactions to the stimulus ENVY-greed (m 0,69). In their turn, Slovak respondents provided the following reactions: chamtivosť/greed, chamtivec ‘a greedy person, mainly female’ (f 6,00), chamtivec (f 3,00) to the stimulus závisťlivý ako and neprajník/hater, nedoprajný/grudger, neprajný ako/malicious, žiarliť/to be jealous (m 5,88/f 2,00) mainly in male responses, where the ties of ENVY with JEALOUSY and GREED can Straipsniai / Articles 313 ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN be observed (cross-conceptual connections, associative verbal zones of their intersection). The same reactions represent the stimulus заздрість ‘ENVY’ and avarice: багатство/wealth (m 0,69), epouи/money (m 0,69), золото/gold (less common male reaction 0,69) to the stimulus заздрість ‘ENVY’, to the stimulus жадібність ‘greed’ – бідність/poverty (по 0,65), бідолаха/poor man (m 0,65). The following Slovak verbal associations of symbolic type have been recorded to the stimulus závidieť ‘to ENVY’: blahobyt/well-being, majetok/property, nemať ‘to, čo ostatní/not to have what others have (f 2,00), peniaze/money, bohatstvo/each (f 2,00). These reactions are distinguished based on the Slovak naive picture of the world, which reflects the attitude towards the poor and the rich: it is better when people ENVY the richness, welfare and good health rather than sympathize the poverty: Bohatstvo plodí závisť, chudoba nenávisť/, Majetok ide so závisťou/Property goes with ENVY, Bodaj by mi ľudia závideli, ako by ma mali ľutovať/I wish people would ENVY me rather than pity me, Odvráť, bože, ľutovníkov a prispor nám závistníkov!/Turn away, O God, the pitiful and bring forth the envious! (Záturecký 2018: 164; 153). Numerous similar expressions are represented in Polish and Czech linguistic pictures of the world. Specifically unique association in the Slovak language to the stimuli závisť ‘ENVY’, závidieť ‘to ENVY’ contains the following female reactions kravina/bullshit (f 2,00), Harabin/Harabin (a politician’s surname in Slovakia), Horcrux/Horcrux (magical object from Harry Potter), vládne svetom/he rules the world, spoločnosť, Slovensko/Slovakia (f 2,00), aj nos medzi očami/even the nose between one’s eyes (f 4,00), nebezpečenstvo/danger (m 5,88). Purely male reactions include vlasy/hair, pasivita/passivity, je na plač/one could cry about it (m 5,88), some of them are characterized by national and cultural peculiarities, e.g. aj pekné počasie na pohrebe/even good weather during a funeral (f 2,00). The latter refers to the phraseological relics and can be explained utilizing a phraseological dictionary: závidieť niekomu nos medzi očami. There is a quotation by Samuel Smiles: Jestvujú ľudia, čo človeku závidia aj pekné počasie na jeho pohrebe which means that there are people who ENVY even the good weather on funeral. ENVY here is used ironically: everybody envies the person, he/she has everything, even the good weather at his/her funeral. Examine the typology of the obtained reactions to the word stimuli заздрість ‘ENVY’ and заздрити ‘to ENVY’ grouped around success, career, increase, work: for example, stimulus заздрити ‘to ENVY’ – the reactions достягнення, успіх, успіхам/achievement, success, successes (f 0,65). Sometimes such reactions reflect a distinctive modal-pragmatic intention of a person: прагнути кращого; сам добийся/to strive for the best; do it yourself (m 0,65), to the stimulus жадібність ‘greed’ – бажання/desire (f 0,69). Seldom there are some vague causatives to 314 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) the stimulus заздрість ‘ENVY’ – за щось/for something (m 0,65), заздрити ‘to ENVY’ – робота/job (f 0,65), кар’єра/career (m 0,65). Slovak associations are similar and are characteristic mainly of men: ‘ENVY’ – pre niečo/for something, ‘to ENVY’ – práca/work, kariéra/career. Typological coincidences can be traced in the verbal reactions related to conterminal concepts заздрість ‘ENVY’ and жадібність ‘greed’/závisť ‘ENVY’ and chamtivosť/greed (f 1,95/m 0,65) (see Figures 3, 4). FIG. 3. Coincidence of reactions to the stimuli заздрість ‘ENVY’ and жадібність ‘greed’ FIG. 4. Coincidence of reactions to the stimuli závisť ‘envy’ and chamtivosť ‘greed’ As to prototypical beliefs about envious people (comparative subframe envious as/like), usually, a poor, deprived person envies the wealth and prosperity of the other (бідний, бідняк/poor, poor man or reactions by words that have suffixes of subjective evaluation бідося/ill-fated (f 0,65/m 0,65) or одинокий, Straipsniai / Articles 315 ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN віділюдькуватий/lonely, withdrawn (f 0,65). Reactions to the stimulus envious as/like (feminine form) associated with poverty are less frequent (m 0,65). In general, the obtained anthropocentric reactions containing a generic term human being (predominantly female) sometimes with pejorative adjectives націрша людина, одинока нещасна жінка/the worst person, a lonely unhappy woman are also connected to evil eye/вірклива (f 0,65). 8. THE COMPARATIVE SUBFRAME: REACTIONS TO STIMULUS ENVIOUS AS/LIKE (IN MASCULINE FORM) AND ENVIOUS AS/LIKE (IN FEMININE FORM) Rare and atypical reactions are connected with the names of plants. According to the obtained data, a single female reaction of this type морква/carrot (f 0,65) has been recorded, the sense of which is hard to explain rationally. We can speak about situational or highly subjective reactions. Only female respondents compare an envious woman with a witch/відьма (f 1,56), anthroponym Параска/Paraska (presumably under the influence of fiction), with a gossiper пліткарка/scandalmonger or with an indefinite subject не знаю хто/do not know who (f 0,78); whereas men – with children and some vital human universal values such as life and goodness (m 0,78). Moreover, male reactions are connected with concepts of JUSTICE and TRUTH: виправдання і хотіти чи бажати чогось/justification and wanting or desiring something (m 0,78). Women tend to relate ENVY with HONESTY (f 0,78) and regard it as stable and unchangeable завжди/always (f 0,78). We can also sporadically observe the connection with somatic metaphoric correlates such as жало/sting (m 0,65). Some allusive intertextual reactions related to cartoons (поштар Печкін/postman Pechkin – only for female reactions 0,65), to antonomasia Лескавхевська/Leskahveska (only for female reactions 0,65), to some religious concepts Буда/Buda (m 0,78) are rather expressive. Reactions of phraseological origin жаба/frog or comparisons аж очі повилазили/the eyes popped out from shock pertain to female responses. Many reactions represent family or interpersonal relations (тітка/aunt f 0,78), everyday images of close surroundings (сусіди, сусід/neighbours, neighbour – m 0,78, attributive and pronominal word combinations сусіди, моя сусідка зла сусідка, сусідка/neighbours, my neighbour is an evil neighbour, neighbour f 6,25/m 3,13 in the function of standard comparison), social and age characteristics (розлучена/divorced f 0,78), profession продавець/seller (m 0,78), social status дякова жінка/deacon’s wife (f 0,65). They are also typical of the 316 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) Slovaks: chcem to, čo sused / I want what my neighbour wants (f 2,00), suseda / male neighbour (m 23,53/f 8,00), susedka / female neighbour (f 2,00). Status associative reactions in the Slovak language are connected to the family and kin relations – mother-in-law or a relative in general: súrodenec / a sibling, svokra / mother-in-law (f 2,00), which serve as an etalon of the comparison in the constructions like závisťlivý ako. However, animals and insects evoke the strongest associations: заздрити ‘to ENVY’: бджілка / bee (m 0,78), вовчиця / she-wolf (m 0,78), without emotional connotations вовк, ворона / wolf, crow (f 1,56), гусениця, пантера / caterpillar, panther (f 0,78). According to the results of associative experiment, a snake is considered to be a standard of female ENVY змія (f 3,13/m 0,78), less typical лисиця / fox (f 1,56/m 0,78), миша / mouse (f 0,78/m 1,56), муха / fly (f 0,78), and the least common – зозуля, кицька, кобра, крыса / cuckoo, cat, cobra, rat (f 0,78). Male reactions, on the contrary, actualize images of кобила, курка, мавпа, павлін, сорока / mare, chicken, monkey, peacock, magpie (m 0,78), and собака / dog (m 1,56). The latter male reaction can be considered a typical negative evaluation of a malevolent person. The comparative subframe constructed during a direct associative survey on the gender-based responses is also worthy of attention. Here ENVY was compared to other objects, and Slovak respondents revealed the following associative connections: to animals with both the generic and specific nominations Britská mačka / British cat (f 2,00), hovädo / brute (f 2,00), hus / a goose, vrana / a crow (m 5,88), laň / a doe, zmija / a snake (viper) (f 2,00), líška / a fox (f 6,00), mačka / cat, kamoš ka / friend, (f 2,00), straka / magpie (f 4,00), to the stimulus závisťlivý ako; býk / a bull (f 2,00), pes / dog (f 4,00), straka / magpie (f 2,00), to the stimulus závisťlivý ako. The response Britská mačka is interpretable in terms of Britain’s leaving the EU; social and role, as well as gender-age associations človek (m 5,88/f 4,00), malé decko / a small child, moja stará / my old lady, starý človek / old person (m 5,88), baba / an old woman, stará babka / old grandma, šľachtic / a nobleman, priateľka / a friend, jednoduchá osoba / a single person (f 2,00), nepriateľka / enemy, nadriadená / superior (m 5,88). To the stimulus závisťlivý ako not only real such as the antonyms Slovák (f 2,00), chamtivec / a greedy person, maniak / maniac, hráč / player (f 2,00), including some mythological personages strigoň / a male old witch, vlkodlak / werewolf (f 2,00). Purely female reactions in the Slovak language encompass the emotional reactions containing the people’s names, for example, babižná / a hag, hlupák / a fool, pažravica / clove, zatrpknutá žena / bitter woman, zlá kráľovná / Evil Queen. Concerning the stimulus závisťlivý ako, the most prominent verbal associations include not only the people’s names or evaluative reactions (less frequent, yet expressive chudák / poor guy Straipsniai / Articles 317 ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN (m 11,76/f 2,00), but also the nominations of the objects of ENVY verbalized by indefinite-quantitative words or pronouns (characteristic mainly of female reactions: ja nie/I do not /not me, mnohí/many (f 2,00), whereas každý naokolo/everyone around (m 5,88) is typically male response. FIG. 5. ENVY compared to other objects: reactions to the stimuli závisť’, závidieť’ and závisťlivý ako/závisťlivá ako There are also some unique reactions containing proper names and ethnic nominations Fero/Fero (name), Slovák/Slovak (person) (f 2,00). Thus, Fero is a diminutive of František, it can also be a surname. This reaction could be referred to individual or, personal one. 318 Acta Linguistica Lituanica XC Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS The article presents a linguocognitive analysis of the ENVY conceptosphere as a key emotion based on the data of an associative experiment conducted with Ukrainian and Slovak students. Verbal reaction typology is identified within the framework of the corresponding frame and subframe structures, their typicality and uniqueness are highlighted, and characteristics are presented in terms of frequency and quantitative parameters. By establishing a mutual associative concept connection index, a mechanism for modelling the associative-verbal network is presented (according to the method of Ulanovič, Karaulov, etc.). This approach allowed us to establish the cases of reaction coincidence to the stimuli ENVY and GREED and to render them visually in columns No. 3 and 4. Attention is drawn to the reaction differences according to associative-image and value characteristics. The national and cultural specificity of the obtained associates is traced, considering the realia characteristics of a particular linguistic culture (phraseological and metaphorical reactions, allusions, comparisons). According to the analysis, the most frequent are the reactions with the value categorization, ENVY evaluation in the poles of good-evil, good-bad (axiological subframe) and its parameterization (intensity of expression, in particular through colour associations). Besides, the typical reactions common to both languages are worth considering. They are characterized by clear pragmatic markedness and a connection with the concepts of success, career, and luck, which usually evoke ENVY in others (causative subframe) or the rich-poor oppositions, which are represented by several antonymic reactions with distinct emotional and expressive connotation (Slovak blahobyt/well-being, majetok/mansion, peniaze/money, Ukrainian гроші/money, золото/gold, бідаха/poor man, біdося/poor thing). The latter Ukrainian and Slovak reactions demonstrate typological similarities, obviously due to a common social, ethical and Christian system of values and ideas. The obtained data is supported by paremial and phraseological contexts from the dictionaries in both languages. Purely Slovak reactions represent the negation of falsehood and lie (the conceptualization of the TRUTH and PRIDE) or the disrespect to national pride. Many reactions reflect emotions of suffering and painful physical and mental state. They display character traits, where ENVY is perceived as a destructive entity. The most typical reactions of Ukrainian respondents are пригноблення/oppression, туга/sadness, біль/pain, щеміти/hurt, страждати/be tormented, мучитися/suffer; in Slovak — мортура/torture, тужити/yearn, гнів/anger, ненависть/hatred, гріх/sin, фальш/falsehood, егоїзм/selfishness; less Straipsniai / Articles 319 ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN often– reactions associated with mental abilities – дурість/stupidity, дурний/nonsense and hlupák/fool. Several reactions belong to the scenario frame (they are sometimes classified as reactions of the syntagmatic type). Such reactions are the activation of the corresponding phraseological units and similar metaphorical compounds in two languages in the respondents’ memory: Ukrainian руйнувати/destroy, точить душу/sharpens the soul (worries), душевна пустота/emptiness of the soul, жаба душить/the frog strangles (feeling ENVY), Slovak zožiera dušu človeka/eats up the soul of a person, prázdna duša/empty soul. In this case, the personification of ENVY is observed (metaphorical model ENVY IS A BEING) within the cognitive structure of the BODY as a specific location. Both Ukrainian and Slovak students responded similarly to survey questions related to comparison stimuli. Their reactions were mainly related to different animals. Nonetheless, unique associations can be traced with the similarity of reactions associated with the ENVY from neighbours (less often– ENVY to neighbours). For example, among Slovak students more frequently observed are the reactions associated with the terms of kinship and family ties (súrodenec/sibling, svokra/father-in-law, baba/old lady, stará babka/old woman, Ukrainian mimka/aunt), with social, historical and mythological realia (nadriadená/boss, šľachtic/nobleman, maniak/maniac, strigôň/vampir, vlkolak/werewolf). The Ukrainian respondents’ answers were also unique. These answers can be correlated with precedent texts (in connection with children’s animated films – noumap Печкін/poshtar Pechkin or nicknames associated with wordplay and stylization as folk speech (Леськахвеська/Leskakhveska etc.). The Slovak students’ reactions in their connection with ethnonyms and iconic proper names are also traced here. SOURCES ČRFS – Mokienko Valerij, Wurm Alfréd. Česko–ruský frazeologický slovník. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, 2002. Gawarkiewicz Roman 2008: Polski słownik asocjacyjny z suplementem, Szczecin: Print Group Sp. z o.o. 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Wierzbicka Anna 2006: Semantyka: jednostki elementarne i uniwersalne, Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu M. Curie–Skłodowskiej. Pavydas kaip psichologinis ir kognityvinis reiškinys ukrainiečių ir slovakų kalbinėje sąmonėje (remiantis asociaciniu eksperimentu) SANTRAUKA Straipsnio tikslas – remiantis ukrainiečių ir slovakų respondentų asociacinio eksperimento duomenimis, išnagrinėti konceptą PAVYDAS kaip sudėtingą psichokognityvinį ir semiotinį reiškinį. Taip pat siekiama paaiškinti žodinių asociacijų tipologiją ir jų semantines sankirtas su kitomis konceptualiosiomis sritimis (PAVYDAS, GODUMAS ir kt.). Straipsniai / Articles 323 ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN Remiantis kognityvinės antropologijos, filosofijos, sociologijos ir kognityvinės semantikos tyrimais, pristatomas koncepto PAVYDAS freimo modelis lyginamosiose kalbinėse kultūrose, kuris atspindi ukrainiečių ir slovakų kalbinės asmenybės kognityvinių stereotipų, normų ir vertybių sistemą. Sutelk u s dėmesį į asociacinį kompleksą pavyko atskleisti pagrindinius skirtumus tarp vyrų ir moterų reakcijų (lyginamajame po f re mi yje panaudojus stimulus pavydus kaip (vyriškosios giminės forma) ir pavydi kaip (moteriškosios giminės forma)). Taikant freimų modeliavimo metodą, aprašytos pagrindinės metaforinės koncepto PAVYDAS aktualizacijos sritys, tokios kaip konceptualioji ir asociacinė-figūratyvioji koncepto komponentinė dalis, nustatytas jų ryšys su spalvų asociacijomis (aspektinis pofreimis), atlikta jų kiekybinė analizė, kuri apibendrinta penkiose diagramose ir grafikuose. Atlikta bendrų, tipinių ir unikalių, tautinių ir kultūrinių asociacijų atranka atskleidė ukrainiečių ir slovakų mentalinio žodyno ypatumus panaudojus pagrindinių neigiamų emocijų aksonometriją. Įteikta 2023 m. lapkričio 3 d. ANDREA GROMINOVA University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia 577/2, Nám.Jozefa Herdu Str. 91701, Slovakia, Trnava [email protected] OLEH TYSHCHENKO University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava 577/2, Nám.Jozefa Herdu Str. 91701, Slovakia, Trnava [email protected] IGOR KOROLYOV Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 14, Taras Shevchenko Boulevard Str. 01601, Ukraine, Kyiv [email protected] MYROSLAVA FABIAN Uzhhorod National University 14, Universyets’ka Str. 88000, Ukraine, Uzhhorod [email protected] 324 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC